2013 Session: 831

• Toward People’s Cities Through Land Use and Transport Integration: Review of India’s National Urban Investment Program
  Abstract: Between 2005 and 2012, India’s Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) has invested US$20 billion in urban infrastructure and basic services to the urban poor. The transport program under JnNURM is a very important advance, as it helps the cities with policies and funding for moving people, not vehicles. Nevertheless, it has not sufficiently shifted investment in the urban transport sector from road widening and road expansion to sustainable transport. Based on interviews with several stakeholders, a literature review on JnNURM, and consideration of the urban characteristics and transport needs of Indian cities, the authors suggest key improvements in Indian urban transport policy: i) Reinforce the link between land use and transport in the urban transport policy vision. This will allow the preservation of “people’s cities” in the existing urban areas and development of new accessible, dense and mixed used developments around the existing cities; ii) Advance the preparation and implementation of the Comprehensive Mobility Plans (CMPs), in close connection with the Master Plans and JnNURM budget allocations, to transform them from simple lists of projects and good will, to effective planning and monitoring instruments; iii) Introduce performance measurement of key transport indicators at the city wide level: people served, modal share, travel time, traffic fatalities and transport tailpipe emissions; and iv) Develop capacity building programs for project planning and delivery at the city level and for evaluation and monitoring at the state and national level. The recommendations for India are applicable to other rapidly urbanizing and motorizing countries. The authors do not claim that road expansion is not needed, but that it should not be the only focus of public investments in the transport sector.
  Authors: Hidalgo, Dario
  Authors: Hidalgo, Dario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-1589
• LESSONS OF BUS RAPID TRANSIT FROM NINE CITIES IN CHINA
  Abstract: Due to its efficient service and relatively low investments, BRT is growing popularity in many cities around the world. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the development of BRT in nine cities of China, including design, implementation, operation and management of the systems. Substantial data of BRT system have been collected in the nine cities, including infrastructure design, service performance and passenger flow etc. The cities¡¯ population, size, importance, social and economical backgrounds have also been provided. Based on the data, five BRT development modes are summarized and compared. Recommendations regarding China¡¯s BRT decision making, planning, systems designs, and operational management are also provided in the paper.
  Authors: Liu, Zichang; Zhang, XiaoNing; Wang, Hua
  Authors: Liu, Zichang; Zhang, XiaoNing; Wang, Hua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-3350
• Has Shanghai’s Transportation Demand Passed Its Peak Growth?
  Abstract: Based on four comprehensive transportation surveys in Shanghai, this study examines the latest trends in Shanghai’s travel demand, investigates their social, economic and spatial drivers, and compares the paces of travel demand growth in three periods: I,1980s to early 90s; II, early 90s to mid 2000s; and III, mid 2000s to now. The demand growth is relative slow in Period I, and then speeds up in Period II, before returns to a slower pace in Period III. As for trip purpose, Shanghai’s travel is much more diversified with increasing share of non-commuting trips (from 28% in 1995 to 46% in 2009). Spatially travel demand is dispersed from the central district to peripheral districts because of urban expansion and decentralization, and from Puxi (west of Huangpu River) to Pudong (east of Huangpu River) as a result of the significant economic development of Pudong New Area. Both spatial diffusion and purpose diversification favor the convenience and flexibility of private motor vehicles. Driven by rapid motorization, vehicle travel is growing at a much faster pace than person travel. Overall in terms of percentage growth, travel demand in Shanghai has passed its peak growth since 2004 for both person trips and vehicle trips. In terms of absolute number, person trip growth has peaked but vehicle trip growth has not. In response to the growing demand, especially rapid motorization, the local government has made tremendous investments in road infrastructure and public transit, and attempted to manage demand through vehicle ownership control.
  Authors: Zhao, Zhan; Zhao, Jinhua; Shen, Qing
  Authors: Zhao, Zhan; Zhao, Jinhua; Shen, Qing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4356
• Direct Ridership Model of Mexico City’s Bus Rapid Transit and Metro Systems
  Abstract: Direct ridership models (DRM) have been introduced in the US context as an alternative to four step travel demand modeling. They can be used to obtain quick, order-of-magnitude estimates of transit patronage, at a fraction of the cost of a full travel demand model, and are also more adept at capturing the effects of smart growth on transit ridership. Their relatively low cost, flexible data requirements and rapidity make them particularly suited to developing world cities. Yet these cities still rely exclusively on full travel demand models to advise investments in new transit infrastructure. In doing so, they often rely on old data and household surveys that are out of date, and do not capture important recent changes in travel patterns. Using Mexico City as a case study, we illustrate the benefits of using DRM models in a developing world context. We develop ridership models for the city’s BRT and Metro networks, studying how land use, service and station attributes impact ridership for each mode, and also how connections between BRT and Metro affect each other’s ridership. We notably found that the two systems are highly complementary, each getting ridership benefits from connecting to the other. We then discuss the implications of our findings for transport policy in Mexico City, as well as some shortcomings of DRM models – in particular their difficulty in accounting for informal transit.
  Authors: Duduta, Nicolae
  Authors: Duduta, Nicolae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4419
• Evaluating Private Bus Operators’ Willingness to Participate in Transit Improvements in Mexico
  Abstract: This paper provides valuable inputs for the decision-making process of transit improvements in developing countries. By analyzing private bus operators’ willingness to participate in transit improvements, the political feasibility can be assessed and the likelihood of successful implementation can be increased. Data from 156 surveys conducted in various cities in Mexico are used to develop probabilistic models that quantify the influence of private bus operators’ characteristics, perceptions about business and operating efficiencies as well as their relationship with government on their willingness to participate. Evidence shows that several elements can increase the willingness of private operators to participate in government-led proposals. These include: the level of trust and communication between private bus operators and government authorities; the economic power of private bus operators; and the attachment to the status quo. Several features were shown to limit operators’ willingness to participate, including: the model of operation, the likelihood of lost revenue through taxation and concerns about the potential modifications of their legal rights to operate. An analysis of Mexico City and surrounding areas demonstrates the need to establish a well-defined strategy for engaging private bus operators in transit improvements; failure to do so has resulted in much less trust of government and led to more conflicts in future projects. The paper reveals the importance of analyzing private bus operators’ participative profiles in the assessment of transit improvements. Selected areas for improvements might present challenges for engaging private bus operators in the proposed improvement.
  Authors: Lopez Dodero, Abel; Casello, Jeffrey; Molinero Molinero, Angel R.; Vazquez Cotera, Daniel
  Authors: Lopez Dodero, Abel; Casello, Jeffrey; Molinero Molinero, Angel R.; Vazquez Cotera, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4912
• Toward People's Cities Through Land Use and Transport Integration: Review of India's National Urban Investment Program
  Authors: Hidalgo, Dario
  Authors: Hidalgo, Dario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-1589
• LESSONS OF BUS RAPID TRANSIT FROM NINE CITIES IN CHINA
  Authors: Liu, Zichang
  Authors: Liu, Zichang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-3350
• Has Shanghai's Transportation Demand Passed Its Peak Growth?
  Authors: Zhao, Zhan
  Authors: Zhao, Zhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4356
• Direct Ridership Model of Mexico City's Bus Rapid Transit and Metro Systems
  Authors: Duduta, Nicolae
  Authors: Duduta, Nicolae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4419
• Evaluating Private Bus Operators' Willingness to Participate in Transit Improvements in Mexico
  Authors: Lopez Dodero, Abel
  Authors: Lopez Dodero, Abel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4912