2013 Session: 612

• Comparative Analysis of Factors Affecting Transit Bus Crashes and General Traffic Crashes
  Abstract: This paper evaluates different roadway cross-sectional elements and traffic characteristics to crashes involving transit buses and general traffic crashes. The contributing level of each of the elements is compared between the two crash scenarios. One of the elements included in the study is the impact of bus trips per day which haven’t been covered by many previous studies. Zero Inflation Negative Binomial (ZINB) and the standard Negative Binomial (NB) models. The ZINB method was applied to the transit bus crashes analysis due to the presence of many roadway segments with zero crash experiences. As expected, the model results presented a positive coefficient for the number of bus trips which meant that the higher the number of trips per day, the more crashes for that specific roadway segment. Other positive coefficient variables in the bus crashes model include the presence of raised medians, presence of two way left turn lanes (TWLTL), and high posted speed limits. Negative coefficient variables were found to be number of lanes, median width, lane width and shoulder width and the presence of curb and gutter. While most of the variable coefficient signs in ZINB were the same as those in standard NB, their magnitudes and significances varied across these two models. Study findings present safety factors to consider when assigning transit bus routes and scheduling on top of other general traffic safety measures.
  Authors: McCummings, Kiara; Chimba, Deo
  Authors: McCummings, Kiara; Chimba, Deo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0109
• Artificial Neural Network Travel Time Prediction Model for Buses Using Only GPS Data
  Abstract: The provision of real-time and accurate travel time information of transit vehicles is valuable as it allows passengers to plan their trips to minimize waiting times. The objective of this research is to develop a dynamic artificial neural network (ANN) model that can provide accurate prediction of bus travel time to give real-time information at a given downstream bus stop using global positioning system (GPS) data. The developed ANN model is trained offline and yet used to provide real-time travel time information. To achieve this, care has been given in selecting unique set of input-output combination for the prediction purpose yet maintaining the reproducibility of the model. The results obtained from case study are promising and the model can be used to implement an Advanced Public Transport System. The implementation of this system will improve the consistency of the public transport system, thus attracting more travelers to transit vehicles and helping relieve congestion. The performance of the proposed ANN model was compared with a historical average model under two criteria: prediction accuracy and robustness. It was shown that the ANN outperformed the average approach in both aspects. In conclusion, it is possible to provide bus travel time information reasonably using arrival and departure time information at stops even in the absence of traffic-stream data.
  Authors: Gurmu, Zegeye Kebede; Fan, Wei
  Authors: Gurmu, Zegeye Kebede; Fan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0200
• Computation of Bus Delay at Stops in Beijing Through Statistical Analysis
  Abstract: Delays at bus stops have seriously affected the efficiency of bus operation and the improvement of level of services of public transportation and greatly influenced the probability of choosing bus services for passengers. In this paper, analysis on arriving, dwell and leaving process of buses, the method for calculating bus delays at stops are proposed according to survey data from three bus routes in Beijing. Statistical analysis is also adopted respectively to evaluate average times that buses are docking at curbside and bay-style stops. Moreover, different load factors of passengers in buses have significantly influenced the average boarding and alighting time per person. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed methods is illustrated through case studies. This study is crucial and helpful for the engineers and operators to evaluate the efficiency and level of service of urban public transportation.
  Authors: Chen, Shaokuan; Zhou, Rui; Zhou, Yangfan; Mao, Baohua
  Authors: Chen, Shaokuan; Zhou, Rui; Zhou, Yangfan; Mao, Baohua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0245
• Optimal Bus Scheduling with Dynamic Stochastic Demand: Simulation Framework and Analysis of Results
  Abstract: The paper presents a computer simulation approach into optimum bus scheduling under stochastic dynamic network environment. The primary objective is minimization of total passenger waiting time because headway variability at each bus station is really cumbersome; greatly precluding the passengers’ usage of bus transit and reducing transit operators’ service efficiency. The mean transit demand (Poisson distributed) and travel time (Normally distributed) between neighboring bus stops are taken as given. An example route showing an application of the proposed model is given. A comparison between waiting times under different network scenarios has been made using the example route. The results obtained from the analysis are promising. The method can be implemented as a substitute to real time control strategies as they are relatively expensive. In addition, it will enable transit users to plan their trip in advance so that misleading travel information is reduced.
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Gurmu, Zegeye Kebede; Liu, Yingshun
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Gurmu, Zegeye Kebede; Liu, Yingshun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0325
• Measuring Bus Stop Dwell Time and Time Lost Serving Stop Using London Bus iBus Automated Vehicle Location Data
  Abstract: There is a sizeable amount of research in the literature on the dwell time of buses at bus stops. However there is no agreement in the literature as to the exact definition of what bus stop "dwell time" is. The two common definitions of dwell time are the time the bus is stationary at the bus stop, or the time the doors are open at the bus stop. However these common measures of dwell time fail to take account of the time lost by the bus decelerating and accelerating from a stationary speed to serve the stop.This paper firstly identifies 8 features that are observed when a bus serves a bus stop. It uses these features to propose an exact definition of dwell time. This metric can be used to assess the performance of various ticketing strategies. It then proposes a new metric called "time lost serving stop" which gives the time that would have been saved had the bus stop not been present in the road network. These metrics are then calculated for all bus stops on the route 45 in London using over 50,000 bus stop visit events. It is shown that the time lost arriving (i.e. decelerating) and departing (i.e. accelerating) from the bus stop is typically 11.6 seconds. This is often far more than the time lost with the doors open at the bus stop. It is also shown that buses can lose significant time serving a bus stop even if the doors were never opened.The methods proposed in this paper can be used to allow transit agencies to measure the actual drive time of buses, removing the component of time lost serving the bus stop. This method can also be used to identify bus stops that might need to be re-designed to reduce the time lost arriving and departing from the bus stop.
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0342
• Using Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System to Improve Bus Schedule Adherence: Predictive Control Strategy and Its Hardware-in-the-Loop Field Tests
  Abstract: The ability of buses to adhere to their advertised schedule is vital to the bus operations. In this paper, an adaptive control strategy is proposed to dynamically adjust bus speed and traffic signal timings along the path of a running bus to improve its schedule adherence. The strategy relies on real-time location and speed information of buses provided by CVIS (cooperative vehicle infrastructure system) and uses key time nodes calculated by back-stepping of planned arrival times to dynamically update signal timing plans to keep the bus running on time. A HIL (hardware-in-the-loop) field test was conducted to evaluate the developed strategy and the results are encouraging.
  Authors: Yin, Wei; TENG, Jing; Yang, Xiaoguang; Zhang, H. Michael
  Authors: Yin, Wei; TENG, Jing; Yang, Xiaoguang; Zhang, H. Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0648
• Investigating The Road Safety Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit Priority Measures
  Abstract: The provision of bus priority is often a major consideration in on-street Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) design. However, previous research is limited and suggests mixed outcomes.This paper explores the road safety impacts of bus priority treatments through an empirical analysis of accident data on BRT routes in Melbourne, Australia was carried out. This includes an aggregate crash frequency analysis accounting for statistical effects and a disaggregate analysis using a safety audit and review of accident types.Overall bus priority treatments reduce accidents with a statistically significant reduction of 14.0%. Importantly the number of fatal and serious incidents dropped considerably (42 to 29 p.a.). The disaggregate safety audit showed reductions in ‘intolerable’ risks but some concerns in the ‘after’ case for interaction of buses and traffic at bus lane setbacks and increasing pedestrian road crossing distances due to bus lanes. However disaggregate analysis of accident type suggests that bus lanes act as a ‘roadside buffer’ reducing collisions with roadside objects and other vehicles. Removing stopping buses from traffic and into a bus lane was also shown to reduce accidents while bus lanes are thought to increase sight distances at un-signalised intersections acting to reduce side vehicle accidents. Some treatments are also thought to increase traffic density acting to slow traffic creating safety benefits.While these findings are statistically robust they are also quite new and exciting because they suggest an entirely new perspective on planning for and justifying bus priority measures is warranted.
  Authors: Goh, Kelvin; Currie, Graham; Sarvi, Majid; Logan, David
  Authors: Goh, Kelvin; Currie, Graham; Sarvi, Majid; Logan, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-1129
• Optimizing Stop Spacing and Headway for Feeder Bus Route Considering Stochastic Vehicle Arrivals
  Abstract: Stop spacing and headway are key elements in transit service planning. The trade-offs between increasing service accessibility and reducing travel and wait time shall be carefully considered. The objective of this study is to optimize bus stop spacing and headway considering stochastic vehicle arrivals, which yields the minimum total cost. It is found that both of the optimized stop spacing and headway significantly increase compared to the situation without headway variance. A case study considering a bus route in Newark, New Jersey indicates that the optimized total number of stops decreases about 15% when there is 1-min2 headway variance increment per stop. Furthermore, the increase of dispatching headway variance and headway variance increment per stop also leads to decreased stop spacing.
  Authors: Chien, I-Jy; Zhao, Liuhui
  Authors: Chien, I-Jy; Zhao, Liuhui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2091
• Minimizing waiting times at transitional nodes for public bus transportation in Greece
  Abstract: Scheduling of transit networks is one of the most addressed problems at the mathematical optimization science, due to the increase of public transportation in the last decade. Researchers have introduced various formulations to address the problem of timetabling, using different objectives like bus synchronization and passenger demand. In this paper we present two mixed-integer linear programming models with the objective of minimizing passenger waiting times at transitional transfer nodes, taking into consideration high passenger demand that occurs at certain times.
  Authors: Saharidis, Georgios K.D.; Dimitropoulos, Charis; Skordilis, Erotokritos
  Authors: Saharidis, Georgios K.D.; Dimitropoulos, Charis; Skordilis, Erotokritos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2474
• Modeling and Estimation of Bus Dwell Time Using Methods Based on Artificial Intelligence
  Abstract: A great proportion of transit travel time contributed by dwell time for passengers boarding and alighting. Accurate estimation of bus dwell time can help to improve the accuracy of bus travel time prediction that could enhance the efficiency and reliability of public transportation system. This paper assesses nine different Artificial Intelligence (AI) based approaches alongside traditional Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method to model and estimate bus dwell time based on data collected from Auckland, New Zealand. The AI based methods include five different Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gene Expression Programming (GEP), Decision Tree (DT) and Tree Boost (TB). These methods are widely used in engineering as well as other disciplines, while they have not been applied for bus dwell time modelling and estimation. These methods have been also used to address deficiencies in MLR models, such as, dealing with multicollinearity, interactions between explanatory variables and violation of the normal random error assumption between dependent and independent variables. The study results revealed strengths and weaknesses of these methods for bus dwell time modelling and estimation. Among them, DT and GEP performed reasonably well to model bus dwell time and to overcome problems of MLR models.
  Authors: rashidi, soroush; Ranjitkar, Prakash; Balemi, Andrew; Hadas, Yuval
  Authors: rashidi, soroush; Ranjitkar, Prakash; Balemi, Andrew; Hadas, Yuval
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2495
• Intermediate Timepoint Removal on Limited-Stop Routes at New York City Transit
  Abstract: Improving the speed and reliability of high-volume urban bus service is an important transit planning objective. One means of improving speed is to provide a limited-stop service alternative on heavy demand local bus routes. New York City Transit (NYCT) first began operating limited-stop bus service over 35 years ago to address customer complaints about slow travel speed. Customer response to limited-stop service has been overwhelmingly favorable, reflecting in part the reduced travel times and improved reliability on these routes. In an effort to further reduce travel times NYCT began a pilot program in the spring of 2010 to remove intermediate timepoints from the schedule of several limited stop routes. The goal of this pilot was to speed up service and reduce delays for customers already on-board the bus by eliminating holding for scheduled time. In general the pilot was expected to have an overall positive effect; however, one possible downside was the impact on reliability. The purpose of intermediate timepoints is to keep trips on schedule and without these timepoints it was possible that reliability would decrease. This potential negative effect was evaluated in the pilot study. Most previous research on this topic either speculates on or simulates the effects of timepoint removal, while the NYCT pilot program actually removed all timepoints from some limited-stop routes as a real-life experiment. This paper reviews the experience and findings of NYCT with respect to this pilot program using before and after measures of effectiveness, including running time, headway regularity, and customer perceptions. The key findings of this study are that timepoint removal from limited-stop service resulted in some reduction in travel time for most of the case studies, but slight if any changes in reliability, while customer perceptions generally improved.
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey; Wyss, Sarah
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey; Wyss, Sarah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2932
• Public-Transport Timetabling based on Different Max-Load Points using Multi-Size Vehicles
  Abstract: In public transport (PT) planning accurate demand data is a crucial requirement. Recently more and more bus operators have introduced the usage of smart cards, which replace cash payments and allow users to load money onto their card. The cards are able to be tagged on-and-off onto a reading device on the vehicle and the customer is charged accordingly. This allows the public transport operator to access a vast amount of information on the trips made by the customers. However, not every bus operator has access to this kind of data, but are using ride and point checks or revenue counts to determine the demand and the resulting loads on the vehicles. These checks are costly and time consuming and are more prone to human error. One question that may be asked is how the quality of the resulting timetables differs when using different methods. This work considers the determination of the daily and hourly maximum load points (which can be determined by point checks) as well as individual maximum load points of the vehicles (which either require ride checks or a automated passenger count system). The timetables based on the different maximum load points are created using a multi-objective approach with the two simultaneous objectives: minimizing the expected passenger waiting time and minimizing the discrepancy from a desired occupancy level on the vehicles. The methodology developed is applied to a case study in Auckland, New Zealand. A detailed analysis of the timetables then reveals if one method is superior to the others and at what extend.
  Authors: Hassold, Stephan; Ceder, Avishai
  Authors: Hassold, Stephan; Ceder, Avishai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3379
• Bus Rapid Transit Development Strategies in Santa Clara County, California
  Abstract: The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) is planning the deployment of a full-featured Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line for a major travel corridor in Santa Clara County, California. While the original project intended deployment of full BRT characteristics for the entire corridor, based on stakeholder feedback, it is very likely that VTA will not be able to establish exclusive BRT characteristics for over 70 percent of the project corridor. This study modifies the methodology of BRT ridership forecast used in an earlier BRT Strategic Plan and proposes several scenarios including the existing committed short-term scenario and the VTA’s preferred long-term scenario. Ridership forecasts, a marginal boarding analysis, the impact of an exclusive bus lane installation, and transit market analysis have been conducted and the preferred scenario is presented.
  Authors: Chen, Chun-Hung Peter; Naylor, George A.
  Authors: Chen, Chun-Hung Peter; Naylor, George A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3473
• Business Analysis of Online Electric Vehicle Applications forBus Rapid Transit
  Abstract: This paper provides a business analysis of the application of On-Line Electric Vehicle (OLEV) to Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), comparing it with three other vehicle types: compressed natural gas, diesel, and battery-electric. It first develops a model to estimate the total cost of ownership for a nine-year span for each of the vehicle types under different scenarios of cruising speed, station frequency, and vehicle headway. These results indicate that OLEV becomes more attractive the more “BRT-like” the system becomes: smaller vehicle headways, lower station frequency, and higher speeds. In many cases the analysis shows that OLEV is the most cost-effective alternative. This work then combines these quantitative results with more qualitative concerns and external factors to perform a Strengths, Weaknesses Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis to consider external and qualitative concerns, especially pertaining to system location and uncertain future costs and technology capabilities. It concludes that installing OLEV for the proposed BRT route in the new Sejong City area is an attractive option, blending good system characteristics with government and institutional support, and it should act as a necessary stepping-stone to larger scale deployment.
  Authors: Fishelson, James; Suh, In-Soo
  Authors: Fishelson, James; Suh, In-Soo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3491
• BLIP: Bus Lanes with Intermittent Priority
  Abstract: Exclusive bus lanes provide a very high level of priority for transit operations, especially for Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Express service but these lanes could be under utilized and be a source of extra capacity if they could be shared in an intelligent way. This paper explores the benefits of providing intermittent priority, called Bus lane with intermittent priority (BLIP), of these exclusive bus lanes. Intermittent priority can be implemented by allowing vehicles to use the lane when a BRT or Express bus is not present. Drivers can be alerted when a bus is in the lane using either infrastructure based signs, or in the future using infrastructure-to-vehicle (i2v), or connected vehicle (CV) communications. Some critical operating parameters for implementing BLIP system including clear distance, degree of saturation (volume-to-capacity ratio), CV penetration and bus departure/headway frequency have been investigated in this paper.
  Authors: Wu, Wei; Head, Larry; Ma, Wanjing; Yang, Xiaoguang
  Authors: Wu, Wei; Head, Larry; Ma, Wanjing; Yang, Xiaoguang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3535
• Dynamic Holding Strategy to Prevent Buses from Bunching
  Abstract: This study proposes a robust dynamic control strategy to regulate bus headways and prevent buses from bunching by holding them at bus stops. The proposed strategy monitors bus locations in real time and estimates the time gaps between consecutive buses at a desired frequency. The holding times of all buses at their respective immediate-downstream stops are determined simultaneously based on the estimated time gaps. A procedure that consists of a discrete quadratic dynamic control program and a quadratic static optimization program is developed to produce a unique dynamic control law of holding times. Numerical investigations on an operational bus route reveal that the proposed strategy produces greater system reliability than some existing control strategies and that the bus system under the control of the proposed strategy recovers promptly from large system disruptions.
  Authors: Ji, Yuxiong; Zhang, H. Michael
  Authors: Ji, Yuxiong; Zhang, H. Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3964
• Bus Route Performance and Service Change Guidelines for Fairfax Connector
  Abstract: Evaluation and improvement methods of bus transit system performance are an ongoing area of study and refinement within the transit industry. Capturing the full scope of system performance through differing metrics gives transit providers a clear picture of where the system is excelling, and where improvement is needed. Current performance metrics in use provide transit planners and managers with data in the areas of ridership, on-time performance, and cost. These measures are used in the industry to make necessary adjustments to bus service, including service levels and routing alignment; based on performance data. However, the current performance measures and methods used by transit managers to evaluate and change bus service, do not provide the full scope of bus system or route level performance. Advanced analytical methods for evaluating transit performance and performing route alignment modifications presented by various researchers of the transit industry provide a comprehensive system for measuring and altering bus service. This research applies advanced analytical methods to transit performance measure and route modification, to demonstrate their potential for application in the industry.
  Authors: Crooks, Matthew; Lee, Young-Jae; Jeihani, Mansoureh
  Authors: Crooks, Matthew; Lee, Young-Jae; Jeihani, Mansoureh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-5274
• Simulation Study of Dedicated Bus Lanes on Jingtong Expressway in Beijing
  Abstract: Traffic congestion on urban roads is forcing city authorities to look at innovative transportation solutions. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems are internationally recognized as an effective means to deal with the urban traffic congestion problems. The authors have undertaken a simulation study to pre-evaluate the effectiveness of a BRT plan on the Jingtong Expressway to ensure the effectiveness of traffic organization scheme. The simulation results showed that the dedicated bus lanes can greatly improve the carrying capacity and buses¡¯ operating speed though there may have some negative impact on the private vehicles. The comparison of the implementation effect was carried out between the pre-evaluated data (simulated data) and the field data after the implementation of dedicated bus lanes on Jingtong Expressway at May 24th, 2011. There is a good agreement between the pre-evaluated data and the field data. The results should encourage cities to consider dedicated bus lanes as one of the strategies to implement BRT service.
  Authors: Du, Yiman; Wu, Jianping; Zhou, Yang
  Authors: Du, Yiman; Wu, Jianping; Zhou, Yang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-1293
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Exploring the performance limit of a single lane per direction Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRT)
  Abstract: Despite its booming growth, the BRT industry is still far from reaching maturity. As trial-and-error and empirical techniques were largely used as insights for innovations in design, some BRT systems achieved great successes in terms of performance and became world-class flagships. Other systems would be most properly classified as busway systems requiring major improvements. In this paper we explore the performance of a single lane per direction no-overtaking BRT corridor, in terms of capacity and operating speed, by conducting a series of experiments that comprised the simulation of 324 alternative scenarios. In the simulation runs we varied demand levels, boarding and alighting rates, spacing of stations, vehicle loadings, quantity of berths per station, and traffic signal positioning in relation to stations. The qualitative analysis reveals that such a BRT system can achieve a capacity around 15,000 pass/h/dir along its critical section with an operating speed of 20 km/h. Preliminary statistical analysis enabled the estimation of a regression model representing the impact of BRT design elements on the operating speed. Our findings provide useful insights for designers of high-performance BRT corridors.
  Authors: Lindau, Luis Antonio; Pereira, Brenda Medeiros; Castilho, Rodrigo Alberto; Diogenes, Mara Chagas; Herrera, Juan Carlos
  Authors: Lindau, Luis Antonio; Pereira, Brenda Medeiros; Castilho, Rodrigo Alberto; Diogenes, Mara Chagas; Herrera, Juan Carlos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-1412
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Bus Networks as Graphs: New Connectivity Indicators with Operational Characteristics
  Abstract:

  A transit network design, visualized as a graph, can be evaluated based on the relationships between the network elements and using indicators such as connectivity, coverage, directness and complexity, among others. This research effort focuses on interconnected and operationally complicated bus networks. This study proposes a new procedure for drawing bus services as graph network, at the traffic-analysis zonal level. By conducting the analysis on bus systems and at the zonal level, several advances to the calculation of network properties are introduced. A new network property is introduced: the “number of edges normalized by frequency”, symbolized as Ef. Improved network connectivity indicators (?'' and ß'') are proposed which incorporate the influence of bus operational characteristics (i.e. bus route frequency) and allows for various network physical configurations to be analyzed. Additionally, the effect of bus route transfers was analyzed and modeled by introducing intermediate walking transfer edges. The proposed methodology was applied to the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) public transportation system. The GVRD public transport system provides an extensive coverage over 577 traffic analysis zones, by operating 184 bus routes over 7,866 stops.

  Authors: Quintero, Liliana A.; Wahba, Mohamed; Sayed, Tarek
  Authors: Quintero, Liliana A.; Wahba, Mohamed; Sayed, Tarek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2206
• Measuring Bus Stop Dwell Time and Time Lost Serving Stop Using London Bus iBus Automated Vehicle Location Data
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0342
• Optimizing Stop Spacing and Headway for Feeder Bus Route Considering Stochastic Vehicle Arrivals
  Authors: Zhao, Liuhui
  Authors: Zhao, Liuhui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2091
• Optimizing Stop Spacing and Headway for Feeder Bus Route Considering Stochastic Vehicle Arrivals
  Authors: Chien, Steven I-Jy
  Authors: Chien, Steven I-Jy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2091
• Minimizing waiting times at transitional nodes for public bus transportation in Greece
  Authors: Skordilis, Erotokritos
  Authors: Skordilis, Erotokritos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2474
• Modeling and Estimation of Bus Dwell Time Using Methods Based on Artificial Intelligence
  Authors: Ranjitkar, Prakash
  Authors: Ranjitkar, Prakash
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2495
• Intermediate Timepoint Removal on Limited-Stop Routes at New York City Transit
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2932
• Business Analysis of Online Electric Vehicle Applications for Bus Rapid Transit
  Authors: Suh, In-Soo
  Authors: Suh, In-Soo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3491
• Bus Route Performance and Service Change Guidelines for Fairfax Connector
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-5274
• Artificial Neural Network Travel Time Prediction Model for Buses Using Only GPS Data
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0200
• Computation of Bus Delay at Stops in Beijing Through Statistical Analysis
  Authors: Chen, Shaokuan
  Authors: Chen, Shaokuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0245
• Optimal Bus Scheduling with Dynamic Stochastic Demand: Simulation Framework and Analysis of Results
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0325
• Bus Networks as Graphs: New Connectivity Indicators with Operational Characteristics
  Authors: Quintero, Liliana
  Authors: Quintero, Liliana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2206
• Exploring the performance limit of a single lane per direction Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRT)
  Authors: Pereira, Brenda
  Authors: Pereira, Brenda
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-1412
• BLIP: Bus Lanes with Intermittent Priority
  Authors: Wu, Wei
  Authors: Wu, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3535