2013 Session: 654

• Experimental Investigation of Chip Seal Adhesion Performance with Modified Binder in Cold Climate
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate chip seal performance with neat and polymer modified bitumen chip seals constructed with different aggregate combinations with emphasis on aggregate retention under in climate using Accelerated Chip Seal Simulation Device (HSKSC). The aggregate retention performances of neat bitumen versus modified were compared with three types of aggregates at low temperatures. Major findings of this research include that polymer modification of neat bitumen improved aggregate retention performance. In addition, the results showed that decrease in temperature causes an increase in aggregate loss.
  Authors: Aktas, Bekir; Karasahin, Mustafa
  Authors: Aktas, Bekir; Karasahin, Mustafa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-1916
• Revision and Further Validation of Surface-Performance Graded Specification for Surface Treatment Binders
  Abstract: The design and selection of surface treatment binders in service is currently based on specifications that only account for the penetration and ductility of emulsion residues or the penetration and viscosity of hot-applied asphalt cements. These specifications consider neither the entire range of temperatures that the binders may be subjected to during production and in service, nor long-term aging behavior. A surface performance-graded (SPG) specification for the selection of surface treatment binders, which takes into account the physical properties and performance of the binder at the temperature ranges in which the material will be used, was developed as part of previous Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) projects. In the current study, the SPG specification was revised and further validated. This was accomplished by standardizing the emulsion residue recovery method through the evaluation of two warm oven methods, exploring the exclusive use of the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) for determining performance-based properties, and further field validating the thresholds for these properties. The laboratory and field results were used to revise the SPG specification for surface treatment binders in service. Moreover, the results obtained from the multiple stress creep recovery and DSR frequency sweep tests were compared with field performance to evaluate additional criteria for the specification. This study is limited to producing a revised SPG specification for properties that address stiffness and aggregate retention in service; the effects of construction and quality control processes are beyond the scope of this study.
  Authors: Vijaykumar, Aishwarya; Martin, Amy Epps; Arambula, Edith
  Authors: Vijaykumar, Aishwarya; Martin, Amy Epps; Arambula, Edith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2250
• Using Viscosity at Variable Shear Rates to Evaluate Asphalt Emulsion Sprayability and Drainout Characteristics in Chip Seals
  Abstract: Streaking and drain-out are two common early chip seal failures related to the viscosity of the asphalt emulsion used. An emulsion with a high viscosity at spraying could result in streaking, while another with a low viscosity after spraying could drain off the road surface under gravity. Some emulsions also tend to show reduction in viscosity during handling, thus aggravating the potential for drain-out. The Saybolt-Furol Viscometer (SFV) (ASTM D7496) is currently used to characterize the viscosity of asphalt emulsions. However, the SFV cannot be operated under varying shear rate conditions as experienced by emulsions at different stages. In this paper, a new test procedure for evaluating sprayability, drain-out, and recovery kinetics of emulsions by the use of a rotational viscometer is presented. The test procedure allows for emulsions to be tested at a higher shear rate when evaluating sprayability and low shear rate when evaluating drain-out. Twelve emulsions of different grades and chemistries were tested. The results showed that the proposed test procedure is sensitive to emulsion chemistry, grade and testing temperature. Sprayability, drain-out and recovery kinetics were found to be significantly affected by emulsion chemistry and testing temperature. It is recommended that this variable shear-rate viscosity protocol be used as a basis for replacing the SFV test as a better performance related test method. Specification criteria can be easily developed and implemented since rotational viscometers are widely available in the industry, and there is a wealth of experience with various emulsions in the field.
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina Tutumina; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina Tutumina; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2805
• Effects of Curing and Oxidative Aging on Raveling in Emulsion Chip Seals
  Abstract: Although chip seals have a proven history of performance, several distresses are commonly encountered in the field. The most common distresses in chip seals are flushing or bleeding and aggregate loss from the top layer (i.e., raveling). Raveling is not restricted to the early life of the chip seal, and may continue to occur throughout the service life. The current state of knowledge and testing with regard to the mechanisms governing raveling in chip seals does not sufficiently account for the effects of in-service emulsion-aggregate bond maturation and oxidative aging on chip loss over the expected service life of the chip seal. It is hypothesized that emulsion-aggregate adhesion controls the early raveling process, while the residual asphalt binder rheological properties and aggregate embedment in the emulsion all contribute to later reveling in chip seals. Raveling of chip seals subjected to varying degrees of time-temperature conditioning was evaluated to account for different chemical and physical interactions at the aggregate-asphalt interface. Testing results showed that the rate of in service raveling is dependent on the curing process and subsequent in-service oxidative aging as the adhesive and cohesive forces at the emulsion-aggregate interface change. The initial bond maturation results in a decreased rate of chip loss, while the in-service oxidative aging of the asphalt emulsion leads to a higher aggregate loss as a result of the emulsion’s strain intolerance and inability to relax stresses induced by traffic.
  Authors: Moraes, Raquel; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Authors: Moraes, Raquel; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2758
• Recovery and Laboratory Testing of Asphalt Emulsion Residue: Application of Simple Aging Test and 4-mm Dynamic Shear Rheometry
  Abstract: ABSTRACTThis study involves application of two new test methods to the recovery of asphalt emulsion residue, long-term oxidative aging of the residue, and mechanical testing of the unaged and aged residue to determine low and intermediate temperature rheological properties. The two new methods are: (1) the simple aging test (SAT) which is a thin-film (300 µm) oxidative aging test, and (2) a dynamic shear rheometry (DSR) technique (commonly referred to as 4mm DSR) that allows testing to -40°C, requires only ~ 25 mg, and includes a correction for instrument compliance. Three polymer modified emulsions are recovered by two methods: (1) ASTM D7497 - Method B, and (2) using a SAT plate. Both methods use the same evaporative technique to recover the residue (6 hours at 60°C in a forced draft oven). The rheological properties (m-value, G* sin ä, and ductility) of the recovered emulsion residues by both methods are reported as well as the rheological properties of the aged emulsion using the SAT. The rheological properties of the unaged emulsion residues recovered by both methods are roughly equivalent.
  Authors: Farrar, Michael J.; Salmans, Stephen L.; Planche, Jean-Pascal
  Authors: Farrar, Michael J.; Salmans, Stephen L.; Planche, Jean-Pascal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2982
• Mean Profile Depth Analysis of Field and Laboratory Traffic-Loaded Chip Seal Surface Treatments
  Abstract: This paper presents a laboratory and field study to evaluate the mean profile depth (MPD) parameter that represents the surface texture of chip seal pavements. A three-dimensional laser profiler is used to determine the MPD values from both field pavement sections and field samples that have been tested in the laboratory using the third-scale model mobile loading simulator (MMLS3). Data obtained from five different field-constructed chip seal sections are used to evaluate the effects of different factors on the MPD of chip seal pavements. These factors include aggregate type, emulsion application rate, field versus MMLS3 traffic loading, and traffic volume. The results presented in this paper suggest that: (1) chip seal pavements constructed using lightweight aggregate have larger initial MPD values and faster reduction in MPD as a function of the number of wheel passes than those constructed using granite 78M aggregate; (2) MPD values obtained from a drier section (with drier indicating a lower emulsion-to-aggregate ratio than that of the sections it is being compared against) initially drop quickly and significantly, resulting in a much smaller ultimate MPD value; (3) in general, the MPD values obtained under MMLS3 loading are similar to those obtained from field traffic loading, thus allowing the translation of the laboratory MMLS3 data to the field response data; (4) a short rest period in a high traffic volume road retards the recovery of the binder and therefore leads to more permanent changes in the MPD; and (5) the initial measured MPD value can help predict aggregate loss performance.Keywords: mean profile depth, asphalt surface treatments, chip seal, traffic load
  Authors: Kim, Y. Richard; Adams, Javon Marcell
  Authors: Kim, Y. Richard; Adams, Javon Marcell
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-3884
• Effects of Emulsion Type on Bending-Beam Rheometer Field-Aged Asphalt Concrete Beams
  Abstract: One of the functions of asphalt emulsions is to rejuvenate the surface of an aged asphalt concrete roadway. However, it is unclear as to the effectiveness of different types of asphalt emulsions, as most current testing is empirical in nature and does not give an indication of the performance of the asphalt emulsion. Using asphalt concrete beams from the surface of a roadway in the Bending Beam Rheometer, however, can give an indication of an asphalt emulsion’s ability to decrease the stiffness and affect the creep rate or change in stiffness (m-value) of the roadway samples. Seven emulsions at three application rates on two roadways were examined to identify the effect of emulsion on the stiffness and m-value of asphalt concrete. There was no easily identified difference between the three application rates for either field section or any of the emulsions. However, the m-value tended to increase with the addition of emulsion and the stiffness tended to decrease. This indicates that the BBR can be used to determine the effect of asphalt emulsion on the creep change and the stiffness of field samples in the Bending Beam Rheometer.
  Authors: Braham, Andrew; Howard, Isaac L.; Barham, Jason
  Authors: Braham, Andrew; Howard, Isaac L.; Barham, Jason
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-4384
• Use of Variable Rate Spreader Bar to Minimize Wheelpath Bleeding for Asphalt-Rubber Chip Seal Applications
  Abstract: For over thirty five years, the California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) has been placing Asphalt-Rubber Chip Seals (ARCS) as an effective preventative maintenance strategy, for minor and major road projects, where low and high truck traffic and high pavement temperatures have been prevalent. The performance of chip seals is known to be affected by two critical distresses: (1) raveling, and (2) bleeding, particular in the wheel path. In order to avoid these types of distresses it is critical to select proper application rates of binders and aggregates and to implement a clear quality control plan with effective verification of application rates. Due to the inherent differences in traffic loading in the wheel bath and out of the wheel path, it is commonly observed that most bleeding and flushing is observed in the wheel path. This has prompted the need for varying the application rates between the wheel path and non-wheel path areas. This paper includes a review of several field studies in which both uniform and variable application rate were used to construct Asphalt Rubber Binder chip seals in California. Observation of early (after construction) and late (up to 6 years) performances are reported to show the importance of using a Variable Rate Spreader Bar (VRSB) in mitigating premature bleeding in the wheel path. The study also includes development of a field calibration test method recommended as a modification of the CTM 339-2000 and a recommendation to require the use of a VRSB calibrated according to the newly developed procedure
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina Tutumina
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina Tutumina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-4379
• Rheology of Asphalt Emulsion Residues and Its Relationship to Elastic Recovery in AASHTO T301
  Abstract: Several researchers investigated the use of dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) based tests to replace elastic recovery test using a ductility bath for PG graded modified asphalt binders. Some studies reported good correlation between percent recovery of multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test (AASHTO TP70) and elastic recovery of AASHTO T301 using a ductility bath for PG binders. In this study, DSR based rheological tests of 20 different asphalt emulsion residues were performed and its relationships with elastic recovery (AASHTO T301) were investigated. Out of 20 emulsions, 8 are hard pen base asphalt emulsions of which 2 are polymer modified. Out of 12 non-hard pen base asphalt emulsions, 6 are polymer modified. In strain sweep test from 2% to 52%, it was observed that emulsions prepared of hard pen base asphalt have relatively lower strain tolerances. Using frequency sweep data, complex modulus master curves were constructed at 25°C for overall rheological behavior. Temperature sweep of phase angle from 52°C to 94°C showed that maximum phase angle in the range of 75° to 85° may be used as a criterion for polymer identification. Burgers model parameters were obtained through fitting of 1st creep and recovery cycle and two parameters, Maxwell viscosity and Kelvin viscosity were investigated for polymer identification. From multiple stress analyses, it was observed that the relationship between creep stress and percent recovery (MSCR) is negative and logarithmic. Finally, the highest coefficient of determination of linear correlation was obtained between MSCR percent recovery at 10°C and elastic recovery (AASHTO T301) at 58°C. Coefficient of determination, R2 values obtained for 0.1 kPa and 3.2 kPa creep stresses are 0.961 and 0.938, respectively. Therefore, MSCR at 10°C has been recommended as a criterion for polymer identification. At 0.1kPa creep stress, a minimum percent recovery of 25 and at 3.2kPa, a minimum percent recovery of 9 is recommended to identify the presence of polymer.
  Authors: Wasiuddin, Nazimuddin Mohammad; Salehi Ashani, Saeid; Kabir, Md Sharear; Abadie, Christopher David; King, William; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Authors: Wasiuddin, Nazimuddin Mohammad; Salehi Ashani, Saeid; Kabir, Md Sharear; Abadie, Christopher David; King, William; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-5071
• Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Environmental Effects on Chip Seal Performance: Freeze-Thaw and Asphalt Aging
  Abstract: Chip seals generally deteriorate as a result of asphalt oxidation, wear and polishing of aggregate, bleeding, and raveling (loss of aggregates). In this study, two major environmental effects on chip seal performance, freeze-thaw and asphalt aging were investigated based on laboratory tests and field distress survey. For freeze-thaw evaluation, laboratory chip seal samples were prepared for 18 combinations (6 aggregates X 3 asphaltic materials). A simple freeze-thaw protocol was developed. It was observed that freeze-thaw loss is much higher than post freeze-thaw sweep test and control (dry) sweep test. Evaluation of freeze-thaw effect on aggregate types reveals that both the precoated and uncoated expanded shale lightweight performs comparatively very well against freeze-thaw plus sweep test. Evaluation of freeze-thaw effect on asphaltic materials types reveals that CRS-2P performs better than PAC-15 and AC20-5TR. For aging evaluation, asphaltic materials were extracted from 15 (5 aggregates X 3 asphaltic materials) field test sections and increase in stiffness due to aging were determined using a dynamic shear rheometer. For each of the five aggregates, CRS-2P shows the lowest G*/sinä indicating minimum field aging susceptibility among the three asphaltic materials. For each of the aggregates, AC20-5TR shows slightly higher G*/sinä than PAC-15 indicating maximum field aging susceptibility among the three asphaltic materials used in this study. It is evident from this study that precoating of aggregates increased the aging indices. For the field evaluation, fifteen chip seal test sections were prepared with three asphaltic materials and five aggregates in a 9-acre parking lot. Overall field distress ratings of the CRS-2P sections are better than those of PAC-15 sections and overall distress ratings of PAC-15 (sum of distress ratings of all the PAC-15 sections) sections are better than overall distress ratings of AC20-5TR sections which closely reflect the observations in freeze-thaw evaluation and asphalt aging evaluation.
  Authors: Wasiuddin, Nazimuddin Mohammad; Wilson, Kisler; Islam, Mohammad Readul; Parker, Phillip; Abadie, Christopher David; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Authors: Wasiuddin, Nazimuddin Mohammad; Wilson, Kisler; Islam, Mohammad Readul; Parker, Phillip; Abadie, Christopher David; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-5094
• Development of Fog Seal Field Test Methods and Performance Evaluation Using Polymer-Modified Emulsions
  Abstract: One of the most cost-effective pavement preservation treatments used in North Carolina is the bituminous surface treatment, or so-called chip seal. However, the major concern with chip seals is aggregate loss. Fog seals can be used to prevent or at least reduce the occurrence of aggregate loss in chip seals and extend the service life of the pavement. Other benefits of fog seal are low cost, ease of construction, and a desirable black appearance, to name a few. A few disadvantages of fog seals, such as delay in opening to traffic and reduction in skid resistance, also have been reported. In order to achieve a satisfactory fog seal performance, it is necessary to understand the fog seal emulsion properties (e.g., curing time and adhesive behavior). In this study, polymer-modified emulsions (PMEs) are compared to unmodified emulsions as fog seal materials. The study shows that polymer modification can improve certain properties of emulsions, such as an increase in adhesion. The evaporation test and the pneumatic adhesion tension testing instrument (PATTI) test are used to investigate the emulsion curing and adhesive behavior. Also, the rolling ball test and the damping test have been developed as in situ test methods to determine an appropriate traffic opening time for roadways treated with fog seals. Finally, the third-scale model mobile load simulator (MMLS3) is employed to compare the performance properties of the fog seal emulsions. The main findings presented in this paper are that: (1) the use of PMEs improves the emulsion bond strength and lessens the time a road is closed to traffic; (2) PMEs show more effective emulsion curing rates than unmodified emulsions; (3) strong relationships exist between the bond strength and both the rolling distance and the percentage of stained area that are measured from the rolling ball test and damping test, respectively; (4) the field test methods can be used to help determine whether emulsions are fully cured or not; and (5) PMEs exhibit better aggregate retention and bleeding performance properties than unmodified emulsions as a fog seal.Keywords: pavement preservation treatments, fog seal, polymer-modified emulsions (PMEs), curing time, adhesive behavior, field test methods
  Authors: Im, Jeong Hyuk; Kim, Y. Richard
  Authors: Im, Jeong Hyuk; Kim, Y. Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2996
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Using Viscosity at Variable Shear Rates to Evaluate Asphalt Emulsion Sprayability and Drainout Characteristics in Chip Seals
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2805
• Recovery and Laboratory Testing of Asphalt Emulsion Residue: Application of Simple Aging Test and 4-mm Dynamic Shear Rheometry
  Authors: Farrar, Michael
  Authors: Farrar, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2982
• Development of Fog Seal Field Test Methods and Performance Evaluation Using Polymer-Modified Emulsions
  Authors: Im, Jeong Hyuk
  Authors: Im, Jeong Hyuk
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2996
• Experimental Investigation of Chip Seal Adhesion Performance with Modified Binder in Cold Climate
  Authors: Aktas, Bekir
  Authors: Aktas, Bekir
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-1916
• Effects of Curing and Oxidative Aging on Raveling in Emulsion Chip Seals
  Authors: Moraes, Raquel
  Authors: Moraes, Raquel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2758
• Effects of Emulsion Type on Bending-Beam Rheometer Field-Aged Asphalt Concrete Beams
  Authors: Braham, Andrew
  Authors: Braham, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-4384
• Mean Profile Depth Analysis of Field and Laboratory Traffic-Loaded Chip Seal Surface Treatments
  Authors: Kim, Y. Richard
  Authors: Kim, Y. Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-3884
• Effects of Emulsion Type on Bending-Beam Rheometer Field-Aged Asphalt Concrete Beams
  Authors: Howard, Isaac
  Authors: Howard, Isaac
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-4384
• Revision and Further Validation of Surface-Performance Graded Specification for Surface Treatment Binders
  Authors: Martin, Amy
  Authors: Martin, Amy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2250