2013 Session: 303

• Impact Assessment of Adaptive Cruise Control and Forward Collision Warning Within Field Operational Test in Europe
  Abstract: The euroFOT project is the first large-scale Field Operational Test (FOT) of multiple Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in Europe. It will evaluate the impacts of ADAS on safety, traffic efficiency, environment, driver behaviour and user-acceptance in real life situations with normal drivers, by means of collected data from instrumented vehicles. By offering valuable information for the short- and long-term impact of ADAS the euroFOT project aims to encourage the deployment of ADAS. Altogether, about 1000 vehicles from different manufacturers and with different advanced driver assistance systems will take part in the FOT. The euroFOT fleet is coordinated by five Vehicle Management Centers (VMC).The Institute of Automotive Engineering (ika) of the RWTH Aachen University analysed the effects of ACC usage in combination with FCW under normal driving conditions of 100 passenger cars. The results of the data analysis show positive effects on traffic safety and fuel consumption. In addition, the complete process chain from the data collection to the analysis was defined and conducted at the ika.
  Authors: Benmimoun, Mohamed; Pütz, Andreas; Zlocki, Adrian; Eckstein, Lutz
  Authors: Benmimoun, Mohamed; Pütz, Andreas; Zlocki, Adrian; Eckstein, Lutz
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 303
  Paper Number: 13-0195
• Longitudinal Driving Behavior with Integrated Crash-Warning System: Evaluation from Naturalistic Driving Data
  Abstract: This study created the most extensive set of naturalistic data on drivers' following behavior when interacting with an in-vehicle warning system that has ever been gathered. Existing naturalistic driving data collected from a total of 108 drivers, representing 81,163 steady-state following events and 20, 096 forward conflict events were extracted and compared. Drivers were from three age groups (younger, middle-aged, and older) and balanced between two gender groups. Three objective measures were used in this study including mean time headway, minimum time-to collision, and the proportion of time drivers spend in time headway of 1 second or less. Drivers used the research vehicles for 40 days, with the system not activated for the first 12 days and activated for the following 28 days. A linear –mixed model was used for the data analysis. Results of this study show that drivers have a tendency to follow closer when the warning system is activated. It is recommended that a visual display for real-time safe following distance feedback may help drivers keep a safer distance. This study also observed age-related self-regulation behavior when following other vehicles, and showed that older drivers tend to follow further away from the leading vehicle.
  Authors: LeBlanc, David J.; Bao, Shan; Sayer, James R.; Bogard, Scott
  Authors: LeBlanc, David J.; Bao, Shan; Sayer, James R.; Bogard, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 303
  Paper Number: 13-3746
• In-Vehicle Stopping Decision Advisory System for Drivers Approaching a Traffic Signal
  Abstract: All drivers are familiar with the basic traffic signal dilemma: whether to enter the intersection or to stop when they see the green phase ending. Wrong decisions to cross may lead to Red Light Running (RLR) violations and to angle crashes; unnecessary stop decisions lead to excess queue and frustration, and may lead to rear-end crashes. This study examines a conceptual in-vehicle system designed to facilitate decision making of drivers approaching a signal. According to the distance from the traffic light and the remaining time for the green phase, the system provides an auditory and visual indication to drivers if they need to stop. We conducted a driving simulator experiment with 20 subjects; each subject drove through 28 interurban traffic lights, 14 with and 14 without the evaluated system. Results show 96% reduction in RLR violations, and 70% reduction in the behavioral dilemma zone range. Change in signal crossing decision probability was modest (6% reduction) and not statistically significant. An exploratory evaluation suggests that driver hesitation during the amber light is substantially reduced, and that intersection clearing time is shorter and much more predictable. If similar effects will occur in reality, less angle crashes and less rear-end crashes can be expected.
  Authors: Bar-Gera, Hillel; Oron-Gilad, Tal; Musicant, Oren
  Authors: Bar-Gera, Hillel; Oron-Gilad, Tal; Musicant, Oren
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 303
  Paper Number: 13-3838
• Adaptive Cruise Control: Driver Characteristics That Influence Frequency of Use
  Abstract: Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is designed for convenience to maintain a set speed and specified distance from a lead vehicle. However, many drivers also perceive safety benefits even though the safety implications are not always clear. Driving patterns and perceptions may change the longer the driver uses ACC. As acceptance increases, driver’s use of the system may increase in the wrong situations. The objective of this study is to examine the factors that can influence the frequency of drivers’ use of ACC. This study used data from a survey distributed in Washington State targeted toward ACC users. A cluster analysis was conducted to group drivers based on how often they activated and used ACC under various distracting scenarios. Four cluster groups were observed. A linear regression model was then developed to predict the percent of ACC use given several explanatory variables that include the cluster groupings. The findings showed that those who used ACC during unsafe situations also reported higher ACC use. Drivers that were older, female, who felt that the ACC gap setting was easy to understand, and who reported being able to respond to hazards while ACC was activated were also more likely to use ACC in general. The findings showed that those drivers who have higher overall use of ACC were also those drivers that use ACC more often for many situations that may not be considered safe, which can negate the overall benefits of ACC.
  Authors: Wu, Yuqing; Boyle, Linda Ng
  Authors: Wu, Yuqing; Boyle, Linda Ng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 303
  Paper Number: 13-5109
• Impact Assessment of Adaptive Cruise Control and Forward Collision Warning Within Field Operational Test in Europe
  Authors: Benmimoun, Mohamed
  Authors: Benmimoun, Mohamed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 303
  Paper Number: 13-0195
• In-Vehicle Stopping Decision Advisory System for Drivers Approaching a Traffic Signal
  Authors: Bar-Gera, Hillel
  Authors: Bar-Gera, Hillel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 303
  Paper Number: 13-3838
• Adaptive Cruise Control: Driver Characteristics That Influence Frequency of Use
  Authors: Wu, Yuqing
  Authors: Wu, Yuqing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 303
  Paper Number: 13-5109
• Longitudinal Driving Behavior with Integrated Crash-Warning System: Evaluation from Naturalistic Driving Data
  Authors: Bao, Shan
  Authors: Bao, Shan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 303
  Paper Number: 13-3746