2013 Session: 757

• Cycling Under the Influence: Summarizing Influence of Attitudes, Habits, Social Environments, and Perceptions on Cycling for Transportation
  Abstract: Due to cycling’s many benefits, including positive health outcomes and its possible role in limiting pollution and congestion, there has recently been a dramatic increase in research on factors that could increase this activity. Researchers have found clear connections between objectively measured elements of the built and natural environment (such as bicycle routes, street connectivity, land use mix, slope, and weather), demographic and socio-economic characteristics and cycling for transportation. However, in recent years researchers have begun incorporating social and psychological factors, such as attitudes, perceptions, habits and social environments, into models and research frameworks to gain a greater understanding of roles these factors might play in travel behaviour. It is becoming increasingly clear that these factors explain travel behaviour as much and perhaps more than do characteristics of the built environment. This review paper therefore sets out to summarize the literature about the influence of these factors on the choice to cycle for transportation. The findings underline the importance of social and psychological factors on bicycle commuting.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-2696
• Exploring the Impact of Parent-Child Relationships on Children’s Bicycling in Davis, California
  Abstract: In the past few decades, active travel in children has decreased tremendously. This trend clearly has negative implications for public health, the environment, and traffic congestion. In order to reverse this trend, it is necessary to understand why some children are walking and biking for transportation and others are not. This paper investigates the role of parent behaviors, attitudes, and decision-making for influencing child bicycling behavior. We undertake 25 in-person interviews with parent-child pairs in Davis, CA. Our qualitative analysis reveals that parents play an important role in determining how often their child rides a bike. Parents influence child bicycling behavior by setting rules about where children can travel, helping them to negotiate barriers, and shaping their attitudes toward bicycling. These results suggest that efforts to encourage bicycling in children should primarily target parents and should seek not only to change parental attitudes, but also behavior.
  Authors: Driller, Brigitte; Handy, Susan L.
  Authors: Driller, Brigitte; Handy, Susan L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-3924
• Trip-End Facilities at Work and Bicycle Commuting in the Washington, D.C., Region
  Abstract: To encourage more bicycle commuting to work U.S. local governments have amended zoning ordinances and policies to promote more trip-end facilities for cycling and less car parking at work. This article examines the role of trip-end facilities at work, like bike parking, cyclist showers, and non-cyclist benefits, such as free car parking and transit benefits, as determinants of cycling to work. Most prior studies on trip-end facilities at work rely on hypothetical stated preference surveys of cyclists�excluding non-cyclists and not capturing mode choice for actual commutes. This analysis is based on commute data of 5,091 workers in the Washington, DC area, where commuting accounts for 41% of all bike trips. Results of logit, probit, and rare events logistic (relogit) regressions indicate that bike parking and cyclist showers are related to higher levels of bicycle commuting�even when controlling for other explanatory variables. The odds for cycling to work are greater for employees with access to both cyclist showers and bike parking at work compared to those with just bike parking, but no showers at work. Free car parking at work is associated with 69.7% smaller odds for bike commuting. Employer provided transit commuter benefits appear to be unrelated to bike commuting. Regression coefficients for control variables have expected signs, but not all are statistically significant. Greater bikeway supply, shorter commutes, and warmer weather are associated with more bike commuting. Results indicate more bicycling among commuters that are white, male, own more bicycles and fewer cars, and have higher incomes. Results are consistent with previous research and provide additional information about the role of free car parking and the potentially differential impact of bike parking vs. cyclist showers.
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-0198
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Estimating the Impacts of Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program: Developing a New Community-wide Assessment Method
  Abstract: The Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program (NTPP) was established to examine how travel behavior changes with improved walking and bicycling infrastructure. This paper describes the program’s quantitative evaluation approach and provides insights and lessons learned for peers. Demonstrating the benefits of walking and bicycling investments has been an ongoing challenge for communities across the country. A model that uses annual nonmotorized count data to estimate mode share changes and avoided vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is described for the consideration of peer communities, metropolitan planning organizations, and other entities interested in quantifying the community-wide impacts of investments in nonmotorized infrastructure and programs. Additionally, this paper invites other communities to follow, adapt, and improve the methodology that the NTPP followed in order to move the field forward and evolve its active transportation performance measures.Bookend counts in each of the communities estimate that between 2007 and 2011, bicycling and walking increased 67 percent and 32 percent respectively in the pilot communities. Based on these counts, the model estimates that between 2007 and 2011, people walked or bicycled nearly 75 million miles instead of driving, saving over 3.3 million gallons of gas. This number of avoided vehicle miles traveled reflects new bicycling and walking trips added to the levels assumed for 2007 and controls for population growth from 2007 to 2011. This finding supports one of the underpinnings of the NTPP program: that by improving nonmotorized transportation networks, more people will choose to walk and bike for transportation.
  Authors: Rasmussen, Benjamin
  Authors: Rasmussen, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-4916
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Four Types of Cylists? Examining a Typology to Better Understand Bicycling Behavior and Potential
  Abstract: Labeling or categorizing cyclists has been occurring for over a century for a variety of purposes. This paper aimed to examine a typology developed by the City of Portland that includes four categories: Strong and the Fearless, Enthused and Confident, Interested but Concerned, and No Way No How. Unlike several other typologies, this widely referenced typology is intended to apply to all adults, regardless of their current cycling behavior. Our analysis used a random phone survey (n=908) of adults in the Portland, Oregon, region that included both land-line and mobile phone numbers; data were weighted to better reflect the population. Adults were put into the four types based primarily upon their stated level of comfort cycling on a variety of facility types, their interest in cycling more for transportation, and their physical ability to bicycle. Nearly all of the sampled population fit clearly into one of the four categories. A majority (56%) of the region’s population fit in the Interested but Concerned category – thought to be the key target market for increasing cycling for transportation. The analysis indicates that reducing traffic speeds and increasing separation between bicycles and motor vehicles, such as through cycle tracks, may increase levels of comfort and cycling rates. Women and older adults are underrepresented among the more confident adults and those who currently cycle for transportation.
  Authors: Dill, Jennifer; McNeil, Nathan Winslow
  Authors: Dill, Jennifer; McNeil, Nathan Winslow
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-5213
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Trip-End Facilities at Work and Bicycle Commuting in the Washington, D.C., Region
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-0198
• Cycling Under the Influence: Summarizing Influence of Attitudes, Habits, Social Environments, and Perceptions on Cycling for Transportation
  Authors: Manaugh, Kevin
  Authors: Manaugh, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-2696
• Exploring the Impact of Parent-Child Relationships on Children's Bicycling in Davis, California
  Authors: Driller, Brigitte
  Authors: Driller, Brigitte
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-3924
• Four Types of Cylists? Examining a Typology to Better Understand Bicycling Behavior and Potential
  Authors: Dill, Jennifer
  Authors: Dill, Jennifer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-5213
• Estimating the Impacts of Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program: Developing a New Community-wide Assessment Method
  Authors: Rasmussen, Benjamin
  Authors: Rasmussen, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-4916