2013 Subject Index: Bridges and Other Structures

• Assessment of Shear Capacity of Existing Reinforced-Concrete Solid Slab Bridges
  Abstract: Several existing reinforced concrete solid slab bridges in the Netherlands do not meet the criteria for shear when calculated according to the recently implemented Eurocodes. The shear capacity is assessed by comparing the design beam shear resistance to the design value of the applied shear force due to the dead load, permanent load and live load. Transverse load redistribution which occurs in slabs is not taken into account.To evaluate a large number of slab bridges, a first round of assessments is necessary to determine which bridges need a more detailed shear analysis. Also, a method to take into account transverse load redistribution in slabs is sought.To study the behavior of slabs in shear, a series of 26 slabs and 12 slab strips are tested until failure. The results of these experiments are compared to the beam shear capacity and the state-of-the-art in beam shear research to compare the shear behavior of beams and slabs. Recommendations for the shear assessment of slabs are formulated, and used to verify the shear capacity of 10 cases. This “Quick Scan” approach is compared to the AASHTO provisions, indicating that the “Quick Scan” approach is more conservative than the AASHTO provisions. However, the underlying target reliability index is significantly different for both approaches.For the existing bridges in the Netherlands, the proposed method can analyze a large number of cross-sections and thus help prioritize the efforts of the owners such that cases which need a more detailed shear analysis are identified.
  Authors: Lantsoght, Eva Olivia Leontien; van der Veen, Cor; Walraven, Joost; de Boer, Ane
  Authors: Lantsoght, Eva Olivia Leontien; van der Veen, Cor; Walraven, Joost; de Boer, Ane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 628
  Paper Number: 13-0319
• Cracking Analysis of Precast Concrete Segmental Box Girder Bridge
  Abstract: The Hathaway Bridge, an eastbound and westbound bridge pair, is located in Panama City, Florida, USA. Each of the pair consists of a single box precast concrete segmental girder with a deck width of 24.4 m (80 ft). The lengths of the eastbound and westbound bridges are 1031.43 m (3384 ft) and 1162.93 m (3815 ft) respectively. To date, these are the largest single-cell precast segments without internal struts fabricated in the USA. During construction many web cracks developed in the external anchorage areas. The purpose of this investigation is to identify the main causes of the cracks and to provide some design recommendations for large precast concrete segmental box girders. First, a brief description of the bridge is given. Then, analytical models for the bridge, post-tensioning forces, and construction forces are presented. The analytical results show that the external longitudinal post-tensioning forces can cause significant high tensile stresses in the interior face of the web around the anchorages. The information presented in this paper can assist bridge engineers in the design of concrete segmental box girder bridges.
  Authors: Huang, Dongzhou
  Authors: Huang, Dongzhou
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 498
  Paper Number: 13-0452
• Probabilistic Framework for Strength Limit and Service Limit Checks of Drilled Shafts Considering Soil Spatial Variability
  Abstract: This paper presents a performance-based, probabilistic framework for design of a drilled shaft under axial and lateral loading that can consider spatial variability of soil properties at a project site. The performance criteria of a drilled shaft are stated in terms of limiting and tolerable deformations for strength limit and service limit, respectively. The computational algorithm for calculating the deformation of a drilled shaft is based on the commonly adopted load transfer method and the p-y method. Geotechnical failure is defined as the event that the specified performance criteria are not met. Three failure modes are considered, including axial movement, lateral deflection, and angular distortion. The spatial variability of soil properties is considered by using random field modeling techniques in which correlation length is introduced to account for site variability, in addition to mean and variance. The method of fitting a sample autocorrelation function to a prescribed correlation function using the method of ordinary least squares is introduced for determining site specific correlation length for soil parameters. Geostatistical principles known as kriging are employed to estimate unknown parameters at unsampled locations from neighboring sampled locations. A numerical example is given to illustrate the application of the proposed methodologies. It demonstrates that correlation length is one of important statistical descriptors for characterizing site variability. Performance-based design provides unified consideration for both strength and service limits. Finally, the overall probability of failure for a drilled shaft considering all three failure modes is greater than the failure probability for any individual failure mode.
  Authors: Liang, Robert; Fan, Haijian
  Authors: Liang, Robert; Fan, Haijian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 598
  Paper Number: 13-0520
• Statistical Determination of Agricultural Vehicle-Induced Bridge Distribution Factor Threshold
  Abstract: Most studies to date on live-load distribution factor (DF) determination have focused on the examination of bridges under normal highway-type vehicles. Many bridges are in use on rural roadways where agricultural vehicle travel is common and therefore the impacts of their atypical load types should be explicitly considered. Developing systematic methodologies accounting for their effects are also critical for more reasonable safety assessment of rural bridges. The primary objective of this study is to develop a statistical framework to determine DFs for rural bridges subjected to agricultural vehicles. A sample bridge in a rural area of Iowa was selected for demonstration of the proposed statistical framework. The proposed procedure consists of multiple parts including live load field testing, finite element simulations, and statistical analyses. A network of multiple strain sensors were installed at the critical locations on the bridge to monitor strain time histories resulting from passes of farm vehicles with known characteristics. Strains were utilized to compute field measured DFs and also used to calibrate analytical models. As part of the model simulation, farm vehicles commonly found in the United States were chosen and applied to the model to calculate their DFs. Statistical thresholds for the exterior and interior girders were calculated by performing a statistical analysis of the computed data. The thresholds were compared to the AASHTO code-specified DFs (for both the Standard Specification and the LRFD Specification), indicating the interior girder limit was below yet the exterior limit was above the AASHTO values.
  Authors: Seo, Junwon; Phares, Brent Matthew; Dahlberg, Justin; Wipf, Terry J.; Abu-Hawash, Ahmad
  Authors: Seo, Junwon; Phares, Brent Matthew; Dahlberg, Justin; Wipf, Terry J.; Abu-Hawash, Ahmad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-0633
• Numeric Approach Toward Forming of Optimal Multiperiod Maintenance Policy for Bridge Elements Using Markov Decision Model with Weibull-Distributed Deterioration Probabilities
  Abstract: A numeric approach is proposed towards generation of the optimal time-dependent maintenance policy for bridge elements. The key assumption of the method is that condition states of an element make Markov chain and that deterioration-induced transitions in such chain occur with probabilities quantifiable by the Weibull probability distribution function, whereas the probabilities of transitions caused by remedial actions are assumed to be time-independent. The issue of parameterization of the Weibull function using expert elicitation is discussed. An approach towards achieving given accuracy in calculation of shadow costs of the actions is formulated in detail by separately investigating the cases when the slope parameter of Weibull distribution is greater and less than one. An iterative procedure that solves Markov Decision Model (MDM) with Weibull-distributed deterioration probabilities is outlined, and the issue of its convergence is addressed. Several examples are given to illustrate the major aspects of the suggested method.
  Authors: Gurenich, Dmitry
  Authors: Gurenich, Dmitry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-0654
• Novel Wireless Multisensor Network System for Steel Bridge Fatigue Crack Monitoring
  Abstract: A low cost, low power and reliable bridge structure health monitoring and in-situ inspection system has been developed to detect and track fatigue cracks on steel bridges. It includes a small, low power, multi-channel and multi-sensor data acquisition and processing platform that interfaces with Acoustic Emission (AE), strain gauge and ultrasonic guided wave sensors for damage monitoring on a bridge structure, a miniature gateway node that integrates with IEEE 802.15.4 and Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) radios for wireless data collection and transmission to a remote computer server, and a small solar energy harvesting module for powering the sensor platform and gateway node. The system utilizes (AE) and strain sensors to continuously monitor steel bridge structures for possible damage events such as growth of a fatigue crack, which after initial verification then triggers the ultrasonic guided wave sensors for active inspection of the suspected area. The ultrasonic sensors will also perform scheduled inspections if no triggering event has occurred for a prolonged time interval. Extensive lab and field tests have been conducted on A-36 mild steel Compact-Tension (C-T) coupons for fatigue crack monitoring, and on a concrete deck, multi-beam steel-girder highway bridge for “web gap” types of crack inspection. Data showed that the system can be used to detect and track the growth of the fatigue crack, and the results are consistent, repeatable and reliable. The ultimate objective is to develop a self sufficient, weather proof, and easy for installation and maintenance wireless bridge health monitoring system for long-term bridge integrity assessment at the bridge component level.
  Authors: Zhao, Xiaoliang; Qian, Tao; Qi, Xue; Mei, Gang; Liu, An; Xu, Roger
  Authors: Zhao, Xiaoliang; Qian, Tao; Qi, Xue; Mei, Gang; Liu, An; Xu, Roger
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-0670
• Superload Evaluation of Millard Avenue Bridge over CSX Railroad
  Abstract: A series of superloads crossed the Millard Avenue Bridge which spans over the CSX railroad. This bridge is located in Oregon, Ohio, on the route from the Port of Toledo to a nearby oil refinery. Upon request of the cities of Toledo and Oregon, load tests and load ratings were performed to verify that 15 superloads could safely traverse the bridge, determine if any measurable damage was caused by the heavy loads and establish rating procedures for future superloads. The bridge is a steel kinked girder with a composite deck having 5 continuous spans, with lengths varying from 114 ft. to 152 ft. The overall width of the Bridge is approximately 67 ft. This paper discusses testing and analyses done to assess the behavior of the bridge due to superloads crossing. Load tests were carried out prior to any superload crossings, during the heaviest superload crossing and during and after the last superload crossing to characterize the resulting bridge performance. Particular features discussed are the assessment of changes in bridge behavior, establishment of load rating for future superload crossing, and the behavior of forces in the staggered cross-braces nearest the girder kinks.
  Authors: Hammada, Ahmmed A.; Nims, Douglas; Hunt, Victor J.; Commander, Brett; Helmicki, Arthur
  Authors: Hammada, Ahmmed A.; Nims, Douglas; Hunt, Victor J.; Commander, Brett; Helmicki, Arthur
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 317
  Paper Number: 13-0240
• Modulus of Soil Reaction Values Observed in Ohio Thermoplastic Pipe Deep-Burial Project
  Abstract: The researchers at Ohio University have examined various aspects of the buried pipe-soil interaction problem by analyzing the data they obtained during their thermoplastic pipe deep burial project. In this paper, the modulus of soil reaction (or the stiffness) of the backfill materials that enveloped the test pipes in the project is examined. This soil modulus is one of the key properties of the composite pipe-soil system that dictates how the pipe will perform. This property is usually selected from a published table that is arranged in terms of the soil type and the relative compaction achieved. This modulus has rarely been computed using the actual field pipe performance measurements. Analysis of the deep burial project data showed that a thin poorly-compacted zone existed in the backfill soil near the pipe-backfill soil interface. The contribution of this zone to the overall horizontal deflection of the pipe was greater when a relatively loose backfill material was placed around the corrugated pipes. The field data-based modulus values were reasonable for dense granular backfill materials but were higher than what was expected in light of both AASHTO-LRFD specifications and laboratory 1-D compression test results. No straightforward one-to-one correlation was determined between the relative compaction and the soil modulus. The Soil Stiffness Gauge (SSG) readings cannot directly represent the actual modulus values in the range of strains typically seen in buried pipe problems. Finally, the elastic solutions (particularly those under the full-bond interface) appear to be useful for estimating the modulus of the backfill soil.
  Authors: Masada, Teruhisa; White, Kevin
  Authors: Masada, Teruhisa; White, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 216
  Paper Number: 13-0336
• Evolution of Bridge Damage-Detection Algorithm
  Abstract: This paper describes several of the many steps required to develop one of the many pieces of the structural health monitoring (SHM) system puzzle. This development has undergone a series of steps, iterations, and refinements including initial concepting, alpha-testing, analytical investigation, beta-testing, concept upgrading, and field evaluations. Although not necessarily a “blue-print” for developing such systems, this serves as a case-study for taking an initial concept through multiple steps culminating in a validated approach. As SHM becomes a more widely accepted and adopted bridge evaluation protocol, it will be imperative that developers understand the steps required to develop such systems. This work represents one example of such a process.
  Authors: Phares, Brent Matthew; Lu, Ping; Wipf, Terry J.; Greimann, Lowell; Seo, Junwon
  Authors: Phares, Brent Matthew; Lu, Ping; Wipf, Terry J.; Greimann, Lowell; Seo, Junwon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-0730
• Comparison of Sheet Pile Wall Design According to Conventional and AASHTO LRFD Methodologies
  Abstract: Sheet Pile wall design using methods in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2010) is compared in this study to methods in United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineering Manual 1110-2-2504 (USACE, 1994). It will be shown that AASHTO (2010) results in a greater embedment depth, mainly due to a safety factor compounded with Load Factors. Simple modifications to the current AASHTO (2010) code provisions code are suggested which have the potential for large cost savings – while achieving a relatively conservative design compared to conventional design methods (USACE) and typical load combinations. Guidance on the selection of load combinations is also provided. Finally, available centrifuge test data for sheet pile walls subjected to earthquake loading are compared to resulting moment demands derived for both AASHTO and USACE methods.
  Authors: Harden, Chad William
  Authors: Harden, Chad William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 209
  Paper Number: 13-0775
• Analysis of Five-Point Bending Test for Multilayer Surfacing System on Orthotropic Steel Bridges
  Abstract: Light weight orthotropic steel deck bridges have been widely utilized in long span bridges, movable bridges and bridges in seismic zones. In the Netherlands a surfacing structure for orthotropic steel bridge decks mostly consists of five structural layers: top porous asphalt layer, guss asphalt layer, steel deck and two membrane layers.The French five-point bending test (5PBT) provides a laboratory scale test that allows studying the fatigue resistance of surfacing systems on orthotropic bridge decks (OBD). In this paper, an analytical solution for 5PBT setup is presented. In order to better understand the influence of geometrical, mechanical and structural parameters on the performance of the whole surfacing structure, a parametric study is performed at the numerical platform CAPA-3D that developed at the Section of Structural Mechanics of TU Delft. The thicknesses of the top porous asphalt layer, middle guss asphalt layer and the steel plate are varied. The Influences of the mechanical properties of both membrane layers are investigated. The sensibilities of those factors are evaluated by the examination of the maximum tensile stress at porous asphalt layers and the strain distributions at three cross sections.
  Authors: Li, Jinlong
  Authors: Li, Jinlong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials
  Session: 651
  Paper Number: 13-0815
• Erection of Steel Bridges Across Large River for Shinkansen High-Speed Rail
  Abstract: In the construction of Japanfs Shinkansen high-speed rail lines, the use of steel bridges is very low. The steel bridges that were constructed on the lines were primarily selected because of the conditions of construction logistics, such as time constraints on the period of erection, operation time and construction space. To enable erection under these constraints, the steel bridges were constructed using various erection methods. For this reason, special erection methods are often taken into account in the structural planning stage as well.The Hokuriku Shinkansen, a new high-speed line to be inaugurated from Nagano to Kanazawa in 2014, crosses the Chikuma River twice. The length of the river reaches 367km and it is the longest among Japanese rivers. Nagano prefecture, the region of the construction sites, hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1998 and is known for its heavy snowfall. Due to the rivers and heavy snowfall, it was required to construct the bridges under various severe constraints. For the construction of the Nanohana Bridge (Chikuma No.5 Bridge), the period for erection work was limited. For the construction of the Apple Bridge (Chikuma No.4 Bridge), it had to be erected using limited workspace. In order to overcome these restrictions, steel-concrete composite girder bridges were applied.This paper describes the erection planning and on-site work of the two bridges crossing the Chikuma River, which were constructed by using two different erection methods.
  Authors: Minami, Kuniaki; Saito, Masamichi; Shimotsu, Tatsuya; Shimizu, Kenji
  Authors: Minami, Kuniaki; Saito, Masamichi; Shimotsu, Tatsuya; Shimizu, Kenji
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 624
  Paper Number: 13-0855
• Modeling In Situ Performance of Culvert Joints in a Pavement Structure
  Abstract: The Saskatchewan Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure (MHI) is responsible for approximately 65,000 culverts. Under typical field state conditions, corrugated steel pipe (CSP) culverts have a design life of approximately 30 years. These culverts can pull apart at the joints due to the level of friction between the culvert and surrounding soil, causing the culvert and ultimately the road to fail. This study employed a computational road model to investigate the strain behaviour along the culvert-road soil interface and to examine the mechanisms by which culvert joints pull apart. Two pavement structures were modeled in two different moisture conditions: a primary and secondary road structure, in both wet and dry moisture states. The secondary road structure in a wet moisture condition state had overall higher magnitudes of shear and horizontal strains compared to the other road structures and condition states. From a dry to wet moisture condition state on the secondary road shear strain increased by 119%, the horizontal strain in the longitudinal direction increased by 114%, and the horizontal strain in the transverse direction increased by 116%. This research showed that the horizontal strain in the longitudinal direction was greater in magnitude for the wet moisture condition states in comparison to the dry moisture condition states. Improved mechanistic modeling of culverts in diverse field state conditions could significantly assist road engineers to better design culvert installations. Accurately modeling and diagnosing culverts non-destructively could also help identify early signs of structural failure, which would enable road agencies to implement a proactive methodology for culvert remediation.
  Authors: Soares, Roberto; Sharipov, Farukh; Marjerison, Brent L.; Wandzura, Colin; Berthelot, Curtis F.
  Authors: Soares, Roberto; Sharipov, Farukh; Marjerison, Brent L.; Wandzura, Colin; Berthelot, Curtis F.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 782
  Paper Number: 13-1048
• Quality Management and Assessment of Shotcrete Liners with Sonic Methods
  Abstract: Shotcrete liners are being utilized more frequently in transportation infrastructure as retaining structures and tunnel covers. Despite their economic advantages to portland cement concrete, the initial quality of construction and long-term durability of shotcrete liners are of concern among some highway agencies. The need for a quantitative construction quality management methodology to ensure adequacy and uniformity of strength and thickness is desirable. Shotcrete liners should be tested periodically in critical structures to assess possible material deterioration and to detect the onset of defects such as delamination and voids. The impact echo and ultrasonic surface wave methods are two nondestructive sonic methods that are effective for those purposes in concrete structures. The effectiveness and challenges of applying these methods to shotcrete liners are investigated in this paper. To that end, several 6 ft by 6 ft slabs made of concrete and shotcrete with different thicknesses and in some cases with embedded defects were evaluated. Unlike concrete slabs, shotcrete slabs exhibit some spatial heterogeneity. In addition to heterogeneity, surface roughness of shotcrete adds some complications into data interpretation in terms of thickness estimate. Despite these challenges, results from this study demonstrate that delamination and voids within the shotcrete liners can be detected well by using these sonic methods.Keywords: shotcrete, concrete, delamination, nondestructive testing, impact echo, surface wave.
  Authors: Azari, Hoda; Nazarian, Soheil; Yuan, Deren
  Authors: Azari, Hoda; Nazarian, Soheil; Yuan, Deren
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: AFF60
  Paper Number: 13-1084
• Ultra-Rapid Underpass: TBM Excavation in Soft Ground from Surface Elevation Without Shaft or Large-Scale Open Cut Pit
  Abstract: The new tunneling technology in soft ground called URUP (Ultra Rapid Underpass) was developed in an attempt to allow construction of a roadway underpass tunnel in a busy intersection where there is limited work space available while being required to accelerate a construction schedule to minimize adverse impacts to the local environment. The URUP method enables a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) to launch and hole through directly from ground level safely maintaining the ground stability from zero to ultra thin ground coverage and eliminate the need for the large-scaled open cut excavation typically required for launching and receiving a TBM. This paper introduces a new shield tunneling technology named URUP and discusses the experimental construction undertaken in the development process. The paper also provides project reports on three of the public projects that applied the URUP method.
  Authors: Zick, Paul; Sugihara, Hiroaki; Takatoku, Yuhei; Sada, Soichi
  Authors: Zick, Paul; Sugihara, Hiroaki; Takatoku, Yuhei; Sada, Soichi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 215
  Paper Number: 13-1080
• Bridge Failure Rate Analysis
  Abstract: A regional bridge failure database was used to verify the cause and determine the rate and probability of failures. The causes of bridge failure were compared to other research and identified the leading bridge failure cause was hydraulic. The number of bridge failures per year was modeled with a geometric distribution which requires a constant failure rate. Using the NBI bridge counts as the underlying bridge population, the average number of bridge failures based on the sample data was approximately 1/4,700 annually. Based on a validation analysis with bridge failures from two separate DOTs, other regions in the United States are anticipated to have similar bridge failure rates. As a result, the actual probability of bridge failure was quantified as approximately 1/63 in 75 years which is two orders of magnitude higher than calibrated LRFD desired probability of failure of about 1/5,000 in 75 years. Analysis of the failed bridges by year of construction show there is no apparent era of construction that is more susceptible to failure. As such, changes in the bridge design regulations do not appear to significantly reduce bridge failure rates. Based on the data extrapolation, the estimated average annual bridge failure rate in the United States is between 87 and 222.
  Authors: Cook, Wesley; Barr, Paul J.; Halling, Marvin W.
  Authors: Cook, Wesley; Barr, Paul J.; Halling, Marvin W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-1249
• Seismic Retrofit and Ductility Enhancement of Thin-Walled Steel Tubular Bridge Piers
  Abstract: This paper deals with the seismic retrofit and ductility enhancement of thin-walled steel tubular bridge piers. The basic characteristics of the thin-walled steel tubular bridge piers are noted and the importance of various retrofit techniques in improving strength and ductility capacity of such structures is explained. A seismic design method for ultimate strength and ductility evaluation of the new and retrofitted, thin-walled, steel tubular bridge pier is presented. The application of the method is demonstrated by comparing the computed strength and ductility of some bridge piers with test results. The method is applicable for both the design of new and retrofitting of existing thin-walled steel tubular bridge piers. The effects of some important parameters such as width-to-thickness ratio, column slenderness ratio, height of infill concrete, residual stress, arrangement of additional longitudinal stiffeners and inclusion of energy absorption segment on the ultimate strength and ductility of thin-walled steel tubular bridge piers are presented and discussed.
  Authors: Mamaghani, Iraj H. P.
  Authors: Mamaghani, Iraj H. P.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 499
  Paper Number: 13-1304
• Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Traffic-Induced Deformation of Pavements
  Abstract: In the last decade, while the concern of the robustness of the roadways was increasing, the focus on sensing technology has significantly grown. The limit of power supply has become an impediment force of the research field of sensing technology. Recently, energy harvesting is more proved as a promoting solution. It also provides a new source of clean and renewable energy that can help reduce negative environmental impacts while contributing to improve roadway mobility. In this work, four common energy harvesting approaches are compared and piezoelectric energy harvesting is proposed. It is known as a stable technology converting kinetic energy into electricity. The sinusoidal energy power output from the random external excitation would be rectified and stored by interfacial circuit. PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) is widely used in piezoelectric energy harvesting systems due to its high cost-effectiveness. This work presents a maneuver of powering the transportation infrastructural facilities and monitoring electronics using piezoelectric energy harvesting technology. Comparison of coupling configuration, material selection and testing methodologies are also presented.
  Authors: Xiong, Haocheng; Wang, Linbing; Wang, Dong; Druta, Cristian; Guo, Dajin; Sun, Zhengfu
  Authors: Xiong, Haocheng; Wang, Linbing; Wang, Dong; Druta, Cristian; Guo, Dajin; Sun, Zhengfu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 465
  Paper Number: 13-1388
• Bridge Weigh-in-Motion on Steel Orthotropic Decks and Application to Bridge Assessment
  Abstract: Bridge weigh-in-motion uses an instrumented bridge as a scale to weigh vehicles. Several types of bridges may be used, if being sensitive to wheel or axle loads. Here some strains of steel orthotropic deck bridges are measured by extensometers and analyzed by software, to calculate axle loads and gross vehicle weights. Between 2009 and 2011, several large scale tests were done on the Millau viaduct (France), the tallest cable stayed bridge in the world. These tests showed that the system meets the accuracy class C(15)/D+(20) of the European WIM Specifications. The data obtained can be used for fatigue checks, because it assesses truck sizes and weights of the traffic and the behaviour of the bridge. We show here that bridge lifetimes under current and possible future traffic loads, after an increase of the GVW limit from 40 tons to 44 tons in France, could be reduced by 20%.
  Authors: Jacob, Bernard A.; Leng, Sio-Song; Schmidt, Franziska
  Authors: Jacob, Bernard A.; Leng, Sio-Song; Schmidt, Franziska
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-1452
• Extending the Life of Bridges Through Beam End Coatings and Treatments
  Abstract: As the national transportation infrastructure ages and deteriorates, many existing bridges require frequent and costly maintenance and repairs. Therefore, an effort was carried out at the request of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to identify current State DOT specifications and to describe and rank manufacturer products related to the treatment and coating of concrete and steel beam ends. The objective of this work was to synthesize new and existing types of beam end coatings and treatments that have been proven to extend the life of new and existing concrete and steel bridge beams. A comprehensive literature review, along with online surveys and phone interviews of State DOTs and coating manufacturers was conducted to gather information about existing and recently developed technologies. The study revealed that while many promising coatings and treatments are offered on the market, there is a lack of readily available laboratory results that would enable direct comparison of the available methods. This finding applies in terms of the coatings’ durability and the potential for extending the service life of existing bridges. Most of the interviewed State DOTs’ personnel assessed the products listed in respective Qualified Products Lists as performing ‘well’. However, there was significant variability between states in the products used and of the agencies contacted none was able to suggest the most promising or advanced products either for concrete or steel bridge beam end treatments. This suggests that comprehensive laboratory evaluation would be necessary for selecting the best available beam end treatments and coatings.
  Authors: Radlinska, Aleksandra; McCarthy, Leslie Ann; Matzke, James; Nagel, Francis
  Authors: Radlinska, Aleksandra; McCarthy, Leslie Ann; Matzke, James; Nagel, Francis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: AHD45
  Paper Number: 13-1587
• A Physical Model Study on the Ground Settlement Caused by Tunneling in Sand
  Abstract: A physical model test on the ground settlement caused by tunneling in sand was conducted in this study. A large-scale custom-made physical model box with a lowering basement was used in this paper to simulate the tunneling. Analysis of the test results, it was found that the volume of the settlement trough was not constant and varied with the depth. An empirical equation was proposed to express the relationship between the volume of the settlement trough and the depth. Finally, a method for estimating the subsurface ground settlement of tunneling in sand was established considering the volume variation of the settlement trough with depth.
  Authors: Wang, Fei
  Authors: Wang, Fei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: AFF60
  Paper Number: 13-1729
• Effect of Foundation Rigidity on Contact Pressure Distribution
  Abstract: The effects of foundation rigidity and applied stress level on contact pressure beneath surface circular foundations resting on sandy soil were investigated. The finite element (FE) program (ABAQUS) with the built in material models was used to closely capture the pressure at the contacting surfaces between the soil and the foundation at different applied stresses. The foundation was modeled as elastic material while the soil was modeled as elastoplastic material according to Mohr-Coulomb failure envelop.The FE analyses indicated that the contact pressures are largely dependent on the foundation rigidity index (Kr) and the applied stress on the foundation relative to the ultimate state of stress (q*). Foundation can be described as rigid when Kr ¡Ý 1. The general shape of the contact pressure distribution is of a saddle shape with a peak pressure moving towards the foundation edge as q* (applied stress level) is decreased. The assumption of the flexible foundation behavior with uniform pressure distribution as in the current practice is imprecise and leads to erroneous results. FE model accuracy and validity of boundary conditions were verified using available theoretical and experimental results in the literature.
  Authors: Yamin, Mohammad; Ashteyat, Ahmed M.; Alldin, Izz; Mahmoud, Enad
  Authors: Yamin, Mohammad; Ashteyat, Ahmed M.; Alldin, Izz; Mahmoud, Enad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 598
  Paper Number: 13-1489
• Limit Analysis for Historic Masonry Bridge with CFRP Reinforcements
  Abstract: This paper deals with the collapse behavior of a historical masonry arch bridge subject to combined seismic loads, by means of the limit analysis and shakedown theorems. A finite element modal analysis and seismic load evaluation was performed building a program code. The assessment of the collapse loads and shakedown multiplier, consisting of corresponding nonlinear constrained optimization problems, were analyzed using lower bound theorems of the limit analysis and shakedown theory, respectively. Because the retrofitting of this structure cannot be performed in the intrados surface, the application of CFRP strips on the extrados of the arch is a useful and valuable technique, as shown by a significant increase of the limit and shakedown multipliers.
  Authors: Gesualdo, Antonio; Catalani, Giulio
  Authors: Gesualdo, Antonio; Catalani, Giulio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 300
  Paper Number: 13-1658
• Field Investigation of Pile Setup in Mixed Soil
  Abstract: An instrumented test pile was installed at the Bayou Zourie bridge reconstruction site as part of Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) research initiative to study set-up phenomenon of piles driven in Louisiana soils. Pile instrumentation included pressure cells to measure the total pressure at the pile face, piezometers to monitor the excess pore water pressure at the pile face, and “sister bar” strain gauges to measure the strain distribution along the pile. Additional instrumentations consisted of multi-level piezometers installed within soils at different locations/depths from the pile and accelerometers attached to the piles during dynamic testing. A total of two static load tests and four dynamic load tests were conducted on the test pile. During the static load tests, the strains within the pile were measured by the strain gauges, which were used to calculate the distribution of load transfer along the pile. Both static and dynamic load tests demonstrated the increase in pile capacity (set-up) with time. Results of dynamic load tests confirmed that the pile set-up occurs at a lograrithmic rate after the end of driving and is mainly attributed to the increase in side resistance. Good correlation was observed in this study between the pile set-up and the percentage of dissipated excess pore water pressure with time. The measured excess pore water pressure suggested that a 2B (B: pile width) wide remolded zone was formed around the pile during driving. Results indicated that the changes in side resistance are directly related to the changes in the horizontal effective stress acting on the pile face.
  Authors: Chen, Qiming; Haque, Md Nafiul; Abu-Farsakh, Murad Yusuf
  Authors: Chen, Qiming; Haque, Md Nafiul; Abu-Farsakh, Murad Yusuf
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology
  Session: 601
  Paper Number: 13-1696
• PERFORMANCE OF FRP CONCRETE BEAMS EXPOSED TO SEVERE ENVIRONMENTS
  Abstract: The use of various forms of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) has been on the increase in numerous construction applications. This includes internal reinforcement of Portland cement concrete by rods as well as strengthening concrete elements by laminates. However, there is little work conducted on concrete involving various combinations of FRP composites. Also, there is a need to better understand the behavior of FRP systems in concrete elements subjected to chemicals and to external heat. This study aims at investigating the flexural strength rendered by FRP rods and FRP external laminates mounted on concrete beams. Sets of beams were made with reinforcing steel, FRP rods and FRP laminates and were subjected to 3, 6 and 9 week cycles in fresh water, sea water and 20% magnesium sulphate as well as 6-hour exposure to temperatures of 80 and 150 0C. The flexural load was assessed for all beams prior to and after exposure cycles. The results of this work reveal that FRP smooth rods did not provide the anticipated reinforcement effect, likely due to a lack of bonding. The FRP laminates, however, contributed to a large increase in flexural strength particularly when used in conjunction with steel reinforcement. Sea water and 150 0C temperature caused the largest loss in flexural strength. It is recommended to use protective mortar layers to alleviate heat-induced loss of flexural strength. For future work, other sets of materials, FRP combination as well as exposure schemes need to be evaluated.
  Authors: Abou-Zeid, Mohamed Nagib; Agaiby, Michael G.; El-Deeb, Tarek; El-Said, Sherif; Georgy, Fadi; Zaki, Amr
  Authors: Abou-Zeid, Mohamed Nagib; Agaiby, Michael G.; El-Deeb, Tarek; El-Said, Sherif; Georgy, Fadi; Zaki, Amr
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 300
  Paper Number: 13-1833
• A Deterioration Model for Concrete Bridge Deck Using System Reliability Analysis
  Abstract: Generally, in existing bridge management systems, deterioration is modeled based on visual inspections in which corresponding condition states are assigned to individual elements. Therefore, limited attention is given to the correlation between bridge elements from structural perspective. In this process, the impact of history of deterioration on the reliability of a structure is disregarded which may lead to inappropriate decisions. Improved estimate of service life of a bridge deck may help decision makers enhance the intervention planning and optimize life cycle costs. A reliability-based deterioration model is potentially an appropriate replacement for the existing procedures. The predicted element-level structural conditions for different time intervals are implemented to the non-linear Finite Element model of a bridge structure and the system reliability indices are estimated for different time intervals. The resulting degradation curve could be calibrated and updated based on the outcomes of the visual inspections. The aim of this research is to evaluate the system reliability of conventional bridges which have been designed based on the existing codes. The developed method utilizes the reliability theory and establishes a deterioration model for such bridges based on their failure mechanisms. This method has been applied to a simply supported concrete bridge superstructure designed according to the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC). Based on the reliability estimates, the bridge is found to be in a good condition during the initial stages of its service life. However, its condition degrades faster once corrosion in steel reinforcements is initiated and spalling of concrete occurs.
  Authors: Ghodoosi, Farzad; Bagchi, Ashotush; Zayed, Tarek
  Authors: Ghodoosi, Farzad; Bagchi, Ashotush; Zayed, Tarek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-2192
• FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF FRP-REINFORCED CONCRETE FLEXURAL ELEMENTS INSTALLED WITH PROTECTED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
  Abstract: Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS) for structural health monitoring applications in civil infrastructure such as bridges is gaining popularity because of their durability and accuracy. Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) is also being increasingly used as reinforcements in concrete structures to benefit from its high strength and non-corrosive characteristics. For efficient installation and protection of FOS in FRP-reinforced structures, its is proposed that the bare fibre FOS is preinstalled in a supplemental FRP bar of appropriate length which can be attached to a main reinforcing bar at the site prior to pouring of concrete. The objective of this article is to develop a numerical model of a FRP reinforced concrete beam installed with an FOS strain sensor on a supplemental bar, and correlate it with the experimental tests conducted to assess the performance of the system. Beams of two different configurations were tested in three point bending. The results obtained from the present and available experimental data are compared to a detailed numerical model with different parameters for strain level, displacement, and bond stress. In the numerical analyses, two types of plasticity models; concrete smeared crack (CSC) and concrete damage plasticity (CDP) were applied. In addition, the fracture strain-stress of FRP is investigated. The results show that the outcomes from the damage plasticity model is more reasonable and in good agreement with experimental results. Also it was found that the suggested bond strength in the existing codes is quite conservative.
  Authors: Rahmatian, Arash; Bagchi, Ashotush; Nokken, Michelle R.
  Authors: Rahmatian, Arash; Bagchi, Ashotush; Nokken, Michelle R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 751
  Paper Number: 13-2226
• Evaluation of Constructed, Steel Tubular, Cast-in-Place Piling Properties
  Abstract: Bridge foundations have significant contributions to serviceability and efficiency of in-service transportation networks. Their failure may lead to catastrophic failure of the entire structure, which in turn results in system failure, loss of life and detours. When the soil within the ground surface layers fail to satisfy the bearing capacity requirements, deep foundations such as steel tubular concrete filled piles are commonly utilized in actual practices. A challenge that often exists with these systems is the uncertainty sounding in-service capacity as well as condition, which is difficult to determine from the surface. As a consequence, transportation agencies such as the Wisconsin Department of Transportation use conservative approaches to design these systems such as neglecting the steel tubular contribution or bounding the compressive strength of the core concrete. This approach, while effective for safety, can yield overly conservative and costly designs.The main purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the behavior of steel tubular, concrete filled, Cast-In-Place (CIP) pilings, with a concentration on the compressive strength and composite behavior between concrete core and steel shell. In this regard, a series of experimental studies including: composite and non-composite compression loading, core samples, push-through, and flexural testing together with a compatible finite element analysis have been conducted on a series of field-cast piles with different geometrical properties. The results obtained indicated that the steel shell has a significant contribution to the axial loading capacity of the CIP piles. Moreover, no evidence of bond loss was observed during the corresponding experimental studies.
  Authors: Harris, Devin K.; Gheitasi, Amir; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Mears, Kevin A.
  Authors: Harris, Devin K.; Gheitasi, Amir; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Mears, Kevin A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 598
  Paper Number: 13-2373
• Field Performance of Cost-Efficient Cast-in-Place and Precast Prestressed Bridge Approach Slabs
  Abstract: Concrete bridge approach slabs (BAS) are used at the interface between bridge abutments and pavements that rest on compacted embankment. Three solutions were presented in a previous study for the Missouri Department of Transportation, including two cast in place (CIP) designs for new construction and a novel precast prestressed slab (PCPS) designs for new construction and replacement of BASs. These solutions were estimated to have a lower cost of the designs, and an equal or better performance compared to the current MoDOT designs. Currently a new study has been initiated where the recommended BAS designs are being implemented in the field. The main purpose of the project is to study the field performance, costs and construction issues of these solutions. The primary objectives of the proposed project are to a.) Examine the construction issues and actual costs of construction and b.) perform a long term field monitoring of a PCPS slab and field testing of the proposed designs. The research presented in this paper addresses all the three aspects of the study. This paper presents results from field monitoring of the PCPS BAS using strain and moisture gages, field load testing of both PCPS and CIP slabs and compares costs of construction with projected values. Based on the observations thus far the BASs constructed are performing very well and have met or reduced costs of construction.
  Authors: Thiagarajan, Ganesh; Nalagotla, Jitesh; Muncy, Nathan P; Myers, John J.; Halmen, Ceki
  Authors: Thiagarajan, Ganesh; Nalagotla, Jitesh; Muncy, Nathan P; Myers, John J.; Halmen, Ceki
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 628
  Paper Number: 13-1998
• Instrumentation and Long Term Monitoring of Three Integral Abutment Bridges in Vermont
  Abstract: The Vermont Agency of Transportation has initiated a program of field instrumentation and analysis to evaluate the performance of three Integral Abutment Bridges. The research components are being conducted by the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Three bridges are studied, a straight girder non-skewed bridge with 43.0 m (141.0 ft) span, a straight girder 15 degree skewed bridge with 37.0 m (121.4 ft) span, and a curved girder non-skewed two-span continuous structure with 11.25 degrees of curvature and 68.0 m (221.8 ft) total bridge length. The bridges instrumentation includes strain gages, pressure cells, crack meters, inclinometers, tilt meters and thermistors to monitor long term response to seasonal thermal load. This paper describes the bridge details and instrumentation at these sites and reports on the overall bridge movements and pile moments through the first year of data. The bridges with moderate skew of 15 degrees and curvature of 11.25 degrees exhibited longitudinal abutment deformations similar to what would be expected in a straight girder non-skewed structure. The transverse abutment displacements of these bridges were less than 4 mm (0.15 in.). However, pile restraint of transverse abutment displacements resulted in strong axis pile moments exceeding those about the weak axis. Therefore, for these bridges a two-dimensional analysis captures global deformations, but design would need to account for bi-axial bending in piles.
  Authors: Civjan, Scott Adam; Kalayci, Emre; Brena, Sergio; Allen, Chad
  Authors: Civjan, Scott Adam; Kalayci, Emre; Brena, Sergio; Allen, Chad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-2066
• Bridge Deck Scanning for Condition Assessment of Bare Concrete and Asphalt-Overlaid Decks
  Abstract: This paper presents technologies used for condition assessment of bare concrete decks and asphalt overlaid decks. The study was funded by the NCHRP-IDEA program. The objective of the research and development was to develop a faster, more accurate technology to determine internal conditions of bridge decks. A Bridge Deck Scanner (BDS) prototype with a pair of transducer wheels was originally developed. Later the BDS system was expanded as part of a SHRP 2 R06 (D) research project for asphalt pavement delamination (NCAT study at Auburn University) so that up to three pairs of transducer wheels could be added to the system for more rapid testing. The BDS system can be set to perform either Impact Echo Scanning on all wheels for condition assessment of bare concrete decks or simultaneously perform Impact Echo Scanning and Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves Scanning for condition assessment of concrete decks underneath overlays such as asphalt. In this paper, two case studies are presented (one from a bare concrete deck and one from an asphalt overlaid deck) in which comparison/ground-truthing techniques (sounding, coring, hydro-blasting, etc.) were employed along with BDS results.
  Authors: Tinkey, Yajai; Miller, Patrick K.; Leonard, Mark; Pott, Andy; Olson, Larry Duane
  Authors: Tinkey, Yajai; Miller, Patrick K.; Leonard, Mark; Pott, Andy; Olson, Larry Duane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-2043
• Improving Welded Joint Fatigue Life Using Shot Peening or Grinding
  Abstract: Steel structures are mainly prone to two types of degradation: corrosion and fatigue particularly in the case of welded structures. The presented work aims at investigating two treatment methods to increase the fatigue life expectancy of welded steel joints in civil engineering structures. It includes both numerical and experimental investigations and is interested in the use of grinding and shot peening. As far as experimental investigations are concerned, for both treatment methods and for untreated samples, the stress concentration coefficients are determined, surface residual stresses are measured using X-ray diffraction and fatigue tests are conducted. The results allow explaining for both methods the observed improvements in fatigue behaviour. As far as numerical investigations are concerned, the presented work concerns the use of a finite element model to simulate welding process. This allows the determination of residual stresses due to welding operation and their comparison with the former experimental measures. Results are satisfactory enough, and, though some improvements regarding the initial stress state and the modelling are still under progress, it should be used in a following study to model treatment operations to get a better understanding of their potentiality and the parameters that affect their efficiency.
  Authors: Chataigner, Sylvain; Dieng, Lamine; Guiot, Kevin; Grasset, Michel
  Authors: Chataigner, Sylvain; Dieng, Lamine; Guiot, Kevin; Grasset, Michel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-2448
• Parametric Analysis of Corrugated Steel Plate Structures with Maximum Spans
  Abstract: Corrugated steel plate structures used for small bridges are commonly produced as single layer shell. When stiffness is not sufficient additional ribs are applied ( continuous or intermittent). Ribs are connected to the main barrel through bolts. For larger spans ribs can be filled with concrete giving so called EC ribs. The paper presents hybrid structure consisting of corrugated steel structure and pipes reinforced with concrete CFST (Concrete Filled Steel Tubular). This technology (CFST) is being currently used to construct arch bridges with large spans. Presented hybrid solution give comparable spans to newly developed solutions[5].
  Authors: Janusz, Leszek
  Authors: Janusz, Leszek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 216
  Paper Number: 13-2523
• Research on Dynamic Bending Behavior of Composite Beam Model for Asphalt Overlay on Steel Bridge Deck
  Abstract: A three-point composite beams model simulating asphalt overlay on orthotropic steel bridge deck was studied in this paper, which was designed for investigation of the dynamic bending behaviour of composite structure. Beam specimens were tested at three temperatures (5, 25, 45¡æ) and six frequencies (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20Hz) for the determination of the effect of temperature and frequency on the dynamic bending behaviour of composite beam. A Finite Element (FE) model was constructed to simulate the composite beam. The modulus of the asphalt overlay and the stiffness of the bonding layer were obtained by updating the material parameters in the FE model to fit the experimental results.The test results show that the dynamic deflection of composite beam increases with increasing temperature, but decreases with increase in frequency. The strains distribution in the epoxy asphalt overlay is almost linear but the shearing deformation of the bonding layer exists. With increasing modulus of the overlay and stiffness of the bonding layer, dynamic deflection of composite beam significantly reduced. The results also show that calculated strain distribution agrees fairly well with the results obtained from the dynamic bending tests on the composite beam.
  Authors: Yao, Bo
  Authors: Yao, Bo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 703
  Paper Number: 13-2595
• Behavior of a Typical Steel Bridge Superstructure Subjected to a Lateral Point Load on the Girder
  Abstract: The object of this paper is to present the results of the static nonlinear analysis of a typical composite I-girder bridge superstructure subjected to a concentrated lateral load at the girder level. The results of the analysis have demonstrated that the response of the bridge to such loads is essentially a local phenomenon rather than a system mechanism in the sense that damage remains concentrated within a limited portion of the loaded beam. It is only when the load is applied at the diaphragm or very close to it that the load is essentially transmitted to all the girders of the bridge. Otherwise, neither the number of girders, girder spacing, nor the distance between the diaphragms have any measurable effect on improving the capacity of the system compared to the capacity of the loaded beam. In that sense, there are no redundancy contributions to such a loading scenario.
  Authors: Fiorillo, Graziano; Ghosn, Michel
  Authors: Fiorillo, Graziano; Ghosn, Michel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 317
  Paper Number: 13-2712
• Assessment of Effects of Pier Configurations on Flow Pattern and Scour: Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling Approach
  Abstract: Flow past piers with different configurations are modeled using three dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. The effects induced by different cross-sectional shapes (circular, square, diamond and lenticular), different aspect ratios and different attack angles are studied. The flow patterns including the horseshoe vortex, wake vortex and the vertical flow in front of the pier are analyzed for each configuration; the maximum values of bed shear stress and its overall distribution patterns around the piers with different configurations are also focused on for analysis. It is founded that pier shapes affect the flow pattern bed shear stress distribution pattern dramatically; aspect ratio does not affect the maximum shear stress and the overall pattern of the shear stress whereas it does influence the interaction between the vortex structures; the effect of attack angle is obvious and the degree of such influence also depends on the aspect ratio. An expression based on the concept of effective width is proposed to evaluate the combination effect of the aspect ratio and the attack angle on the maximum shear stress. The findings in this project are also related to the scour patterns around piers to gain some insights into the scour mechanism; possible applications of the CFD approach into practical engineering areas are also discussed, such as in initial scour rate estimation for bridge risk analysis and design guidance for bridge scour countermeasures and monitoring plans.
  Authors: Tao, Junliang; Gao, Quan; Yu, Xiong
  Authors: Tao, Junliang; Gao, Quan; Yu, Xiong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 728
  Paper Number: 13-2840
• Framework for Numerical Simulation of Bridge Scour Focusing on Improvements of Sediment Transport Models
  Abstract: Bridge scour is a complicated process involving the interactions between flow and bridge piers and between flow and bed sediment. The existing numerical studies often coupled different sediment transport models to a turbulence flow model to simulate the scour process. The influence of the turbulence fluctuation and the lift force are not incorporated in the traditional sediment models. In this paper, we proposed a framework to evaluate the performances of different sediment transport models. Specifically, the sediment transport equations are given an in-depth study and a new modification method to the sediment models to include the above mentioned influences was proposed based on a comprehensive review. In this framework, the flow domain will be solved using a URANS approach with a k-? turbulence closure model; the sediment transport models (traditional and modified) will be coupled with the flow domain using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method.
  Authors: Tao, Junliang; Yu, Xiong
  Authors: Tao, Junliang; Yu, Xiong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 728
  Paper Number: 13-2852
• Thermoelectric Energy-Harvesting System Design Across Pavement Structure
  Abstract: The aging infrastructure requires a proactive strategy to ensure their functionality and performance. Innovative sensors are needed to develop infrastructures that are intelligent and durable. A power supply strategy is among the crucial components to reduce the instrument cost and to ensure the long term function of these embedded sensors. This paper describes the design of an energy harvest system that can be installed on the surface of pavements. The system will collect energy from the temperature difference between the pavement surface and the subgrade soil. The electronic circuit was designed to manage the voltage and power output, and store the energy for long term monitoring applications. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the system. This presents an innovative strategy for power supply in long term monitoring of pavement performance.
  Authors: Yu, Xiong; Wu, Guangxi
  Authors: Yu, Xiong; Wu, Guangxi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 465
  Paper Number: 13-2829
• Application of Impact Echo Scanning for Void Detection on Concrete Test Beams That Replicate Different Surface Finishes
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of the hand-held impact echo scanning system for void detection in concrete structures. Three beams were designed to represent various surface and void conditions including different surface finishes (smooth, broom, and tined), overlays (rapid set, latex, and polymer), and rebar location. Impact echo (IE) testing was performed using the hand-held IE scanner system, which automatically performs an IE test every 1 in (25 mm). The scans were performed perpendicular to the direction of the foam voids. Comparisons of the defect interpretations and the actual design conditions of the beams are presented. It was concluded that while the hand-held IE scanner performed well in applications with relatively smooth surface, it has difficulty with applications with rough surfaces. The rough polymer, tined, and broomed surfaces caused poor quality data. However, the hand-held IE scanner was still able to detect shallow delaminations even from structures with rough surfaces. The scanner’s small size and weight make it ideal for testing smooth surfaces where testing is more difficult, such as vertical or overhead surfaces.
  Authors: Lewis, Kevin G.; Sharp, Stephen R.
  Authors: Lewis, Kevin G.; Sharp, Stephen R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-2832
• Streicker Bridge in Its Early Years: Structural Identification and Damage Characterization
  Abstract: Streicker Bridge on the Princeton University Campus is a new pedestrian bridge completed in 2010. It is equipped with a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system aimed to transform the bridge into an on-site laboratory for research and educational purposes. Its very slender elements, modern materials and daring geometry create a structurally complex system. This on-site laboratory gives an opportunity not only to assess the structural behavior of this particular bridge but also to gain experience, research and develop sensing technologies, as well as to develop and validate data analysis techniques for damage detection and structural identification. Two fiber-optic sensing technologies are currently permanently deployed: discrete long-gage sensing based on Fiber Bragg-Gratings (FBG) and truly distributed sensing based on Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA). The sensors were embedded in the concrete deck during the construction. Several static and dynamic load tests were made and combined with major events such as the removal of the formwork to perform structural identification and damage characterization. An overview of the structural identification of the bridge performed at an early stage of its life is presented in this paper. It includes a description of the monitoring system, the applied monitoring strategies and in particular the global static behavior, characterization of a damaged joint, dynamic behavior and thermal effects. The results show that the selected monitoring strategy was suitable for monitoring this complex bridge, and that the selected monitoring system was able to capture the main features related to the real structural behaviors of the bridge.
  Authors: Sigurdardottir, Dorotea Hoeg; Glisic, Branko; Afonso, Jose Pedro Sousa
  Authors: Sigurdardottir, Dorotea Hoeg; Glisic, Branko; Afonso, Jose Pedro Sousa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-2714
• Structural Evaluation Against Floods and Earthquakes of Historic Sivas Kesikkopru Bridge in Turkey.
  Abstract: Most of the highway bridges that are in use today are most likely constructed in the 20th century with an average age of 45 to 50 years. Structurally deficient and functionally absolute bridges constitute about 10 to 20 percent some of them occasionally collapsing causing life and economical losses. Building sustainable bridges is a major task today while some historic bridges still stand still to the centuries. Kesikkopru Bridge located in Sivas province of Turkey, which was built in 1292, is an outstanding example to sustainable bridges. The stone arch bridge constructed in the Seljuk era is about 326 meters long with 19 arches and has been the focus of this paper. Measurement of structural dimensions in the field, truck loading analysis using nonlinear compression line analysis, ambient vibration testing, finite element modeling, 500 year return period flood water dynamic modeling, and earthquake response spectrum analysis have been conducted to assess the structural characteristics, response to natural disasters and traffic loads. The results showed that the bridge remains close to linear range during earthquakes and floods and has been overdesigned for vehicle loads. Simple hand calculations and typical dimension ratios obtained from the bridge provide hints for stone bridges being sustainable for over 7 centuries of life span. The authors debate building overdesign structures might better optimize the resources for sustainable bridges that require lower maintenance and have longer service life with higher level of structural safety. After all, building over safe bridges might also be more economical in the long run.
  Authors: Turer, Ahmet; Sert, Halide
  Authors: Turer, Ahmet; Sert, Halide
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 751
  Paper Number: 13-3040
• Nondestructive Evaluation-Based Assessment of Deterioration Progression in Concrete Bridge Decks
  Abstract: Within the framework of the Long Term Bridge Performance (LTBP) program, decks of several bridges throughout the United States are being periodically monitored using a variety of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. This paper discusses the monitoring of deterioration progression by NDE in two bridge decks in the states of Virginia and California over a two-year period, from 2009 to 2011. Given their importance to the state DOT's, three major deterioration types are considered: delamination, reinforcement corrosion, and concrete degradation. The NDE techniques used to detect and characterize the deteriorated areas of the deck include ground penetrating radar (GPR), impact echo (IE), ultrasonic surface waves (USW), half-cell potential (HCP), and electrical resistivity (ER). Deterioration maps for each bridge deck are presented and the damage progression over the two-year period is discussed for each individual deck. A condition rating scheme with respect to each deterioration type is introduced as a quantitative measure of the deck condition. The overall condition rating of a particular deck is calculated as the weighted average of individual condition ratings. Utilizing these condition ratings alongside segmentation of the deck can significantly improve the efficiency of deck rehabilitation prioritization. This study paves the way for developing more objective and realistic performance prediction models for reinforced concrete bridge decks, and for more objective assessment of the effectiveness of various approaches to deck rehabilitation.
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad; Romero, Francisco A.; Imani, Arezoo; Fetrat, Farhad A.
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad; Romero, Francisco A.; Imani, Arezoo; Fetrat, Farhad A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3043
• Failure Analysis and Retrofit Strategy of Cardenal Raúl Silva Henríquez Bridge During 2010 Earthquake in Chile
  Abstract: This paper presents a case study of the Cardinal Raúl Silva Henàiquez Bridge that experienced significant damage during the February 27, 2010, Chile Earthquake. Supported by reinforced concrete and steel columns with varying heights, the superstructure of the bridge consisted of 22 steel girder spans with one intermediate expansion joint located at the middle of the bridge. At each end of the bridge, the bottom flanges of the girders were welded onto their bearing steel plates that were embedded and anchored into the bridge abutment. Two three-dimensional finite element models (global versus local) with beam and solid elements, respectively, were established for bridge response and damage process simulations. Field observations indicated and finite element simulations verified that the damage was mainly caused by the excessive seismic load of 11 continuous steel-girder spans under longitudinal earthquake loading and its eccentricity from the girder-to-abutment connection, resulting in a significant bending effect. Parametric studies demonstrated that an effective retrofit strategy can be developed by reducing the number of continuous spans, modifying the girder-to-abutment connection detail, and increasing the capacity of girders with enlarged bearing seats, additional stiffeners for girders, and thicker flanges and webs.
  Authors: Wang, Zuocai; Chen, Genda; Yen, Wen-huei Phillip; Buckle, Ian G.
  Authors: Wang, Zuocai; Chen, Genda; Yen, Wen-huei Phillip; Buckle, Ian G.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 810
  Paper Number: 13-3048
• Laboratory Test of the Fire Protection Layer Used in the Soil-steel Tunnel in Poland
  Abstract: Flexible corrugated steel culverts have been used in engineering for many years, with the first application in 1931. Since that time, the popularity of these structures has increased enormously. Soil-steel bridges are more and more used as road and railway tunnels and heightened interest on the issue of structural fire protection of tunnels.In summer 2012 the tunnel built of the steel corrugated sheets were constructed in Karpacz city in Poland. The structure served as road tunnel under ski slope. A 100 m long tunnel is a metal open arch with a span of 11.15 m and a rise of 6.50 m. The steel tunnel with the fire protection is a first buried structure in Europe. This paper describes laboratory tests of protection layer during experimental fire tests. The main goal of conducted laboratory fire tests was to evaluate the steel structure with fire protection layer in configuration of part tunnel structure. Temperature on the surface of the steel plates and deflections in metal plates were measured. The instrumentations included temperature gauges installed on the metal plates and a device to monitor deflections of the structure. The experimental results obtained during measurements are shown in graphs/tables.The research project is sponsored by ViaCon Company and Torkret Company in Poland.
  Authors: Kunecki, Bartlomiej
  Authors: Kunecki, Bartlomiej
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: AFF60
  Paper Number: 13-3015
• Data Fusion for Multiple-Sensor Nondestructive Evaluation on Concrete Bridge Deck
  Abstract: Corrosion of buried reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks is one of the dominant damage types in terms of overall bridge maintenance costs. Early-stage detection, location and assessment of corrosion can significantly reduce the damage progression and maintenance costs. This study aims to assess and improve the ability of various nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods to detect the early stages of corrosion. This paper presents the techniques to apply data fusion on two NDE methods – ground penetrating radar and half-cell potential. Fusing data from multiple NDE methods may result in better and more accurate evaluation of active corrosion.
  Authors: Cui, Jianhong; Huston, Dryver Roy; Arndt, Ralf
  Authors: Cui, Jianhong; Huston, Dryver Roy; Arndt, Ralf
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-3115
• Lack-of-fit Analysis And Locked-in Forces Calculation-a Case Study Of A Curved Steel I-girder Bridge During Construction
  Abstract: Curved bridges generally exhibit critical attributes during construction, such as torsional deformations, diaphragm forces, and potential for uplift at bearings, which may induce fit-up difficulties. However, conventional analysis commonly employed in currently practice only addresses the internal forces associated with no-load fit (NLF) detailing without considering lack-of-fit effects. In this article, a method of lack-of-fit analysis was adopted to solve this problem and applied to a real case study. In this case study, the supports of a steel-concrete composite curved bridge were uplifted in the course of construction. A 3D finite element model was established by SAP2000 to simulate the erection procedures. Lack-of-fit analysis was conducted from total dead load fit (TDLF) detailing, in which locked-in forces in the structure were determined based on the diaphragm drops due to differential camber on and between girders. The results proved that the support uplift was temporary during erection and it was validated by bridge testing. It is concluded that this method of lack-of-fit analysis (3D-FEA method or even 2D-gird method) can simulate construction procedure, estimate lack-of-fit effects, and calculate locked-in forces from steel dead load fit (SDLF) detailing and total dead load fit (TDLF) detailing.
  Authors: Fu, Chung C.; Zhao, Gengwen; Xiang, Changsheng; Ahmed, Mohamed
  Authors: Fu, Chung C.; Zhao, Gengwen; Xiang, Changsheng; Ahmed, Mohamed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: AFF20
  Paper Number: 13-3194
• Comparative Experimental Performance of Bridge Deck Slabs with AFRP and Steel Prestressed Precast Panels
  Abstract: Full-depth precast concrete panels expedite the construction process, enhance safety and quality control, and reduce the on-site labor requirements for bridge deck slab application. However, corrosion-induced deterioration of conventional steel during the lifetime of the structure is a serious concern affecting the durability and serviceability of the deck panels. Although replacing conventional steel with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars has become more prevalent over the past few decades to overcome corrosion issues, there is still need for a comprehensive experimental study to investigate the structural performance of FRP concrete bridge deck slab with precast prestressed panels at full-scale and to address constructability issues as well. In this paper, a full-scale bridge deck slab consisting of full-depth precast panels reinforced and prestressed with aramid fiber reinforced polymer (AFRP) bars is experimentally investigated in terms of constructability and overall structural performance. Then it is compared to a similar system but reinforced with conventional steel and prestressing strand, deemed as the control specimen. The experimental results show the applicability of the proposed system having sufficient strength per AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2010) and considerable deformability when compared to the conventional system.
  Authors: Pirayeh Gar, Shobeir; Head, Monique Hite; Hurlebaus, Stefan; Mander, John
  Authors: Pirayeh Gar, Shobeir; Head, Monique Hite; Hurlebaus, Stefan; Mander, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 461
  Paper Number: 13-3207
• Monitoring of First “Bridge-in-a-Backpack” Bridge in Massachusetts
  Abstract: An innovative “Bridge-in-a-Backpack” bridge was constructed in Fitchburg, MA. The system, developed at the University of Maine, uses newly implemented technology of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes filled with concrete to reduce construction time and cost, reduce maintenance costs, and increase lifespan of the structure. The bridge is unique in that it has a 30 degree skew and shallower arch geometry than other bridges of this type that have been constructed. MassDOT, collaborating with the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, instrumented the bridge with a total of 99 gages (strain gages, pressure cells, tiltmeters, displacement transducers, and convergence gages). This paper discusses the bridge response under construction loads, static live load testing, and the first eleven months of long-term monitoring, to report on the observed performance of this innovative bridge.
  Authors: Quinn, Brooke Hollie; Civjan, Scott Adam; Lahovich, Andrew; Brena, Sergio
  Authors: Quinn, Brooke Hollie; Civjan, Scott Adam; Lahovich, Andrew; Brena, Sergio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 426
  Paper Number: 13-3221
• Service and Ultimate Limit State Flexural Behavior of One-Way Concrete Slabs Reinforced with Corrosion-Resistant Reinforcing Bars
  Abstract: This paper presents results of an experimental investigation to study the structural performance and deformability of a concrete bridge deck reinforced with corrosion resistant reinforcing (CRR) bars, i.e., bars that exhibit improved corrosion resistance when embedded in concrete as compared to traditional black steel. Flexural tests of one-way slabs were conducted to simulate negative transverse flexure over a bridge girder as assumed in the commonly employed strip design method. The bar types studied were Grade 60 (uncoated), epoxy-coated reinforcing (ECR, Grade 60), Enduramet 32 stainless steel, 2304 stainless steel, MMFX2, and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). The experimental program was designed to evaluate how a one-to-one replacement of the Grade 60 with CRR, a reduction of concrete top clear cover, and a reduction in rebar quantities in the bridge deck top mat influences flexural performance at service and ultimate limit states. The MMFX2 reinforced slabs exhibited the highest flexural strength because of the correspondingly high steel yield stress. Crack widths in the CRR specimens at service loads were consistent with the Grade 60 control except for the GFRP tests which resulted in cracks approximately twice as wide as the Grade 60 control. A reduction in CRR rebar quantities produced flexural behavior consistent with Grade 60, regardless of the higher yield strengths in CRR specimens. Increasing bar spacing resulted in larger crack widths, whereas decreasing concrete clear cover reduced crack widths. Moment-curvature predictions from the computer-based sectional analysis program Response 2000 were consistent with the tested results, demonstrating its viability for use with high strength and non-metallic rebar without a defined yield plateau.Deformability of the concrete slab-strip specimens was defined with ultimate-to-service level ratios of midspan deflection and curvature. The MMFX2 and Enduramet 32 one-to-one replacement specimens had deformability consistent with or higher than the Grade 60 controls, demonstrating that bridge deck slabs employing high strength rebar without a defined yield plateau can still provide more than sufficient ductility at an ultimate limit state. The GFRP and 2304 one-to-one replacement specimens had less deformability than the Grade 60 control and further consideration is needed to identify a viable bridge deck reinforcing scheme for this bar type. A reduction in rebar quantity and cover provided an acceptable level of ductility for the 2304 specimens and MMFX2 reinforced slabs, however reserve strength should be provided to accommodate moment redistribution at an ultimate limit state.
  Authors: Bowen, Galo; Zheng, Paul; Moen, Cristopher D.; Sharp, Stephen R.
  Authors: Bowen, Galo; Zheng, Paul; Moen, Cristopher D.; Sharp, Stephen R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 628
  Paper Number: 13-3314
• NOVEL PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION OF BRIDGE PIERS POST VESSEL COLLISION BASED ON VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
  Abstract: Barge-bridge collision has been considered a major contributor to bridge damages in the United States. Most barge-bridge collisions usually may cause partial damage of bridges that may be invisible but threaten the bridge safe operation. After each collision accident, the bridge and the navigation waterway are usually closed for inspection and assessment of the impact of the collision on the bridge structural integrity. This can lead to significant economic losses due to substantial traffic delay or detour. Quick and reliable assessment of bridge post-collision condition can minimize those economic losses. This paper introduces a novel probabilistic approach to bridge post-collision condition assessment based on Bayesian probabilistic framework, which is aimed to promptly identify collision damages and rigorously address associated uncertainties by using real-time vibration-based measurement data. The presented approach is the first attempt to incorporate the realistic bridge finite element model into an advanced statistical sampling method of the transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo to draw a sequence of statistical samples that can be used to approximate the updated probabilistic distributions of damage extents and locations for decision-making. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach are illustrated by using a simulation example of a prototype bridge. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approach has potential capacity for determining the bridge damage extent and location and their statistical characteristics. Finally, the future research need for practical application of the proposed approach is discussed.
  Authors: Zheng, Wei; Chen, Yung-Tsang
  Authors: Zheng, Wei; Chen, Yung-Tsang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 751
  Paper Number: 13-3286
• Experiments on a Hybrid-Composite Beam for Bridge Applications
  Abstract: This paper details an effort to study the structural behavior of Hybrid-Composite Beams (HCB) consisting of a Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) shell with a tied concrete arch. This beam offers advantages in life cycle costs through reduced transportation weight and increased corrosion resistance. By better understanding the system behavior the proportion of load in each component can be determined, and each component can be designed for the appropriate forces. A long term outcome of this research will be a general structural analysis framework that can be used by DOTs to design HCBs as rapidly constructible bridge components. The specific focus in this study is to identify the load paths and load sharing between the arch and FRP shell in an HCB without a concrete deck. Testing was performed by applying point loads at midspan and quarter points of three simple span beams, resulting in strain data for the arch and FRP shell. The test results show that strain behavior is linear elastic at service loads and the FRP shell has a relatively linear strain profile. Curvature from strain data is used to find internal bending forces, and the proportion of load within the arch is found. Additionally, a stress integration method is used to confirm the internal force contributions. Ultimately, the arch carries about 70% of the total load, but the amount of arch bending and axial force depends on the position of loading. Work is underway to extend this research to the study of load paths and distributions in an HCB with a bridge deck integrally connected to the tied arch.
  Authors: Van Nosdall, Stephen Paul
  Authors: Van Nosdall, Stephen Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 426
  Paper Number: 13-3318
• Nondestructive Evaluation Of Concrete Linings At Hanging Lake Tunnel
  Abstract: Tunnel lining evaluation is performed in the Hanging Lake Tunnel near Glenwood Springs, Colorado, using variations of four nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods: air- and ground-coupled ground penetrating radar (GPR), ultrasonic echo (US echo), ultrasonic tomography (UST), and impact echo (IE). Potential regions of interest are identified using high-speed air-coupled GPR and visual inspection. A robotic frame with pneumatically-operated vacuum plates was used to automate the ground-coupled GPR, US echo, and IE tests, while the UST technique was used manually. This study shows that a particular combination of NDE techniques is a powerful tool for assessing the condition of tunnel linings and can detect potential anomalies such as delamination, depth of surface cracks, reinforcement depth and layout, and lining thickness. By mapping the phase shift of the ultrasonic pulses at detected interface, the potential bonding of layer interfaces and reinforcement is assessed.
  Authors: White, Joshua; Wolf, Julia; Shokouhi, Parisa; Hurlebaus, Stefan; Wimsatt, Andrew James
  Authors: White, Joshua; Wolf, Julia; Shokouhi, Parisa; Hurlebaus, Stefan; Wimsatt, Andrew James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: AFF60
  Paper Number: 13-3362
• Concrete Tunnel Lining Evaluation Using Nondestructive Techniques: Multimethod Case Study at Eisenhower Tunnel, Colorado
  Abstract: An in-depth investigation of tunnel linings is performed at Eisenhower Tunnel 60 miles west of Denver, Colorado, using a combination of four nondestructive testing methods: air- and ground-coupled ground penetrating radar (GPR), ultrasonic echo (US echo), ultrasonic tomography (UST), and impact echo (IE). A robotic frame with pneumatically operated vacuum plates is used to automate GPR, US echo, and IE. UST was performed manually. These techniques are used to identify and locate the reinforcement mesh and structural steel ribs. By analyzing the phase shift from the ultrasonic data, it is also possible to estimate the bond between the concrete and the embedded steel. It is shown that this combination of methods can be used synergistically to provide tunnel owners with the layout and possible condition of tunnel lining reinforcement and structural components.
  Authors: White, Joshua; Wolf, Julia; Shokouhi, Parisa; Hurlebaus, Stefan; Wimsatt, Andrew James
  Authors: White, Joshua; Wolf, Julia; Shokouhi, Parisa; Hurlebaus, Stefan; Wimsatt, Andrew James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3381
• Using Fines Content and Uncorrected Standard Penetration Test Blow Counts of Soils to Predict High Pile Rebound
  Abstract: High displacement piles have rebounded significantly while undergoing very small permanent-set per hammer blow in certain soils. This phenomenon, called High Pile Rebound (HPR) has occurred in areas of North America with numerous sites identified by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). HPR was identified at six sites in Florida, during driving of square precast, prestressed concrete piles into saturated, fine silty to clayey sand and sandy clay soils. Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) deflection versus time data, was used to develop strong correlations between fines content, uncorrected standard penetration test (SPT) blow counts (N_SPT), pile displacements and rebound. The correlations developed in this study allow the geotechnical engineer to reliably predict if HPR will occur at a proposed site where high displacement piles are planned to be driven using a single-acting diesel hammer. A design equation and a nomograph relating pile rebound to N_SPT and fines content was developed. The correlations showed that permanent-set and rebound were a direct function of N_(SPT )and fines content of the soil at pile tip. The design equation and nomograph provide a methodology that allows for the prediction of HPR during the design phase.
  Authors: Cosentino, Paul J.; Kalajian, Edward; Jarushi, Fauzi
  Authors: Cosentino, Paul J.; Kalajian, Edward; Jarushi, Fauzi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology
  Session: 601
  Paper Number: 13-2880
• Externally Bonded GFRP and NSM Steel Bars for Enhanced Strengthening of Concrete T-beams
  Abstract: The technology of FRP strengthening has matured to a great extent. However, there is always room for performance improvements. In this study, external bonding of GFRP and near surface mounting of regular steel bars is combined to improve the behavior, delay the failure and enhance the economy of the strengthening. E-Glass FRP is selected due to its inexpensive cost and non-conductive properties to shield the NSM steel bars from corrosion. On the other hand, the use of NSM bars gives redundancy against vandalism and environmental deterioration of GFRP. An experimental program is conducted in which four T beams are designed and built. The first beam is tested as a control beam failing at about 15 kips. The second beam is strengthened using 5 layers of CFRP, which failed at 25.5 kips by CFRP debonding. The third beam is strengthened using two #5 steel NSM bars and 1 layer of GFRP, both extending to the support. This beam failed at 38.4 kips by GFRP and NSM debonding. The fourth beam is strengthened with the same system used for the third beam. However, the NSM steel bars were cut short covering only 30% of the shear-span while the GFRP was extended to the support. This beam failed at 25.9 kips by GFRP debonding and NSM delamination due to the lack of sufficient development of the NSM steel bars and the shear stress concentration at the steel bar cut off point. Nevertheless, the failure load developed was comparable to 5 layers of CFRP used for beam 2.
  Authors: Traplsi, Abdelbaset; Wuertz, Augustine; Rasheed, Hayder; AlKhrdaji, Tarek
  Authors: Traplsi, Abdelbaset; Wuertz, Augustine; Rasheed, Hayder; AlKhrdaji, Tarek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 461
  Paper Number: 13-3120
• Patch Analysis of Reinforced-Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ground-Penetrating Radar
  Abstract: The common practice of patching decayed or damaged bridge decks introduces unique challenges to non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques when the deck is extensively patched. NDT techniques are useful to gain knowledge of damaged bridge decks, but it is important to know their limitations to correctly assess the condition and remaining life of the structure. Three bridge decks in the New England area were subjected to a suit of testing which included ground penetrating radar, half cell potential, chain drag/hammer sounding, visual inspection and core sampling. Two of the three decks had large patched areas. The data from each of the tests, specifically ground penetrating radar and half-cell potentials, allow for the comparison and the identification of the limitations of each individual test. Using the gained knowledge of the shortcomings of individual tests, it allows the data interpreter to identify ways to compensate for the unique difficulties caused by patched bridge decks. With a better understanding of the data collected from NDTs, higher precision QC/QA can be performed, which can lead to increased savings and higher durability of the bridge decks.
  Authors: Martino, Nicole; Vilbig, Reid; Birken, Ralf; Maser, Kenneth R.
  Authors: Martino, Nicole; Vilbig, Reid; Birken, Ralf; Maser, Kenneth R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-3242
• Evaluating Natural Hazards and Damage on Florida Bridges
  Abstract: With exposure to many natural hazards such as hurricanes, tornadoes, flooding, landslides, wildfires, etc., many bridges in Florida are vulnerable to damage during these hazard events. The state of Florida is developing a risk-based decision support model, specifically for its state-maintained bridges, to handle the occurrence of such natural hazards. This paper first identifies the predominant natural hazards in Florida, before developing prediction models (estimates of likelihoods) for the significant hazards. Historical data of hazard events were collected from Florida, as well as from existing national models for hazards prediction. Assuming the Poisson process for occurrence of natural events, predictions were estimated for annual probability of occurrence and occurrence within 10 years. It was observed that on average the probability of hurricane occurrence at bridge locations decreases with the intensity (category number) and that wildfires have the highest likelihood estimates. With focus on physical damages to bridges, the consequences of the hazard events were also estimated based on historical data within Florida. With the data being available primarily for hurricane events, the damaged bridge components and elements were identified, with the levels of damage assessed as well as the associated repair costs.
  Authors: Sobanjo, John Olusegun; Thompson, Paul D.; Kerr, Richard
  Authors: Sobanjo, John Olusegun; Thompson, Paul D.; Kerr, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-3324
• Field Monitoring of Fatigue Crack on Highway Steel I-Girder Bridge
  Abstract: This paper presents a field test program for fatigue crack monitoring on a steel I-girder bridge located in a busy highway route in Maryland. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of an existing fatigue crack on the connection plate was performed using piezoelectric film AE sensor and laser sensor was used to continuously measure the differential deflection between two adjacent girders. The triggered AE signals measured by the piezoelectric film AE sensors are presented and are believed to be associated with fatigue crack related AE events.
  Authors: Zhang, Yunfeng; Zhou, Changjiang; Fu, Chung C.; Zhou, Ed
  Authors: Zhang, Yunfeng; Zhou, Changjiang; Fu, Chung C.; Zhou, Ed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4097
• Rapid Displacement Monitoring Using Wireless Hybrid Sensor on In-Service Highway Bridge
  Abstract: Condition assessment and monitoring of bridges is critical for safe passenger travel, public transportation, and efficient freight. One of the most important parts of a bridge is the expansion joint, which accommodates continuous cyclic thermal expansion of the whole bridge. Conventionally, the displacement of the expansion joints is measured using wired sensors including LVDT, laser displacement transducer, etc. However, implementation of the wired displacement sensors is expensive due to the high cost of the data acquisition system, and time consuming cable installation. To overcome the challenges, a wireless smart sensor network (WSSN) has recently drawn significant attention as an alternative for transportation infrastructure monitoring. The main merits of WSSN are low cost, wireless communication capability, and versatile on-board computation. In this paper, a rapid wireless displacement monitoring system has been developed. This system, named wireless hybrid sensor (WHS), combines a high-resolution analog displacement sensor, a microprocessor, and a wireless multi-scale sensor board for accurate displacement monitoring. The WHS has been calibrated for both static and dynamic displacement measurement in the laboratory environment, and deployed on an in-service highway bridge to demonstrate rapid expansion joint monitoring. The test-bed is a continuous steel girder bridge, the Founders Bridge, in East Hartford, Connecticut. Using the WHS system, the static and dynamic displacement of the expansion joint has been successfully measured. With the WHS system, approximately 6% of the time was spent on installation and 94 % for the measurement.
  Authors: Jang, Shinae; Dahal, Sushil; Li, Jingcheng
  Authors: Jang, Shinae; Dahal, Sushil; Li, Jingcheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4110
• Use of Geothermal Deep Foundations for Bridge Deicing
  Abstract: Winter deicing practices reduce the longevity of bridge infrastructure making it difficult to achieve the national goal of a100-year or more bridge service life that was set by the Second Strategic Highway Research Program. The vast majority of these bridges are supported on deep foundations. The goal of this study is to evaluate the concept of using geothermal deep foundation (energy piles) to heat the bridge slab minimizing or eliminating the use of deicing salt. This concept has the advantage of using the required foundation elements to also function as heat exchangers with the surrounding soil that has approximately a constant temperature below a depth of 1 to 3 m (depending on the region). This paper describes a two dimensional finite element model used to assess the power demands needed to heat a typical bridge slab. Initially, the two dimensional model of a conventional bridge (not incorporating the geothermal system) was validated using a case study for a bridge in Rhode Island where the temperature of the bridge slab was monitored for about one year. Once validated, the model was extended to include the effects of geothermal deep foundations for the weather condition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as an example. Analyses were conducted to simulate the performance of the geothermal system with and without preheating of the bridge slab before the snow or ice formation event.
  Authors: Suleiman, Muhannad T.
  Authors: Suleiman, Muhannad T.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 465
  Paper Number: 13-4133
• Experimental Evaluation of Connections in Hybrid FRP-Concrete Bridge Truss Girders
  Abstract: An innovative corrosion-free precast prestressed concrete truss girder has been developed for short- and medium-span slab-on-girder bridges. The girder consists of top and bottom concrete flanges connected by precast vertical and diagonal members made of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes filled with concrete. The verticals and diagonals are connected, respectively, to the concrete flanges by means of glass FRP dowels and stud reinforcement made of corrosion-resistant steel or FRP material. The flanges are pretentioned with carbon FRP tendons. The deck slab is reinforced with corrosion-resistant steel bars in the bottom transverse layer and with glass FRP bars in the bottom longitudinal and the top layers. The girders may be post-tensioned with external carbon FRP tendons to balance the slab weight and to provide continuity in multi-span bridges. The new system has the advantages of light weight and enhanced durability. The light weight reduces the initial cost and allows for longer spans. The improved durability reduces the maintenance cost and extends the structure’s life span. This paper describes the general details of the system and presents an experimental evaluation of its critical components, namely, the FRP tubes and the truss connections. Two types of FRP tube and four types of connection are investigated. Results of testing eight connection specimens under static loading and four specimens under fatigue are presented. The tests have shown excellent performance of the connection when filament wound tubes and continuous double-headed studs are used.
  Authors: El-Badry, Mamdouh; Schonknecht, Kyle; Abe, Hiroyuki
  Authors: El-Badry, Mamdouh; Schonknecht, Kyle; Abe, Hiroyuki
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 461
  Paper Number: 13-4134
• Evaluation of Bridge Deck Early-Age Cracking
  Abstract: Early age bridge deck cracking is a major problem affecting the durability of the United States Bridges. Many factors can cause early age bridge deck cracking including change in temperature, hydration, plastic shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and drying shrinkage. The presence of cracking may increase the effect of free and thaw cycle and may lead to corrosion of reinforcement which may lead to deterioration of the entire bridge. It is crucial to investigate the issue of early age cracking in bridge decks in order to provide solutions to improve the safety of the United States bridges. The research examines the use of different sealing materials to seal the developed cracks while the performance criteria can be achieved. Also, an analytical study is performed to study the importance of major parameters that may control the transverse deck cracking such as load patterns, load magnitude, span length, number of spans, and continuity. The outcomes of this study identify suitable sealant materials and also identify set of recommendations to limit the cracking problem and hence resulting in longer service life to bridges
  Authors: Elsafty, Adel; Abdel-Mohti, Ahmed
  Authors: Elsafty, Adel; Abdel-Mohti, Ahmed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-3348
• Statistical Identification of Items Important for Evaluating Bridge Conditions
  Abstract: Understanding the relative importance of large number of potential explanatory data items (e.g., deck material, average daily traffic) possibly explaining bridge condition deteriorations will help bridge management agencies better allocate resources for data collection, and simplify the data analysis for more reliable bridge condition evaluation. Previous studies explored how various factors influence bridge deteriorations and prioritize them, but these studies either used data from one geographic region, or used one or two statistical methods for analyzing data from the whole United States (U.S.). Using National Bridge Inventory (NBI) data released in 2010, this paper presents a statistical investigation for better understanding how the relative importance of different explanatory data items vary across regions in U.S. as well as across various bridge condition rating items (e.g., condition ratings of deck and superstructure). Using four statistical methods to rank the relative importance of various explanatory data items recorded in NBI, the authors analyzed the frequencies of these items appear in the top 20 of the generated rankings. The frequency analysis results show substantial variations in the frequencies generated for different bridge condition rating items using data from different regions, while some items are consistently identified as important. In particular, deck material related features of bridges are items not studied in-depth in previous studies while consistently identified as one of the most important data items by all studied statistical methods on data from all studied regions in U.S.
  Authors: Tang, Pingbo; Kannan, Omar; Wang, Junhui; Oh, Jun-Seok; Kwigizile, Valerian
  Authors: Tang, Pingbo; Kannan, Omar; Wang, Junhui; Oh, Jun-Seok; Kwigizile, Valerian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-3442
• Key Techniques in Design of Sutong Yangtze River Highway Bridge, China
  Abstract: Sutong Yangtze River Bridge is the longest cable-stayed bridge existing in the world with main span of 1088m. This paper briefly introduces the main technical characteristics of its important design points as steel box girder, stayed cable, steel anchor box for main pylon, foundation for main pylon, structural system of pylon and beam and anti-collision system for main pylon foundation.
  Authors: Zhang, Xigang
  Authors: Zhang, Xigang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: 13-3531
• Closure Technique for Hybrid Girder Cable-Stayed Edong Bridge, China
  Abstract: Based on Edong Yangtze River Bridge, the second longest hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge with 926 m long main span, the influencing factors and crucial techniques of the main span closure method for long span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridge are studied. According to theoretical analysis, numerical evaluation and practical test, the loading assistant closure method with better thermal adaptability and less influence on bridge line and the forced status is employed in Edong Yangtze River Bridge in order to meet the requirements of the unstressed state control method. Based on the mentioned advantages, the loading assistant closure method is applicable to long span hybrid girder cable-stayed bridges. The conclusion can provide a reference for the further design of the similar bridges.
  Authors: Xu, Guoping
  Authors: Xu, Guoping
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: 13-3540
• Design and Construction of Steel Box Girder for Jiashao Bridge, China
  Abstract: The main navigation bridge for Jiashao Bridge is a steel box girder, six-single-pylon, four-plane cable stayed bridge with span arrangement of 70+200+5¡Á428+200+70=2680m. It is the largest multi-pylon cable stayed bridge worldwide currently with steel box girder width of 55.6m, total bridge length of 2680m, the longest longitudinal slope for bridge deck of 0.45%, and total steel consumption of 77,000 ton. The main characteristics for separated carriage box girder structure are: the width of one carriage is more wider which reaches 24m; the distance between left and right carriages is bigger which reaches 9.8m; the four cable planes make left and right carriages have a relatively independent loads carrying state; rigid hinges are used in span middle of the whole bridge. This paper introduces the design and construction for steel box girder of Jiashao Bridge, including the erection of girder segments in no cable area, cantilevered assembling erection of four-plane steel box girder, and the closure plan for steel box girder of multi-pylon cable stayed bridge.
  Authors: Wang, Rengui
  Authors: Wang, Rengui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: 13-3548
• Application of Innovative Technology in Baling River Bridge Design, China
  Abstract: Baling River Bridge is the longest span steel truss girder suspension bridge in China. This bridge crosses valleys in mountainous zone of west China where mountains are high and slopes are steep. The clearance between the bridge deck and valley bottom is approximately 370m without water under the bridge, which brought about a number of difficult issues to the construction of both superstructure and substructure. This article introduces how a number of innovations in the design technologies had been developed in the course of design of Guizhou Baling River Bridge on the bases of the bridge construction conditions and the implementation of ¡°safe, applicable, economical and aesthetically pleasing¡± design philosophies for the reasonable determination on the proposed bridge type.
  Authors: Peng, Yundong
  Authors: Peng, Yundong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: 13-3556
• Key Technology in Steel Box Girder Design of Huangpu South Branch Bridge, China
  Abstract: Huangpu South Branch Bridge is a single span steel box girder suspension bridge with main span length of 1108m. A series of key technologies have been used in the steel box girder design. According to the results from wind resistant test study the external shape of aerodynamic of main girder is optimized and the guide plate is arranged, which have improved wind resistant stability of main girder greatly. According to the statistics of regional vehicle loading and based on the analysis on fatigue life of steel deck surface plate by measures of increasing the thickness of top slab, adding transverse ribs between diaphragms the stress of top slab is reduced thus improving the fatigue life of steel bridge deck. An appropriate solution for pavement is prepared according to the local physical climate unique features and vehicular loading situations. The solution of protective coating against corrosion is determined by overall considering the construction method, coat life and cost. By 3D simulation analysis method the forces on main girder under various cases are analyzed. Those above key technologies are of reference value for designs of similar bridges.
  Authors: Wu, Mingyuan
  Authors: Wu, Mingyuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: 13-3558
• Flexural Behavior of Hybrid FRP-Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composite Beams
  Abstract: This paper presents the development of a new composite beam consisting of a hybrid CFRP/GFRP I-beam and precast Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) slab. Hybrid FRP (HFRP) provides the advantage of high corrosion resistance while UHPFRC has high strength and durability. The combination of these two materials is expected to benefit structures subjected to severe environmental conditions and wherever there is a need for accelerated bridge construction. Three full-scale composite beams with varying UHPFRC slab width were tested under four point flexural loading. Bolt shear connectors with/without epoxy bonding were used in the tested beams. The bolt shear connectors and epoxy were used to resist the horizontal shear flow at the interface between the HFRP I-beam and the UHPFRC slab. The composite action between the HFRP I-beam and UHPFRC slab was investigated. The test results showed that all the composite beams exhibited significant improvements in stiffness and strength properties, above those of simple HFRP I-beam without UHPFRC slab. A fiber model was developed to predict the strength and stiffness of the tested beams and the model accuracy was verified. A fairly good agreement between the experimental and analytical results was found. High tensile strength of the CFRP in the HFRP tensile flange can be effectively utilized and delamination failure of the HFRP compressive flange can be prevented by addition of the UHPFRC slab on the top flange of the HFRP I-beam. The study revealed that HFRP-UHPFRC beams are efficient and can provide a very competitive, cost-effective and sustainable solution to bridge structures.
  Authors: Nguyen, Hai D.; Hiroshi, Mutsuyoshi; Zatar, Wael A.
  Authors: Nguyen, Hai D.; Hiroshi, Mutsuyoshi; Zatar, Wael A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 461
  Paper Number: 13-3699
• Experimental Investigation of Multilayer Surfacing System on Orthotropic Steel Bridge with the Five-Point Bending Test
  Abstract: Due to lightweight and flexibility, orthotropic steel deck bridges become popular the last decades but several problems were reported in relation to asphalt surfacing materials such as rutting, cracking, loss of bond between the surfacing system and steel deck. In the Netherlands a surfacing structure for orthotropic steel bridge decks mostly consists of five structural layers: top porous asphalt layer, guss asphalt layer, steel deck and two membrane layers.The five-point bending fatigue test is the standard device in France for asphalt concrete used on steel orthotropic deck bridges to perform the best asphalt mixture having a strong resistance to cracking. For the needs of this paper the 5 PBT was employed in order to evaluate the performance of the whole multilayer structure on steel deck and also to evaluate the mechanical properties of both top and bottom membrane and the influence they have on the structure.For the completion of the experimental investigation two types of specimen have been tested using the 5PBT set up. Displacement sensors have been used in order to detect the initiation of cracks where they are most likely to appear. Strain gauges have been used in order to monitor significant changes in strain on the Guss asphalt layer during the fatigue tests. Shear displacements between the asphalt layers are monitored and presented. It shows that the stiffness and the bonding characteristics of the intermediate membrane sheet as well as the wearing course behaviour seem to have great influence on the mechanical response of multilayer bridge surfacing system.
  Authors: Tzimiris, George
  Authors: Tzimiris, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-3709
• Design Model for Confinement Reinforcement in Pretensioned Concrete I-girders
  Abstract: The 2007 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications contain prescriptive requirements for the quantity and placement of confinement reinforcement located in the bottom bulb of pretensioned concrete I-girders. This paper proposes a model that can be used to design confinement reinforcement as an alternative to the prescriptive requirements of AASHTO. The model considers a wide range of conditions and variations, yet is intended to be practical enough for use by bridge design engineers. Variables in the design model include: flange and bearing geometry, strand size and placement, effective prestress force, concrete and steel material properties, and the effects of steel bearing plates. The model is based on strut-and-tie and shear-friction concepts and considers the lateral-splitting failure mode. Derivation of the model is presented, and the model is compared to experimental results from the published literature.
  Authors: Ross, Brandon E.; Hamilton, H. R.; Consolazio, Gary
  Authors: Ross, Brandon E.; Hamilton, H. R.; Consolazio, Gary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 628
  Paper Number: 13-3724
• Three-Dimensional Parametric Data Exchange for Curved Steel Bridges
  Abstract: Improved software interoperability is key to more fully realizing the potential benefits of integrated and accelerated project delivery in a way that somehow also ensures product quality. The increasing appeal of 3D BIM (Building Information Modeling) notions applied to bridges (BrIM – Bridge Information Modeling) motivates the need for principled prescriptions of associated electronic data exchanges among various project stakeholders and the various software applications they use. Such data exchanges need to be sufficiently precise to facilitate detailing for fabrication and construction while also being sufficiently concise to facilitate parametric modeling and thereby avoid needless data duplication. The highway geometry to which bridges must conform distinguishes BrIM from the building column-grid orientation of BIM at the outset of the bridge lifecycle. In contrast to the overdefined highway geometry contained in the LandXML data exchange standard, this paper defines, presents, illustrates, and recommends the use of a “3D control curve” as the basis for parametric data exchange suitable through the lifecycle of steel I-girder bridges on (straight and) curved alignments. This 3D control curve combines in a single curve the traditional horizontal control line and profile grade line that bridge structural engineers receive from highway designers in order to define bridge geometry. Data exchanges associated with 3 distinct stages in the steel bridge lifecycle are defined and illustrated herein: analysis and design, detailing for fabrication, and erection/construction. It is shown that “3D control curve” based data exchange suffices for the data integrity required through the steel bridge life-cycle.
  Authors: Karaman, S. Gokhan; Chen, Stuart S.; Ratnagaran, Benny J.
  Authors: Karaman, S. Gokhan; Chen, Stuart S.; Ratnagaran, Benny J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 317
  Paper Number: 13-4186
• Real-Time Monitoring of Bridge Scour with Magnetic Field Strength Measurement
  Abstract: Scour was responsible for most of the U.S. bridges that collapsed during the past 40 years. The maximum scour depth is the most critical parameter in bridge design and maintenance. Due to scouring and refilling of river-bed deposits, existing technologies face a challenge in measuring the maximum scour depth during a strong flood. In this study, a new methodology is proposed to integrate passive sensors into the process of bridge scour for real time monitoring during a flood event. Towards this end, a permanent magnet can be embedded in a natural rock to function as a passive sensor, which is herein referred to as a smart rock. The smart rock can be designed such that, once deployed around a bridge pier, it continually falls into the bottom of a gradually growing scour hole and thus registers the maximum scour depth with magnetic field strength measurements. Specifically, this paper discusses the societal needs for bridge scour monitoring, demonstrates the concept and the working principle of smart rocks, and summarizes the findings from various calibration and validation tests recently conducted at Missouri University of Science and Technology and at Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. It was demonstrated that the magnetic field strength can be strongly correlated with the increase of scour depth over time. Properly designed smart rocks fell into and remained at the bottom of a scour hole, providing critical data in the process of scour development.
  Authors: Chen, Genda; Schafer, Brandon; Lin, Zhibin; Huang, Ying; Suaznabar, Oscar; Shen, Jerry
  Authors: Chen, Genda; Schafer, Brandon; Lin, Zhibin; Huang, Ying; Suaznabar, Oscar; Shen, Jerry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 728
  Paper Number: 13-4235
• Correlation of Non-Destructive Testing Results to Improve Assessment of Corrosion and Corrosion Damage of a Reinforced Concrete Deck
  Abstract: Periodic monitoring of a 33 year old reinforced concrete bridge deck in Haymarket, Virginia was performed as a part of the Long Term Bridge Performance Program (LTBPP). The bridge carries southbound U.S. Route 15 over Interstate 66. The use of several different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods has allowed monitoring of the progression of corrosion activity and damage over a two year period. The Route 15 bridge was completely surveyed using NDT methods in September of 2009 and again in August 2011. The NDT methods that were utilized for detection of corrosion activity and damage were half-cell potential (HCP), electrical resistivity (ER), ground penetrating radar (GPR), and chain drag (CD)/hammer sounding. Presented are the findings regarding corrosion and deterioration of the deck over time as identified through the use of NDT. Comparison between different NDT methods were made that show relationships between the results of different NDT methods. The comparisons indicated several correlations between methods that identify threshold values and the methods’ ability to identify corrosion at different states of the deterioration process.
  Authors: Pailes, Brian M.; Gucunski, Nenad; Brown, Michael Carey
  Authors: Pailes, Brian M.; Gucunski, Nenad; Brown, Michael Carey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: AHD45
  Paper Number: 13-4277
• Flow Characteristics of Permeable Pavements by Water Demand and Supply
  Abstract: Permeable pavement is one of the widely used methods to recover the city¡¯s water circulation. The advantages of using permeable pavement is storage of rainwater, reduction of runoff, out-flow delay, and decrement of peak out-flow. Most of the cases out-flow characteristics of different types of permeable pavements were explained focus on runoff coefficient or the relationship between runoff and infiltration rate. With convenient theories which can explain out-flow characteristics and compare different pavement system considering water balance have been insufficient. In this study, an empirical model cumulative water flow versus time concept, is suggested to explain characteristics of out-flow of permeable pavement. This model is suggested to define and explain the variable by accumulating runoff at surface and outflow at subsurface over time that relates to accumulated rainfall. Through this model advantages of different permeable pavement can be compared and explained through rainfall simulation experiment.
  Authors: Cho, Yoon-Ho; Lin, Wuguang; Park, Dae-Geun
  Authors: Cho, Yoon-Ho; Lin, Wuguang; Park, Dae-Geun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 728
  Paper Number: 13-3867
• New Approach to Design of Closely Spaced Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil for Load-Bearing Applications
  Abstract: The United States Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recently published design and construction guid-ance for geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS), specifically for its use to construct an Integrated Bridge System (IBS). The design methodology presented for GRS differs considerably from that typically used for mechanical-ly stabilized earth utilizing geosynthetics (GMSE). The principle design changes involve modifications to both external and internal stability. External stability is largely unchanged except for eliminating overturning as a failure mode. The changes involving internal stability are more significant and include the determination of ver-tical capacity, deformations, and required reinforcement strength. Additionally, pullout and connection strength are not considered for internal stability in the new design method. These changes are warranted by the require-ment for closely spaced reinforcement layers in the GRS (less than or equal to 0.3 m) which results in a unique composite material with different behavior from that of larger spaced, traditional GMSE systems. This paper outlines and assesses the major differences in design between GRS and conventional GMSE.
  Authors: Nicks, Jennifer E.; Adams, Michael T.; Wu, Jonathan T. H.
  Authors: Nicks, Jennifer E.; Adams, Michael T.; Wu, Jonathan T. H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 595
  Paper Number: 13-3879
• Lake Champlain Bridge Emergency Replacement Project
  Abstract: The Lake Champlain Bridge, also known as the Crown Point Bridge, was a historic steel truss bridge stretching 2,187 feet across Lake Champlain and connecting the rural communities of Crown Point, N.Y., and Chimney Point, Vt. It opened in 1929 with then-New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt at the ribbon-cutting. Since then, the bridge has served as a vital economic link between communities, which share hospitals and fire departments, as well as a link to the past but by 2009, the bridge had reached 80 years of service life, and a study was to be conducted to determine the need for possible major rehabilitation or replacement. Together with the Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the HNTB design team, the New York State Department of Transportation utilized emergency standby contracts and an accelerated design-bid-build process to develop a plan to demolish the original truss bridge in just over two months, construct a temporary ferry service and to design and erect a new signature crossing in just over two years. The New Lake Champlain Bridge opened November 7, 2011 utilizing a process that could become a model for the nation.
  Authors: Zoli, Theodore
  Authors: Zoli, Theodore
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 624
  Paper Number: 13-3893
• Infrared Thermography-Based Inspection Technique for Void Detection in Bridge Stay-Cables
  Abstract: Cable-stayed bridges are being constructed more frequently due to their architectural appeal, ease of construction, and lower cost and environmental footprint in comparison to other bridge types. On some more recent bridges of that type built in the past 10-20 years, the stay-cables are comprised of greased-and-sheathed, stranded steel wires enclosed in high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes with the interstices filled with a cementatious grout. This design is susceptible to voids in the grout, which can possibly promote cracking in the HDPE piping and reduce the ability of the corrosion protection to safeguard the wires. Several non-destructive techniques have been used to detect defects (voids) in stay cables. In this work, voids in stay cables are studied using passive infrared thermography during solar irradiation over days from sunrise to sunset. Effects of stay cable material properties, time of the day, solar orientation and void sizes on the capacity of passive infrared thermography to detect defects were studied using a mockup cable constructed with known void sizes and locations. Field testing of the thermographic method was also performed on the US 231 William Natcher Bridge in western Kentucky to validate the mockup results. Grout voids in the bridge stay cables were successfully detected, the detectability of which was found to be dependent on the cable orientation relative to the solar irradiation and the angle of the cable relative to the ground. The thermographic void findings correlated well with other nondestructive methods (GPR and sounding).
  Authors: Salaimeh, Ahmad
  Authors: Salaimeh, Ahmad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3912
• Thickness Measurements of Structural Concrete Members with Compact Dimensions Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo and Impact-Echo
  Abstract: Thickness measurements are one of the most common applications for acoustic non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for concrete components such as ultrasonic pulse echo and impact-echo. They become relevant whenever components are accessible from only one side and, for example, the design thickness needs to be verified or the geometry of a structure needs to be assessed.While such measurements are relatively easy to conduct on test objects with simple geometries and wide dimensions, they become challenging when the geometry of the test object is more complex or when the dimensions of the test object are rather compact. In this study, measurements have been performed on two test blocks with different geometries. Block A is a solid slab-like block of mostly constant thickness. Block B consists of areas of different thickness. All measurements are conducted using an automated test frame, thus providing dense scan grids and therefore good statistical significance. Two- as well as three-dimensional imaging techniques are applied to the data.Within the thickness range investigated here (169 to 510 mm), ultrasonic pulse-echo has proven to be generally robust even on block B with a rather complex geometry.While impact-echo provides satisfying results on the rather simple slab-like block A, it is severely affected by geometrical effects when measurements are being conducted on a test block B.
  Authors: Algernon, Daniel; Hiltunen, Dennis R.; Ferraro, Christopher C.; Ishee, Charles A.
  Authors: Algernon, Daniel; Hiltunen, Dennis R.; Ferraro, Christopher C.; Ishee, Charles A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3913
• Evaluation of Digital Image Correlation Method as a Structural Damage Assessment and Management Tool
  Abstract: The challenges of deteriorating transportation infrastructure continue to be at the forefront of bridge inspection practices. Effective means of collection and management are of concern to prioritize maintenance procedures for aging infrastructure. The foundations of structural health monitoring attempts to monitor infrastructure condition, assess in-service performance, detect deterioration, and estimate remaining service life. Current practices for condition assessment can often be time consuming and not very cost effective. Digital Image Correlation is an optical technique that consists of correlating pixels in optical images to determine changes in position due to deformation on the material’s surface. This technology enables two dimensional and three dimensional global behavior monitoring of the bridge structure revealing measurements such as displacements and strains. The collection of these measurements can lead to the characterization of structural damage of bridge structures and bridge members. Digital Image Correlation measurements allows for easy flexible data collection and enables an efficient management system for up to date image and record keeping for changes of loading capacity or damage of the structure. Results are given for correlation of a rigid body motion for a plywood panel, flexural testing of a steel beam in the elastic range and flexural testing of an Ultra-High Performance Concrete beam in the non-linear range. This paper discusses the principles of Digital Image Correlation and its effectiveness for evaluating structural behavior with a broader goal of expanding the capabilities to include condition monitoring for damage and load capacity changes for in-service bridges.
  Authors: Oats, Renee C.; Harris, Devin K.; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; de Melo e Silva, Henrique
  Authors: Oats, Renee C.; Harris, Devin K.; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; de Melo e Silva, Henrique
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-3968
• Dynamic Behavior of Ribbon Floating Bridges: Analytical and Experimental Studies
  Abstract: Floating bridges are economical means for crossing water bodies, especially in times of emergencies and war. Ribbon pontoon floating bridges are a special type of floating bridge designed, built and stocked by the military and emergency management organizations and deployed in times of need. They are light-weight, fast to erect, and use the buoyancy of water to aid in supporting the self-weight and traffic loads imposed on the bridge.With increasing vehicular weights and need for fast traversing times, it is necessary to develop analytical tools capable of designing and analyzing floating bridges. This is ideal for optimizing the vehicle weights and spacing to achieve greater economic efficiency.This paper presents an analytical and experimental research program designed to study the dynamic behavior of ribbon pontoon floating bridges under two-axle vehicular loading. The developed analytical method yielded maximum bridge displacements comparable to the experimental results. In most cases, the analytical results were higher than experimental, providing a level of conservatism for design. The midspan displacements were accurately predicted as the vehicle traversed the floating bridge. However, at higher vehicle weights the analytical model failed to accurately predict midspan displacement at axle locations beyond midspan.
  Authors: Viecili, Giannin Marie; Braimah, Abass; Abd El Halim, Halim Omar; El-Desouky, Osama Ibrahim
  Authors: Viecili, Giannin Marie; Braimah, Abass; Abd El Halim, Halim Omar; El-Desouky, Osama Ibrahim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 317
  Paper Number: 13-4341
• Development and Application of Three-Dimensional Optical Bridge Deck Evaluation System
  Abstract: There has been a growing interest in developing remote sensing technologies to quickly assess the condition of bridges while minimizing traffic disruptions and limiting inspection crews' exposure to traffic. Currently, the calculation of the National Bridge Inspection (NBI) Rating for a bridge deck is done by inspectors visually inspecting the bridge deck. 3D optics is an innovative technology that can help assess bridge deck condition while at the same time enhance the ability to preserve the data for future reference and decision making. 3DOBS (the 3D Optical Bridge-evaluation System) was developed to address these issues while at the same time providing data that can be used to understand changes in condition in the future. The system is comprised of standard Digital Single Lens Reflex camera (DSLR) that is mounted to a vehicle, close-range photogrammetry software, and an automated spall detection algorithm. The camera is driven over each lane of the bridge collecting photos with a 60% overlap and then processed in the photogrammetric software. The resulting output is a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the bridge deck. This is then processed through the spall detection algorithm to identify spalls, calculate area and volume of individual spalls, and percent of the total bridge deck that is spalled. This information can be integrated into bridge management systems and decision making processes on bridge preservation.
  Authors: Dobson, Richard; Brooks, Colin Neil; Roussi, Chris; Shuchman, Robert A.; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Dean, David
  Authors: Dobson, Richard; Brooks, Colin Neil; Roussi, Chris; Shuchman, Robert A.; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Dean, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-4451
• Constructability Model for ABC Projects
  Abstract: Accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques are rapidly gaining acceptance in departments of transportation across the U.S. Knowledge and experience from existing construction projects are extremely valuable to improve the constructability of an upcoming project. In utilizing this knowledge base, a constructability review is critical to improving the project buildability and bidability, and to reducing errors and contract change orders. With that understanding, lessons learned from 25 projects in 11 states were reviewed. A constructability model was developed based on the synthesis of the data collected from these reviews. This article presents constructability definitions, benefits of implementing a constructability program, barriers for constructability program implementation, a few essential elements of a constructability program, a summary of ABC challenges and lessons learned, and a constructability model for ABC projects.
  Authors: Attanayake, Upul Bandara; Abudayyeh, Osama; Servi, Alp; Aktan, Haluk M.
  Authors: Attanayake, Upul Bandara; Abudayyeh, Osama; Servi, Alp; Aktan, Haluk M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction
  Session: AFH40
  Paper Number: 13-4468
• Improving Durability and Constructability of Connections for Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems: Recommendations and Special Provisions
  Abstract: Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems (PBES) is an integral part of Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) projects. The prefabricated components are required to be in good quality that is verified by strict quality control during manufacture and acceptance. In ABC, components are assembled and connected through field-cast joints. Construction of durable bridges not only requires good quality prefabricated components, but also durable connections. However, durability performance records of the field-cast connections are not encouraging. The majority of the durability problems are associated with the connection details, grout material properties, workmanship, application procedures, and quality assurance and quality control practices. Further, post-construction reports have documented challenges in selecting the grout material with properties compatible to those listed in the construction documents. Identifying the appropriate grout material depends on many parameters such as (a) site specific exposure conditions, (b) grout pocket dimensions, (c) application procedures and limitations, (d) curing and protection requirements and also (e) grout properties such as compressive strength, volume stability, initial setting time or working time, and application temperature range. This article describes (1) a grout property database, (2) specification of grout and special mix properties early in a project for connection detail design to assure constructability, and (3) a special provision template for material selection, leveraging contractor experience, and enhancing durability and constructability of PBES connections.
  Authors: Mohamed Ibralebbe, Mohamed Rusthi; Attanayake, Upul Bandara; Aktan, Haluk M.
  Authors: Mohamed Ibralebbe, Mohamed Rusthi; Attanayake, Upul Bandara; Aktan, Haluk M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 498
  Paper Number: 13-4497
• Replacing Thermal Sprayed Zinc Anodes on Cathodically Protected Steel Reinforced Concrete Bridges: Experimental and Modeling Studies
  Abstract: This research aimed to address questions underlying the replacement of arc-sprayed zinc anodes on cathodically protected steel reinforced concrete bridges and to develop a protocol to prepare the concrete surface for the new anode through a combination of laboratory test and modeling studies. To achieve strong initial bond strength of new zinc to the existing bridge concrete, the current operating configuration (#8 nozzle with high sand volume) is too aggressive and should be changed to #6 nozzle with low sand volume to achieve target RMS macro-roughness of 1.2-2.1 centi-inches and micro-roughness of 0.014-0.02 centi-inches. It is recommended to adjust the anode removal and surface profiling based on the electrochemical age of the existing concrete. Wherever possible, large aggregates (e.g., diameters ¾ in. and bigger) should be avoided for exposure by surface profiling. For non-electrochemically aged concrete, profile the surface to achieve a RMS macro-roughness of 1.1-1.8 centi-inches and 5-36% exposed aggregates. For existing concrete with relatively high electrochemical age (14 yrs), profile the surface to achieve a RMS macro-roughness of 1.1-1.5 centi-inches and 44-55% exposed aggregates.
  Authors: Shi, Xianming; Li, Yongxin; Cross, Doug; Ewan, Levi; Fortune, Keith; Soltesz, Steven M.; Jungwirth, Scott
  Authors: Shi, Xianming; Li, Yongxin; Cross, Doug; Ewan, Levi; Fortune, Keith; Soltesz, Steven M.; Jungwirth, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4543
• Behavior of Bell and Spigot Joints in Buried Reinforced-Concrete Pipelines
  Abstract: The behavior of joints in reinforced concrete pipes when buried and subjected to service live loading needs to be assessed to define the expected response of these elements. Excessive rotation and/or shear across the joint could generate leakage and subsequent loss in soil support which can bring the system to its serviceability or resistance limits. Two reinforced concrete pipelines with bell and spigot joints, one 600 mm (24 in.) and the other 1200 mm (48 in.) in diameter, were buried and subjected to surface loads. The pipelines were examined under AASHTO Type 2 installation conditions, at two burial depths, and applying the maximum service live loading at three independent locations above the pipeline. In addition, the smaller specimen was tested under burial conditions not specified by AASHTO where the protruding bells were placed directly on the stiff foundation. Subsequently, each pipeline was tested up to and beyond the fully factored load at shallow cover under AASHTO Type 2 installation and applying the load directly over the central joint. The displacement of the joint and barrels for each pipeline was monitored employing reflective prisms, and strain gages were attached in the main joint and barrels of the 600 mm (24 in.) diameter specimen. The response of these joints due to variations of burial depth, burial conditions and loading locations when subjected to live loads is presented and discussed, and recommendations are made regarding development of structural design requirements for rigid pipe joints.
  Authors: Becerril Garcia, David; Moore, Ian D.
  Authors: Becerril Garcia, David; Moore, Ian D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 782
  Paper Number: 13-4577
• Behavior of Bell and Spigot Joints in Buried Thermoplastic Pipelines
  Abstract: Failures in joints are among the most common sources of problems in buried gravity flow pipelines. Poor performance of these elements can cause infiltration and exfiltration, which leads to soil erosion and eventually serviceability or strength limits states for the soil-structure system. To prevent this, joints should be designed to adequately accommodate the demands generated under normal loading conditions. However, such demands are not clearly understood, since joint behavior has received scant attention. Thus the goal of this research is to examine the response of joints in two thermoplastic pipelines employed in gravity flow applications when subjected to live loading. The specimens examined were a 1500 mm (60 in.) diameter High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipeline and a 900 mm (36 in.) diameter Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipeline, both specimens with gasketed bell and spigot joints. Two burial depths and three different loading locations were examined for each pipeline buried according to AASHTO Type 2 installation. Moreover, two installations not specified by AASHTO were examined for the PVC specimen, which featured voids in the bedding under the joint. Finally, each specimen was loaded directly over the joint up to and beyond fully factored loads to observe the joint performance under this condition and the final failure mode of the pipelines. The specimens were instrumented with string potentiometers and reflective prisms to monitor changes in diameter in the joint and barrels, and to obtain patterns of vertical displacements along the pipeline. The observed response for each pipeline is presented and discussed here and recommendations are made regarding the development of structural design procedures.
  Authors: Becerril Garcia, David; Moore, Ian D.
  Authors: Becerril Garcia, David; Moore, Ian D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 782
  Paper Number: 13-4591
• Stress Data and Artificial Neural Network for Evaluating Transverse Connection Integrity of Full-Depth Deck Panels
  Abstract: Prefabricated bridge elements and systems (PBES) are widely used to accelerate bridge construction. The expectation is to develop bridges with service life of 100 years or more. Prefabrication is expected to offer durable components or systems to build bridges with such a long service life. However, field cast connections between PBES are the weakest link in terms of durability. Hence, to develop durable bridges not only the use of durable PBES but also the use of connection details and materials with a record of durable performance and implementation of the best practices in construction, quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), and maintenance are needed. When a bridge that is built using PBES is considered as a structural system, deterioration is going to start at the field cast connections. Hence, it is vital to identify the onset of deterioration at connections before visual signs are developed to initiate maintenance actions to be effective and efficient in arresting further deterioration. When a bridge is considered, the deck is the shelter of the structure which is subjected to severe loads due to exposure and traffic. Hence, detecting the onset of deck connection deterioration is vital to ensure a long service life of a bridge. This paper presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based approach for detecting onset of precast component connection deterioration. As a prototype, a full-depth deck panel system is used. The stress data recorded at a transverse connection is used. The results are promising; however, need further investigations to establish the distress thresholds.
  Authors: Mansiz, Cem; Attanayake, Upul Bandara
  Authors: Mansiz, Cem; Attanayake, Upul Bandara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-4661
• Monitoring and Assessment of Concrete Deck Cracking Potential in Negative Moment Regions
  Abstract: Replacement of concrete decks is usually achieved using staged construction techniques to avoid causing disruption to the traveling public. Trucks traveling in traffic lanes adjacent to fresh concrete pours increase the cracking potential of concrete decks as was observed upon completion of the first stage of construction of a highly skewed continuous span bridge located on the New Jersey Turnpike. The majority of the observed cracks occurred right after construction and was centered in the negative moment region. Many questions were raised to understand the type and causes of these cracks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of the bridge using non-destructive testing and evaluation methods. Strain gauges were embedded in the concrete slab during the pour of the southbound half of the bridge. Material samples were collected to measure the mechanical properties of the concrete slab. A finite element model of the bridge was developed to simulate its overall behavior. The model was validated using a static load test performed on the structure. Thereafter, live load analyses were performed using the 3-D model. It was found that the strength of the concrete mix used was inadequate to support the imposed live load stresses at an early age in addition to shrinkage and temperature strains. Based on FE analysis and simulation, a solution was proposed to modify the High Performance Concrete (HPC) mix to a High Early Strength (HES)-HPC mix that exhibited a reduction in cracking potential of the bridge deck compared to an HPC mix.
  Authors: Nassif, Hani; Adediji, Ope; Su, Dan; Lou, Peng; Johnsen, W. Scott
  Authors: Nassif, Hani; Adediji, Ope; Su, Dan; Lou, Peng; Johnsen, W. Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4665
• Fatigue Testing and Structural Health Monitoring of Retrofitted Steel Highway Bridge Web Stiffeners
  Abstract: Numerous steel highway bridges were built during the construction boom between the late 1950s and late 1970s and are still in use today. Fatigue cracking can be considered as a main source of deterioration for these bridges. It is reported that the largest category of observed fatigue cracks are those caused by out-of-plane distortion. Locations where transverse structural components are framed into longitudinal girders through web stiffeners not attached to the flanges (such as diaphragms or cross-frames) are most susceptible. In the current study, a web stiffener detail is fatigue tested under different cyclic loading conditions. As-welded specimens are tested, along with specimens retrofitted by grinding and rewelding, post-weld treatment (i.e. needle peening), or using adhesively bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) attachments. Direct strain and deflection measurements are compared with finite element (FE) analysis predictions, and local (hot-spot) stresses are compared with hot-spot stress design curves. A time-series based damage detection method is also explored for fatigue crack depth prediction using strain data. The method is validated using small- and large-scale specimen strain data. It is found that damage measures based on strain measurements in the vicinity of the critical hot-spot are closely correlated with the true crack depth.
  Authors: Ghahremani, Kasra; Sadhu, Ayan; Walbridge, Scott; Narasimhan, Sriram
  Authors: Ghahremani, Kasra; Sadhu, Ayan; Walbridge, Scott; Narasimhan, Sriram
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-4720
• Bridge Assessment Methods Using Image Processing and InfraredThermography Technology: On-Site Pilot Application in Florida
  Abstract: Identifying appropriate applications for technology to assess the health and safety of bridges is an importantissue for bridge owners around the world. Traditionally, highway bridge conditions have been monitored byvisual inspection with structural deficiencies being manually identified and classified by qualified engineersand inspectors. With traditional on-site inspections, qualified inspectors are performing close-up visualinspections and sounding tests, often from crane suspended lifting cages or built-in inspection staging;invariably putting inspectors at some safety risk. The need for safer inspection methods calls for newinnovations in bridge inspection technologies. One of the solutions for this issue is leveraging nondestructivetechnologies as well as experimental approaches for a more advanced and efficient inspectionprocess. If we can improve data collection efficiencies and reduce the time required by inspectors in the fieldto make general structure condition assessments, more time will be available for these same inspectors toperform detailed hands-on inspections and/or to apply non-destructive testing technologies for pre-screenedbridge elements in areas requiring close attention. NEXCO-West, one of major toll road operators in Japanhas been working to develop efficient non-destructive highway bridge inspection methods using high qualitydigital image and Infrared (IR) thermography technologies. This paper describes the results of on-siteapplications for a sample bridge in the state of Florida in conjunction with the joint research with Universityof Central Florida.
  Authors: Matsumoto, Masato; Mitani, Koji; Catbas, F. Necati
  Authors: Matsumoto, Masato; Mitani, Koji; Catbas, F. Necati
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-4738
• Numerical Study on Laterally Loaded Drilled Shaft Group
  Abstract: Drilled shaft groups are sometimes built within a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall to support lateral loads such as wind loads, bridge loads. Due to limited knowledge on the interaction between laterally loaded drilled shaft groups and MSE walls, current design methodology assumes that no interaction between the drilled shaft group and MSE walls, and also no interaction among drilled shafts. Such assumption has led to inappropriately designed shafts as well as MSE walls. This paper presents a numerical study, based on a completed full-scale field test, to investigate the behavior of a laterally loaded shaft group within an MSE wall. The numerical model, calibrated by lab testing data, simulated a group of three shafts loaded towards an MSE wall. The numerical results were compared with the field test data in terms of the load-deflection relationships of the group shaft, the deflection profiles of the MSE wall, and the strain distribution in geogrid reinforcement. Good agreement between the numerical simulation results and the test data was found. The numerical simulation allowed a detailed examination of the geogrid strain and the lateral earth pressure distribution. The maximum strain was developed at the edge of each shaft and decreased rapidly with further distance from the shaft. The lateral earth pressure increase induced by the laterally loaded shaft group is non-linear and non-monotonic.
  Authors: Huang, Jie; Bin-Shafique, Sazzad; Han, Jie
  Authors: Huang, Jie; Bin-Shafique, Sazzad; Han, Jie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 598
  Paper Number: 13-4815
• Performance-Based Risk Estimation of Bridges Under Seismic Hazard
  Abstract: The present study develops a performance-based risk estimation framework for bridges located in seismically active regions. Instead of using code-specified design level earthquakes, seismic performance of bridges are evaluated under earthquake ground motions with various hazard levels. This enables the estimation of bridge seismic risk at different seismic performance levels starting from the full functional stage to an extensive damaged stage when the bridge needs to be closed from traffic. The framework is demonstrated through the development of seismic risk curves of a two-span reinforced concrete bridge. Progressive damage data of the bridge is obtained from large-scale shake table tests that are performed in series with increasing seismic intensities. Seismic performance levels of the bridge at different stages during the experiment are assigned to categorize observed bridge damage (physical) in various seismic damage states. Numerical simulations are performed to generate seismic damage data of the bridge under a suite of earthquake ground motions with various hazard levels. These simulated damage data are used in a probabilistic analysis and fragility characteristics of the bridge at the pre-defined seismic damage states are estimated. Developed fragility curves are used to generate seismic risk curves of the bridge. Risk curves exhibit annual exceedance probabilities for various levels of expected direct losses arise due to the repair of bridge damage resulting from regional seismic hazards. Results obtained from this study show a nonlinear increase in seismic risk of the bridge when it has more damage due to seismic activity. Such risk curves are the foundation for decision-making on post-event bridge repair or replacement. These curves also facilitate the development of a rapid yet cost-effective post-seismic bridge restoration process.
  Authors: Banerjee, Swagata; Chi, Chao
  Authors: Banerjee, Swagata; Chi, Chao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 750
  Paper Number: 13-4924
• Project- and Network-Level Bridge Deck Degradation Models via Neural Networks Trained on Empirical Data
  Abstract: The national bridge inventory (NBI) database offers a wealth of information but its complexity due to non-linear variable relationships, subjectivity from visual inspections, and missing data limit its full utilization for developing performance prediction models. This paper documents how a careful preparation of the NBI database and use of a basic artificial neural network, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP), can be effective for developing bridge deck degradation models. Development of an MLP model for deck surface condition rating and its assessment with statistical metrics are presented, along with its use to create deterioration curves over the life of a deck. An approach for generalizing the neural network model for a population of bridges is also presented. The MLP model had a predictive capability of 83% when allowed a variance equal to bridge inspectors. The generalized MLP degradation curve is more resilient to errors in the data and provides a more detailed degradation profile than Markov models. Simple MLPs can thus allow for an efficient project and network levels degradation modeling of bridge elements based on empirical historical data.
  Authors: Winn, Emily; Burgueño, Rigoberto; Haider, Syed Waqar
  Authors: Winn, Emily; Burgueño, Rigoberto; Haider, Syed Waqar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-4989
• Behavior of Laterally Damaged Bridge Girders Repaired with CFRP Laminates Under Fatigue and Static Loading
  Abstract: This study investigates the optimum configurations of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) laminates to repair laterally damaged prestressed concrete (PSC) bridge girders due to impact by over-height vehicles collision. Experimental and analytical investigations were conducted to determine the most efficient CFRP repair configuration to restore girders’ flexural capacity. Impact damage was simulated in the lab by (1) concrete damage and (2) reducing the prestressing force by cutting some of the prestressing strands. The repair systems for eight 40-ft-long AASHTO Type II PSC girders and thirteen half-scale 20-ft-long PS girders were designed to restore the original ultimate flexural capacity.In addition to the static load tests, some of the girders were tested under fatigue loading for 2 million cycles to examine the behavior under simulated traffic conditions. The study investigated and recommended the proper CFRP repair design in terms of the CFRP longitudinal layers and U-wrapping spacing to obtain flexural capacity improvement and desired failure modes for the repaired girders. The analysis of the test results investigated the most efficient CFRP configurations having evenly spaced transverse U-wrappings that provided an efficient configuration to mitigate debonding of soffit CFRP longitudinal laminates. Test results showed that with proper detailing, CFRP systems can be designed to restore the lost flexural capacity and maintain the desired failure mode.
  Authors: Elsafty, Adel; Fallaha, Sam
  Authors: Elsafty, Adel; Fallaha, Sam
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 426
  Paper Number: 13-5000
• Proposed Performance Measure for Bridge Management: Contribution to Network Connectivity and Accessibility
  Abstract: The incorporation of bridge contribution to overall network connectivity, for purposes of systemwide performance measurement, assessment of bridge criticality, or measurement of vulnerability from a network perspective, has always been a challenge for bridge managers. In this study, the topological properties of road networks are considered in order to identify critical bridges using connectivity and accessibility measures. Existing methods of network connectivity and accessibility measures are demonstrated using an example network. Relative connectivity index (RCI) and relative accessibility index (RAI) are proposed as performance measures for network connectivity and accessibility. The interstate road network in Marion County, Indiana is used as a case study in order to demonstrate these proposed performance measures. The results show that these indices can be useful in measuring the contributions of individual links towards connectivity and accessibility of their parent networks and thus for identifying critical bridges. The proposed performance measures are easy to implement and can be applied in bridge management systems for assessing the impact of future new bridges on network connectivity and accessibility, and also for the prioritization of existing bridges for investment on the basis of their contributions to network connectivity and accessibility.
  Authors: Woldemariam, Wubeshet B.; Labi, Samuel
  Authors: Woldemariam, Wubeshet B.; Labi, Samuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-5125
• Dynamic Characterization of a Truss Bridge by Falling-Weight Deflectometer
  Abstract: There are several full-scale testing methods that can be used to characterize and evaluate the global performance and condition of bridges. These global methods mainly consist of static load tests and dynamic testing methods using either controlled or uncontrolled dynamic excitation. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages with respect to experimental and logistical considerations, data analysis requirements, and the scope and utility of the characterization results obtained. This paper presents a global dynamic characterization program based on controlled impact dynamic testing that was applied to a truss bridge. The impact testing was performed using a hand-held impact hammer and a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) as dynamic excitation sources. The objective of the project was to evaluate if the FWD, which can produce a broadband dynamic force, can be effectively used as a tool for quantitatively characterizing the performance and condition of bridges. Many transportation agencies already use FWD devices for their pavement evaluation programs and it follows that if the device can be successfully used for impact dynamic testing of bridges, these agencies could their FWDs to also quantitatively evaluate their bridges. The paper discusses different dynamic testing approaches and presents an impact dynamic testing program executed for the truss bridge. The results obtained using the two dynamic excitation devices are presented and compared with each other, and with the results from an analytical model of the bridge. Finally, several observations and conclusions related to the efficacy of FWD devices for impact dynamic testing of bridges are presented and discussed.
  Authors: Fernstrom, Eric Victor; Carreiro, Jessica L.; Rawn, Jeremy D.; Grimmelsman, Kirk A.
  Authors: Fernstrom, Eric Victor; Carreiro, Jessica L.; Rawn, Jeremy D.; Grimmelsman, Kirk A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-5182
• Dynamic Response of Freshly Placed Full-Scale Concrete Drilled Shaft due to Vibration from Adjacent Shaft Installation
  Abstract: A number of studies have been conducted in an effort to understand wave attenuation and sound response during installation of deep foundations. This research stems from the need to better understand the effect of vibration on freshly placed and maturing concrete within 24-hours after initial placement. Construction activities create vibratory inducing forces, which unaccounted for or unmitigated, have detrimental effects to existing and newly placed structures. The differences between common construction vibrations, and those produced during deep foundation construction, are the amplitudes and durations. The study focuses on effects during the installation of deep foundations through vibratory methods and the age effect of the vibrations on freshly placed concrete. The installation followed the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) guidelines. During the drilled shaft casing installation, vibration is transmitted from the source of installation to the surrounding soil causing ground motion affecting the adjacent structures. The intensity of the ground motion and the severity of the induced vibration depend on factors, such as soil type, form of amplitude-time history of the vibration, polarity of certain type of waves, and configuration of the adjacent structures. The field investigation monitored peak particle velocities during installation and their effect on freshly placed concrete. The principal findings from the field study were: (1) vibrations with peak particle velocities of up to 2.5 in/sec do not cause damage to the fresh concrete at distances of two times the shaft diameter and beyond, and (2) in general, a spacing of three times the shaft diameter is a safe specification for ensuring that shaft vibration does not damage the concrete.
  Authors: Reddy, Dronnadula V; Gonzalez-Mier, Carlos; Sobhan, Khaled
  Authors: Reddy, Dronnadula V; Gonzalez-Mier, Carlos; Sobhan, Khaled
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology
  Session: 601
  Paper Number: 13-4722
• AN ANNULAR CYLINDER SOURCE MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH ENERGY PILES
  Abstract: A pile-anchored heat pump system can potentially be used as an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional solutions for bridge deck deicing. Such a system can also be useful during summer to reduce thermal distress of concrete bridge decks. Quantification of ground temperature variation due to heat transfer through energy piles is important for efficient design of these piles. Available idealized heat source models, which assume constant heat flux along the length of a heat exchanger element, cannot be used to evaluate ground temperature response during the operation of an energy pile. An annular cylinder heat source model that can realistically simulate heat transfer through an energy pile is proposed in this paper. The proposed model can capture the effects of fluid circulation rate and variable heat flux on temperature variation in soil surrounding an energy pile. A finite difference code is developed for simultaneous solution of partial differential equations describing heat transport in pile and soil. Results show that both the temperature of heat carrier fluid and the heat flux decrease along the length of an energy pile. Comparison of results from the proposed model with those obtained using previously available heat source models shows that the use of a constant heat flux along the entire length of an energy pile would significantly overestimate the change in ground temperature. The temperature difference between the two ends of a circulation tube increases as the fluid circulation rate decreases.
  Authors: Ghasemi Fare, Omid; Basu, Prasenjit
  Authors: Ghasemi Fare, Omid; Basu, Prasenjit
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 465
  Paper Number: 13-4949
• Condition Evaluation of the Nation’s Bridge Infrastructure Using Indicators Extracted from National Bridge Inventory Source Files
  Abstract: As bridges continue to age and deteriorate, the Nation is facing significant repair, maintenance andreplacement costs, as well as an increase in safety hazards to the motoring public and a decrease inefficiency to the trucking industry. Bridge conditions are of immediate concern to public safety, economyand national security. Compounding the issue is a chronic lack of adequate resources to performrecommended maintenance and repair, a continual increase in the weight and numbers of heavycommercial vehicles, and a dramatic reduction in the number of new bridges built or replaced annuallyover the last decade. Essential to addressing this issue is a simple to use, easily accessible means to assesscurrent conditions and to identify specific historical trends that may contribute to these conditions. For thepast two decades the primary source of publicly available information on the condition of the nation’sbridge infrastructure has been the National Bridge Inventory (NBI) data files compiled and provided bythe Federal Highway Administration. In 2009 the New Mexico Department of Transportation created asoftware application, the SABIS Bridge Information System, that processes publicly available NBI sourcefiles and provides simplified access to this information for use by technical and non-technical end users.This paper presents the results of efforts by the Research Bureau of the New Mexico Department ofTransportation to examine ten specific indicators of the condition of the nation’s bridge inventory usingdata extracted from these source files. These indicators are described in Federal Report No. MH-2009-13,“National Bridge Inspection Program: Assessment of FHWA’s Implementation of Data-Driven, Risk-Based Oversight”, and pertain primarily to the load rating and posting status of the nation’s bridges.
  Authors: Daniell, Keli T
  Authors: Daniell, Keli T
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-0061
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Vulnerability Assessment of Bridges Exposed to Scour
  Abstract: In order to improve funding allocation for transportation infrastructure maintenance and risk mitigation, there is dire need for a simplified yet sufficiently accurate methodology for estimating bridge vulnerability to scour. The methodology should make use of existing data and indicate basic variables needed for vulnerability assessment of bridges in road network located in the southeastern Serbia around the future expressway. In the first part of the paper the identification of possible bridge failure modes due to scouring event which depend on soil, structure and river hydraulic properties is discussed. Here, degradation of soil parameters is assumed as the main cause of bridge failure. The capacity of a bridge to withstand certain amount of structural damage governs both direct and indirect costs as the bridge failure and subsequent work zones related to rehabilitation actions reduce performance of the whole network. In the second part of the paper, the simulation of redistribution of traffic flows has been performed for several different possible scenarios using software VISUM. These scenarios include partial and full closure of road links due to bridge failures. The simulations confirmed that the most significant contribution to indirect costs stems from increase of total travel time for all network users.
  Authors: Tanasic, Nikola Slobodan; Ilic, Vladan Nedjo; Hajdin, Rade
  Authors: Tanasic, Nikola Slobodan; Ilic, Vladan Nedjo; Hajdin, Rade
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-0191
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Structural Health Monitoring for Damage Detection Under Heavy Construction Loading
  Abstract: Significant advancements in sensors and communication capabilities have increased interest in structural health monitoring as a cost effect method to monitor bridge performance and provide for pseudo real time damage detection. The objective of this paper is to present a case study regarding the use of structural health monitoring as part of a cost effective risk based approach to handling large construction loads on an existing bridge where lack of information prevented calculation of the bridge capacity. The bridge involved in this study was constructed in 1968 and provides access to a large privately held facility. As plans for implementation of a 400 million dollar expansion and renovation of the existing facility were about to start, the contractor and owner identified the existing five span bridge providing the only access to this portion of the facility as a potential impediment to the fast pace construction schedule. Limited information was available regarding the reinforcement of the existing AASHTO Type I composite beams. Based upon the available information a bridge rating of HS20-44 could be obtained, but anticipated construction loads would significantly exceed the HS20-44 design vehicle. In order to maintain the construction schedule a pseudo real time structural health monitoring program was successfully implemented to monitor bridge performance under construction loading. The monitoring system consisting of MEMS inclinometers, a data logger, digital camera, and cellular modem allowed for pseudo real time remote monitoring of bridge performance with a built in alarm notification system.
  Authors: Pavelchak, Matthew Adam; Williams, Mark Erik
  Authors: Pavelchak, Matthew Adam; Williams, Mark Erik
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-0210
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Design, Construction, and Performance of Mastic Asphalt Concrete for Orthotropic Bridge Decks
  Abstract: Mastic asphalt concrete is traditionally applied to the steel deck pavement for an orthotropic bridge. Since mastic asphalt concrete is poured into place and required no compaction, it is essential to develop the material especially for paving applications. The purpose of this research project is to characterize the engineering properties of mastic asphalt concrete and analyze the immediate and long-range performance of the paving system. Test results in the laboratory indicated that an increase in the Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) content led to an increase in the softening point of mastic asphalt concrete. Morphology obtained from scanning electron microscopy showed that asphalt, TLA and mineral fillers were uniformly mixed. The properties and relative proportions of binders and mineral fillers significantly affected the engineering behavior of mastic asphalt concrete. The surface characteristics of aggregate were shown to play a key role in rutting resistance. Testing procedures were developed to design a mastic asphalt mixture for field construction. Practical experiences on the production and construction practices of mastic asphalt concrete were provided. The performance of mastic asphalt concrete was evaluated.
  Authors: Chen, Jian-Shiuh; Chen, Shih-Fan; Liao, Min-Chih
  Authors: Chen, Jian-Shiuh; Chen, Shih-Fan; Liao, Min-Chih
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials
  Session: 651
  Paper Number: 13-0404
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Seismic Retrofit of San Francisco BART Aerial Stations
  Abstract: Considering the high risk of earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area and the essential role of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system in the region, the BART Earthquake Safety Program (ESP) has attracted great public attention from the beginning. This paper covers the seismic evaluation and retrofit of a total of eleven aerial stations within the BART System. All eleven stations are being retrofitted to meet Safety Performance requirements; and three stations have been additionally retrofitted to meet Operability Performance requirements. The details of the analysis approaches, seismic vulnerability of as-built stations, and retrofit measures proposed for the BART retrofit effort are presented in this paper. It was found that existing bent cap beams and footing caps are insufficient to resist the overstrength demands from the columns. Joints between columns and bent caps and joints between columns and footings are required to be strengthened as well. By various retrofit measures, including bent cap bolsters, in-fill walls, column FRP wrapping, footing partial overlays, and footing enlargements, the stations can be upgraded to achieve Safety and Operability Performance requirements.
  Authors: Wang, Huanzi; Ng, Shirley; Abdel-Karim, Ahmad M; Weston, Dan
  Authors: Wang, Huanzi; Ng, Shirley; Abdel-Karim, Ahmad M; Weston, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 499
  Paper Number: 13-0566
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Assessing National Bridge Inspection Standard Metrics Using Data Extracted from National Bridge Inventory Source Files
  Abstract: Transportation agencies face significant challenges in the maintenance, repair and operation of the nation’s bridge infrastructure as these structures continue to age and deteriorate. Compounding the issue is a chronic lack of adequate funding to perform recommended improvements, an increase in the frequency and magnitude of oversized commercial vehicles, and a dramatic reduction in the number of bridges built or reconstructed over the last decade. In response to a USDOT audit recommending the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) develop and implement minimum requirements for data-driven, risk-based bridge oversight during FHWA annual National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) compliance reviews improve, and to develop a comprehensive plan to routinely conduct systematic, data-driven analysis to identify nationwide bridge safety risks for remediation in coordination with the States, FHWA identified twenty three (23) specific metrics to assess states compliance with National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) requirements and to identify potentially at-risk structures using a data driven approach. These metrics were implemented in 2011 and revised in 2012. This paper presents the results of efforts by the New Mexico Department of Transportation to refine a prototype bridge information system developed in 2010 to include a simplified means to query data contained in the National Bridge Inventory Database and to provide the means to prepare reports and randomized lists of bridges in categories related to these metrics to assist federal oversight personnel in assessing state compliance levels and recommending follow-up actions.
  Authors: Daniell, Keli T
  Authors: Daniell, Keli T
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-0636
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Development of Test Method for Assessing the Bonding Characteristics of Membrane Layers in Wearing Course Laid on Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks
  Abstract: In order to characterize adequately the adhesive bonding strength of the various membranes with surrounding materials on orthotropic steel decks and collect the necessary parameters for FE modeling, details of the Membrane Adhesion Test (MAT) have been introduced. Analytical constitutive relations of MAT device have been derived on the basis of Williams (10). Furthermore, on the basis of experimental data obtained from MAT, ranking of the bonding characteristics of various membrane products is demonstrated as well as the role of other influencing factors, such as the types of substrate and test temperatures.
  Authors: Liu, Xueyan
  Authors: Liu, Xueyan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-0684
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Bridge Management Practices in Idaho, Michigan, and Virginia
  Abstract: Bridge management practices of departments of transportation (DOTs) in Idaho, Michigan and Virginia, are reported. These DOTs are examples of the success that is possible for asset management practices applied to bridges and culverts. Idaho, Michigan and Virginia manage their structures by: Identifying structures to be preserved; Measuring performance of structures; Setting goals for performance; Applying work programs that respond to performance measurements; Reporting performance to stakeholders, and; Leveraging State-wide commitment to preservation of assets.
  Authors: Hearn, George; Pan, Shyan-Yung; Casey, Wade F.
  Authors: Hearn, George; Pan, Shyan-Yung; Casey, Wade F.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-0869
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Insertion Rate Model for Pile Installation by Jetting in Sand
  Abstract: The use of jetting is an approach that is used to aid the installation of the piles especially in areas encompassing hard but relatively shallow subsurface soil layers. Employing pile jetting for a part of the depth installation minimizes pile exposure to excess stresses as well as energy savings and noise reduction. There is however a dearth of information in literature regarding the appropriate selection of jetting parameters, including flow rate and jet velocity that are appropriate for the strength of a given soil profile. Work in this study presents a model for estimating pile jetting parameters based on results from laboratory and field testing. The model is based on idealization of the applied shear stresses of the jet and the shear strength of the soil. The model is applied to 19 field installations where the jetted depth ranged from 10-34 ft (3.05 m to 10.36 m). The field data yield ratios of jet flow rate to rate of pile volume insertion with time (Qw/Qp) of 6 to 17 with lower ratios associated with higher velocities. The proposed model yielded an estimation of Qw/Qp that was +/- 16% of the measured values.
  Authors: Gabr, Mohammed A.; Borden, Roy H.; Denton, Levi; Smith, Alex
  Authors: Gabr, Mohammed A.; Borden, Roy H.; Denton, Levi; Smith, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology
  Session: 601
  Paper Number: 13-1231
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Bridge Building for Rural Developing Communities
  Abstract: Bridges to Prosperity (B2P) is a non-profit organization that focuses on being a primary depository and training centre for low cost, robust, long-span bridge structures for rural applications. Bridging the Gap Africa (BtGA), another non-profit bridge building organization, concentrates efforts on providing safe river crossings for rural communities in East Africa. The two organizations focus on building cable-supported bridges over impassable rivers to provide access to health care, education and market opportunities while decreasing risk of injuries or death.
  Authors: Rehm, Kelley; Bang, Avery
  Authors: Rehm, Kelley; Bang, Avery
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 703
  Paper Number: 13-1406
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Design of Geogrid-Reinforced Earth Walls: Transition of Limits and Critical Surfaces
  Abstract: The majority of design approaches or methodologies for reinforced soil walls or slopes are based on separately investigating the internal and external stabilities of the system. The internal stability is examined by satisfying the local stability of reinforcements at each level based on the predetermined critical slip plane (line of maximums) and the tributary area of each reinforcing layer. Recent research aimed at incorporating the contributions of the various elements of reinforced earth walls, some of which are mostly based on statistical correlations. The German code of practice for design/analyses of reinforced earth walls and slopes offers slightly different methodology for analyzing the internal stability of the reinforcement. It is mainly based on investigating numerous circular and random slip surfaces, within and beyond the reinforcement zone (internal and external), while accommodating the axial (resistance) forces provided by all reinforcement layers intercepting these surfaces. This paper presents some of the technical and design considerations and possible improvements on design methodology for reinforced soil walls and slopes. Of particular interest is the use of apparent cohesion concept in design of geosynthetic reinforced soil systems and the transition of limit equilibrium states (mobilization of actual state of equilibrium critical surfaces) for reinforced earth walls. The equivalent cohesion concept was used to transform reinforced soil masses into equivalent cohesive soil masses with friction capacity. Cases of analyses with comparisons between reinforced soil walls and the equivalent cohesive masses were performed and the results revealed very similar results between the two systems in terms of the safety of the walls.
  Authors: Al Mohd, Izzaldin Ayasrah; Ashteyat, Ahmed M.; Malkawi, Abdallah
  Authors: Al Mohd, Izzaldin Ayasrah; Ashteyat, Ahmed M.; Malkawi, Abdallah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 209
  Paper Number: 13-1422
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Performance of Bridge Superstructure Restrainer Systems Under Multihazard Effects
  Abstract: Superstructure unseating was judged as one of the major causes of bridge collapse during the 1971San Fernando earthquake, by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). Similarsuperstructure unseating has been observed subsequent to the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, the 2004Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami. Bridge decks submergedduring the later events experienced substantial superstructure damage due to hydrodynamic upliftforces due to wave action and hydrostatic uplift forces due to buoyancy coupled with entrapped airbelow the bridge deck. These events have tested deck to pier restrainer systems.In this paper, the performance of some traditional restrainer systems is assessed through thereview of bridge reconnaissance work done subsequent to; (1) hurricane Katrina 2005, (2) Chileearthquake 2010, (3) Japanese earthquake and tsunami 2011, and (4) Indian Ocean earthquake andtsunami 2004. The objective of this paper is to point out weaknesses of traditional restrainersystems and provide some recommendations to improve these systems based on successfulrestrainer applications.The assessment indicate that properly designed shear keys as restrainer systems againsthorizontal effects due to hurricane induced storm surges and earthquake ground motions are fairlyeffective for that purpose. Restrainer systems for vertical effects due to storm surges and tsunamiinduced forces appear to be less successful due to various reasons including failure of anchor boltsconnecting restrainers to the structure. The author further recommends a more robust approach tosolving the problem of superstructure unseating.
  Authors: Charles, Winsbert C.
  Authors: Charles, Winsbert C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 499
  Paper Number: 13-5382
• Performance Measures for Bridge Preservation
  Abstract: A study of performance measures for bridge preservation is reported. Performance measures for bridge preservation use National Bridge Inventory (NBI) general condition ratings, element-level condition states, and average costs to identify bridges to preserve, to determine the annual needs in preservation work and resources, and to quantify the impacts of preservation programs on bridge conditions and program costs. Proposed measures of performance for bridge preservation are demonstrated for the inventory of State-owned bridges in Colorado.
  Authors: Hearn, George
  Authors: Hearn, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-1551
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Experimental Evaluation of Shear Resistance of Improved Steel-Asphalt Interfaces
  Abstract: Although steel orthotropic deck is currently the most widely adopted solution for long-span bridges, the poor adhesion to the upper asphalt layers still represents a serious problem with a not clear solution. In recent decades many techniques, which involve the use of special bituminous bonding coats, reinforced asphalt membranes, net-reinforced steel deck surfaces or epoxy asphalt binders, have been applied, with varying results, to improve the level of adhesion of the asphalt pavement to the steel surface. In this experimental study two of such techniques were adopted in order to investigate the shear resistance of steel-asphalt pavement systems. The first technique uses epoxy asphalt both as a bonding coat and as a binder of the upper asphalt layer while the second technique concerns the use of a reinforced asphalt membrane that is applied on the steel deck before overlaying with conventional HMA.The ASTRA shear test device was used in order to evaluate the shear resistance of different types of HMA-steel interfaces and to investigate the effects of temperature and normal stress. The results have been compared with the shear properties of bitumen-coated interfaces, studied in a previous research. The results showed that epoxy asphalt guarantees high performance regardless of the test temperature. On the other hand, the shear resistance of the system with the asphalt membrane is lower than with the epoxy asphalt, although it is higher than the resistance of bitumen-coated interfaces at high temperatures.
  Authors: Bocci, Edoardo; Canestrari, Francesco
  Authors: Bocci, Edoardo; Canestrari, Francesco
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials
  Session: 651
  Paper Number: 13-1938
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Modeling and Load Rating of Two Bridges Designed with AASHTO and Florida I-Beam Girders
  Abstract: Florida I-Beam (FIB) girders provide a number of advantages such as higher load carrying capacity, more efficient fabrication, safer construction, increased lateral stiffness, larger vertical clearance and reduction in the overall cost of bridges. A comparative study incorporating two bridges, one with AASHTO Type III and the other with new Florida I-Beam (FIB) girders is presented. The first bridge is a 3 span bridge designed with 6 AASHTO Type III girders. The second bridge has the same length, width and girder depth; however, it has 4 FIB girders. Both bridges are analyzed using the conventional AASHTO LRFD girder line analysis method and also with a more sophisticated finite element method using a commercial software. The details of the FE model are also presented with the critical considerations of link elements, boundary conditions, pre-stressing tendons. Based on the FE model results, it is shown that it is possible to expect 20% higher live load capacity for interior girders and 40% higher live load capacity for exterior girders using FIB-45 girders compared to AASHTO Type III girders, while also reducing the cost by about 24%.
  Authors: Catbas, F. Necati; Darwash, Haider; Fadul, Manar
  Authors: Catbas, F. Necati; Darwash, Haider; Fadul, Manar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 703
  Paper Number: 13-2212
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• New Procedure for Estimating Cable Force in Cable-Stayed Bridge
  Abstract: In structural health monitoring of the cable-stayed bridges, estimation procedure for the cable tension influences the accuracy of monitoring system. Although some formulas are used in many monitoring systems, the results from these formulas are not accurate because they neglect the initial deflection, the natural frequency changing, and the initial curvature shortening of a oscillating cable. This paper presents a new estimation procedure that considers these neglected effects in the existing formulas and achieves the modified accuracy in estimating the tension force in the cable. Considering the initial deflection of the cable at the static status derives a clear explanation about the natural frequency changing for the change of the slenderness ratio of the cable. And by considering the stretching force induced by the initial curvature shortening, the additional forces acting on the supports of the cable conservatively are also investigated. In this paper, the concept of total tension force is proposed to increase the accuracy in tension force estimation for the cable. The re-estimation for the cable-stayed Alamillo Bridge, Spain shows that the new procedure estimates tension force of the cables more accurately and that this can be used as an alternative procedure in the structural health monitoring system.
  Authors: Choi, Dong-Ho; Park, Wan Soon; Nassif, Hani
  Authors: Choi, Dong-Ho; Park, Wan Soon; Nassif, Hani
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-2407
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Passive Force-Deflection Behavior for Zero- and Thirty-Degree Skewed Abutments
  Abstract: Accounting for seismic forces and thermal expansion in bridge design requires an accurate passive force-deflection relationship for the abutment wall. Current design codes make no allowance for skew effects on passive force; however, small-scale experimental results indicate that there is a significant reduction in peak passive force as skew angle increases for plane-strain cases. To further explore this issue large-scale field tests were conducted with skew angles of 0° and 30° with unconfined backfill geometry. The abutment backwall was 11-ft (3.35-m) wide by 5.5-ft (1.68-m) high and backfill material consisted of dense compacted sand. The peak passive force for the 30° skew was found to be 57% of the peak passive force for the 0° skew case which is in good agreement with the available laboratory and numerical results; however, this may suggest that backfill geometry has some effect on the reduction in peak passive force with respect to skew angle. Longitudinal displacement of the backwall at the peak passive force was found to be between 3% and 5% of the backwall height for both the 0° and 30° skew test which is consistent with previously reported values for large-scale passive force-deflection tests. Heave geometries for both the 0° and 30° tests were quite similar. In both cases the failure geometry extended approximately 4 ft to 5 ft (1.22 m to 1.52 m) beyond the edge of the pile cap and 16 ft (4.88 m) from the face of the cap when measured perpendicular to the backwall.
  Authors: Marsh, Aaron; Rollins, Kyle M.; Franke, Bryan; Smith, Jaycee; Palmer, Katie
  Authors: Marsh, Aaron; Rollins, Kyle M.; Franke, Bryan; Smith, Jaycee; Palmer, Katie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 209
  Paper Number: 13-2665
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Pullout Resistance Factors for Inextensible MSE Reinforcements Embedded in Sandy Backfill
  Abstract: This paper presents results from a laboratory program of 402 pullout tests of inextensible reinforcements used for Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls. Results focus on evaluation of pullout resistance factors for sandy backfill and MSE reinforcement combinations used by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). This project uses Texas Tech University’s large-scale MSE Test Box with dimensions of 12 feet x 12 feet x 4 feet and an applied overburden capacity of 40 feet of backfill. This test box facilitates pullout testing at a scale not unlike typical field construction. The research design evaluates pullout resistance factors for both ribbed strip and welded grid reinforcements for a variety of independent variables including overburden pressure, reinforcement length, skew or splay angle, level of compaction, grid wire size, and grid geometry including both transverse and longitudinal wire spacing. We use statistical analyses to interpret the data within the context of published AASHTO design guidance for inextensible MSE reinforcements.
  Authors: Lawson, William D.; Jayawickrama, Priyantha Warnasuriya; Wood, Timothy A.; Surles, James
  Authors: Lawson, William D.; Jayawickrama, Priyantha Warnasuriya; Wood, Timothy A.; Surles, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 209
  Paper Number: 13-2684
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Identifying High Pile Rebound Soils Using Cone Penetrometer Pore Water Pressure Measurements: Case Studies in Central Florida
  Abstract: At certain depths during large diameter displacement pile driving, rebound well over 0.25 inch was experienced and followed by a small or zero set during each hammer blow. High pile rebound (HPR) soils may stop the pile driving and results in a limited pile capacity. The overburden depth at which HPR occurred is typically greater than 50 ft. In some cases, rebound leads to pile damage, delaying the construction project, and the requiring foundations redesign. HPR was evaluated at six Central Florida sites, during driving of square precast, prestressed concrete piles driven into saturated, fine silty to clayey sands and sandy clays. Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) deflection versus time data, recorded during installation, was used to develop correlations between cone penetrometer (CPT) pore-water pressures, pile displacements and rebound. Fifteen CPT tests with pore-water pressure measurements (CPTu) were evaluated and comparisons were made to HPR from eleven piles at the six sites. At four sites where piles experienced excessive HPR with no or minimal set, the CPTu pore-water pressure yielded very high positive values of more than 20 tsf. However, at the site where the pile rebounded, followed by an acceptable permanent set, the measured CPTu pore-water pressure ranged between 5 and 20 tsf. The CPTu pore-water pressure exhibited values of less than 5 tsf at the site where no rebound was noticed. In summary, direct correlations between CPTu pore-water pressure and rebound were produced, which could be used to identify soils that produce HPR.
  Authors: Cosentino, Paul J.; Kalajian, Edward; Jarushi, Fauzi; Krajcik, Ryan
  Authors: Cosentino, Paul J.; Kalajian, Edward; Jarushi, Fauzi; Krajcik, Ryan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology
  Session: 601
  Paper Number: 13-2871
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Guidelines for Thermographic Inspection of Concrete Bridge Components in Shaded Conditions
  Abstract: Infrared thermography has the potential to detect subsurface delamination before spalling develops, and could be used as a tool to enhance the visual inspection of concrete bridges. The technology has traditionally been applied to bridge decks, which are exposed to radiant heating from the sun that helps develop the necessary thermal gradients in the concrete. Thermal gradients can also be developed from the normal diurnal temperature variations that occur. Convective heat transfer occurs to develop the thermal gradients, although thermal gradients are of much lower magnitude than those developed through radiant heating from the sun. This paper presents results of a study to develop thermal imaging for detection of subsurface deterioration in the soffit areas of bridges, which are shaded and therefore not exposed to radiant heating from the sun. Experimental studies and field testing were conducted and are described. This paper reports on Guidelines developed for this application of the technology that address the necessary environmental conditions to enable detection of damage in bridge soffit areas. Specifically, the paper discusses ambient temperature rates of change necessary to ensure subsurface damage can be detected in shaded conditions. The paper also discusses the effect of wind speed on the detectability of subsurface damage in shaded areas of a bridge, and certain camera settings needed to ensure temperature anomalies associated with subsurface damage can be detected by an inspector during the inspection process. A field example is provided to illustrates the application of the technology and highlight the needed camera settings.
  Authors: Washer, Glenn; Fenwick, Richard; Nelson, Seth
  Authors: Washer, Glenn; Fenwick, Richard; Nelson, Seth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-2012
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Modeling the Risk of Advanced Deterioration in Bridge Management Systems
  Abstract: The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has developed a set of risk models for its Bridge Management System, built into its existing Excel-based project level and network level decision support tools as well as intended for eventual use in AASHTO’s Pontis 5.2. One of these new models is an analysis of the risk associated with advanced deterioration. This model extends the reach of Florida’s existing deterioration models to estimate the likelihood, consequences, and impact of allowing a badly deteriorated element to go unrepaired. FDOT maintains data about demolished and replaced bridges as inactive records in its Pontis database. Statistical analysis of the condition and characteristics of the removed bridges was used to explore the reasons for the end of each bridge’s life. Combined with load posting and reconstruction data, a reasonable quantification of the likelihood of service disruption was developed. The best models developed in the research used a combination of linear and lognormal forms, which reflected the buildup of risk caused by repeated Markovian deterioration as well as the typical delay that occurs between observation of deteriorated conditions, and the resulting action to replace or reconstruct the bridge.As a by-product of the research, a linear failure probability model was also developed, which is suitable for earlier Pontis releases up to 4.5. This will be helpful to bridge owners who do not have their own sources of bridge element failure probability estimates.
  Authors: Thompson, Paul D.; Sobanjo, John Olusegun; Kerr, Richard
  Authors: Thompson, Paul D.; Sobanjo, John Olusegun; Kerr, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-3151
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Analysis of Texas Superheavy Load Criteria for Bridges
  Abstract: The number of permits for superheavy loads crossing Texas bridges has steadily increased over the years, and, compared with several other states, the criteria that establish superheavy-load status is generous. The result is that many Texas bridges experience routine, high-stress loads that cause accelerated deterioration. In this study, bridge load and rating factors and the validity of the criteria for establishing superheavy load status are evaluated. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate Texas Superheavy load criteria for bridges. To accomplish this, field tests for the response behavior of a bridge subjected to overweight vehicles and parametric study using finite element analysis were utilized to extract bridge criteria triggers. The field calibrated solid model and related parametric study show that the Texas superheavy load criteria are valid for the study bridge type. Bridge rating, using the distribution factors determined in the study, show that the bridge has much reserve capacity, even with short 230 kip and longer 311 kip superheavy loads applied. The parametric study using finite element modeling shows that the criteria adequately protect this bridge type. Because the criteria are based on TxDOT’s prior permitting, a graphical version of the criteria might serve TxDOT and carriers better than does the gross vehicle weight limits alone. Data collected long term of frequency and load level from a relevant bridge would help TxDOT determine what effects stress level variations have on the life of Texas bridges.
  Authors: Chang, Byungik; Bourland, Mark Cleve; Couch, Todd; Zou, Hao
  Authors: Chang, Byungik; Bourland, Mark Cleve; Couch, Todd; Zou, Hao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4119
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Developing Bridge Management Components That Facilitate Decision Making
  Abstract: With limited funds, a greater demand for use, and continuous deterioration, it is crucial that transportation agencies have an effective decision-making process and available tools, such as bridge management systems, to manage their network of bridges. Given the shortcomings of the current bridge management practices, as repeatedly highlighted in literature, it is evident that a decision process that only involves a single rating or index such as the Sufficiency Rating or Bridge Health Index to manage bridges is inadequate. Therefore, there is a clear need to pursue and develop supplemental bridge management practices. The primary contribution of this research is to provide engineers, managers and decision-makers with effective bridge management components that have well-defined goals and related items. Additionally, these components clearly identify and distinguish differences in bridge attributes, which may go unnoticed when using a single criterion. Upon establishing the bridge management components transportation agencies may utilize them in a variety of ways to complement their current bridge management practices, which in turn may better illustrate the performance of their bridges. The specific objectives of this research are (i) to identify the appropriate items that make up each of the aforementioned components and (ii) to determine the relative importance of those items as represented by weighting factors. To achieve these objectives, we conducted this research in two parts, seeking input from key bridge management personnel, industry professionals, and academics. The first part consisted of a survey, while the second part utilized a mathematical method entitled the Analytic Hierarchy Process.
  Authors: Johnson, Joshua; Ozbek, Mehmet Egemen
  Authors: Johnson, Joshua; Ozbek, Mehmet Egemen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-3438
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Calculation Method for Quantifying Axial and Roll Stiffnesses for Rectangular Steel-Reinforced Elastomeric Bridge Bearing Pads
  Abstract: Accurate estimates of bearing stiffnesses are often necessary for bridge design and construction calculations. In the case of steel-reinforced elastomeric bearing pads, it is often difficult to estimate compression stiffness or roll stiffness due to the complex deformations of the elastomer. In this paper, a numerical analysis method is presented for estimating axial and roll stiffnesses of bearing pads. To validate the axial calculation method, experimental compression tests are performed on pads specimens constructed in accordance with Florida design standards. Additionally, a method for calculating roll stiffness is presented, in which the pad is modeled as a grid of compression-only axial springs (a grillage). The grillage method is partially derived from experimental measurements of roll stiffness that were performed in a separate study. It is demonstrated that the grillage method accurately captures the non-linear moment-rotation behavior caused by liftoff of the girder from the pad and the observed sensitivity to initial compressive load caused by girder weight. Consideration is also given to reductions in roll stiffness caused by girder slope relative to the pad.
  Authors: Harper, Zachary S.; Consolazio, Gary
  Authors: Harper, Zachary S.; Consolazio, Gary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 703
  Paper Number: 13-3640
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Construction Engineering Recommendations for Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges: Report for NCHRP Project 12-79, Task 9
  Abstract: The recently completed NCHRP Research Project 12-79, “Guidelines for Analytical Methods and Erection Engineering of Curved and Skewed Steel Deck-Girder Bridges,” investigated the analysis of curved and skewed steel girder bridges. Over 70 bridges were analyzed in detail using a variety of 1D, 2D, and 3D analysis methods; for each bridge the results of the various analysis methods were compared to benchmark 3D fine element analysis results or to field measurements (when available) to evaluate their accuracy. The results were evaluated to determine appropriate levels of analysis for erection engineering of various types of steel girder bridges. Numerous findings and recommendations representing significant advancements in the state of the art for erection engineering were generated. While a few of the recommendations involve improvements to commercial bridge analysis software and may take some time to implement, the remainder of the findings and recommendations can be implemented immediately by bridge engineers performing erection analyses. The NCHRP 12-79 research team provided a succinct and practical summary of these immediately implementable findings and recommendations, in a format useful to practicing bridge design engineers, in what they called the Task 9 report. This paper provides a summary of the NCHRP 12-79 Task 9 report recommendations.
  Authors: Coletti, Domenic; Chavel, Brandon; White, Donald W.; Sanchez, Andres; Ozgur, Cagri; Chong, Juan Manual Jimenez
  Authors: Coletti, Domenic; Chavel, Brandon; White, Donald W.; Sanchez, Andres; Ozgur, Cagri; Chong, Juan Manual Jimenez
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 624
  Paper Number: 13-3826
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Influence of Gravimetric Water Content on Geotextile Reinforcement Pullout Resistance in MSE Walls with Marginal-Quality Soils
  Abstract: Pullout capacity of geotextile reinforcement is an important consideration in the internal stability analysis of reinforced soil structures, especially those constructed with marginal soils. Precipitation, ground water infiltration and seasonal variations of moisture content during the construction process or service life of the structure could result in significant reductions in the matric suction, leading to a reduction in the soil-geotextile interface strength. Consequently, the reinforced soil structure may experience unacceptable deformations or even failure during its construction or post-construction periods. It should be noted that the loss of matric suction in the soil influences both the shear strength of the soil and the soil-reinforcement interface. However, the focus of this study is merely on the latter.In this study, a series of pullout and interface shear tests were carried out to measure the pullout resistance of a reinforcement geotextile in a marginal soil which was compacted at different gravimetric water contents (GWC). The marginal soil was selected to meet the limiting requirements of the National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) guidelines for segmental retaining walls with respect to the fines content, gradation and plasticity. The range of GWC values investigated varied from dry to wet side of the soil Optimum Moisture Content (OMC). The matric suction in the soil was measured in order to evaluate its influence on the soil-reinforcement interface shear strength. A Moisture Reduction Factor (MRF) is proposed to account for the reduction in the soil-geotextile interface strength as a result of the loss in matric suction.
  Authors: Hatami, Kianoosh; Granados, Jaime E.; Esmaili, Danial; Miller, Gerald Andrew
  Authors: Hatami, Kianoosh; Granados, Jaime E.; Esmaili, Danial; Miller, Gerald Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 595
  Paper Number: 13-3836
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Economic Evaluation of Commercial Remote Sensors for Bridge Health Monitoring
  Abstract: The Michigan Tech Transportation Institute (MTTI) and Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI), in cooperation with the Center for Automotive Research (CAR) and the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), have completed research that investigates the use of remote sensing technologies to assess and monitor the condition of bridge infrastructure. This study was funded largely by the USDOT Research and Innovative Technology Administration as part of an effort to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of bridge inspection, repair, and rehabilitation efforts. Remote sensing technologies were correlated with in-place sensors and traditional inspection methods to obtain bridge condition assessment data and evaluate them as part of an integrated decision support environment to move them toward practical use in structural health monitoring. As part of the overall effort, CAR researchers conducted an evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of a broad deployment of remote sensing techniques for bridge condition assessment and a decision support system (DSS) for bridge infrastructure management. After background research, laboratory testing, field demonstration, and interviews with bridge inspection experts, three technologies emerged as having the most potential for cost-effective implementation: 3D Optical Bridge Evaluation System (3DOBS), Thermal Infrared Imagery (ThIR), and Ultra Wide Band Imaging RADAR System (UWBIRS). The researchers conclude that investment in remote sensing technologies for bridge health monitoring can enhance technical performance of bridge inspection and improve the resource allocation decision process for transportation agencies. Use of these technologies can be especially beneficial when combined with a decision support system (DSS), such as that developed by the research team.
  Authors: Hong, Qiang; Wallace, Richard; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Brooks, Colin Neil; Dennis, Eric Paul; Forster, Mike
  Authors: Hong, Qiang; Wallace, Richard; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Brooks, Colin Neil; Dennis, Eric Paul; Forster, Mike
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-3978
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Recommendations for The Use of Spread Footings on Soils to Support Highway Bridges
  Abstract: Recent FHWA national surveys revealed that: (a) highway bridges supported on spread footings bearing on competent and improved natural soils, and engineered granular and MSE fills have been safely and economically constructed by many state departments of transportation (DOTs); and (b) many DOTs may be missing an opportunity to save time and money by not actively considering spread footings to support highway bridges. The goal of this report is to promote the use of spread footings on soils when appropriate to support highway bridges. Perceived obstacles in using spread footings are identified, and recommendations to address these obstacles are developed and centered around: 1) deployment of AASHTO/FHWA technical resources; 2) highlighting practices of DOTs that actively use spread footings, especially for selection of spread footing; 3) performance review of bridges constructed with spread footings bearing on soils; and 4) LRFD implementation for spread footings design. Excessive settlement of bridges with spread footings bearing on soils is the main concern for the DOTs that do not consider spread footings. To address this concern, detailed recommendations are presented for accurate estimation of both the bridge tolerable settlements and the bridge settlements that impact bridge performance. The paper demonstrates that bridges with spread footings bearing on soil perform very well with respect to settlement, and concerns of bridge settlement should not limit DOTs from using these spread footings.
  Authors: Abu-Hejleh, Naser Mahmood
  Authors: Abu-Hejleh, Naser Mahmood
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 598
  Paper Number: 13-4352
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Deicer Effect on Concrete Bridge Decks: Practitioners' Perspective and a Method of Developing Exposure Maps
  Abstract: This work illustrates a method of developing exposure maps that can be used to better understand the potential effects that deicers and other relevant variables may impart on an agency’s concrete infrastructure. To capture the practitioners’ perspective on the subject, two surveys were conducted with participants from ODOT winter maintenance and bridge management practitioners. Subsequently, the method was established using the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) as a case study and the study involved the collection of relevant data for developing exposure maps for select 12 representative ODOT concrete bridge decks. Through the ODOT case study, issues with data availability and quality were identified and it is recommended that deicer type and application rate, traffic volume, weather condition (air temperature, precipitation, etc.), and bridge mix design data should be documented into an integrated bridge preservation program; or should be added to the existing bridge management systems, for any agency planning to investigate the role of such variables in the durability of its concrete bridge decks.
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-5015
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Optimization of Design Details in Orthotropic Steel Decks Subjected to Static and Fatigue Loads
  Abstract: In recent decades, orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) have been routinely incorporated in long span bridges. Employment of cutouts in diaphragms (or sub-floorbeams) that the OSDs frame into is the most widely used configuration to reduce stress concentration, improve fatigue performance, and control crack propagation. However, the capital cost of cutout fabrication in the United States is relatively high and may not be economically feasible. There is a need to study cost-effective modified design details without cutouts and to compare their corresponding flexural and fatigue performance against current design details that utilize cutouts.In this paper, alternative design details (e.g., deck ribs welded directly to the transverse diaphragms using full-penetration welds) utilizing thicker deck plates, but without cutouts, was investigated for potential improvements with respect to fatigue resistance and capital cost. A parametric study was conducted using calibrated finite element models of a portion of the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge in New York City to study the effects of cutouts, deck plate thickness, and other important parameters on fatigue performance. Various traffic load combinations and truck types were considered using an elaborate Weight-In-Motion (WIM) database. Results detail equivalent stress ranges at critical locations in the OSDs that were calculated to quantitatively estimate fatigue lives for two orthotropic deck models; one containing cutouts and one with the cutouts removed. Based on these comparisons, recommendations related to overall structural performance are made to ensure a safe and rational design for various OSD options in long span bridges.
  Authors: Xia, Ye; Nassif, Hani; Hwang, Eui-Seung; Linzell, Daniel G.
  Authors: Xia, Ye; Nassif, Hani; Hwang, Eui-Seung; Linzell, Daniel G.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 751
  Paper Number: 13-4623
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Staged Construction Modeling of Large-Diameter Steel Pipe Using Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis
  Abstract:

  Numerical analysis is performed to simulate the behavior of a buried steel pipe during staged construction installation. The model deflections during staged construction process are verified with two different experimental soil box test results. A parametric study on essential modeling parameters is performed to determine the proper modeling values for calibration. The finite element model and its associated analysis algorithm consider large deformation using total Lagrangian formulation. The material and contact nonlinear algorithms are also included in the analysis for both soil and steel pipe materials. The contact between each soil layer and soil-to-pipe is carefully implemented for master and slave contact surfaces to simulate the test results. Uniform calibrated temperature loading is applied to simulate the stresses induced due to compaction forces on the pipe and trench walls. Finally, the vertical and lateral load-deformation plots obtained from the FEM are compared with full scale experimental test results during the staged construction process and after application of surcharge load.

  Authors: Salehi Dezfooli, Mojtaba; Abolmaali, Ali; Razavi, Mohammad
  Authors: Salehi Dezfooli, Mojtaba; Abolmaali, Ali; Razavi, Mohammad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 216
  Paper Number: 13-4573
• Structural Health Monitoring for Damage Detection Under Heavy Construction Loading
  Authors: Pavelchak, Matthew
  Authors: Pavelchak, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-0210
• Modulus of Soil Reaction Values Observed in Ohio Thermoplastic Pipe Deep-Burial Project
  Authors: Masada, Teruhisa
  Authors: Masada, Teruhisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 216
  Paper Number: 13-0336
• Tunnel in Karpacz
  Authors: Janusz, Leszek
  Authors: Janusz, Leszek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 782
  Paper Number: 13-1048
• Bridge Failure Rate Analysis
  Authors: Cook, Wesley
  Authors: Cook, Wesley
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-1249
• Bridge Weigh-in-Motion on Steel Orthotropic Decks and Application to Bridge Assessment
  Authors: Jacob, Bernard
  Authors: Jacob, Bernard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-1452
• Limit Analysis for Historic Masonry Bridge with CFRP Reinforcements
  Authors: Catalani, Giulio
  Authors: Catalani, Giulio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 300
  Paper Number: 13-1658
• Vulnerability Assessment of Bridges Exposed to Scour
  Authors: Tanasic, Nikola
  Authors: Tanasic, Nikola
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-0191
• Superload Evaluation of Millard Avenue Bridge over CSX Railroad
  Authors: Nims, Douglas
  Authors: Nims, Douglas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 317
  Paper Number: 13-0240
• Assessment of Shear Capacity of Existing Reinforced-Concrete Solid Slab Bridges
  Authors: Lantsoght, Eva
  Authors: Lantsoght, Eva
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 628
  Paper Number: 13-0319
• Novel Wireless Multisensor Network System for Steel Bridge Fatigue Crack Monitoring
  Authors: Zhao, Xiaoliang
  Authors: Zhao, Xiaoliang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-0670
• Evolution of Bridge Damage-Detection Algorithm
  Authors: Phares, Brent
  Authors: Phares, Brent
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-0730
• Effect of Air Content on Rapid Chloride Permeability
  Authors: Crouch, Lewis
  Authors: Crouch, Lewis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 162
  Paper Number: 13-0777
• PERFORMANCE OF FRP CONCRETE BEAMS EXPOSED TO SEVERE ENVIRONMENTS
  Authors: Zaki, Amr
  Authors: Zaki, Amr
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 300
  Paper Number: 13-1833
• Added Longevity with Thermoplastic Polymer-Coated Structural Steel Plate
  Authors: West, Anna
  Authors: West, Anna
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 216
  Paper Number: 13-1991
• Field Performance of Cost-Efficient Cast-in-Place and Precast Prestressed Bridge Approach Slabs
  Authors: Thiagarajan, Ganesh
  Authors: Thiagarajan, Ganesh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 628
  Paper Number: 13-1998
• Instrumentation and Long Term Monitoring of Three Integral Abutment Bridges in Vermont
  Authors: Civjan, Scott
  Authors: Civjan, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-2066
• FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF FRP-REINFORCED CONCRETE FLEXURAL ELEMENTS INSTALLED WITH PROTECTED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
  Authors: Rahmatian, Arash
  Authors: Rahmatian, Arash
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 751
  Paper Number: 13-2226
• New Procedure for Estimating Cable Force in Cable-Stayed Bridge
  Authors: Choi, Dong-Ho
  Authors: Choi, Dong-Ho
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-2407
• Parametric Analysis of Corrugated Steel Plate Structures with Maximum Spans
  Authors: Janusz, Leszek
  Authors: Janusz, Leszek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 216
  Paper Number: 13-2523
• Effect of Air Content on Rapid Chloride Permeability
  Authors: Browning, Allen
  Authors: Browning, Allen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 162
  Paper Number: 13-0777
• Comparison of Gravimetric and Hardened Air Content with Pressure Method Air Content of Tennessee Bridge Deck Mixture
  Authors: Crouch, Lewis
  Authors: Crouch, Lewis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 162
  Paper Number: 13-0778
• Comparison of Gravimetric and Hardened Air Content with Pressure Method Air Content of Tennessee Bridge Deck Mixture
  Authors: Browning, Allen
  Authors: Browning, Allen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 162
  Paper Number: 13-0778
• Erection of Steel Bridges Across Large River for Shinkansen High-Speed Rail
  Authors: Minami, Kuniaki
  Authors: Minami, Kuniaki
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 624
  Paper Number: 13-0855
• Erection of Steel Bridges Across Large River for Shinkansen High-Speed Rail
  Authors: Shimotsu, Tatsuya
  Authors: Shimotsu, Tatsuya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 624
  Paper Number: 13-0855
• Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Traffic-Induced Deformation of Pavements
  Authors: Xiong, Haocheng
  Authors: Xiong, Haocheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 465
  Paper Number: 13-1388
• Bridge Building for Rural Developing Communities
  Authors: Bang, Avery
  Authors: Bang, Avery
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 703
  Paper Number: 13-1406
• Ultra-Rapid Underpass: TBM Excavation in Soft Ground from Surface Elevation Without Shaft or Large-Scale Open Cut Pit
  Authors: Zick, Paul
  Authors: Zick, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 215
  Paper Number: 13-1080
• Ultra-Rapid Underpass: TBM Excavation in Soft Ground from Surface Elevation Without Shaft or Large-Scale Open Cut Pit
  Authors: Takatoku, Yuhei
  Authors: Takatoku, Yuhei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 215
  Paper Number: 13-1080
• Pullout Resistance Factors for Inextensible MSE Reinforcements Embedded in Sandy Backfill
  Authors: Lawson, William
  Authors: Lawson, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 209
  Paper Number: 13-2684
• Thermoelectric Energy-Harvesting System Design Across Pavement Structure
  Authors: Wu, Guangxi
  Authors: Wu, Guangxi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 465
  Paper Number: 13-2829
• Modeling the Risk of Advanced Deterioration in Bridge Management Systems
  Authors: Thompson, Paul
  Authors: Thompson, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-3151
• Service and Ultimate Limit State Flexural Behavior of One-Way Concrete Slabs Reinforced with Corrosion-Resistant Reinforcing Bars
  Authors: Moen, Cristopher
  Authors: Moen, Cristopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 628
  Paper Number: 13-3314
• Experiments on a Hybrid-Composite Beam for Bridge Applications
  Authors: Van Nosdall, Stephen
  Authors: Van Nosdall, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 426
  Paper Number: 13-3318
• Development of Service-Life Model of I-99 High-Performance Concrete Bridge Decks in Pennsylvania
  Authors: Ghosh, Pratanu
  Authors: Ghosh, Pratanu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 162
  Paper Number: 13-3400
• Behavior of a Typical Steel Bridge Superstructure Subjected to a Lateral Point Load on the Girder
  Authors: Fiorillo, Graziano
  Authors: Fiorillo, Graziano
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 317
  Paper Number: 13-2712
• Performance Measures for Bridge Preservation
  Authors: Hearn, George
  Keywords: Bridges; Maintenance; Asset Management; Performance Measures
  Authors: Hearn, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-1551
• Modeling and Load Rating of Two Bridges Designed with AASHTO and Florida I-Beam Girders
  Authors: Catbas, F. Necati
  Authors: Catbas, F. Necati
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 703
  Paper Number: 13-2212
• Guidelines for Thermographic Inspection of Concrete Bridge Components in Shaded Conditions
  Authors: Washer, Glenn
  Authors: Washer, Glenn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-2012
• Comparative Experimental Performance of Bridge Deck Slabs with AFRP and Steel Prestressed Precast Panels
  Authors: Head, Monique
  Authors: Head, Monique
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 461
  Paper Number: 13-3207
• Monitoring of First "Bridge-in-a-Backpack" Bridge in Massachusetts
  Authors: Civjan, Scott
  Authors: Civjan, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 426
  Paper Number: 13-3221
• Key Technology in Steel Box Girder Design of Huangpu South Branch Bridge, China
  Authors: Gang, Mei
  Authors: Gang, Mei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: 13-3558
• Research On a New Steel Deck Pavement technique
  Authors: Daojin, Lin
  Authors: Daojin, Lin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: 13-3548
• Flexural Behavior of Hybrid FRP-Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composite Beams
  Authors: Nguyen, Hai
  Authors: Nguyen, Hai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 461
  Paper Number: 13-3699
• Calculation Method for Quantifying Axial and Roll Stiffnesses for Rectangular Steel-Reinforced Elastomeric Bridge Bearing Pads
  Authors: Consolazio, Gary
  Authors: Consolazio, Gary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 703
  Paper Number: 13-3640
• Passive Force-Deflection Behavior for Zero- and Thirty-Degree Skewed Abutments
  Authors: Marsh, Aaron
  Authors: Marsh, Aaron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 209
  Paper Number: 13-2665
• Pullout Resistance Factors for Inextensible MSE Reinforcements Embedded in Sandy Backfill
  Authors: Surles, James
  Authors: Surles, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 209
  Paper Number: 13-2684
• Nondestructive Evaluation-Based Assessment of Deterioration Progression in Concrete Bridge Decks
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3043
• Externally Bonded GFRP and NSM Steel Bars for Enhanced Strengthening of Concrete T-beams
  Authors: Wuertz, Augustine
  Authors: Wuertz, Augustine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 461
  Paper Number: 13-3120
• Design Model for Confinement Reinforcement in Pretensioned Concrete I-girders
  Authors: Ross, Brandon
  Authors: Ross, Brandon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 628
  Paper Number: 13-3724
• Construction Engineering Recommendations for Curved and Skewed Steel Girder Bridges: Report for NCHRP Project 12-79, Task 9
  Authors: Coletti, Domenic
  Authors: Coletti, Domenic
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 624
  Paper Number: 13-3826
• Thickness Measurements of Structural Concrete Members with Compact Dimensions Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo and Impact-Echo
  Authors: Algernon, Daniel
  Authors: Algernon, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3913
• Infrared Thermography-Based Inspection Technique for Void Detection in Bridge Stay-Cables
  Authors: Salaimeh, Ahmad
  Authors: Salaimeh, Ahmad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3912
• Lake Champlain Bridge Emergency Replacement Project
  Authors: Zoli, Theodore
  Authors: Zoli, Theodore
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 624
  Paper Number: 13-3893
• Evaluation of Digital Image Correlation Method as a Structural Damage Assessment and Management Tool
  Authors: Oats, Renee
  Authors: Oats, Renee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-3968
• Experimental Evaluation of Connections in Hybrid FRP-Concrete Bridge Truss Girders
  Authors: El-Badry, Mamdouh
  Authors: El-Badry, Mamdouh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 461
  Paper Number: 13-4134
• Use of Geothermal Deep Foundations for Bridge Deicing
  Authors: Suleiman, Muhannad
  Authors: Suleiman, Muhannad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 465
  Paper Number: 13-4133
• Dynamic Behavior of Ribbon Floating Bridges: Analytical and Experimental Studies
  Authors: Viecili, Giannin
  Authors: Viecili, Giannin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 317
  Paper Number: 13-4341
• Staged Construction Modeling of Large-Diameter Steel Pipe Using Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis
  Authors: Salehi Dezfooli, Mojtaba
  Authors: Salehi Dezfooli, Mojtaba
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 216
  Paper Number: 13-4573
• Bridge Assessment Methods Using Image Processing and Infrared Thermography Technology: On-Site Pilot Application in Florida
  Authors: Matsumoto, Masato
  Authors: Matsumoto, Masato
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-4738
• Performance-Based Risk Estimation of Bridges Under Seismic Hazard
  Authors: Banerjee, Swagata
  Authors: Banerjee, Swagata
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 750
  Paper Number: 13-4924
• Dynamic Characterization of a Truss Bridge by Falling-Weight Deflectometer
  Authors: Grimmelsman, Kirk
  Authors: Grimmelsman, Kirk
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-5182
• Concrete Tunnel Lining Evaluation Using Nondestructive Techniques: Multimethod Case Study at Eisenhower Tunnel, Colorado
  Authors: White, Joshua
  Authors: White, Joshua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3381
• Application of Innovative Technology in Baling River Bridge Design, China
  Authors: Daqing, Zhou
  Authors: Daqing, Zhou
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: 13-3556
• Three-Dimensional Parametric Data Exchange for Curved Steel Bridges
  Authors: Karaman, S. Gokhan
  Authors: Karaman, S. Gokhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 317
  Paper Number: 13-4186
• Development and Application of Three-Dimensional Optical Bridge Deck Evaluation System
  Authors: Dobson, Richard
  Authors: Dobson, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-4451
• Behavior of Bell and Spigot Joints in Buried Reinforced-Concrete Pipelines
  Authors: Moore, Ian
  Authors: Moore, Ian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 782
  Paper Number: 13-4577
• Evaluating Natural Hazards and Damage on Florida Bridges
  Authors: Sobanjo, John
  Authors: Sobanjo, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-3324
• Failure Analysis and Retrofit Strategy of Cardenal Raúl Silva Henríquez Bridge During 2010 Earthquake in Chile
  Authors: Chen, Genda
  Authors: Chen, Genda
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 810
  Paper Number: 13-3048
• Statistical Identification of Items Important for Evaluating Bridge Conditions
  Authors: Tang, Pingbo
  Authors: Tang, Pingbo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-3442
• Behavior of Bell and Spigot Joints in Buried Thermoplastic Pipelines
  Authors: Moore, Ian
  Authors: Moore, Ian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 782
  Paper Number: 13-4591
• AN ANNULAR CYLINDER SOURCE MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH ENERGY PILES
  Authors: Ghasemi Fare, Omid
  Authors: Ghasemi Fare, Omid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 465
  Paper Number: 13-4949
• How to Interpret the Challenges and Opportunities in Our Future
  Authors: Turner, Daniel
  Authors: Turner, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; History
  Session: 363
  Paper Number: P13-5023
• Investigation of Possible Chloride Contamination in Posttensioning Grout
  Authors: Kelley, Paul
  Authors: Kelley, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 464
  Paper Number: P13-5034
• Protocols for Inspecting Tendons Embedded in Grout with Potentially Elevated Chlorides
  Authors: Kelley, Paul
  Authors: Kelley, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 464
  Paper Number: P13-5035
• FHWA Chloride-Contaminated Posttension Grout Study
  Authors: Zielske, James
  Authors: Zielske, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 464
  Paper Number: P13-5036
• Proposed Protocols for Condition Assessment and Characterization of Posttensioned Cable Grouts in Bridges
  Authors: Theryo, Teddy
  Authors: Theryo, Teddy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 515
  Paper Number: P13-5038
• Update on Corrosion Failure of Posttensioned Tendons in Florida due to Thixotropic Grout Segregation
  Authors: Paredes, Mario
  Authors: Paredes, Mario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 515
  Paper Number: P13-5039
• Virginia Experience with Posttensioned Grouts
  Authors: Sprinkel, Michael
  Authors: Sprinkel, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 515
  Paper Number: P13-5040
• Detection and Progression of Corrosion Damage over Time in Reinforced Decks Using Nondestructive Evaluation
  Authors: Pailes, Brian
  Authors: Pailes, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 304
  Paper Number: P13-5042
• Performance of Steel Bridges
  Authors: Fisher, John
  Authors: Fisher, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; History
  Session: 363
  Paper Number: P13-5110
• Massachusetts Department of Transportation Experience with ABC Policy and Projects
  Authors: Elnahal, Shoukry
  Authors: Elnahal, Shoukry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction
  Session: 561
  Paper Number: P13-5134
• ABC-PBES Policy Development: Michigan Department of Transportation
  Authors: Chynoweth, Matthew
  Authors: Chynoweth, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction
  Session: 561
  Paper Number: P13-5138
• The Phased-Array Evolution
  Authors: Hayes, Paul
  Authors: Hayes, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction
  Session: 468
  Paper Number: P13-5126
• ABC Policy Development: Utah Department of Transportation
  Authors: Swanwick, Carmen
  Authors: Swanwick, Carmen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction
  Session: 561
  Paper Number: P13-5139
• Reliability Issues for Ultrasonic Testing
  Authors: Washer, Glenn
  Authors: Washer, Glenn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction
  Session: 468
  Paper Number: P13-5205
• Aesthetics, Unique Applications, and Project Considerations
  Authors: Janusz, Leszek
  Authors: Janusz, Leszek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5247
• Environmental and Aquatic Organism Passage Capability
  Authors: Beucler, Brian
  Authors: Beucler, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5248
• Seismic-Blast Analysis and Redundancy
  Authors: Katona, Michael
  Authors: Katona, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5246
• Deformation of Buried Structures and Shallow Burial Load Resistance
  Authors: McGrath, Timothy
  Authors: McGrath, Timothy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5250
• Finite Element Modeling and New Materials
  Authors: Abolmaali, Ali
  Authors: Abolmaali, Ali
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5251
• Long-Term Durability
  Authors: Hurd, John
  Authors: Hurd, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5252
• Risk Approach to Service Life Modeling for Infrastructure
  Authors: Berke, Neal
  Authors: Berke, Neal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 304
  Paper Number: P13-5045
• Statewide ABC Policy Development: Iowa Department of Transportation
  Authors: Abu-Hawash, Ahmad
  Authors: Abu-Hawash, Ahmad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction
  Session: 561
  Paper Number: P13-5125
• Case Study on Cost and Construction Advantages
  Authors: White, Kevin
  Authors: White, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5234
• Case Study on Cost and Construction Advantages
  Authors: Syar, Jeff
  Authors: Syar, Jeff
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5235
• Case Study on Construction Advantages and User Cost Savings
  Authors: Hahm, Joel
  Authors: Hahm, Joel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5236
• Service Life Projections for Chloride-Exposed Concrete Reinforced with Black and Corrosion-Resistant Bars
  Authors: Hartt, William
  Authors: Hartt, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 304
  Paper Number: P13-5044
• Galvanic Cathodic Protection: Field Results and Case Studies
  Authors: Whitmore, David
  Authors: Whitmore, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 304
  Paper Number: P13-5043
• Fundamentals of Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
  Authors: Thomas, Michael
  Authors: Thomas, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 835
  Paper Number: P13-5140
• AAR Specifications
  Authors: Thomas, Michael
  Authors: Thomas, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 835
  Paper Number: P13-5146
• Field Application of Ultrasonic Phased Array for Structural Evaluation
  Authors: Fish, Philip
  Authors: Fish, Philip
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction
  Session: 468
  Paper Number: P13-5283
• VDC-CIM Benefits, Costs, and Return on Investment
  Authors: Parve, Lance
  Authors: Parve, Lance
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Data and Information Technology
  Session: 693
  Paper Number: P13-5339
• Thermographic Bridge Coating Inspection System
  Authors: Fuchs, Paul
  Authors: Fuchs, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 702
  Paper Number: P13-5345
• Fabrication and Placement of Galvanized Weathering Steel Girders
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 702
  Paper Number: P13-5356
• Painted Galvanized Steel Bridges
  Authors: Yermack, Eric
  Authors: Yermack, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 748
  Paper Number: P13-5358
• Testing of Zinc-Rich Primers for Use on Complex Surfaces
  Authors: Cassidy, Patrick
  Authors: Cassidy, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 748
  Paper Number: P13-5357
• Assessment of Coated Steel Bridges in Virginia
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 748
  Paper Number: P13-5359
• FHWA 100-Year Coating Study: Follow-up Investigation
  Authors: Lee, Seung-Kyoung
  Authors: Lee, Seung-Kyoung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 748
  Paper Number: P13-5360
• Symptoms of AAR
  Authors: Fournier, Benoit
  Authors: Fournier, Benoit
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 835
  Paper Number: P13-5142
• Prevention of Alkali-Silica Reactivity
  Authors: Thomas, Michael
  Authors: Thomas, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 835
  Paper Number: P13-5145
• Diagnosis and Prognosis of AAR
  Authors: Fournier, Benoit
  Authors: Fournier, Benoit
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 835
  Paper Number: P13-5147
• Limit State Design and Soil-Structure Interaction
  Authors: Moore, Ian
  Authors: Moore, Ian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5249
• VDC-CIM Tools, Technologies, and Processes
  Authors: Gilson, Kevin
  Authors: Gilson, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Data and Information Technology
  Session: 693
  Paper Number: P13-5338
• Optimization of Design Details in Orthotropic Steel Decks Subjected to Static and Fatigue Loads
  Authors: Xia, Ye
  Authors: Xia, Ye
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 751
  Paper Number: 13-4623
• Behavior of Laterally Damaged Bridge Girders Repaired with CFRP Laminates Under Fatigue and Static Loading
  Authors: Elsafty, Adel
  Authors: Elsafty, Adel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 426
  Paper Number: 13-5000
• Fatigue Testing and Structural Health Monitoring of Retrofitted Steel Highway Bridge Web Stiffeners
  Authors: Ghahremani, Kasra
  Authors: Ghahremani, Kasra
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-4720
• Introduction and Update on Long-Term Bridge Performance Program
  Authors: Ghasemi, Hamid
  Authors: Ghasemi, Hamid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Research (about research)
  Session: 838
  Paper Number: P13-5440
• Port of Miami Tunnel
  Authors: Dusseault, Steven
  Authors: Dusseault, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 215
  Paper Number: P13-5588
• Use of 12+ m TBM for Subway Development and Concept of Stacked Platforms
  Authors: Nasri, Verya
  Authors: Nasri, Verya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 215
  Paper Number: P13-5589
• Robbins Hard Rock Machines
  Authors: Ofiara, Dennis
  Authors: Ofiara, Dennis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Design
  Session: 678
  Paper Number: P13-5591
• Repair Methods
  Authors: Folliard, Kevin
  Authors: Folliard, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 835
  Paper Number: P13-5148
• Herrenknecht Soft Ground Machines
  Authors: Burger, Werner
  Authors: Burger, Werner
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Design
  Session: 678
  Paper Number: P13-5590
• Fundamentals of Traffic, Vehicle, and Tire Noise
  Authors: Rasmussen, Robert
  Authors: Rasmussen, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Environment
  Session: 140
  Paper Number: P13-5661
• Applications of the Caltrans Bridge Deck OBSI Database for Reducing Noise Impacts
  Authors: Donavan, Paul
  Authors: Donavan, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Environment
  Session: 140
  Paper Number: P13-5662
• Modular Expansion Joint Noise in British Columbia
  Authors: Marriner, Duane
  Authors: Marriner, Duane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Environment
  Session: 140
  Paper Number: P13-5663
• Low-Noise Bridge Expansion Joints
  Authors: Kaczinski, Mark
  Authors: Kaczinski, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Environment
  Session: 140
  Paper Number: P13-5665
• Noise Assessment of Expansion Joints in San Francisco Bay Region
  Authors: Donavan, Paul
  Authors: Donavan, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Environment
  Session: 140
  Paper Number: P13-5666
• Reducing Bridge Expansion Joint Noise in Washington State
  Authors: Sexton, Tim
  Authors: Sexton, Tim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Environment
  Session: 140
  Paper Number: P13-5667
• Quantifying Nitrogen Removal Credits from Reduced Fertilization: Environmental and Maintenance Cost Savings
  Authors: Renna, Rick
  Authors: Renna, Rick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 744
  Paper Number: P13-5647
• Bridge Joint Croaking Noise Analysis and Control
  Authors: Marriner, Duane
  Authors: Marriner, Duane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Environment
  Session: 140
  Paper Number: P13-5668
• Project Case Studies Involving VDC-CIM for Transportation Planning and Design
  Authors: Dippold, Cory
  Authors: Dippold, Cory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Data and Information Technology
  Session: 738
  Paper Number: P13-5676
• Project Case Studies Involving VDC-CIM for Transportation Planning and Design
  Authors: Sireeni, Jarkko
  Authors: Sireeni, Jarkko
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Data and Information Technology
  Session: 738
  Paper Number: P13-5676
• Project Case Studies Involving VDC-CIM for Transportation Construction-Operations-Maintenance
  Authors: DiGiacobbe, Paul
  Authors: DiGiacobbe, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Data and Information Technology
  Session: 738
  Paper Number: P13-5675
• Project Case Studies Involving VDC-CIM for Transportation Construction-Operations-Maintenance
  Authors: Johnson, Christopher
  Authors: Johnson, Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Data and Information Technology
  Session: 738
  Paper Number: P13-5675
• Hybrid FRP-Concrete-Steel Double-Skin Tubular Columns: Recent Research Advances
  Authors: Teng, Jin-Guang
  Authors: Teng, Jin-Guang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 300
  Paper Number: P13-5757
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Martin, Barney
  Authors: Martin, Barney
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: Z13-220
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Bachus, Robert
  Authors: Bachus, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 310
  Paper Number: Z13-310
• Case Study on Construction Advantages and User Cost Savings
  Authors: Williams, Kevin
  Authors: Williams, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-5237
• Initial Kentucky Transportation Center Accelerated Weathering and Corrosion Tests of Duplex Coating Systems
  Authors: Palle, Sudhir
  Authors: Palle, Sudhir
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 702
  Paper Number: P13-5348
• Ultra-High-Performance Concrete for Bridges: Longer-Lasting Structures
  Authors: Royce, Mathew
  Authors: Royce, Mathew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 744
  Paper Number: P13-5748
• Novel Technologies for Operational and Maintenance Decision Making
  Authors: Catbas, F. Necati
  Authors: Catbas, F. Necati
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 161
  Paper Number: P13-5634
• Automated Flagger Assistance Devices: Saving Lives
  Authors: Odell, Wade
  Authors: Odell, Wade
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 744
  Paper Number: P13-5653
• AAR Test Methods
  Authors: Folliard, Kevin
  Authors: Folliard, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 835
  Paper Number: P13-5143
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Kosnik, David
  Authors: Kosnik, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 161
  Paper Number: Z13-161
• Partnerships Are Crucial in Critical Infrastructure Protection
  Authors: Labelle, Mark
  Authors: Labelle, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6852
• Aesthetics of Hastings Bridge Design-Build Project
  Authors: Gottemoeller, Frederick
  Authors: Gottemoeller, Frederick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 445
  Paper Number: P13-6843
• Past, Present, Future- Design/Build Structure Aesthetics
  Authors: Andrews, Jeffrey
  Authors: Andrews, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 445
  Paper Number: P13-6844
• FHWA Update on Bridge and Tunnel Security
  Authors: Ernst, Steven
  Authors: Ernst, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6848
• Safety and Security of Bridges and Tunnels on Federal Roads in Germany
  Authors: Kaundinya, Ingo
  Authors: Kaundinya, Ingo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6849
• Swiss Experience in Hazard Analysis, Risk Evaluation, and Intervention Planning
  Authors: Hajdin, Rade
  Authors: Hajdin, Rade
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6850
• Transportation Security Administration and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Evaluate Attack Scenarios for Highway Tunnels and Bridges
  Authors: Walton, Bruce
  Authors: Walton, Bruce
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6853
• DECID2: A Smart Composite Platform With Double Structural Health Monitoring Sensors
  Authors: Habti, Monssef
  Authors: Habti, Monssef
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 300
  Paper Number: P13-6933
• CatStrong CRP-X3 - A Novel Approach for Concrete Bridge Repair
  Authors: Harik, Issam
  Authors: Harik, Issam
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 300
  Paper Number: P13-6934
• SHRP 2 Bridge Solutions in Practice: Iowa DOT experience
  Authors: Abu-Hawash, Ahmad
  Authors: Abu-Hawash, Ahmad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-6999
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Rostami, Jamal
  Authors: Rostami, Jamal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Design
  Session: 678
  Paper Number: Z13-678
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Sen, Rajan
  Authors: Sen, Rajan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 461
  Paper Number: Z13-461
• Bridge Safety in Norwegian Bridge Design and Bridge Management
  Authors: Grefstad, Knut
  Authors: Grefstad, Knut
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6851
• SHRP 2 Pavement Products Overview
  Authors: Bryant, James
  Authors: Bryant, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-7001
• Washington State DOT experience with SHRP 2 Pavement Solutions (R23)
  Authors: Uhlmeyer, Jeffrey
  Authors: Uhlmeyer, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-7004
• Long-Term Maintenance
  Authors: Petersen, Lee
  Authors: Petersen, Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 102
  Paper Number: P13-7125
• Chongqing Twin River Bridges Design: Concepts and Details
  Authors: Delan, Yin
  Authors: Delan, Yin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 220
  Paper Number: P13-7126
• Welcome, Introduction and Overview of The Three Examples
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 144
  Paper Number: P13-7021
• Example 1
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 144
  Paper Number: P13-7022
• Bridge Aesthetics Using Design-Build: Three Case Studies in Maryland
  Authors: Healy, Robert
  Authors: Healy, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 445
  Paper Number: P13-6862
• Data Fusion in Geosciences
  Authors: Niederleithinger, Ernst
  Authors: Niederleithinger, Ernst
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 167
  Paper Number: P13-6515
• Hybrid Composite Bridge Beams and Deck
  Authors: Hillman, John
  Authors: Hillman, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 426
  Paper Number: P13-6551
• Basalt Fiber for Strengthening Timber: Behavior Under Tensile Loads
  Authors: Fernando, Dilum
  Authors: Fernando, Dilum
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 426
  Paper Number: P13-6552
• Illinois Tollway Authority Experience with SHRP 2 Pavement Solutions (R05 & R21)
  Authors: Gillen, Steve
  Authors: Gillen, Steve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-7002
• SHRP 2 NDT Solutions Overview
  Authors: Starnes, Monica
  Authors: Starnes, Monica
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-7005
• SHRP 2 R06E, Real-Time Smoothness Measurement During PCC Pavement Construction: Contractor's perspective on the use of SHRP 2 NDT Solution
  Authors: Thomas, Cal
  Authors: Thomas, Cal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-7007
• SHRP 2 Implementation - What's Next
  Authors: Bryant, James
  Authors: Bryant, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-7008
• Example 2
  Authors: Kavazanjian, Edward
  Authors: Kavazanjian, Edward
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 144
  Paper Number: P13-7023
• Example 1
  Authors: Kavazanjian, Edward
  Authors: Kavazanjian, Edward
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 144
  Paper Number: P13-7022
• Example 3
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 144
  Paper Number: P13-7024
• Data Fusion in Civil Engineering Applications
  Authors: Shokouhi, Parisa
  Authors: Shokouhi, Parisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 167
  Paper Number: P13-6516
• Postearthquake Analyses of Two Bridges Damaged in 2010 Earthquake in Chile
  Authors: Kwon, Oh-Sung
  Authors: Kwon, Oh-Sung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 810
  Paper Number: P13-6554
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Bryant, James
  Authors: Bryant, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: Z13-111
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Ocel, Justin
  Authors: Ocel, Justin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction
  Session: 468
  Paper Number: Z13-468
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Kavazanjian, Edward
  Authors: Kavazanjian, Edward
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 144
  Paper Number: Z13-144
• SHRP 2 Bridge Products Overview
  Authors: Starnes, Monica
  Authors: Starnes, Monica
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-6997
• SHRP 2 Bridge Solutions in Practice: NYSDOT Experience
  Authors: Sivakumar, Bala
  Authors: Sivakumar, Bala
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-7000
• Integrating Multiple Nondestructive Testing Methods for Bridge Deck Condition Evaluation
  Authors: Maser, Kenneth
  Authors: Maser, Kenneth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 167
  Paper Number: P13-6514
• Dynamic Bus Holding Control for Corridors with Overlapping Lines
  Authors: Argote, Juan
  Authors: Argote, Juan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 121
  Paper Number: P13-6188
• Service-Life Modeling for Comprehensive Management of Concrete Infrastructure
  Authors: Marchand, Jacques
  Authors: Marchand, Jacques
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 162
  Paper Number: P13-6353
• Pros and Cons of Empirical and Physical-Chemical Service-Life Models
  Authors: Snyder, Kenneth
  Authors: Snyder, Kenneth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 162
  Paper Number: P13-6358
• Service-Life Considerations for Freezing and Thawing with Deicing Salts
  Authors: Weiss, William
  Authors: Weiss, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 162
  Paper Number: P13-6360
• Innovative Seismic Bridge Systems Developed at Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research
  Authors: Lee, George
  Authors: Lee, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 266
  Paper Number: P13-5841
• Controlling for Price Endogeneity in Airline Passenger Itinerary Choice Models
  Authors: Mumbower, Stacey
  Authors: Mumbower, Stacey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 121
  Paper Number: P13-6187
• Stochastic Variations in Case Study Analysis Using a Microsimulation Framework
  Authors: Volosin, Sarah
  Authors: Volosin, Sarah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 121
  Paper Number: P13-6189
• Wireless Technologies for Large Structural Applications
  Authors: Lynch, Jerome
  Authors: Lynch, Jerome
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 161
  Paper Number: P13-6303
• New Systems for Seismic Design and Repair of Bridge Structures
  Authors: Kowalsky, Mervyn
  Authors: Kowalsky, Mervyn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 266
  Paper Number: P13-5842
• Quantifying the Benefits of Managing Ancillary Transportation Assets
  Authors: Akofio-Sowah, Margaret-Avis
  Authors: Akofio-Sowah, Margaret-Avis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 121
  Paper Number: P13-6184
• Safety-Effectiveness of Integrated Risk Reduction Strategies for Transportation of Hazardous Materials by Rail
  Authors: Liu, Xiang
  Authors: Liu, Xiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 121
  Paper Number: P13-6185
• Characterizing Human Mobility and Travel Behavior from Mobile Phone Usage
  Authors: Yuan, Yihong
  Authors: Yuan, Yihong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 121
  Paper Number: P13-6186
• SHRP 2 Renewal Overview
  Authors: Bryant, James
  Authors: Bryant, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 111
  Paper Number: P13-6996
• Example 2
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 144
  Paper Number: P13-7023
• Example 3
  Authors: Kavazanjian, Edward
  Authors: Kavazanjian, Edward
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Geotechnology
  Session: 144
  Paper Number: P13-7024
• Recent Research to Improve Seismic Resilience of Highway Bridges
  Authors: Schoettler, Matt
  Authors: Schoettler, Matt
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 266
  Paper Number: P13-5840
• Comparing Direct Displacement-Based Design with Guide Spec Method for Seismic Design of Bridges
  Authors: Kowalsky, Mervyn
  Authors: Kowalsky, Mervyn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 750
  Paper Number: P13-5845
• Concepts, Investigations, and Implementation of Novel Materials to Improve Postearthquake Serviceability of Highway Bridges
  Authors: Saiidi, M. Saiid
  Authors: Saiidi, M. Saiid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 266
  Paper Number: P13-5843
• Overview of Performance-Based Seismic Design of Bridges
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Authors: Marsh, Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 750
  Paper Number: P13-5844
• Beyond the Bascule: Bridging Broadway with Streetcars
  Authors: Gustafson, Rick
  Authors: Gustafson, Rick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 538
  Paper Number: P13-5962
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Chen, Chris
  Authors: Chen, Chris
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 437
  Paper Number: P13-5550
• SR-99 Alaskan Way in Seattle, Washington
  Authors: Munfah, Nasri
  Authors: Munfah, Nasri
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 215
  Paper Number: P13-5587
• Chinese Experience with 15+ m TBMs
  Authors: Yan, Jenny
  Authors: Yan, Jenny
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Design
  Session: 678
  Paper Number: P13-5592
• Continuous, Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring for Bridge Preservation: Case Studies from Wisconsin, Illinois, and California
  Authors: Kosnik, David
  Authors: Kosnik, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 161
  Paper Number: P13-5631
• Project Case Studies Involving VDC-CIM for Transportation Construction-Operations-Maintenance
  Authors: Hafferty, Brendan
  Authors: Hafferty, Brendan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Data and Information Technology
  Session: 738
  Paper Number: P13-5675
• Project Case Studies Involving VDC-CIM for Transportation Planning and Design
  Authors: Craven, Jeremy
  Authors: Craven, Jeremy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Data and Information Technology
  Session: 738
  Paper Number: P13-5676
• FHWA Point of View
  Authors: Abu-Hejleh, Naser
  Authors: Abu-Hejleh, Naser
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 310
  Paper Number: P13-5506
• Florida Department of Transportation Point of View
  Authors: McVay, Michael
  Authors: McVay, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 310
  Paper Number: P13-5510
• Washington Avenue Bridge: Reviving a Critical Link for Central Corridor Light Rail Transit Project
  Authors: Watz, Patrick
  Authors: Watz, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 538
  Paper Number: P13-5518
• Intermediate Crack-Induced Debonding in Reinforced-Concrete Beams Externally Strengthened with Prestresed FRP Plates or Sheets
  Authors: Dai, Jian-Guo
  Authors: Dai, Jian-Guo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Materials
  Session: 300
  Paper Number: P13-6273
• Automation of Multiple Nondestructive Evaluation Technologies for Assessment and Condition Rating of Concrete Bridge Decks
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 167
  Paper Number: P13-6513
• Deploying Research: Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Authors: Triandafilou, Louis
  Authors: Triandafilou, Louis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 426
  Paper Number: P13-6550
• Bridge Performance Learned from Recent Devastating Earthquakes
  Authors: Chang, Kuo-Chun
  Authors: Chang, Kuo-Chun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 810
  Paper Number: P13-6555
• Experimental Investigation of Multilayer Surfacing System on Orthotropic Steel Bridge with the Five-Point Bending Test
  Authors: Tzimiris, George
  Authors: Tzimiris, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-3709
• Influence of Gravimetric Water Content on Geotextile Reinforcement Pullout Resistance in MSE Walls with Marginal-Quality Soils
  Authors: Hatami, Kianoosh
  Authors: Hatami, Kianoosh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 595
  Paper Number: 13-3836
• Improving Durability and Constructability of Connections for Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems: Recommendations and Special Provisions
  Authors: Attanayake, Upul
  Authors: Attanayake, Upul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 498
  Paper Number: 13-4497
• Data Fusion Model for Air Traffic and Events Visualization and Tracking to Enhance Operator's Focus of Attention to High-Priority Situations That Need Immediate Response
  Authors: Mohamed, Siddig
  Authors: Mohamed, Siddig
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 613
  Paper Number: P13-6197
• Use of Electric Green Technology with Inner City Buses
  Authors: Morean, Claros
  Authors: Morean, Claros
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 613
  Paper Number: P13-6206
• Pedestrians in Regional Travel Demand Forecasting Models: State of the Practice
  Authors: Singleton, Patrick
  Authors: Singleton, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 613
  Paper Number: P13-6218
• Pavement Condition Ratings for Parking Lots Using Modified PASER
  Authors: Arocho, Valeria
  Authors: Arocho, Valeria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 613
  Paper Number: P13-6207
• Effects of Crossover Distance on Performance Analysis of Super Street
  Authors: Liu, Haixia
  Authors: Liu, Haixia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 613
  Paper Number: P13-6220
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Chen, Chris
  Authors: Chen, Chris
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 310
  Paper Number: P13-5539
• Florida Department of Transportation Point of View
  Authors: McVay, Michael
  Authors: McVay, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 437
  Paper Number: P13-5546
• FHWA Point of View
  Authors: Abu-Hejleh, Naser
  Authors: Abu-Hejleh, Naser
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 437
  Paper Number: P13-5543
• Project Case Studies Involving VDC-CIM for Transportation Construction-Operations-Maintenance
  Authors: Andelin, Eric
  Authors: Andelin, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Data and Information Technology
  Session: 738
  Paper Number: P13-5675
• Green Track for Maryland MTA's Light-Rail Transit Lines: Test Installations and Planning for the Future
  Authors: Schmidt, J.
  Authors: Schmidt, J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 538
  Paper Number: P13-5839
• Uniform Hazard Liquefaction Potential for Bridges
  Authors: Franke, Kevin
  Authors: Franke, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 750
  Paper Number: P13-5846
• Continuous Monitoring of Major Structures
  Authors: Kijewski-Correa, Tracy
  Authors: Kijewski-Correa, Tracy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 161
  Paper Number: P13-6297
• Streicker Bridge in Its Early Years: Structural Identification and Damage Characterization
  Authors: Sigurdardottir, Dorotea
  Authors: Sigurdardottir, Dorotea
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-2714
• Identifying High Pile Rebound Soils Using Cone Penetrometer Pore Water Pressure Measurements: Case Studies in Central Florida
  Authors: Cosentino, Paul
  Authors: Cosentino, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology
  Session: 601
  Paper Number: 13-2871
• Patch Analysis of Reinforced-Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ground-Penetrating Radar
  Authors: Martino, Nicole
  Authors: Martino, Nicole
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-3242
• Recommendations for The Use of Spread Footings on Soils to Support Highway Bridges
  Authors: Abu-Hejleh, Naser
  Authors: Abu-Hejleh, Naser
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 598
  Paper Number: 13-4352
• Numerical Study on Laterally Loaded Drilled Shaft Group
  Authors: Huang, Jie
  Authors: Huang, Jie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 598
  Paper Number: 13-4815
• Development of Test Method for Assessing the Bonding Characteristics of Membrane Layers in Wearing Course Laid on Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks
  Authors: Liu, Xueyan
  Authors: Liu, Xueyan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-0684
• Analysis of Five-Point Bending Test for Multilayer Surfacing System on Orthotropic Steel Bridges
  Authors: Li, Jinlong
  Authors: Li, Jinlong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Materials
  Session: 651
  Paper Number: 13-0815
• Stress Data and Artificial Neural Network for Evaluating Transverse Connection Integrity of Full-Depth Deck Panels
  Authors: Attanayake, Upul
  Authors: Attanayake, Upul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-4661
• Parameter Estimation and Calibration Method for Car-Following Models
  Authors: Rahman, Md.
  Authors: Rahman, Md.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 613
  Paper Number: P13-6210
• Freight Improvement
  Authors: Sims, Takeisa
  Authors: Sims, Takeisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 613
  Paper Number: P13-6202
• A Deterioration Model for Concrete Bridge Deck Using System Reliability Analysis
  Authors: Ghodoosi, Farzad
  Authors: Ghodoosi, Farzad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-2192
• Project- and Network-Level Bridge Deck Degradation Models via Neural Networks Trained on Empirical Data
  Authors: Burgueño, Rigoberto
  Keywords: poster presentation; poster design; poster template
  Authors: Burgueño, Rigoberto
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-4989
• Probabilistic Framework for Strength Limit and Service Limit Checks of Drilled Shafts Considering Soil Spatial Variability
  Authors: Fan, Haijian
  Authors: Fan, Haijian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Geotechnology
  Session: 598
  Paper Number: 13-0520
• Identifying High Pile Rebound Soils Using Cone Penetrometer Pore Water Pressure Measurements: Case Studies in Central Florida
  Authors: Jarushi, Fauzi
  Authors: Jarushi, Fauzi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology
  Session: 601
  Paper Number: 13-2871
• Using Fines Content and Uncorrected Standard Penetration Test Blow Counts of Soils to Predict High Pile Rebound
  Authors: Cosentino, Paul
  Authors: Cosentino, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology
  Session: 601
  Paper Number: 13-2880
• Using Fines Content and Uncorrected Standard Penetration Test Blow Counts of Soils to Predict High Pile Rebound
  Authors: Jarushi, Fauzi
  Authors: Jarushi, Fauzi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Construction; Geotechnology
  Session: 601
  Paper Number: 13-2880
• Application of Impact Echo Scanning for Void Detection on Concrete Test Beams That Replicate Different Surface Finishes
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-2832
• Economic Evaluation of Commercial Remote Sensors for Bridge Health Monitoring
  Authors: Hong, Qiang
  Authors: Hong, Qiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-3978
• Rapid Displacement Monitoring Using Wireless Hybrid Sensor on In-Service Highway Bridge
  Authors: Jang, Shinae
  Authors: Jang, Shinae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4110
• Monitoring and Assessment of Concrete Deck Cracking Potential in Negative Moment Regions
  Authors: Su, Dan
  Authors: Su, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4665
• Traffic Congestion Improvements on SR-167
  Authors: Huck Jr, Gerald
  Keywords: Hot Lanes; Transportation Study; Renton; Puyallup; King County; Congestion; Pricing; Toll Lanes; High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes; Capacity; Growth; Urban Planning; SR167
  Authors: Huck Jr, Gerald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6227
• Analysis of Texas Superheavy Load Criteria for Bridges
  Authors: Chang, Byungik
  Authors: Chang, Byungik
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4119
• Geometrics of an Elevated Atmospheric Propulsion Transportation System.
  Authors: Whitney, Jason
  Authors: Whitney, Jason
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6223
• Low-Temperature Performance Characterization of Biomodified Asphalt Mixtures Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
  Authors: Oldham, Daniel
  Authors: Oldham, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6226
• Analytical Investigation of Adjacent Box-Beam Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Connections
  Authors: Ubbing, John
  Authors: Ubbing, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6239
• Two-Lane Highway Operations Under a Lane Closure
  Authors: Watson, Jr., Donald
  Authors: Watson, Jr., Donald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6240
• Passengers' Perception of and Behavioral Adaptation to Unreliability in Public Transportation
  Authors: Carrel, Andre
  Authors: Carrel, Andre
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6242
• Livability and Quality of Life-Oriented Performance Measures for Transportation Decision Making
  Authors: Fischer, Jamie
  Authors: Fischer, Jamie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6243
• Importance of High-Speed Rail in a Driverless Vehicle Society
  Authors: Westrom, Ryan
  Authors: Westrom, Ryan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6224
• Effects of Overweight Trucks on New York State Department of Transportation Infrastructure
  Authors: Moscat, Jose
  Authors: Moscat, Jose
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6230
• Carpooling Behavior in the Presence of High-Occupancy Vehicle and Toll Lanes: Examination of Carpooling Behavior on I-95 Express in Miami, Florida
  Authors: Xu, Ruoying
  Authors: Xu, Ruoying
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6225
• Research on Railway Use for Public Transportation in Kentucky
  Authors: Munyaka, David
  Authors: Munyaka, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Education and Training
  Session: 663
  Paper Number: P13-6232
• Performance of Bridge Superstructure Restrainer Systems Under Multihazard Effects
  Authors: Charles, Winsbert
  Authors: Charles, Winsbert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 499
  Paper Number: 13-5382
• Seismic Retrofit of San Francisco BART Aerial Stations
  Authors: Wang, Huanzi
  Authors: Wang, Huanzi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design
  Session: 499
  Paper Number: 13-0566
• Added Longevity with Thermoplastic Polymer-Coated Structural Steel Plate
  Abstract:

  Basic corrugated steel pipes were invented in 1896 and have since evolved into buried steel structures with the possibility of spans reaching upwards of 120 ft (40 m). To meet 50 to 100 year design life requirements, galvanized and polymer laminate coatings have been developed to extend the life of the steel. In general, galvanized coatings perform well in hard water and non-abrasive conditions whereas polymer coatings perform well in these conditions plus salt-laden, soft water and moderately abrasive environments. To date, polymer laminate systems have been restricted to shallow corrugation profiles with maximum spans of approximately 12 ft (3.6 m), thus limiting greater spanned buried steel structures as a solution in less adverse environments. A new thermoplastic polymer system, comprised of a zinc rich primer and ethylene acrylic acid topcoat, has been developed enabling buried steel structures as a large span solution for adverse environments requiring design lives between 50 and 100 years.The coating has been used successfully since 2005 and recently completed a series of performance testing. Testing suggests thermoplastic polymer coating meets, and in most cases exceeds, the performance of galvanized and polymer laminated coatings. A performance guideline detailing a method for determining the estimated material service life of thermoplastic polymer systems has been developed based on these test results. This paper introduces the new thermoplastic polymer system and discusses the laboratory tests, performance guideline and field installations, enabling readers to gain an understanding of the applications this new coating facilitates.

  Authors: West, Anna Elizabeth; Williams, Kevin; Carroll, Phil
  Authors: West, Anna Elizabeth; Williams, Kevin; Carroll, Phil
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: