2013 Session: 669

• Methodology to Identify Factors Associated with Pedestrian High-Crash Clusters Using GIS-Based Local Spatial Autocorrelation
  Abstract: In order to identify high crash locations, the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) has an extensive road safety audit program which uses criteria based on the ratio of crashes to average daily traffic but does not target locations with a high number of pedestrian crashes since there are no pedestrian counts. Apart from ratio approach, a robust methodology is not currently available to identify pedestrian high-crash locations in Tennessee. The objective of this study is to develop a different methodology based on Anselin’s Local Moran I index in Geographic Information System (GIS) to detect high crash clusters and investigate the factors that influence the concentration of pedestrian crashes. Using pedestrian crash data from Shelby County in Tennessee, the study found that spatial dependence plays a strong role during the analyses of pedestrian crashes. These spatial dependencies, accounted through spatial autocorrelation, helped to detect statistically significant clusters of crashes in a GIS framework. These clusters were then overlaid with selected socio-economic and population demographic data in order to identify their association with high crash clusters. The study found the following factors to be associated with high crash clusters: when more than 25% percentage of the population is 18 years of age and younger, when the population of seniors is greater than 13%, when there’s a high population density of low income people, and when the percentage of families below poverty level is greater than 10%. The cluster maps may help transportation agencies to understand issues of pedestrian crashes for safety enhancements.
  Authors: Emaasit, Daniel; Chimba, Deo; Cherry, Christopher R.; Wilson, Jessica; Kutela, Boniphace
  Authors: Emaasit, Daniel; Chimba, Deo; Cherry, Christopher R.; Wilson, Jessica; Kutela, Boniphace
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-0634
• A CONDITIONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN CRASH COUNTS ACROSS NEIGHBORHOODS
  Abstract: This work examines the relationship between 3-year pedestrian crash counts across Census tracts in Austin, Texas, while controlling for land use, network, and demographic attributes, such as land use balance, residents’ access to transit, sidewalk density, lane-mile densities by roadway classes, and population and employment densities (by type). The model specification allows for both region-specific heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation via a Poisson-based conditional auto-regressive (CAR) framework and is estimated using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Least-squares regression estimates of walk-miles traveled per zone serve as the exposure measure. Model results suggest that higher shares of residences near transit stops are associated with greater pedestrian crash risks, ceteris paribus, presumably since such access encourages more walking activity and more potential conflict between pedestrian and vehicles movements. Sidewalk provision is associated with lower pedestrian crash rates, presumably due to lower speeds and narrower roadways in network-dense and sidewalk-prominent settings, though exposure is likely higher.
  Authors: Wang, Yiyi; Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Wang, Yiyi; Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-1252
• Incorporating Saliency Map into Appraisal of Crossing Island Facilities: Drivers' Visual Attention
  Abstract: In our study, crossing island facilities are evaluated in conspicuity point of view. This paper provides an evaluation method to determine which kind of facilities can draw visual attention of driver easily with aid of saliency map. The visual scan experiment with the aid of eye tracking system was conducted to collect fixation percentage data. The evaluation method of crossing island facility was conducted based on image characteristics. The saliency-based model which based on model of visual attention built up by Ltti was set up and improved through the process of Gaussian pyramid creation, visual feature extraction and conspicuity map generation as well as the saliency map generation. Mean intensity of salient zone on the saliency map is selected as indicator to calculate fixation percentage of crossing island facility and the regression model is helpful for the evaluation of conspicuity of crossing island facility at pedestrian refuge island together with MATLAB and Photoshop.
  Authors: Xu, Zhi; Zou, Zhe; Cao, Bohu; Gong, Xiangxing
  Authors: Xu, Zhi; Zou, Zhe; Cao, Bohu; Gong, Xiangxing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-1724
• Crash Characteristics of Pedestrian Fatalities: Comparison of China and the United States
  Abstract: Collisions between pedestrians and motor vehicles are the unfortunate part of modern life, and their outcome is often tragic and costly. This study focuses on the crash characteristics and factors associated with pedestrian¡¯s collision with motorized vehicles. Firstly, this paper provides a thorough review of previous literatures in the field of pedestrian safety. Then, a comparison analysis between pedestrian crash data in China and the US is proposed. Results of the crash data statistics show that the total number of traffic crashes follow the same decline trends in the two countries, and the total number of traffic fatalities in the US is about one half of that in China. Compared to other road users, drivers account for the largest fatality proportion in the two countries. The second largest group of death in traffic accidents is vehicle passenger in the United States but pedestrian in China. Furthermore, in terms of the factors related to pedestrian crashes, conclusions about gender, age and improper behavior factor are drawn from the pedestrian crash data analysis. Based on these key findings, this paper addresses some potential countermeasures and strategies that aim at improving pedestrian safety.
  Authors: Zhou, Zhuping; Ren, Gang; Wang, Wei; Qizhou, Hu; Li, Haiyuan
  Authors: Zhou, Zhuping; Ren, Gang; Wang, Wei; Qizhou, Hu; Li, Haiyuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2036
• Analysis of Knowledge of Crossing Rules, Self-Reported Behavior, and Observed Behavior at Intersections
  Abstract: Intersection crossing crashes are a serious problem for children in China and other countries. The objective of the study is to provide a better understanding of the relationships between children¡¯s intersection crossing knowledge and behavior to enable improvements to traffic safety education and to children¡¯s safety as they walk to and from school. We administered a Questionnaire to 225 primary school children aged 6-12 to assess their knowledge of crossing rules, self-reported crossing behavior, and we acquired 2 hours of Video recordings of children¡¯s observed crossing behavior from the same primary school as they crossed a busy intersection. We found there was large discrepancy between observed intersection behavior and knowledge of crossing rules according to gender and differed depending on whether they crossed with adults, with classmates or alone. Also significant differences existed between observed intersection behavior and the self-reported crossing behavior. One specific gender difference was that girls¡¯ behavior of looking both ways before crossing was better than boys¡¯. We also found that when children crossed intersections alone, their behavior was generally better than when they crossed with classmates or with adults in performing risky behaviors. While we found no significant differences between children¡¯s knowledge of crossing rules and their self-reported crossing behavior. A further observation was that when children were accompanied by adults, we observed the highest frequencies of crossing against the light. However, in spite of these gender differences in behavior, we found no significant gender differences with respect to knowledge of crossing rules. The weakness in the association between intersection crossing knowledge and behavior found in this study suggests that it is not enough to teach children knowledge that describes proper behavior for keeping safe in traffic. Children should also be directly taught the proper behaviors for keeping safe in traffic, preferably in the actual setting where they will be performed. Other countermeasures recommended include educating both children and adults on proper intersection crossing behavior, and emphasizing training for boys to improve their crossing skills. Some ways to implement these recommendations are considered in the discussion of this study¡¯s findings.
  Authors: Wang, Xuesong; Wang, Li; Tremont, Paul J.
  Authors: Wang, Xuesong; Wang, Li; Tremont, Paul J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2395
• Study on Confirmation by Pedestrians of Approaching Right- or Left-Turning Vehicle While Crossing at Crosswalk
  Abstract: In this study head-turning behavior is analyzed to understand where is the best location for the pedestrian to confirm the approaching vehicle in crossing the crosswalk. From the result of the head-turning frequency, it is found that head-turning frequency is increasing towards the entry of the crosswalk and the conflict point. Moreover, results by the analysis of different attributes, head-turning frequency at nighttime or of the elderly person tends to be low; and head-turning was performed more at the conflict point. These results might show that there is a need to provide the information about approaching vehicle. In the pattern that vehicle approaches behind the research participants, head-turning frequency is low; and this imply the need of information for the pedestrians. By the result of the comparison with the different experiment settings, it is found that the position where pedestrian just enter the crosswalk is the best location to confirm the approaching vehicle in the 3 kinds of cases, such as elderly person (having difficulty in crossing), nighttime (restricted visibility), wearing headphones (restricted hearing sense). Moreover, many head-turning behavior were performed at the middle of crosswalk in the case that start position of research participant is R and right-turning vehicle is approaching, and this could be an appropriate confirming action. From the result described above, there exist many critical locations for the crossing pedestrian to confirm the approaching vehicle in a safe manner.
  Authors: Hamaoka, Hidekatsu; Hagiwara, Toru; Tada, Masahiro; Munehiro, Kazunori; Haga, Kentaro
  Authors: Hamaoka, Hidekatsu; Hagiwara, Toru; Tada, Masahiro; Munehiro, Kazunori; Haga, Kentaro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2793
• Application of Computer Vision to the Diagnosis of Pedestrian Safety Issues
  Abstract: This paper demonstrates the potential of using computer vision techniques for solving several shortcomings associated with traditional road safety and behavior analysis. Surrogate data such as traffic conflicts provide invaluable information that can be used to better understand collision contributing factors and the collision failure mechanism. Recent advances in computer vision techniques encouraged the use of proactive safety surrogate measures such as conflicts and violations detections. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the automated safety diagnosis of pedestrian crossing safety issues using computer vision techniques. The automated safety diagnosis is applied on a major signalized intersection in Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia. Concerns were raised regarding the high conflict rate between vehicles and pedestrians as well as an elevated number of traffic violations (i.e., jaywalking) at the intersection. This study is unique in its attempt to extract conflict indicators and detect violations from video sequences in a fully automated way. This line of research benefits safety experts as it provides a prompt and objective safety evaluation for intersections. It also provides a permanent database for traffic information that can be beneficial for a sound safety diagnosis as well as for developing safety countermeasures.
  Authors: Zaki, Mohamed H.; Sayed, Tarek; Tageldin, Ahmed; Hussein, Mohamed Hussein Azab
  Authors: Zaki, Mohamed H.; Sayed, Tarek; Tageldin, Ahmed; Hussein, Mohamed Hussein Azab
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2889
• Measuring Unsafe Pedestrian Behavior Using Observational Data
  Abstract: Florida has a severe problem with pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities. Recent trends show that Florida’s pedestrian fatality rate is almost double the national average. Traditional safety programs rely on crash data to develop safety campaigns or countermeasures to increase safety. Since crash data are not readily available and a long time has to pass before meaningful data is collected, a “risk score” was developed to measure the behavior of road users at selected sites in Hillsborough and Miami-Dade counties. Surveys were conducted in June-July 2012 in two of the highest pedestrian crash and fatality counties in Florida to collect data and establish baseline conditions. The surveys included opinion surveys of pedestrians and observations of pedestrians and bicyclists, and their interaction with drivers. The locations where the surveys were conducted were selected based on site characteristics including pedestrian treatments or features, crash history, and land use. Thetwo surveys offered insight on the difference between what people know about the law or correct behavior, and what they actually do in reality. Results pinpoint the problems and aid in deciding the focus of safety campaigns and target audience. The risk score showed that the majority of sites exhibited unsafe behavior from pedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers. The risk score has the potential to aid in measuring the effectiveness of a safety campaign launched by FDOT focused on increasing the awareness on traffic laws. This way, appropriate countermeasures or funds can be selected for the higher ranking sites first.
  Authors: Kourtellis, Achilleas; Lin, Pei-Sung; Gawade, Makarand
  Authors: Kourtellis, Achilleas; Lin, Pei-Sung; Gawade, Makarand
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3208
• Effect of Left-Turn Operational Mode on Pedestrian Safety: Development of Models and Guidelines
  Abstract: Pedestrian safety is a growing concern at signalized intersections. Pedestrians crossing a street at an intersection are exposed to interactions with turning vehicles, and these interactions sometimes result in crashes. Conflicts and crashes can be reduced by implementing protected turn phases. However, the inclusion of protected turn phases in a traffic signal cycle typically causes an increase in vehicular delay, which tends to offset the benefit of reduced crashes.Left-turn operational mode (permissive, protected-permissive, or protected) is typically chosen based on vehicular traffic concerns like volumes of left-turning and conflicting through vehicles, lane geometry, and sight distance. Historically, pedestrian safety has not been considered as a factor in selecting left-turn operational mode.Pedestrian safety models have been calibrated using field data. The models allow pedestrian-vehicle conflict frequency and pedestrian compliance with signal indications to be estimated based on volumes and site conditions. These models, along with vehicular delay analysis, form the basis for pedestrian-safety-based guidelines that were developed for choosing left-turn operational mode. The guidelines are based on identifying threshold conditions for which a change in left-turn mode results in a reduction in road-user costs.
  Authors: Pratt, Michael Paul; Bonneson, James A.; Songchitruksa, Praprut
  Authors: Pratt, Michael Paul; Bonneson, James A.; Songchitruksa, Praprut
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3370
• Geospatial Analysis of Pedestrian and Cyclist Crashes in Urban Environment: Case Study
  Abstract: Most urban dwellers today do not need to be convinced of the benefits of walking and cycling, which range from improving health and refining the environment to easing traffic congestion and improving a community’s economy. While practices and policies have been established to promote these transportation modes, many challenges still exist which restrain this growth in practice. To identify some of these challenges, the authors performed pedestrian and cyclist safety analyses in an urban center, the city of Hoboken, New Jersey, where potential demands were anticipated. Having the Hoboken terminal as a major intermodal regional hub in this city, the authors performed geospatial safety analyses of pedestrians and cyclists in the vicinity of this terminal. The findings revealed that the number of pedestrian and cyclist injuries decreased as the distance from the Hoboken terminal increased. The frequency of injury was also normalized against population and land use characteristics. While the estimated rates roughly follow the trend of injury frequency, more investigations have been performed to discover contributors such as inadequacy of pedestrian facilities, ambient lighting, and traffic controls at intersections, which may elevate crash exposure risks. The investigation also showed that there was a correlation between the location of bus stops and pedestrian injuries/fatalities, particularly at a further distance from the Hoboken terminal. The study of pre-crash actions and crash-contributing circumstances suggested that pedestrian safety was in jeopardy mostly at intersections and particularly at crosswalks. The same assessments were also carried out for cyclists and cyclist facilities. Safety analyses suggested that an establishment of dedicated bike lanes had improved safety at the test-bed area; however, more enhancements were required to foster this transport mode.
  Authors: Moini, Nadereh; Liu, Rongfang
  Authors: Moini, Nadereh; Liu, Rongfang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3389
• Study on Pedestrian Red Light Crossing Violation Behaviors: Observation at Four-Phase Signalized Intersections in Shanghai, China
  Abstract: Pedestrian violation is a major cause of traffic accidents involving pedestrians. The research objectives were to investigate the relationship between crossing time gap and pedestrian violation and to provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the effects of human factors and external environmental factors on red light crossing behavior. Pedestrian red light crossing gap was collected by video cameras and it was assigned as rejected and accepted data to distinguish between normal crossing and violating crossing. Two methods were used to acquire the RLC critical gap. A multiple linear regression model was introduced, and variables revealing personal characteristics, traffic conditions, and trip features were defined as covariates to describe the effects of internal and external factors. The study concluded that Harder¡¯s method is good for getting the RLC critical gap and when time gap is larger than 6.12s violations become more and more. The pedestrian RLC time gap is related with weather, age, group size and violating whether at the beginning of red light time, and it is not related with gender, violation stage and other factors. To improve the safety condition of the intersection well signalized timing and good management are dire in need.
  Authors: Bai, Yu; He, Xiong; Long, Li; Xiaoguang, Yang
  Authors: Bai, Yu; He, Xiong; Long, Li; Xiaoguang, Yang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3465
• Stepping off the Curb to Increase Drivers’ Yielding Behavior at Midblock Crosswalks
  Abstract: Interaction between pedestrians and drivers can be witnessed everywhere in the road network, particularly at intersections and mid-block crossings. At unsignalized mid-block crosswalks, drivers typically don’t expect pedestrians, and as a result, pedestrian safety may be compromised. The yielding behavior is affected by various aspects of the roadway and driving environment, including vehicle dynamics, pedestrian’s behavior, roadway function and design. Traditional roadway design indicates that if a driver has adequate sight distance to the crosswalk, then he or she should stop for the pedestrian. This paper focuses on two discrete crossing behaviors - pedestrians standing on the curb; and the other was that pedestrians had stepped off the curb. The data were collected in Boston, MA during the AM and PM peak on a typical weekday. The results show that fewer drivers yielded to pedestrians who were standing on the curb, versus those that were standing in the crosswalk (8.5% of the drivers yielded to pedestrians on the curb and 21.7% yielded when pedestrians had stepped off the curb). Regardless of pedestrian location, more drivers yielded the right of way during the AM peak as compared to the PM peak.
  Authors: Dulaski, Daniel M.
  Authors: Dulaski, Daniel M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2975
• Modeling of Pedestrian Unsafe Road Crossing Behavior: Comparison at Signalized and Nonsignalized Crosswalks
  Abstract: Background: Many pedestrians are found to indulge in unsafe road crossing at both the signalized and non-signalized crosswalks.Objective: To study and compare unsafe pedestrians’ crossing behaviour at a signalized and/or a non-signalized crosswalk.Method: F and t tests are performed to observe which crosswalk has the larger mean and variance of the available gap-size in the traffic flow and waiting time of pedestrians. Logistic regression models are fitted to examine the pedestrians’ risk and unsafe road crossing behavior at two crosswalks.Results: Mean and variance of available gap size and waiting time to pedestrian at a signalized cross walk is larger than a non-signalized crosswalk. At a signalized crosswalk, probability of crossing by a pedestrian with the gap size less than the adequate gap size is about 98%; and at a non-signalized crosswalk it is about 95%. At a signalized crosswalk only gap size parameter is significant. However, at a non-signalized crosswalk other predictor parameters (such as gender of the pedestrian, whether alone or in a group, type of the conflicting vehicle and traffic volume) are significant in determining the pedestrian road crossing behavior. The odds of an unsafe road crossing by a pedestrian at a signalized crosswalk is about 1.7 times higher than that at a non-signalized crosswalk.Conclusion: Pedestrians unsafely cross roads when gaps are available within the traffic flow, at both signalized and non-signalized crosswalks. Thus gap size is a significant parameter to determine the pedestrians’ unsafe road crossing behaviour at both crosswalks.
  Authors: Khatoon, Mariya
  Authors: Khatoon, Mariya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4086
• Pedestrian Crossings at Midblock Locations: Comparative Study of Existing Signal Operations
  Abstract: The increasing accidents happen at mid-block crossings (MBCs) have led traffic engineers to consider treatments to make crossings safer. One common method is to install signalized MBCs. Until now, there are four mature signal control systems at MBCs that currently used in the U.S. , Great Britain and some other countries which are pedestrian actuated (PA), pedestrian light controlled (PELICAN), high intensity activated crosswalk (HAWK) and pedestrian user-friendly intelligent (PUFFIN). Efficiency evaluation of these methods also has been carried out, however, most of the previous studies based on the hypothesis that pedestrians proceed under green signal, but in reality it is very common to see pedestrians enter crossings during pedestrian clearance interval, which is supposed to weaken the effectiveness and safety at crossings.With a strictly calibrated VISSIM model and SSAM software, the research explores how signalization schemes, pedestrian clearance interval violation rates, traffic flow and geometries affect the efficiency and safety of all road users at MBCs, in order to provide traffic engineers some guidance to select proper methods. Based on a Pearson-correlation analysis and multiple linear regression model, it is found that pedestrian signal violation during clearance interval can slightly reduce pedestrian delay, but results in a rapid increase on pedestrian-vehicle conflicts, especially for HAWK. The final results show that PA leads to high delay of both pedestrians and vehicles but less conflicts, PELICAN is beneficial for vehicular traffic by reducing vehicle delay but unbeneficial for pedestrian traffic since pedestrian delay is always high. HAWK and PUFFIN are better than the above two methods from balancing safety and efficiency for all road users. HAWK has a satisfactory performance at low pedestrian flow but it attributes to more conflicts when pedestrian flow increase up to ¡°middle¡± and ¡°many¡±, especially when pedestrian clearance interval violation rate is high. However, PUFFIN has a better performance than HAWK from both perspectives when pedestrian volume is ¡°middle¡± and ¡°many¡± .
  Authors: Deng, Tengyun; Ni, Ying; Li, Keping
  Authors: Deng, Tengyun; Ni, Ying; Li, Keping
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3341
• Evaluation of Pedestrian Safety: Geographical Identification of Pedestrian Crash Hotspots and Evaluating Risk Factors for Injury Severity
  Abstract: Pedestrian-involved crashes that occurred in the city of San Francisco over six years from 2002-2007 were analyzed to evaluate two key aspects of pedestrian safety: occurrence and severity. This was done to identify locations with frequent occurrences of pedestrian-involved crashes and to examine various risk factors on the injury severity of pedestrian-involved crashes. A Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis used for the former shows that the frequency of pedestrian crashes is higher in the vicinity of the central business district, while the rate is higher in the periphery of the city. The latter specifies an ordered probit model to evaluate risk factors that increase the probability of severe injury and fatality. Those factors were: i) age (<15 and 65+), alcohol consumption and cell-phone use among pedestrian characteristics; ii) nighttime, weekends and rainy weather among environmental characteristics; and iii) influence of alcohol, larger vehicles (pickup, bus and truck) and vehicle proceeding straight in striking a pedestrian among crash characteristics. The methods discussed in this paper are readily applicable to evaluation of safety performance in other regions where pedestrian crash data are available.
  Authors: Jang, Kitae; Park, Shin Hyoung; Kang, Sanghyeok; Song, Kihan; Kang, Seungmo; Chung, SungBong
  Authors: Jang, Kitae; Park, Shin Hyoung; Kang, Sanghyeok; Song, Kihan; Kang, Seungmo; Chung, SungBong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3433
• Improvement in Pedestrian Crossing Safety at Continuous-Flow Intersections
  Abstract: Traditional four-phase, four-legged intersections often operate inefficiently, severely restricting the available throughput and resulting in large delays. These configurations are limited by their traditional geometric design, and altering the geometry of the entire intersection can significantly increase capacity. Continuous flow intersections utilize an unconventional lane arrangement to maximize the vehicular throughput. This arrangement involves displacing left turn lanes across opposing through traffic before the main intersection is reached. Such an alteration allows left and through vehicles to proceed simultaneously, and consequently, both the intersection capacity and delay are improved. Numerous studies have validated its operational improvements, but pedestrian exposure to passing vehicles is high due to the unconventional configuration. In addition, both pedestrian crossing time and distance traveled are longer than desired. In this paper, the authors proposed and tested an enhanced continuous flow intersection configuration to improve the pedestrian experience. Heightened intersection delay is often a result of pedestrian crossing activity, for which a flexible signal control program has been developed specifically for this intersection to reduce vehicle delay while prioritizing pedestrian safety. The signal control procedure dynamically chooses the appropriate phase and green time combination to minimize delay by considering pedestrian wait time and existing queue size. A simulation analysis was performed using this advanced control methodology, and the results of this study have strongly shown how the implementation can enhance the pedestrian crossing experience while minimizing vehicle delay at a continuous flow intersection.
  Authors: Coates, Angela; Yi, Ping
  Authors: Coates, Angela; Yi, Ping
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4103
• On Accommodating Spatial Dependence in Bicycle and Pedestrian Injury Counts by Severity Level
  Abstract: This paper proposes a new spatial multivariate count model to jointly analyze the traffic crash-related counts of pedestrians and bicyclists by injury severity. The modeling framework is applied to predict injury counts at a Census tract level, based on crash data from Manhattan, New York. The results highlight the need to use a multivariate modeling system for the analysis of injury counts by road-user type and injury severity level, while also accommodating spatial dependence effects in injury counts.
  Authors: Narayanamoorthy, Sriram; Paleti, Rajesh; Bhat, Chandra R.
  Authors: Narayanamoorthy, Sriram; Paleti, Rajesh; Bhat, Chandra R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3967
• Severity of Pedestrian Crashes at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings
  Abstract: The objective of this research was to quantify the impacts of various factors on three different severity levels of pedestrian injuries sustained in crashes reported at highway-rail grade crossings (HRGCs). This research utilized the 2007-2010 HRGC crash data and the national highway-rail crossing inventory data, both publically available from Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). HRGC crash data were limited to those reported at public crossings and only involving pedestrians; crashes that were suicides or attempted suicides were excluded. The three crash severity levels were based on the intensity of pedestrians’ injuries; these levels were no injury, injury, and fatality. The crash and crossing inventory data files were merged together using the unique USDOT crossing identification number that was common in both files. The ordered probit modeling technique was used to investigate different variables that contributed to more severe pedestrian injuries in crashes at HRGCs. Model results showed that more severe injuries were associated with higher train speeds and when rail equipment struck pedestrians as opposed to rail equipment struck by pedestrians. Injury severity was higher for female pedestrians compared to others. Pedestrian crashes reported at HRGCs surrounded by commercially developed areas were more severe compared to other types of developments (e.g., open space, residential, etc.). Lower crash severity levels were associated with HRGCs with greater number of crossing highway lanes, HRGCs equipped with standard flashing light signals, and in clear weather.
  Authors: Khattak, Aemal
  Authors: Khattak, Aemal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4587
• Conflict Analysis and Crash Severity Estimation of Four Transportation Modes in China
  Abstract: This study attempts to analyze conflict and estimate the crash severity for users of four transportation modes in China -- automobile, motorcycle, e-bike and bicycle. Surveys were performed in Kunming and Beijing to collect self-reported crash data of these users. The surveys indicated that Beijing residents have lower crash rate than people in Kunming. Among the four modes, E-bike riders have the highest crash rate, motorcycle riders have the second highest crash rate, automobile and bicycle users have the lowest crash rate. Vehicle operators are more likely to crash with other users of the same vehicle class than with other types of vehicles. Respondents are more likely to say the crash is because of other's fault or both side's fault than admitting it is their fault. Logistic regression models were constructed to predict the crash severity level. Results show that crashes involving motorized vehicles generally are more likely to be severe than crashes involving the non-motorized vehicles. Crashes occurring in an automobile lane have higher crash severity than crashes happening in a bicycle lane or sidewalk. Crashes occurring at Beijing are less likely to be severe than crashes in Kunming. Countermeasures should focus on maintaining segregated and protected travel ways for vulnerable road user groups.
  Authors: Yang, Hongtai; Cherry, Christopher R.
  Authors: Yang, Hongtai; Cherry, Christopher R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4926
• Pedestrian Crash Risk on Boundary Roadways: University Campus Case Study
  Abstract: Prominent pedestrian trip attractors, such as college campuses and major urban parks, are often surrounded by roadways with high volumes of motor vehicle traffic. While many pedestrians cross busy boundary roadways, relatively little is known about pedestrian crash risk along these types of facilities. This study quantifies pedestrian crash risk at roadway intersections on the boundary of the University of California, Berkeley campus during typical spring and fall semester weekdays. Manual pedestrian counts were extrapolated using data from three automated counter locations to represent pedestrian exposure. Pedestrian crash risk was highest at intersections along the boundary roadways with the lowest pedestrian volumes. In addition, pedestrian risk in the evening (6 p.m. to midnight) was estimated to be more than three times higher than in the daytime (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.). The crash risk estimation approach presented in this paper can be used to study pedestrian safety on the boundary of campuses and other major attractors so that agencies can identify and prioritize engineering, education, and enforcement treatments to reduce pedestrian injuries.
  Authors: Schneider, Robert J.; Grembek, Offer; Braughton, Matthew
  Authors: Schneider, Robert J.; Grembek, Offer; Braughton, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-5204
• Alternative Ordered Response Frameworks for Examining Pedestrian Injury Severity in New York City
  Abstract: This paper focuses on identifying the appropriate ordered response structure that is better suited to modeling pedestrian injury severity. The alternative ordered response approaches considered for the empirical analysis include: ordered logit model (OL), generalized ordered logit model (GOL) and latent segmentation based ordered logit model (LSOL). The GOL model relaxes the restrictive assumption by allowing for exogenous variable impacts on the threshold parameters in the standard ordered logit structure. Again, the LSOL model allows for differential impact on the alternatives by segmenting the pedestrian crash population into various segments with segment specific ordered logit parameters. The performance and strength of the formulated injury severity models are tested based on the “New York City (NYC) Pedestrian Research Data Base” for the year of 2002 through 2006. To our knowledge, the study provides a first of its kind exercise to identify the preferred ordered model for examining pedestrian injury severity. The model estimation results clearly highlights the presence of segmentation based on the location of pedestrian accidents; locational attributes that affect the allocation of pedestrians into these segments include: regional county, functional classification of roadway, pedestrian location on roadway, number of travel lanes and number of parking lanes in the roadway system. The key factors influencing pedestrian injury severity are weather condition, lighting condition, vehicle types, pedestrian age and season. Overall, the results of the empirical analysis provide credence to the belief that LSOL model is a preferred ordered framework choice to accommodate population heterogeneity in the context of pedestrian injury severity.
  Authors: Yasmin, Shamsunnahar; Eluru, Naveen; Ukkusuri, Satish V.
  Authors: Yasmin, Shamsunnahar; Eluru, Naveen; Ukkusuri, Satish V.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3987
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Performance of Pedestrian Countdown Signal System in San Diego: Microscopic View
  Abstract: Results of monitoring of the San Diego’s first countdown pedestrian signal (CPS) implementation are reported in this paper. A busy downtown intersection was videotaped over three weeks in order to analyze details of intersection crossing of over 5,000 pedestrians as well as to monitor corresponding vehicular traffic and traffic signal indicators. Several pedestrian categories were introduced, and their entry and exit violations were analyzed. Several factors potentially affecting pedestrian crossing behavior were examined. A multivariate analysis found the length of the crossing and vehicular traffic intensity as significant factors affecting the crossing violation rates. Crossing violation characteristics were consistent over time. On a long crossing, most pedestrians were able to effectively adjust their walking speed to complete their crossing without the exit violation, a positive result attributed to the existence of the CPS there. However, on the short crossing with light vehicular traffic, CPS was generally ineffective in preventing the entry violations from becoming exit violations.
  Authors: Supernak, Janusz; Verma, Vinay; Supernak, Iga
  Authors: Supernak, Janusz; Verma, Vinay; Supernak, Iga
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4970
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• A CONDITIONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN CRASH COUNTS ACROSS NEIGHBORHOODS
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-1252
• Study on Pedestrian Red Light Crossing Violation Behaviors: Observation at Four-Phase Signalized Intersections in Shanghai, China
  Authors: He, Xiong
  Keywords: poster presentation; poster design; poster template
  Authors: He, Xiong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3465
• Improvement in Pedestrian Crossing Safety at Continuous-Flow Intersections
  Authors: Coates, Angela
  Authors: Coates, Angela
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4103
• Pedestrian Crash Risk on Boundary Roadways: University Campus Case Study
  Authors: Schneider, Robert
  Authors: Schneider, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-5204
• Performance of Pedestrian Countdown Signal System in San Diego: Microscopic View
  Authors: Supernak, Iga
  Authors: Supernak, Iga
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4970
• Geospatial Analysis of Pedestrian and Cyclist Crashes in Urban Environment: Case Study
  Authors: Moini, Nadereh
  Authors: Moini, Nadereh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3389
• Pedestrian Crossings at Midblock Locations: Comparative Study of Existing Signal Operations
  Authors: Deng, Tengyun
  Authors: Deng, Tengyun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3341
• On Accommodating Spatial Dependence in Bicycle and Pedestrian Injury Counts by Severity Level
  Authors: Narayanamoorthy, Sriram
  Authors: Narayanamoorthy, Sriram
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3967
• Effect of Left-Turn Operational Mode on Pedestrian Safety: Development of Models and Guidelines
  Authors: Pratt, Michael
  Authors: Pratt, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3370
• Analysis of Knowledge of Crossing Rules, Self-Reported Behavior, and Observed Behavior at Intersections
  Authors: Wang, Xuesong
  Authors: Wang, Xuesong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2395
• Alternative Ordered Response Frameworks for Examining Pedestrian Injury Severity in New York City
  Authors: Yasmin, Shamsunnahar
  Authors: Yasmin, Shamsunnahar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3987
• Modeling of Pedestrian Unsafe Road Crossing Behavior: Comparison at Signalized and Nonsignalized Crosswalks
  Authors: Khatoon, Mariya
  Authors: Khatoon, Mariya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4086