2013 Session: 492

• Transition to a Transit City: Case of Beijing, China
  Abstract: Over the past three decades, urban transportation system in Beijing has been undergoing tremendous changes. Beijing has been transformed from a city that was dominated by non-motorized transportation to an almost car- saturated city. To combat the ever-growing traffic gridlock, the city in recent years has been working proactively on fulfilling its long-term vision: the building of a transit city. This paper presents the city’s evolution path toward a more sustainable transportation system from a mobility culture perspective. More specifically, three aspects are focused, namely travel demand, mobility pattern and transportation policy.
  Authors: Song, Ziqi
  Authors: Song, Ziqi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-3310
• Urban Rail Investment and Transit-Oriented Development in China: Examining Land Price Gradients Around Urban Rail Stations in Beijing
  Abstract: As a response to severe urban congestion, megacities in China have sped up investment in urban rail transit. How effective urban rail investment can shape urban form and attract development in China’s megacities has never been sufficiently studied. Using eight years’ land transaction data in Beijing (2004-2011), this research examines developers’ willingness to pay for station proximity and density bonuses. The research reveals 11.1% decrease in land price for each kilometer distanced away from urban rail stations, and 1.16% increase in price for one percentage increase in allowable floor area ratio. This linkage between price and transit proximity, however, is less noticeable in newly developed suburban areas than the well-established urban area. The linkage can hardly be detected among the land transactions happening before station-opening. These two features point to additional planning efforts to promote transit-oriented development in Beijing and other Chinese megacities.
  Authors: Yang, Jiawen; Quan, Jige; Yan, Bin
  Authors: Yang, Jiawen; Quan, Jige; Yan, Bin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-3940
• Travel and Car Ownership of Residents near New Suburban Metro Stations in Shanghai
  Abstract: Large cities in China are building extensive rail transit systems in combination with transit-oriented development (TOD) in suburban areas, so that public transportation can play a leading role in supporting rapid urban expansion. Shanghai has been a leader in this planning approach. Its experience can be valuable for other cities that are facing similar pressures of urbanization, suburbanization and motorization while striving to improve livability and reduce GHG emission. To gain useful insights from Shanghai, we conducted a travel survey of residents in a recently developed suburban metro station area to examine how the city¡¯s Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) has influenced residents¡¯ travel and car ownership. Applying statistical methods, including logistic regression, we found that: (1) the MRT is generally adequate in supporting the station area¡¯s economic relationships with the central city and local employment locations, (2) a high percentage of residents intended to commute by the MRT when they moved to the suburban station area, and their original intention has positively influenced their current travel and car ownership, and (3) rail transit may help temporarily reduce the pace of motorization among households near suburban metro stations by delaying car purchase and lowering the probability of car use in commuting. However, we also found that car ownership has been increasing quite rapidly despite the positive effects of a much expanded and improved metro system, and that once a person owns a car, s/he will most likely drive to work.
  Authors: Pan, Haixiao; Shen, Qing; Zhao, Ting
  Authors: Pan, Haixiao; Shen, Qing; Zhao, Ting
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-4053
• Shanghai’s Nonlocal Vehicles as a Dilemma in Transportation Policy Transfer from Singapore
  Abstract: Chinese cities have adopted many policy strategies internationally that have created many problems due to the differences in local context and institutional structure. In this paper we report an example of automobile license auction policy transferred from Singapore to Shanghai, and how a technical issue of non-local vehicles raised a dilemma for Shanghai government in the trade-off between congestion management and openness of Shanghai as a metropolitan center. The government sets up a total quota each month and requires every car owner to join a bidding process to obtain a vehicle license. As Shanghai license prices continue to increase, many Shanghai residents get a non-local license outside Shanghai for a much cheaper price. The problem of non-local vehicles is a unique phenomenon that only happens in Shanghai that waters down the policy effectiveness, and results in challenges in traffic management. It also results in large revenue loss outside Shanghai, exacerbates equity concerns among Shanghai car owners, and decreases trustworthiness of government policy. Singapore as a state-city has no non-local vehicles, but Shanghai as a city within a region, is facing the dilemma of further controlling non-local vehicles to mitigate congestion versus the city’s openness to promote inter-city trade. Although Shanghai has taken actions in controlling non-local vehicles through both internal policy refinement and regional collaboration, it has hesitated in posing harsher restrictions. Public views vary across different dimensions and two variables show the largest impact on attitude: car ownership and license type, and residence status. The public do understand Shanghai’s dilemma and the importance of the city to remain open as the public opposes further restrictions on non-local vehicles. Even local license owners and locally-born residents, who are most likely in favour of further restrictions, do not want harsh restrictions banning non-local vehicles.
  Authors: Chen, Tracy (Xiao Jie); Zhao, Jinhua
  Authors: Chen, Tracy (Xiao Jie); Zhao, Jinhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-4366
• Car Owners as a Supporting Constituency of Car-Deterring Policies: Preference Variations in Shanghai’s Car Licensing Policy
  Abstract: The political economy of most car deterrent policies shows that car owners, in general, are the group that most oppose these policies, but the car license auction policy in Shanghai may prove an exception. Shanghai implemented a policy controlling car ownership growth by requiring new car purchasers to bid for their license through a public auction. This policy is effective in dampening car growth but also raises concern about its public acceptability. Extending a prior study examining the public acceptance at the aggregate level [1], this paper examines the preference variation among local residents in their policy acceptance and its three determinants: perceived effectiveness, affordability and equity. Based on one questionnaire survey conducted among employees in nine local companies, three dimensions are used to segment the population: car ownership and license type, car mode share, and other socioeconomic characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is used to evaluate the significance of the preference variation, and structural equation models (SEM) are developed to quantify the impact of the determinants of policy acceptance among different population segments. Among all dimensions, car ownership and license type turns out to be the most important differentiator in terms of the policy acceptance and attitude. Although the overall acceptance level was negative, local car-owners are actually neutral towards the policy, in contrast to greatly negative views held by non-car owners or car owners with non-local licenses. Their acceptance level also increases significantly over time. Local car owners also perceive the policy as more effective and less unaffordable, and show different emphasis on equity concerns compared to non-car owners. This study suggests that local car owners, by paying the high license fee, have invested in this policy and become an interest group in support of it. As the percentage of local car owners grows, the auction policy gains more support and becomes almost irreversible.
  Authors: Chen, Tracy (Xiao Jie); Zhao, Jinhua
  Authors: Chen, Tracy (Xiao Jie); Zhao, Jinhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-4374
• Transition to a Transit City: Case of Beijing, China
  Authors: Song, Ziqi
  Authors: Song, Ziqi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-3310
• Urban Rail Investment and Transit-Oriented Development in China: Examining Land Price Gradients Around Urban Rail Stations in Beijing
  Authors: Yang, Jiawen
  Authors: Yang, Jiawen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-3940
• Travel and Car Ownership of Residents near New Suburban Metro Stations in Shanghai
  Authors: Pan, Haixiao
  Authors: Pan, Haixiao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-4053
• Car Owners as a Supporting Constituency of Car-Deterring Policies: Preference Variations in Shanghai's Car Licensing Policy
  Authors: Chen, Tracy (Xiao Jie)
  Authors: Chen, Tracy (Xiao Jie)
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-4374
• Shanghai's Nonlocal Vehicles as a Dilemma in Transportation Policy Transfer from Singapore
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 492
  Paper Number: 13-4366