2013 Session: 340

• Automated Microscopic Analysis of Pedestrian Gait Parameters at Urban Signalized Intersections
  Abstract: There is an increased awareness of the importance of active non-motorized modes of travel. Therefore, pedestrian behavior studies are receiving a growing attention from policy makers, researchers and practitioners. A solid understanding of pedestrian walking behavior is necessary for the evaluation of measures associated with walking conditions such as comfortability and efficiency. Gait analysis is one of the useful approaches for analyzing pedestrian behavior at the microscopic level. The goal of this paper is to examine the spatio-temporal parameters of pedestrian gait (step frequency and step length) by means of automated video analysis to understand pedestrian walking behavior beyond the analysis of walking speed. The main outcome of this microscopic-level analysis is to provide an insight into pedestrian walking mechanisms and the effect of different characteristics such as gender and age. The study uses a data set collected from a video recorded in Oakland, California. Gait parameters were found to be influenced by pedestrian gender, age, group size, crosswalk length, and pedestrian signal indication. The results showed that pedestrians tend to increase their step length more than they increase their step frequency to increase walking speed. It was also found that, compared to males, females generally increase their walking speed by increasing their step frequency more than step length; however, when in non-compliance with signal indications, females increase their walking speed by increasing their step length more than step frequency. It was also found that older pedestrians do not significantly change their walking behavior when in non-compliance with signal indications
  Authors: Hediyeh, Houman; Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.
  Authors: Hediyeh, Houman; Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0349
• Automated Classification of Pedestrian Gender and Age Using Spatiotemporal Parameters of Gait
  Abstract: Human gait can be a good tool for the recognition of human attributes from a distance. This study investigates the feasibility of using the spatiotemporal parameters of gait (step frequency and step length) as cues to classify pedestrians according to their gender and age. In this paper, the pedestrian walking speed profile is used to extract motion features such as step frequency and step length in order to classify pedestrians according to their gender and age. Computer vision techniques are used for the automatic detection and tracking of pedestrians in an open (uncontrolled) environment. The classification is undertaken using a simple k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) algorithm. Two case studies are used for demonstration from Vancouver, British Columbia and Oakland, California. For gender, correct classification rates (CCR) of 78% and 81 % were achieved for the Vancouver and Oakland case studies, respectively. The Vancouver case study considers pedestrians walking alone or in groups while the Oakland case study only considers pedestrians walking alone. Pedestrian age classification resulted in a CCR of 86% for the Oakland case study where pedestrians walking alone or in groups are considered. These results are based on two motion feature vectors, step frequency and step length. Adding the walking speed as a third motion feature improved the results of gender classification for the case study in Oakland with a CCR of 85% (4% improvement) but had no effect on the Vancouver case study. Another classification measure, the kappa statistic, showed that the classification results are statistically significant beyond what is expected by chance.
  Authors: Hediyeh, Houman; Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.
  Authors: Hediyeh, Houman; Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0350
• Weighing Integration by Block Heterogeneity to Evaluate Pedestrian Activity
  Abstract: Pedestrian exposure is a necessary component for a meaningful evaluation of pedestrian safety. The Space Syntax approach has a track record of accurate prediction of pedestrian activity, by estimating the physical street connectivity in urban environments. However, for some environments, the performance of Space Syntax is limited and cannot be used as a reliable estimate of exposure. This paper makes use of the interdependency between: (i) street connectivity - estimated here using integration; and (ii) land-use characteristics; to propose a mechanism to adjust integration by land-use features at the block level. Values of integration for each street-block, which hold the same mean values along the same street, are weighted based on dominant land-use features. The weighted integration value for a street-block dominated by commercial property is higher than the mean integration value for that street. Conversely, the weighted integration value for a residential street-block is lower than the mean integration value for that street. The proposed approach captures the heterogeneity of street-blocks, which is not always captured by Space Syntax. Applying this method to the northern periphery of the University of California, Berkeley, has produced promising preliminary results. It was shown that the weighted integration values (at the street-block level) are better correlated with pedestrian volumes than mean integration values (street scale). Further research efforts are required to develop this simplified approach into a pedestrian exposure prediction model
  Authors: Grembek, Offer; Do, Minh-Tan; Ragland, David R.; Chan, Ching-Yao
  Authors: Grembek, Offer; Do, Minh-Tan; Ragland, David R.; Chan, Ching-Yao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0579
• Analysis of Pedestrian Performance in Shared Space Environments
  Abstract: The concept of Shared Space, applied in urban road environment, aims to reduce the dominance of the motor vehicle by promoting pedestrian and cyclist activity and utilising the road space as a place. Unlike a conventional road, a shared space encourages all road users to legally occupy the same road space with little physical separation. This paper presents pedestrian-related performance measures developed under a multi-faceted methodological framework to evaluate the successfulness of shared space schemes based on study areas in Auckland’s city centre. The analysis of the ‘before and after’ implementation data reveals a positive result to pedestrian performance across all sites based on 24-hour pedestrian profile, pedestrian trajectory, dwell time and stationary activity. A comparative analysis of the ‘after’ data highlights the importance of the active frontage in enabling a lower (vehicular) speed environment in relation to the number of pedestrians within the shared space. The research analysis reported in this paper forms part of a doctoral research study at the University of Auckland with support from Auckland Transport, a regional transport agency in New Zealand.
  Authors: Karndacharuk, Auttapone; Wilson, Douglas James; Dunn, Roger
  Authors: Karndacharuk, Auttapone; Wilson, Douglas James; Dunn, Roger
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0081
• Multi-Directional Flow as Touch-Stone to Assess Models of Pedestrian Dynamics
  Abstract: For simulation models of pedestrian dynamics there are always the issues of calibration and validation. These are usually done by comparing measured properties of the dynamics found in observation, experiments and simulation in certain scenarios. For this the scenarios first need to be sensitive to parameter changes of a particular model or – if models are compared – differences between models. Second it is helpful if the exhibited differences can be expressed in quantities which are as simple as possible ideally a single number. Such a scenario is proposed in this contribution together with evaluation measures. In an example evaluation of a particular model it is shown that the proposed evaluation measures are very sensitive to parameter changes and therefore summarize differences effects of parameter changes and differences between models efficiently, sometimes in a single number. It is shown how the symmetry which exists in the achiral geometry of the proposed example scenario is broken in particular simulation runs exhibiting chiral dynamics, while in the statistics of 1,000 simulation runs there is a symmetry between left- and right-chiral dynamics. In the course of the symmetry breaking differences between models and parameter settings are amplified which is the origin of the high sensitivity of the scenario against parameter changes.
  Authors: Kretz, Tobias
  Authors: Kretz, Tobias
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1160
• Models for Anticipating Nonmotorized Travel Choices and Role of the Built Environment
  Abstract: This paper uses detailed travel data from the Seattle metropolitan area to evaluate the effects of built-environment variables on the use of non-motorized (bike + walk) travel modes. Several model specifications are used to understand and explain non-motorized travel behavior in terms of household, person and built-environment (BE) variables. Marginal effects of covariate effects for models of vehicle ownership levels, intrazonal trip-making, destination and mode choices, non-motorized trip counts per household, and miles traveled (both motorized and non-motorized) are presented. Mode and destination choice models were estimated separately for interzonal and intrazonal trips and for each of three different trip purposes, to recognize the distinct behaviors at play when making shorter versus longer trips and serving different activities.The results underscore the importance of street connectivity (quantified as the number of 3-way and 4-way intersections in a half-mile radius), higher bus stop density, and greater non-motorized access in promoting lower vehicle ownership levels (after controlling for household size, income, neighborhood density and so forth), higher rates of non-motorized trip generation (per day), and higher likelihoods of non-motorized mode choices. Intrazonal trip likelihoods rose with street connectivity, transit availability, and land use mixing. Across all BE variables tested, street structure offered the greatest predictive benefits, alongside accessibility indices (for both motorized and nonmotorized access). For example, non-motorized trip counts are estimated to rise 7% following a 1% increase in this variable, and walk probabilities by 27% following a one standard deviation increase in this index at the destination zone. Regional and local accessibility and density (of population plus jobs) variables were also important, depending on response being modeled. Case study applications illuminate when and to what extent significant travel behavior changes may be witnessed, as land use settings and other variables are changed.
  Authors: Khan, Mobashwir; Kockelman, Kara; Xiong, Xiaoxia
  Authors: Khan, Mobashwir; Kockelman, Kara; Xiong, Xiaoxia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1240
• Empirical Study of Crowd and Pedestrian Dynamics: Impact of Different Angle Paths and Groupings
  Abstract: An analytical study is proposed in this paper to investigate pedestrian crowd from a multi-disciplinary approach (i.e. traffic engineering and social science) focusing on pedestrian movement dynamics in high-density situations. Taking advantage of previous studies that highlighted the importance of turning movements of crowd during evacuations, we empirically investigated the impact of angled paths on orderly crowd egress flows. We also proposed to consider the local spatial interactions among people within the crowd, taking into account the presence of groups. Results of the flow rates level and walking speed of different scenarios studied in this work are presented (0°, 45°, 60° and 90° angle degrees). These showed that in high-density situations the walking speed of group members was lower compared to the singles within all scenarios studied. Likewise, the angle path with 60° degrees (compared to the scenario of corridor with 0° degrees) has a significant negative impact on both the flow rate and walking speed. These results could be of notable interest for all generic crowd models aiming at replicating crowd dynamics
  Authors: Sarvi, Majid; Gorrini, Andrea; Bandini, Stefania; Dias, Charitha; Shiwakoti, Nirajan
  Authors: Sarvi, Majid; Gorrini, Andrea; Bandini, Stefania; Dias, Charitha; Shiwakoti, Nirajan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1136
• Intelligence-Based Route Selection Model of Passenger Flow in a Transportation Station
  Abstract: This paper proposes an intelligence-based approach to predicting passengers¡¦ route choice behaviour, which is crucial to the effective utilisation of transportation stations. Although intelligence-based model (e.g., artificial neural network) have been developed rapidly and widely adopted in various fields in the last few decades, their application to predict human decision-making in pedestrian flows is limited, as the actual route choice decisions of passengers involve human behaviour. A comprehensive methodology for capturing route choice behaviour is still lacking, because extensive labour and time resources are required to collect passenger movement data from different stations. In this study, a four-month site-survey was carried out to collect actual route choice behaviour information in nine transportation stations in Hong Kong during peak hours by following passengers and recording their chosen route. We developed an intelligent model to capture passengers¡¦ route choice decision-making that achieved a prediction accuracy of almost 88% and this intelligent model is proposed to implement in the simulation tools for passenger flow simulation.
  Authors: Yuen, J. K. K.; Lee, E. W. M.; Lo, S. M.; Yuen, R. K. K.
  Authors: Yuen, J. K. K.; Lee, E. W. M.; Lo, S. M.; Yuen, R. K. K.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1134
• A Multi-Criteria-Based Guideline for Marked and Unmarked Pedestrian Crosswalks at Unsignalized Intersections
  Abstract: There have been controversial perceptions with respect to the use of marked pedestrian crosswalks at unsignalized intersections over the years. Several agencies tend to prefer marked crosswalks at most locations with the expectation of improving pedestrian mobility and safety. However, several studies conclude that marked crosswalks actually involve higher pedestrian accident rates than unmarked crosswalks. Such controversial claims make it difficult for state and local agencies to develop policies pertaining to pedestrian crosswalks. Existing guidelines for determining marked and unmarked crosswalk types are normally presented as descriptive statements or mostly relying on a single dominate factor like pedestrian volume. One of the major issues lies in the lack of comprehensive consideration and interpretation of all potential variables. A new guideline is presented to help select marked and unmarked crosswalks at unsignalized intersections with no traffic signals or stop signs on the major street approach. The guideline is based on a combination of revised multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies, PROMETHEE and the Analytical Hierarchy Process. A ranking score considering potential factors, including variables such as volume, speed limit, and pedestrian related crash records is produced to represent the likelihood of using a marked or unmarked crosswalk. The proposed guideline was further applied to a case study involving 32 unsignalized intersections in Nevada and the study showed promising results with the guideline.
  Authors: Zhao, Yue
  Authors: Zhao, Yue
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1282
• HANDS FREE STEERING IN A VIRTUAL WORLD FOR THE EVALUATION OF GUIDANCE SYSTEMS IN PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURES: DESIGN AND VALIDATION
  Abstract: This paper presents the development and validation of hands free steering in a cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE) designed to make the reactions of pedestrians to guidance information measureable. The navigation uses the Microsoft Kinect to obtain information on the movement of the user. The user walks on the place to move forward in the virtual world and turns her shoulders to invoke rotations in the virtual world in order to make turns. After the implementation of the hands free steering the validity of the model has been explored using a case study involving parallel test groups exposing individuals to wayfinding exercises in the real world and the corresponding virtual world. The results show that the objective distances and times in the real and the virtual worlds as well as perceptions of distances, times and directions do not differ statistically significantly validating the model for steering.
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar; Schneckenburger, Jasmin; Settgast, Volker; Millonig, Alexandra; Gartner, Georg
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar; Schneckenburger, Jasmin; Settgast, Volker; Millonig, Alexandra; Gartner, Georg
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1484
• Validating Urban Design Measures
  Abstract: Focusing on the street level experience, Ewing et al. (2005, 2006) developed measurement protocols for nine urban design qualities cited in the literature—imageability, enclosure, human scale, transparency, complexity, coherence, linkage, legibility, and tidiness. The first five were successfully operationalized. This paper builds on earlier research to, for the first time, validate the urban design measures against pedestrian counts on 588 block faces in New York City. An effort is made to distinguish which measures, if any, influence levels of pedestrian activity after controlling for the “D” variables: development density, land use diversity, street network design, destination accessibility, distance to transit, and demographics. The urban design quality of transparency, related to windows overlooking the street, continuous building facades forming a street wall, and active street frontage, proves to have more explanatory power than any other D variable.
  Authors: Ewing, Reid; Connors, Mark; Hajrasouliha, Amir; Goates, JP; Neckerman, Kathy; Nelson, Arthur C.; Greene, William H.
  Authors: Ewing, Reid; Connors, Mark; Hajrasouliha, Amir; Goates, JP; Neckerman, Kathy; Nelson, Arthur C.; Greene, William H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1662
• Multimodal Simulation-Based Planning for Pedestrians
  Abstract: In this contribution Strasbourg’s plan piéton will briefly be summarized and as a part of it the traffic situation around the central bridge Pont Kuss will be introduced. At Pont Kuss a number of safety and convenience issues in pedestrian traffic are reported. This is the motivation for a multi-modal microscopic simulation project which assesses measures to improve the situation for pedestrians. The assessment includes both: benefits for pedestrian and potential drawbacks for vehicular traffic. It will be shown in detail that clear benefits for pedestrians and for public transport are opposed by only small – if at all – drawbacks for vehicular traffic. It is concluded that multi-modal micro-simulation is a powerful tool to handle all traffic modes with equal care and equal rights in the planning process and that it is at the same time a powerful tool to produce material for communication with the public.
  Authors: Kretz, Tobias; Reutenauer, Frédéric; Schubert, Florian
  Authors: Kretz, Tobias; Reutenauer, Frédéric; Schubert, Florian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1943
• Testing the Influence of Urban Design Features on Perceptions of Walking Environment Attractiveness
  Abstract: The potential environmental and health benefits of active transportation modes (e.g., walking and cycling) have led to considerable research on the influence of the built environment on travel. This paper presents the findings of a study combining environmental audits and a survey-based respondent mapping tool to test the influence of micro-scale built environment characteristics, including “green street” storm water management features, on resident perceptions of walking environment attractiveness. Results suggest that this method is sensitive enough to unpack a concept like walkability into individual component characteristics. Findings from an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model indicate that in a predominantly single-family residential context well-designed green street facilities, as well as other features such as parks, separation from vehicle traffic, and pedestrian network connectivity can significantly contribute to walking environment attractiveness.
  Authors: Adkins, Arlie; Dill, Jennifer; Luhr, Gretchen; Neal, Margaret
  Authors: Adkins, Arlie; Dill, Jennifer; Luhr, Gretchen; Neal, Margaret
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2813
• Active Transportation Beyond Urban Centers
  Abstract: Conventional wisdom and previous research hold that walking and bicycling for transportation purposes are not common outside of urban areas. This hypothesis is based on a binary classification of land area into two categories, urban and rural. This paper applies a novel seven-category typology of rurality to the 2009 National Household Travel Survey to investigate the true prevalence of nonmotorized travel behavior in multiple types of rural areas. We find that walking and bicycling are more common in rural areas than previously thought. The paper tests additional hypotheses about trip purpose and trip length to understand more about these “active” trips. These results have direct relevance for the work of planners, decision-makers, and walking and bicycling advocates in rural areas and at the federal level.
  Authors: Hadden-Loh, Tracy; Sonenklar, Daniel
  Authors: Hadden-Loh, Tracy; Sonenklar, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2951
• Pedestrian Environment and Route Choice: Evidence from New York City and Hong Kong
  Abstract: This research uses mixed methods of environment audit, contingent rating, and pedestrian route choice modeling to understand the environment-walking relationship and to quantify the utility of pedestrian environments in monetary values. Based on revealed preferences from 321 pedestrians interviewed in an urban center neighborhood in New York City and Hong Kong, we found that the subtle differences in the pedestrian environment result in quite different walking patterns and perceptions of the neighborhoods. Safety concerns and the lack of route alternatives render the Hong Kong pedestrians less familiar with the local environment even they visit the site more frequently, comparing to those in New York City. We also found that pedestrians are often unable to articulate the intangible amenities such as streetscape and façade design, and over-evaluate the importance of more tangible attributes like distance and safety. Finally, the route choice model produces a set of values for six key environmental attributes. For example, one extra meter sidewalk is valued as equivalence of 115.7 meters in New York City, or New Yorkers are willing to walk 115.7 meters longer if the sidewalk is widened by one meter. This value is about twice that in Hong Kong.
  Authors: Guo, Zhan; Loo, Becky P.Y.
  Authors: Guo, Zhan; Loo, Becky P.Y.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3356
• Analysis of Pedestrian Self-Organization at Dutch Music Festival
  Abstract: Major pedestrian crowd movements have proven to be volatile in the past. However, even though pedestrian crowd events are frequently organized, not a lot is known quantitatively about pedestrian crowd movements. For instance, several self-organizing movement have been described, but a quantitative link between self-organizing movements of crowds and the characteristic flow parameters is still lacking. This paper tries to fill part of this knowledge gap by analyzing trajectory data captured at a Dutch music festival using an UAV, and connecting the found macroscopic characteristic flow parameters to one of the types of self-organization, namely lane formation. This paper concludes that the width of self-organized lanes is determined via the by pedestrians experienced density. Based on the relations found a crowd movement transition theory is proposed. The proposed theory states that when density increases, the walking velocity decreases, the width of the lanes increases and the number of lanes decreases.
  Authors: Duives, Dorine C.; Daamen, Winnie; Hoogendoorn, Serge
  Authors: Duives, Dorine C.; Daamen, Winnie; Hoogendoorn, Serge
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3456
• Skateboarding as a Mode of Transportation: Review of Regulations in California Cities and College Campuses
  Abstract: Skateboarding, most commonly thought of as a recreational activity, can also be used as an active travel mode. Recreational skateboarding also often occurs on transportation facilities. Thus, skateboarding is a phenomenon of interest to transportation planners and decision makers and a target for policy actions. A review of California cities and college campuses show that regulations on skateboard travel and riding on transportation facilities are common. Regulations most frequently prohibit skateboarding in certain areas, but are also often written to restrict certain behaviors on a skateboard. While the presence of any regulation is common, the specifics of the regulations vary, resulting in inconsistent and sometimes contradictory regulations from city to city. Justifications for regulations, although not always stated, include concerns over user safety, safety of nearby pedestrians, damage to property, behavior, interference to nearby business, and creation of a nuisance. Current regulations may be an impediment to the use of skateboards for active travel, especially when they target recreational skateboarding, but are written such that they affect all skateboarders. To encourage skateboarding as a mode of active travel, further evaluation of the actual characteristics and behavior of skateboarders may be necessary to create appropriate regulations that address legitimate issues without hindering innocuous use.
  Authors: Fang, Kevin
  Authors: Fang, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3500
• Pedestrian Routes in Mountain City: More Meaning and Significance over Simple Hikes
  Abstract: In this article, we have explored the concepts and methods of designing public spaces of pedestrian routes in mountain cities. With the case of designing pedestrian route system and demonstration section in Yuzhong Peninsula of Chongqing city, we have analyzed how to apply ¡°invitation¡± on pedestrian routes as a research result of the behavioral science, in the three stages of investigation, design and implementation, to make pedestrian routes friendly open to public life and give priority to pedestrians in the transportation system.
  Authors: Jiang, Yang; Zhang, Ning Mei
  Authors: Jiang, Yang; Zhang, Ning Mei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3859
• Analysis of Built Environment Influences on Walking Trips and Distance Walked in a Midsized Canadian City
  Abstract: This study seeks to advance current methods to measure walkability by relating detailed non-motorized infrastructure data with walking behavior in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Walking distances were estimated using an innovative approach that involved spatially referencing trip location data from a travel diary and calculating shortest distance along a pedestrian network that incorporates both street and off-street pedestrian path data. Results indicate that when controlling for individual and household socio-demographic characteristics, pedestrians walk approximately the same average daily distance, regardless of their home neighborhood walkability. Byexplicitly examining both walking trips and distances as outcomes, it was possible to consider trade-offs between number of trips and distance walked, by neighborhood walkability. However, individuals living in more walkable neighborhoods are both more likely to walk at least once and engage in more walking trips than those in less walkable neighborhoods. These findings support the notion that increased accessibility reduces trip distances by bringing origins and destinations closer together. The findings from this study can help to inform design standards as part of neighborhood definitions and distance thresholds to destinations to support walking.
  Authors: van Loon, Josh; Shah, Timothy; Fisher, Pat; Thompson, Mary; Minaker, Leia; Raine, Kim D.; Frank, Lawrence D.
  Authors: van Loon, Josh; Shah, Timothy; Fisher, Pat; Thompson, Mary; Minaker, Leia; Raine, Kim D.; Frank, Lawrence D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3976
• Optimization of Pedestrian Phase Patterns at Signalized Intersections: A Multiobjective Approach
  Abstract: This paper presents a multi-objective optimization model and its solution algorithm for optimization of pedestrian phase patterns, including the exclusive pedestrian phase (EPP) and the conventional two-way crossing (TWC) at an intersection. The proposed model will determine the optimal pedestrian phase pattern and the corresponding signal timings at an intersection to best accommodate both vehicular traffic and pedestrian movements. The proposed model is unique with respect to the following three critical features: 1) proposing an unbiased performance index for comparison of EPP and TWC by explicitly modeling the pedestrian delay under the control of TWC and EPP; 2) developing a multi-objective model to maximize the utilization of the available green time by vehicular traffic and pedestrian under both EPP or TWC, and 3) designing a GA-based heuristic algorithm to solve the model. Case study and sensitivity analysis results have shown the promising property of the proposed model to assist traffic practitioners, researchers, and authorities in properly selecting pedestrian phase patterns at signalized intersections.
  Authors: Ma, Wanjing; Liu, Yue; Head, Larry
  Authors: Ma, Wanjing; Liu, Yue; Head, Larry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-4364
• From Planning to Action: Revitalizing a Pedestrian Street Network in the Mountain City of Chongqing, China
  Abstract: In 2010-2011, the city of Chongqing in China was selected by the Chinese central government for the first nonmotorized transport system demonstration program in the country. This paper describes the Chongqing city¡¯s effort to revitalize a pedestrian street network in the mountainous central district from planning to pilot implementation. Observational study and focus group study was carried out to identify 1) the status-quo of pedestrian activity patterns and problems of existing pedestrian street network, 2) key intervention strategies to revitalize the network, and 3) obstacles in implementation and maintenance.
  Authors: Jiang, Yang; Chen, Yulin; Jun, Yu; Villadsen, Kristian S.
  Authors: Jiang, Yang; Chen, Yulin; Jun, Yu; Villadsen, Kristian S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-5027
• Pedestrian Count Models Using Spatial Data Based on Distance Decay Affect
  Abstract: This paper presents non-linear count models developed to estimate pedestrian activity during a 12-hour time period for three different scenarios (all the signalized intersections, high pedestrian activity signalized intersections and low pedestrian activity signalized intersections). Data extracted and gathered for 176 signalized intersections in the city of Charlotte, North Carolina was used to develop the models. Pedestrian counts collected by trained technicians at each selected signalized intersection was used as the dependent variable. Variables such as demographic, socio-economic and land-use characteristics were extracted from within three different buffers generated around each signalized intersection using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. The on-network characteristics and number of transit stops in the vicinity of each selected signalized intersection was gathered from within 100 feet buffer generated around each selected signalized intersection. These variables were used as explanatory (independent) variables. Generalized linear models were developed using data for each generated individual buffer as well as using integrated data from the three buffers. The distance decay affect was incorporated to define spatial weigths and integrate data from the individual buffers. The spatially weighted models obtained using different combinations of weights for 0.25-, 0.5- and 1-mile buffer zones yielded better results than the non-linear models developed from data for each buffer zone. Further, statistical parameters indicate that separate models for high and low pedestrian activity signalized intersections yielded more meaningful outputs. These are well supported by results from validation of the developed models.
  Authors: Pulugurtha, Srinivas Subrahmanyam; Maradapudi, Jaya Madhuri Rao
  Authors: Pulugurtha, Srinivas Subrahmanyam; Maradapudi, Jaya Madhuri Rao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-5134
• Features Analysis and Operation Evaluation of Pedestrian Weaving Zone
  Abstract: Weaving behavior occurs due to the conflict of pedestrian walking streamlines, which manifests as weaving points in walking facilities. If many weaving points are concentrated in a relatively stable zone, the zone is defined as pedestrian weaving zone (PWZ). Actually, the weaving behavior has great impact on pedestrian¡¯s speed, walking comfort, facilities capacity and passengers safety. Firstly, the paper defines the concept of pedestrian weaving zone (PWZ) and PWZ features, then by the means of controlled experiments, collects the data of weaving zone features and pedestrian weaving behavior from different scenarios. Subsequently, the paper analyzes PWZ feature through the geometric feature and the location attribute of weaving zone and concludes that pedestrian flow volume and two pedestrian stream ratio closely related to the area of PWZ rather than the width and length of pedestrian passageway ,and PWZ is closer to the exit than entrance of passageway. Three new indexes (pedestrian weaving intensity, pedestrian trajectory offset ratio, distribution density factor of weaving points) are introduced to analyze the operation of PWZ. Finally, based on three indexes, the paper establishes pedestrian negative utility model to evaluate the operational status of PWZ. Pedestrian-weaving-zone performs better with the decrease of utility. After analyzing the impact of passageway geometric features (passageway width and length) and pedestrian traffic features (pedestrian volume and two pedestrian stream ratio) on the performance of PWZ, the paper puts forward with two improvements on the planning and management of pedestrian passageway, of which the negative utility decreases 29.7% and 34.5% respectively.
  Authors: Wu, Jiaorong; Lu, Sugang
  Authors: Wu, Jiaorong; Lu, Sugang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2774
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Analysis of Pedestrian Performance in Shared Space Environments
  Authors: Karndacharuk, Auttapone
  Authors: Karndacharuk, Auttapone
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0081
• Intelligence-Based Route Selection Model of Passenger Flow in a Transportation Station
  Authors: Yuen, J. K. K.
  Authors: Yuen, J. K. K.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1134
• Models for Anticipating Nonmotorized Travel Choices and Role of the Built Environment
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1240
• A Multi-Criteria-Based Guideline for Marked and Unmarked Pedestrian Crosswalks at Unsignalized Intersections
  Authors: Zhao, Yue
  Authors: Zhao, Yue
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1282
• HANDS FREE STEERING IN A VIRTUAL WORLD FOR THE EVALUATION OF GUIDANCE SYSTEMS IN PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURES: DESIGN AND VALIDATION
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1484
• Features Analysis and Operation Evaluation of Pedestrian Weaving Zone
  Authors: Lu, Sugang
  Authors: Lu, Sugang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2774
• Active Transportation Beyond Urban Centers
  Authors: Sonenklar, Daniel
  Authors: Sonenklar, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2951
• Skateboarding as a Mode of Transportation: Review of Regulations in California Cities and College Campuses
  Authors: Fang, Kevin
  Authors: Fang, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3500
• Pedestrian Count Models Using Spatial Data Based on Distance Decay Affect
  Authors: Pulugurtha, Srinivas
  Authors: Pulugurtha, Srinivas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-5134
• Weighing Integration by Block Heterogeneity to Evaluate Pedestrian Activity
  Authors: Grembek, Offer
  Authors: Grembek, Offer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0579
• Empirical Study of Crowd and Pedestrian Dynamics: Impact of Different Angle Paths and Groupings
  Authors: Gorrini, Andrea
  Authors: Gorrini, Andrea
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1136