2013 Session: 556

• Uniquely Satisfied: Exploring Cyclist Satisfaction
  Abstract: Despite increasing interest and focus on cycling planning and infrastructure, many research and policy frameworks overlook two important aspects of cycling: motivations and trip satisfaction. While many studies have found that cyclists are more satisfied with their commute than other mode users, few have explored why. We hypothesize that different types of cyclist—defined by reasons cited for cycling and seasonal mode patterns—will derive satisfaction from their cycling commute in different ways. Therefore, this study attempts to 1) group respondents into 'cyclist types' based on a cluster analysis of motivations for cycling and their alternate (winter) mode, and 2) understand how these personal characteristics moderate the relationship between built environment (e.g. land use, connectivity) and trip characteristics (e.g. distance) and expressed trip satisfaction. Similar to previous research, cyclists are found to be more satisfied with their commute compared to other mode users. Year-round cyclists are less satisfied with their travel than those who only cycle in good weather; while "Cycling Enthusiasts" are significantly more satisfied than most cyclists motivated by convenience. Surprisingly, the expected relationship between distance, slope, time and objectively measured elements of the built environment and satisfaction was not found. This work emphasizes the need to look beyond the built environment and trip characteristics to better understand cyclist trip satisfaction.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-0943
• Role of Bicycle in Limiting Transport Poverty in The Netherlands
  Abstract: The Netherlands is well-known for its high share of bicycle use and its relatively compact cities, suggesting that transport poverty may well be less of a problem than in other developed countries. This paper explores the role of the bicycle in the avoidance of transport poverty, based on two exploratory studies. The first study focuses on low-income households and shows that the bicycle does limit transport poverty, but is of limited importance in providing access to the labor market. The second study, exploring the ability of car-less households to maintain social networks, underlines the importance of the bicycle, but also shows that the bicycle is used very selectively by elderly residents and is of limited relevance for households with a social network spanning beyond the urban borders.
  Authors: Martens, Karel
  Authors: Martens, Karel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1118
• Interrelationship and Order of Decision between Bicycle Choice and Trip Chain Pattern
  Abstract: Choices of bicycle mode and trip chain pattern are important decisions in individuals¡¯ daily activities. Little is known about the interrelationship between the choice of bicycle and the pattern of trip chain. It is interesting to ask if a decision on bicycle usage is made before planning a trip chain or is dependent on a decision of trip chain. This study aims to explore the relationships between bicycle choice and trip-chaining pattern and capture the order between the two decisions. Using the data extracted from the household survey in a medium-sized city in China, co-evolutionary approach combined with binary logit and multinomial logit models is estimated. The results show that there are more bicycle usages in subsistence trip chains than in non-subsistence chains. In the majority of cases the trip chain is planned before the decision on bicycle choice, especially when the trip is related to subsistence activities. 76.33% of travelers who use bicycle for travel determine the trip chain first and choose to use bicycle accordingly. Only 25.69% of travelers who make mode choice first select bicycle as the trip mode. Findings are discussed to assist the development of policies to promote the bicycle usage.
  Authors: Li, Zhibin; Wang, Wei; Yang, Chen; Wang, Yong; Jiang, Guojun
  Authors: Li, Zhibin; Wang, Wei; Yang, Chen; Wang, Yong; Jiang, Guojun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1133
• Evaluation of Urban Land Redevelopment Impact on Nonmotorized Traffic: Case Study in Shanghai, China
  Abstract: Urban land redevelopment is an important component of city evolution and has a great impact on transportation system. The current traffic impact analysis (TIA) is lack of a comprehensive component for non-motorized transportation under redevelopment, which is especially critical in China where non-motorized mode share is extremely high. For a better guidance of land redevelopment and non-motorized transportation planning, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of redevelopment on non-motorized traffic before the project is approved and the construction starts. The objective of this study is to fill the gap in the transportation impact analysis (TIA) system and promote the sustainable development of the non-motorized transportation.In this paper, we emphasize the importance of the urban redevelopment impact evaluation on non-motorized traffic, and focus on providing an evaluation framework for the impact analysis. We use the systematic analysis method to organize the procedures and objects of redevelopment impact evaluation on non-motorized traffic, and proposed the corresponding evaluation indicators to analyze the impact qualitatively and quantitatively. A case study of Shanghai, China is discussed as an application. The results indicate that the redevelopments such as a residential land redeveloped into a mixed commercial land have a significant impact on non-motorized traffic, and reasonable improvements in the internal design are effective to avoid the potential negative impact. The framework and process can be integrated into the general motorized traffic impact analysis.
  Authors: Wang, Yanli; Zhu, Xiaoyu; Li, Linbo; Wu, Bing
  Authors: Wang, Yanli; Zhu, Xiaoyu; Li, Linbo; Wu, Bing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1900
• Taking U.S. Transportation Professionals to European Cycling Cities: Does It Matter?
  Abstract: The Bikes Belong Foundation and the Federal Highway Administration have sponsored a series of study tours for U.S. transportation professionals to European cities with more robust infrastructure and higher modal splits for cycling. Via this hands-on approach, professionals experience how bicycle transportation functions within integrated, multi-modal, balanced transportation systems. The ultimate goal of these programs is to give policymakers and transportation professionals opportunities to learn lessons they can apply in the US to encourage greater use of the bicycle for transportation. This research assesses the impact of those study tours through interviews with past participants, analyzing major lessons learned from the tours, how participants have implemented the lessons in US cities, and the barriers to implementation. Overall, participants highly valued the firsthand experience in cities where cycling is a significant mode of transportation as it expanded their vision for transportation infrastructure design and policy. Some insights were more readily implemented upon return to the U.S. and some remain slow to be adopted. This paper summarizes both aspects of these professionals’ experiences, as well as providing recommendations for future study tours. A few of these recommendations include: organizing a cycle track specific study tour, providing more firsthand experience with bicycle supportive policy formation and soft measure implementation, supporting participants through peer-to-peer information sharing and readjustment assistance upon return, and taking teams of politicians, engineers, planners, and community leaders from the same community to the most advanced European cycling cities.
  Authors: Mild, Cortney Elise; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Authors: Mild, Cortney Elise; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2389
• Bicycle Parking Behavior
  Abstract: The bicycle plays an important role in the multimodal chain, both as an access mode and as an egress mode. The other side of the coin is, however, an ever-growing need for bicycle parking capacity. An analysis of parking behaviour in Delft shows that trying to achieve symmetry between access and egress modes does not offer a solution, because the higher frequency of access transport is counterbalanced by longer parking for egress transport. It is mainly commuters who use guarded bicycle sheds and better-quality bicycles, while students try to avoid these extra costs. Competition in local public transport is also only a factor among students because of the availability of a free public transport pass. The choice between the central station and a more peripheral station largely depends on the cycling distance, the position of the stations in the rail network and the presence of guarded parking facilities.
  Authors: Maat, Kees
  Authors: Maat, Kees
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2976
• Them or Us: Perceptions, Cognitions, Emotions, and Overt Behavior Associated with Cyclists and Motorists Sharing the Road
  Abstract: In emerging cycling regions, cyclists and motorists are forced to share the road due to cycling infrastructure scarcity. This study investigates the chain of external and internal stimuli, inferred cognition, emotion and overt behavior associated with the road sharing experience. The research methodology consists of a thematic-analysis of a heterogeneous sample of 1,844 talk-backs that were posted in response to news items related to cyclist-motorist traffic crashes in Israel. The results show: (i) cycling infrastructure scarcity and perceptions regarding the natural and legal rights of cyclists to use the road act as primary triggers for the emotional stress associated with road sharing; (ii) motorists and cyclists perceive the road sharing experience as life-threatening situation that induces extreme anxiety, anger and fear; (iii) the overt coping strategies of drivers are confrontive, problem-solving and seeking social-support, while the overt coping strategies of cyclists are escape-avoidance, confrontive and problem-solving.
  Authors: Kaplan, Sigal; Prato, Carlo Giacomo
  Authors: Kaplan, Sigal; Prato, Carlo Giacomo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3204
• Benefits of Cycling: Viewing Cyclists as Travelers Rather Than Nonmotorists
  Abstract: In the last decade, cycling has increased rapidly in the central parts of Stockholm. At the same time, the decreasing trend in cycling seems to continue in the outer parts of the region. This paper explores the factors behind these trends. In the central parts, increased road congestion, transit crowding and improved cycle infrastructure have lowered the generalized cost of cycling relative to other transport modes; spillover effects seem to generate a positive spiral; and increased interest in physical fitness and changes in the relative prices of cars versus central residences are beginning to turn the bicycle into a high-status mode of transport. In the peripheral parts, on the other hand, increasing travel distances and sparser land use patterns combine to decrease cycling levels. The paper also finds that additional benefits of cycling investments often are small and base a discussion of cycling policy on this, arguing that the many advantages of the bicycle – speed, space-efficiency, low investment and travel costs, no external costs, health effects – means that it deserves more attention from spatial and transport planners. To achieve this, cycle promoters need to focus on the bicycle as a highly efficient means of transport, and not reduce it to a second-best remedy to obesity or climate issues.
  Authors: Eliasson, Jonas; Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Authors: Eliasson, Jonas; Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3628
• Cycling or Not? How Urban Policy Influences Bicycle Evolution in Shanghai and Its Impact on Local Cyclists
  Abstract: Bike has a long history in China. In 1980s, China was known as ¡°the kingdom of bicycle¡±. Shanghai was once the largest national bicycle manufacture base, and cycling continues to be one of the most important commuting modes in Shanghai. However, Shanghai¡¯s bicycle mode share reduced more than 60% from 1995 to 2009. In the last few decades, no legitimate bicycle transportation policy in Shanghai was developed. Were the previous urban policy and planning account for the decline of cycling use? If so, to what extent had these urban policies influenced the bicycle usership in Shanghai? This paper aims to answer three of the following questions:1)Which urban policies were germane to the development of cycling based on reviewing the bicycle development trend in shanghai?2)How did the previous policies influence cycling in Shanghai. Why did that happen?3)How did these policies affect local cyclists?This paper is arranged in three main sections. The first section reviews data based on statistical record, examines the bicycle evolution in Shanghai and analyzes previous urban policies adopted which are pertained to the development of bicycle transportation in the same decade. The second section analyzes how these policies influence cycling and its environment. Based on the analysis of survey data, the paper discusses the change of the local cyclists¡¯ travel characteristics due to the impact of the above policies. Finally, implications are drawn to determine what the criteria of a sustainable cycling policy are.
  Authors: Tang, Yang; Pan, Haixiao; Lu, Qiaoyin
  Authors: Tang, Yang; Pan, Haixiao; Lu, Qiaoyin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3891
• The Missing Link: Bicycle Infrastructure Networks and Ridership in 74 U.S. Cities
  Abstract: Cities promote strong bicycle “networks” to support and encourage bicycle commuting. However, the concept of a “network” of bicycle facilities is not very well studied. Previous work has found relationships between the amount of bicycle infrastructure in a city and bicycle ridership. This study shifts the focus from sheer quantity of bicycle infrastructure to functional connectivity using network science concepts and measurement techniques from other transportation modes. It fills a gap in the bicycling literature by developing a standard methodology for measuring bicycle infrastructure network quality.Bicycle infrastructure maps were collected for 74 cities with populations over 100,000 in the United States and systematically analyzed to measure network structure in each of these cities. Five categories of network structure variables: size, connectivity, directness, fragmentation, and fragment size; are used in regression models to test their relationship with bicycle commuting mode share. The models revealed that connectivity and directness are important factors in predicting bicycle commuting after controlling for demographic variables and the size of the city. These findings provide a framework for transportation planners and policymakers to evaluate their local bicycle facility networks and set regional priorities that support nonmotorized travel behavior.
  Authors: Schoner, Jessica E.
  Authors: Schoner, Jessica E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-4424
• Breaking into Bicycle Theft: Insights from Montreal, Canada
  Abstract: Many cities have adopted policies that promote walking and cycling because of their positive environmental, economic, and social benefits. As bicycles become a more popular form of transportation and more bicycles are out on the road, planners and transportation researchers will have to consider not only how to create urban spaces that encourage cycling, but also how to discourage bicycle theft. Currently, bicycle theft often goes unnoticed and is largely unchallenged. The present research brings attention to this issue by providing a narrative on bicycle theft in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A bilingual online bicycle theft survey was designed for this purpose and answered by 2,039 Greater Montreal residents. Summary statistics address ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘how’, and ‘when’ questions, a logit model determines variables associated with theft, and thematic maps compare experienced and expected theft between sub-regions. Half of respondents have had at least one bicycle stolen. Cyclists most frequently had their bicycles stolen in the downtown area. While, bicycles locked with U-locks, expensive bicycles, and those owned by women, are less likely to have been stolen. Satisfaction with bicycle parking availability and security tends to be low, and many cyclists are willing to pay for improved secure bicycle parking. Findings from this study can not only be useful to better understand and ultimately decrease bicycle theft in Montreal, but can also be beneficial for cyclists, police, and policy makers in other cities aiming to decrease bicycle theft as it highlights new findings in this unexplored area of research.
  Authors: van Lierop, Dea Suzanne; Grimsrud, Michael A.; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: van Lierop, Dea Suzanne; Grimsrud, Michael A.; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1670
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Has the Introduction of Cycle-to-Work Scheme Increased Levels of Cycling to Work in the United Kingdom?
  Abstract: Cycling is seen as a sustainable way to travel, and as a factor contributing to a more active and healthy lifestyle, and therefore is being encouraged in the UK and elsewhere. The overarching aim of this study is to establish the value of the UK Cycle to Work (tax-free) Bike scheme in encouraging people to cycle to work. Using primary data, collected from 248 scheme participants and 101 non-participants, it attempts to identify whether there was a change in travel behaviour among scheme participants and to what extent; and to evaluate if publicity and promotion of the scheme encouraged scheme participation. The study also investigates which socio-economic and other factors influence the propensity to participate in the scheme, and explores the correlation between stages of behaviour change and a person’s intention to cycle.
  Authors: Avineri, Erel; Fiona, Steven
  Authors: Avineri, Erel; Fiona, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2068
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Examining the impact of changes in weather on commuter cyclist’s travel behavior
  Abstract: This study examines commuter cyclist’s travel behavior specifically in response to changes in weather. Investigation of how the riders take their day-to-day riding decisions provides insights into the factors which guide their behavior in adverse weather. Disaggregate travel data collected from an in-depth survey is analyzed. Commuter cyclist’s general travel behavior led to identification of differences in commuter’s behaviors depending on riding frequency. Weather conditions are found to be a paramount factor in commuter’s riding decisions. Further survey results are then analyzed to provide insight into the impact of end of trip facilities and to quantify whether riders who have access to these facilities are less sensitive to changes in weather. More than half of the respondents have acknowledged the importance of these facilities. Given the variability in day-to-day ridership, commuter riders are expected to alternate modes when faced with adverse weather. The modal shift of commuter riders is analyzed using a logistic regression model. When the model is used to predict the probability of shifting to private transport (drive alone, get a lift from someone else or use a motorcycle or motor scooter) it correctly predicted nearly 80% of the cases. The paper includes discussion of implications of the results for Government policies and strategies that seek to increase commuter cycling in urban areas.
  Authors: Ahmed, Farhana; Rose, Geoffrey; Jakob, Christian
  Authors: Ahmed, Farhana; Rose, Geoffrey; Jakob, Christian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3680
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Interrelationship and Order of Decision between Bicycle Choice and Trip Chain Pattern
  Authors: Li, Zhibin
  Authors: Li, Zhibin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1133
• Has the Introduction of Cycle-to-Work Scheme Increased Levels of Cycling to Work in the United Kingdom?
  Authors: Avineri, Erel
  Authors: Avineri, Erel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2068
• Taking U.S. Transportation Professionals to European Cycling Cities: Does It Matter?
  Authors: Mild, Cortney
  Authors: Mild, Cortney
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2389
• Taking U.S. Transportation Professionals to European Cycling Cities: Does It Matter?
  Authors: Schlossberg, Marc
  Authors: Schlossberg, Marc
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2389
• Them or Us: Perceptions, Cognitions, Emotions, and Overt Behavior Associated with Cyclists and Motorists Sharing the Road
  Authors: Prato, Carlo
  Authors: Prato, Carlo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3204
• Cycling or Not? How Urban Policy Influences Bicycle Evolution in Shanghai and Its Impact on Local Cyclists
  Authors: Tang, Yang
  Authors: Tang, Yang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3891
• Evaluation of Urban Land Redevelopment Impact on Nonmotorized Traffic: Case Study in Shanghai, China
  Authors: Wu, Bing
  Authors: Wu, Bing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1900