2013 Session: 217

• Evaluation of Gate Strategies at Marine Container Terminals
  Abstract: Intermodal marine container terminals are experiencing growth in volumes and are under pressure to develop strategies to accommodate increasing demand. One of the major factors contributing to the problem is inefficient gate operations that can cause serious safety, congestion, and environmental problems. There is a plethora of ongoing discussions concerning the implementation of different operational strategies that may reduce the effect of these externalities. This research presents the development of a traffic simulation model capable of measuring the impact of various gate strategies on congestion at terminal gates and on the environment.
  Authors: Karafa, Jeffery; Golias, Mihalis M.; Boile, Maria; Theofanis, Sotiris
  Authors: Karafa, Jeffery; Golias, Mihalis M.; Boile, Maria; Theofanis, Sotiris
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2961
• Global Emissions of Marine Black Carbon: Critical Review and Revised Assessment
  Abstract: Black carbon (BC) emissions from international shipping are significant and contribute to global and regional climate change, particularly in the Arctic. This paper reviews global estimates of international marine BC emissions, identifies differences in inventory methods, and proposes an approach for improving upon existing estimates. A critical review of the literature reveals that more refined, specific marine vessel BC emission factors (EFBC) are not generally accounted for in most global inventories. We find that EFBC are the single most important source of differences in inventories due to poor sensitivity to ship engine type, fuel quality, and engine load, and we propose a weighting framework that better encapsulates such effects. Using fuel consumption estimates from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) 2009 GHG report and updated EFBC, we estimate that shipping was responsible for about 184 thousand tonnes of BC in 2007. This estimate is 42 percent higher than the current IMO estimate, but comparable to recent studies informed by measured EFBC. We estimate that shipping contributed about 2,300 tonnes of BC in the Arctic in 2004, which is 90% higher than prevailing estimates. Our findings suggest that the international marine BC contribution is widely underestimated, and that improvements to major BC inventories can be made to reflect state-of-the-art data on marine EFBC.
  Authors: Wang, Haifeng; Minjares, Ray
  Authors: Wang, Haifeng; Minjares, Ray
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-1503
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Marine Highway Transport of Toxic Inhalation Hazard Materials
  Abstract: This paper presents highlights of research conducted under Phase 2 of NCFRP 17 North American Marine Highways in order to investigate the possibility of transporting greater volumes of chlorine and anhydrous ammonia via the marine highway system. Currently, there is no coastwise and limited inland waterway activity related to either. The researchers identified the major obstacles to development and expansion and corresponding potential courses of action. Geographical dispersion of producers and consumers works against greater waterborne volumes. Both chemicals are characterized by mature, low-growth markets. Expansion of marine services will require significant capital costs and time to set up new terminals. There is great concern over the condition of the current system of locks and dams. Marine carriers, absent any action by the federal government, face the same economic ramifications from risk of catastrophic accidents faced by rail carriers, necessitating the establishment of a new risk paradigm. The federal government could provide initial funds and expedite the permitting process to allow new marine highway ventures to develop more rapidly. It could also identify and assist potential new import points for both chemicals into the U.S. Finally, the federal government must indicate its commitment to maintain the current inland waterway system. However, there are no measures that can overcome the geographical dispersion of producers and users, the lack of density in any given corridor, and the fact that the markets are mature. Therefore, significant expansion of TIH materials transportation via marine highways is not anticipated.
  Authors: Protopapas, Annie; Kruse, Carl James; Olson, Leslie; Hutson, Nathan; Donelan, Mike
  Authors: Protopapas, Annie; Kruse, Carl James; Olson, Leslie; Hutson, Nathan; Donelan, Mike
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2205
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Cost-Effective Dredging in Mobile Bay: Possibilities for Sustainable Dredged Material Management
  Abstract: This paper describes a study performed at the University of South Alabama to determine the cost-effective method of dredging in Mobile Bay and to explore the possibility of utilizing the dredged materials in an environmentally sustainable way. Historical cost and working time data for hopper dredging and pipeline dredging for Mobile Bay in Alabama from 1991 to present were obtained from the Mobile District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. For comparison, dredging data for Bayou Casotte in Mississippi were also obtained. An analysis of data showed that there was no significant difference in unit costs for pipeline and hopper dredging in Mobile Bay. However, further analysis showed that pipeline dredging was able to output more dredged material daily than hopper dredging. The disposal methods of dredging operations were taken into consideration while interpreting the results. Although the cost was similar, the extended distance that a hopper dredge has to travel to dispose of dredged sediment seems to make pipeline dredging more desirable for Mobile Bay and its channel maintenance needs. Moreover, if future shoreline restoration projects are initiated, pipeline dredging is expected to become the more desirable maintenance dredging method to keep up with the demand for material for shoreline re-nourishment activities. In addition to shoreline re-nourishment, the paper discusses several other possibilities of sustainable utilization of dredged materials, including using desalinated dredged sediments on agricultural lands in Alabama and elsewhere.
  Authors: Islam, Samantha; Parks, Jacqueline
  Authors: Islam, Samantha; Parks, Jacqueline
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-1532
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Cost-Effective Dredging in Mobile Bay: Possibilities for Sustainable Dredged Material Management
  Authors: Islam, Samantha
  Authors: Islam, Samantha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-1532
• Evaluation of Gate Strategies at Marine Container Terminals
  Authors: Golias, Mihalis
  Authors: Golias, Mihalis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2961
• Evaluation of Gate Strategies at Marine Container Terminals
  Authors: Boile, Maria
  Authors: Boile, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2961
• Marine Highway Transport of Toxic Inhalation Hazard Materials
  Authors: Protopapas, Annie
  Authors: Protopapas, Annie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2205