2013 Subject Index: Energy

• Accounting for Timing and Investment Constraints in Vehicle Deployment Analyses
  Abstract: This paper addresses two ways to “reality check” scenarios of the deployment of advanced road vehicles (advanced hybrids, fuel cell vehicles, etc.) – (1) a suggested timeline for the stages of vehicle deployment, to check whether the timing of the projected deployment is realistic, and (2) a method for evaluating the “business case” for such deployment using decision tree analysis. The great majority of scenario analyses do not address the “supply side” of the scenario – whether investors would likely proceed with the capital investments required to fund the vehicle deployment, given the substantial risks involved. Further work is needed to allow the proposed method to be readily used by researchers, including development of a data base of critical capital investments required for vehicle deployment (e.g., battery manufacturing plants, vehicle assembly lines). Also, the timeline should be extended to encompass development of a refueling infrastructure for alternatively fueled vehicles.
  Authors: Plotkin, Steven Edward; Stephens, Thomas S; McManus, Walter S.
  Authors: Plotkin, Steven Edward; Stephens, Thomas S; McManus, Walter S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0283
• Fuel Economy Impacts of Manual, Conventional Cruise Control, and Predictive Eco-Cruise-Control Driving
  Abstract: The paper presents the results of a field experiment that was designed to compare manual driving, conventional cruise control (CCC) driving, and Eco-cruise control (ECC) driving with regard to fuel economy. The field experiment was conducted on five test vehicles along a section of Interstate 81 that was comprised of ±4% uphill and downhill grade sections. Using an Onboard Diagnostic II reader, instantaneous fuel consumption rates and other driving parameters were collected with and without the CCC system enabled. The collected data were compared with regard to fuel economy, throttle control, and travel time. The results demonstrate that CCC enhances vehicle fuel economy by 3.3 percent on average relative to manual driving, however this difference was not found to be statistically significant at a 5 percent significance level. The results demonstrate that CCC driving is more efficient on downhill versus uphill sections. In addition, the study demonstrates that an ECC system can produce fuel savings ranging between 8 and 16 percent with increases in travel times ranging between 3 and 6 percent. These benefits appear to be largest for heavier vehicles (SUVs).
  Authors: Park, Sangjun; Rakha, Hesham; Ahn, Kyoungho; Moran, Kevin
  Authors: Park, Sangjun; Rakha, Hesham; Ahn, Kyoungho; Moran, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0407
• Behavioral Traits and Airport Type Affect Mammal Incidents With U.S. Civil Aircraft
  Abstract: Worldwide, it is estimated that Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions (WVCs) are responsible for > US$4 billion in annual damages from vehicle collisions on roads and civil aircraft collisions alone. Wildlife incidents with aircraft cost the United States civil aviation industry an estimated > US $1.4 billion in damages and loss of revenue from 1990 to 2009. Although terrestrial mammals represent 2.3% of wildlife aviation incidents, damage to aircraft occurs in 59% of mammal incidents. Behavioral traits and size of mammal species and differences in mammal management techniques may produce temporal, frequency, species richness, and damage in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Wildlife Strike Database from 1990–2010 to characterize and analyze these incidents by airport type: Part-139 certified (certificated) and general aviation (GA). Relative hazard scores were also generated for species most frequently involved in incidents based on damage and effect on flight. We found incidents were most frequent in October (n = 215) at certificated airports, and November (n = 111) at GA airports, but overall, more incidents were reported in August (n = 310) at all airports. Most (63.2%) incidents at all airports (n = 1,523) occurred at night but the greatest incident rate occurred at dusk (177.3 incidents/hr). Certificated airports had more than twice as many incidents as GA airports and “other” airports. Certificated airports had incidents with more species or groups (n = 41) than GA airports (n = 28) or “other” airports (n = 20). More incidents with damage (n = 1,594) occurred at GA airports (38.6%) than certificated airports (19.0%), or “other” airports (n = 1.76%). Artiodactlya incidents incurred the greatest (92.4%) damage costs (n = 326) at all airports, followed by Carnivora (7.3%). Mule deer (Odocoileus hermionus) was the most hazardous (hazard score = 100) species, followed by white-tailed deer (89), and domestic dog (78). Overall, relative hazard score increased with increasing log body mass. We recommend biologists evaluate mammal species present on airport grounds based on the aircraft hazard information we provide and consider prioritizing management strategies that emphasize reducing occurrence of species on airport property.
  Authors: Biondi, Kristin M.
  Authors: Biondi, Kristin M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: AV030
  Paper Number: 13-0430
• Evaluating the Performance of Doweled and Isolation Joints at National Airport Pavement Testing Facility
  Abstract: The objective of this paper is to compare the stress based load transfer efficiency, LTE(S), of transverse doweled joints and transverse isolated transition joints (reinforced and thickened edge) for six different types of pavement structures. The six pavement structures include three PCC layers with modulus of ruptures (MOR) of 500 psi (low), 750 psi (medium), and 1000 psi (high). Each of these PCC layers are constructed over two different stabilized bases, asphalt and concrete (Econocrete). LTE(S) was calculated based on strains recorded under a moving wheel load at the National Airport Pavement Testing Facility (NAPTF). Both dowel joints and isolation transition joints had lower LTE(S) values on the Econocrete base. Overall, doweled joints deteriorated throughout testing, with LTE(S) reducing as trafficking progressed. Transition joints, which are designed to allow no load transfer, exhibited higher variability throughout testing and the LTE(S) for transition joints remained, on average, lower than the LTE(S) of doweled joints. In addition, dual gage and single gage analysis methods are compared against each other for the same passes. Single gage analysis compared well with dual gage analysis, having results that were within 6% of dual gage results. Both dowel joints and isolation transition joints were analyzed using dual gage analysis methods, but only dowel joints were also analyzed using single gage analysis.
  Authors: Blotta, Felipe; Mehta, Yusuf A.; Cleary, Douglas; Cunliffe, Charles; Joshi, Akshay
  Authors: Blotta, Felipe; Mehta, Yusuf A.; Cleary, Douglas; Cunliffe, Charles; Joshi, Akshay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-0569
• Actors’ Positions and Inclinations Toward Electromobility System in France
  Abstract: The electromobility system of actors not only comprises the usual stakeholders involved in individual mobility, such as car manufacturers and drivers, but also electricity suppliers, service providers and above all public authorities. With the rising number of actors concerned, the electromobility system will require greater coordination and closer cooperation between existing and new, developing stakeholders than is currently the case. This paper aims to present a typology of the electromobility system’s stakeholders. Our work discusses the results of over 30 interviews (conducted in 2010 and 2011) with representatives of (potential) stakeholders who will probably have a major influence on the developing electromobility system. We focus on the role, interests and difficulties which each actor expects to encounter with the arrival of electric vehicles. We show how their stable, historical position in the system is likely to change and which adaptation strategies are likely, to cope with the changing environment. Analysing the probable forms of interdependence between actors in the electromobility system can also help us to highlight the lack of some essential links in the current system of actors.
  Authors: Sadeghian, Shadi; Leurent, Fabien M.; Thébert, Mariane; Sajous, Patricia
  Authors: Sadeghian, Shadi; Leurent, Fabien M.; Thébert, Mariane; Sajous, Patricia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0681
• Hydrogen Fuels: Exploring Consumer Preferences Toward Alternative Hydrogen Production Methods
  Abstract: Although previous research indicates that the general attitude towards to the use of hydrogen as a fuel is positive, it is not clear to what extent this depends on the way it is produced. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring citizens’ beliefs and preferences for five hydrogen production methods. It reports the results based on a small scale survey completed by lay citizens in the Netherlands. Results indicate that hydrogen produced by means of renewable energy sources, especially from solar-power is preferred over nuclear- and fossil-based production methods. Results also suggest that the different hydrogen production methods are assessed through different sets of criteria. The results imply that consumers’ preference towards hydrogen as a car-fuel may change accordingly to the way in which the fuel is produced. We argue that the preference towards the way hydrogen is produced should be taken into account if acceptance of hydrogen is studied.
  Authors: Molin, Eric; Di Ruggero, Olga
  Authors: Molin, Eric; Di Ruggero, Olga
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0666
• Demand for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
  Abstract: As demand for and purchase of electric vehicles rise, so will the demand for public charging stations. Not all residents have access to electricity where they park and these residents will need a reliable location to go and recharge their vehicles. The City of Seattle Office of Sustainability and Environment was interested in gauging the demand for charging stations among Seattle residents who are ‘garage orphans’. A garage orphan is defined as a resident who currently has no off-street parking at their residence or if they have off-street parking, have no access to electricity in their off-street parking spot. The City wanted to find out the following:1.An estimate of how many garage orphans exist2.How many of these garage orphans either have, or are likely to purchase an electric or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle3.What charging options are residents likely to use and why4.How much are residents willing to pay to charge their vehicles at a public charging stationPRR worked with the City Assessor’s office to identify likely areas in the city where ‘garage orphan’ properties would be located. We then mailed a survey invite letter and paper survey to 3,000 single-family homes and 3,000 apartment dwellers. The survey could be completed on paper, online or by phone. A total of 850 garage orphans completed the survey.We also conducted two focus groups with garage orphans for more in-depth analysis. Finally, we developed an online panel of over 500 garage orphans for further research as needed.The information needs of this especially hard-to-reach market segment was important to the City of Seattle’s Office of Sustainability as they look to assess the demand for public charging stations.
  Authors: Brown, Bruce; Pinto de Bader, Sandra; Dondi, Leona
  Authors: Brown, Bruce; Pinto de Bader, Sandra; Dondi, Leona
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0265
• Projecting Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Japanese Passenger Cars up to 2020: Using Index Decomposition Techniques
  Abstract: Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from car travel is a key factor for meeting greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets in most countries. Projecting CO2 emissions by quantitatively identifying driving forces is helpful to construct forecasting and backcasting@scenarios for reducing CO2 emissions. Index decomposition methods have been widely used for quantitative identification of historical trends in factors related to changes in objective variables when examining environmental and energy issues; however, index decomposition methods have been rarely used for projecting CO2 emissions. A method, called Modified Laspeyres Index method for Projecting (PMLI method), was developed for projecting CO2 emissions from car travel using index decomposition techniques. CO2 emissions from Japanese passenger cars up to 2020 were then projected by using the PMLI method. The CO2 emissions in 2020 will decrease to the 1990 level based on trends in factors observed over the period 2001 to 2005. Decreases in travel distance per passenger car in use and improvement of actual road fuel efficiency per average car weight in use will primarily induce these decreases. The PMLI method enables tracing the future path of CO2 emissions from car travel by quantitatively identifying the driving forces based on historical trends, and it presents clear ideas for constructing precise forecasting and backcasting scenarios for reducing CO2 emissions from car travel. This paper would contribute to the development of decomposition methodology of projecting objective variables and to understanding future CO2 emissions from car travel in Japan.
  Authors: Mishina, Yoshinori; Muromachi, Yasunori
  Authors: Mishina, Yoshinori; Muromachi, Yasunori
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0286
• Biodiesel from Microalgae in Lagoons: Acceptable Alternative Fuel for the Transportation Crunch?
  Abstract: One of the major reasons for microalgae popularity as an acceptable fuel source is their potential to maximize the productivity, e.g. gallons of oil or fuel produced per acre per year, converting the energy of solar photons during the process of CO2 fixation into biomass energy benefiting the environment. Marketing the generated co-products, termed post extraction algal residue (PEAR) could make the transportation fuel viable from microalgae. These self-contained microbial factories can convert sunlight and CO2 into biofuel are the fastest growing plants and 50% of their weight is oil.The main objective of this research is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biofuel obtained from microalgae and focuses on the energetic and environmental feasibility of this fuel for use in the transportation sector. This evaluation includes the identification of the obstacles and limitations of the process in terms of energy and environmental performance. Another important aspect of this work is the need for improvement of product processing and recovery that includes mechanical and energy intensive processes like centrifugation, filtration, flocculation, and cell disruption.The results obtained so far show that the various strains of microalgae used (nearby lagoons in Portugal and Spain) offer a huge prospect of biodiesel production.KEYWORDS: Biodiesel, microalgae, alternative fuel, lagoon.
  Authors: Coelho, Margarida Cabrita; Dutta, Smritikana; Neto, Fernando
  Authors: Coelho, Margarida Cabrita; Dutta, Smritikana; Neto, Fernando
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0767
• Fuel Consumption and Vehicle Emission Models for Evaluating Environmental Impacts of Electronic Toll Collection System in Beijing
  Abstract: The environmental outcome of the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is an important aspect in evaluating the impacts of the ETC system, which is influenced by various factors including the vehicle type, travel speed, traffic volume, and average queue length of Manual Toll Collection (MTC) lanes. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a field data based practical model for evaluating the effects of ETC system on the fuel efficiency and vehicle emission. First, seven vehicle types under various scenarios for toll collection were conducted based on the Vehicle Emissions Testing System (VETS). The indicator calculation models were then established to estimate the comprehensive benefit of ETC system by comparing the test results of MTC lane and ETC lane. Finally, take Beijing as a case study, the paper validated the model parameters, and estimated the monetization value of environmental benefit of the ETC system in terms of vehicle emissions reduction and fuel consumption decrease. The results shows that the applications of ETC system are expected to save fuel consumption of 4.74 million liters reduce pollution emissions by 844.80 tons in 2012 in Beijing.
  Authors: Weng, Jiancheng; Liu, Lili; Wang, Mengjia; Rong, Jian
  Authors: Weng, Jiancheng; Liu, Lili; Wang, Mengjia; Rong, Jian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0845
• Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Strategies in Road Freight Transport in Mexico
  Abstract: It is estimated that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from road freight transport in Mexico during 2010 were about 37MtCO2 (Carbon Dioxide Mega Tones), which represents about 24% of national transport emissions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address mitigation actions for this sector. To that end, this study proposes and analyzes different mitigation strategies, which include improving vehicle technologies, implementing ecodriving techniques, promoting the use of highways, increasing intermodal transport, reactivating the rail system and building beltways for both freight trucks and rail.The “bottom-up” methodology presented in this study was used to forecast the emissions of the road freight sector from 2010 to 2050. The obtained model was also used to calculate the mitigation potential for the proposed mitigation strategies. A maximum cumulative reduction of more than 380 MtCO2 by 2050 might be reached if all the strategies are applied simultaneously. However, in order to determine a more realistic plan of action, a multi-criteria analysis was performed with a panel of experts. As a result, the technological and operational improvements, the use of highways and the construction of beltways for trucks were considered the measures with higher priority. If those measures are applied in parallel, a potential reduction of 340 MtCO2 may be obtained by 2050.Finally, a “Measurement, Reporting and Verification” mechanism was determined and the main actors involved in that process were identified. In conclusion, freight transport in Mexico contributes highly to GHG emissions and relatively simple actions such as the implementation of new technologies and ecodriving techniques might bring important reduction of GHG emissions in Mexico. However, other complex strategies, such as beltways construction and reactivation of the rail system must be also taken into consideration as part of a National Development Strategy.
  Authors: Menendez, Cynthia; Lobo, Adriana; Martinez, Hilda; Ferreira, Lia; Dartois, Laurent
  Authors: Menendez, Cynthia; Lobo, Adriana; Martinez, Hilda; Ferreira, Lia; Dartois, Laurent
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0992
• Valuation of Plug-in Vehicle Life-Cycle Air Emissions and Oil Displacement Benefits
  Abstract: We assess the economic value of life cycle air emissions and oil consumption from conventional, hybrid-electric (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV), and battery electric vehicles in the U.S. We find that plug-in vehicles may reduce or increase externality costs relative to grid-independent HEVs, depending largely on greenhouse gas and SO2 emissions produced during vehicle charging and battery manufacturing. However, even if future marginal damages from emissions of battery and electricity production drop dramatically, the damage reduction potential of plug-in vehicles remains small compared to ownership cost. As such, to offer a socially efficient approach to emissions and oil consumption reduction, lifetime cost of plug-in vehicles must be competitive with HEVs. Current subsidies intended to encourage sales of plug-in vehicles with large capacity battery packs exceed our externality estimates considerably, and taxes that optimally correct for externality damages would not close the gap in ownership cost. In contrast, HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs reduce externality damages at low (or no) additional cost over their lifetime. While large battery packs allow vehicles to travel longer distances using electricity instead of gasoline, large packs are more expensive, heavier, and more emissions-intensive to produce, with lower utilization factors, greater charging infrastructure requirements, and life cycle implications that are more sensitive to uncertain, time-sensitive, and location-specific factors. To reduce air emission and oil dependency impacts from passenger vehicles, strategies to promote adoption of HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more social benefits per dollar spent.
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy J.; Chester, Mikhail; Jaramillo, Paulina; Samaras, Constantine; Shiau, Ching-Shin; Lave, Lester B.
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy J.; Chester, Mikhail; Jaramillo, Paulina; Samaras, Constantine; Shiau, Ching-Shin; Lave, Lester B.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1224
• Sustainable Biofuel Supply Chain Planning and Management Under Uncertainty
  Abstract: In this study, “environmental thinking” is integrated in sustainable biofuel supply chain planning and management and a multi-objective modeling framework is developed. It is aimed at seeking best-compromise solutions in achieving economic and environmental sustainability in supplying biofuels from bio-wastes, and simultaneously satisfying demand, resource, and technology constraints. In addition to the least-cost objective, greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction as another objective is integrated into the modeling framework, and carbon footprints will be assessed in the life-cycle assessment (LCA) concept framework. This ensures that GHG reduction is factored in the system strategic planning and tactical decision making and enables the GHG mitigation strategies in biofuel supply chains. Further, the biomass-to-biofuel conversion efficiency depends on the technology and can be highly uncertain due to the uncertainties inherent in the conversion processes. In this study, the uncertainty has been explicitly considered in the proposed model in an integrative manner. A multi-objective, mix-integer stochastic programming model is proposed and solved by using a compromise method, a subclass of the goal programming method. The model is used to evaluate the economic potentials and environmental impacts for sustainable growth of cellulosic biofuel in California as a case study. It is found, significant trade-offs exist between economic competitiveness and environmental quality and the effects of uncertainty on multi-criteria decision making vary with the choice of modeling approach.
  Authors: Xie, Fei; Huang, Yongxi
  Authors: Xie, Fei; Huang, Yongxi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1083
• Catching the PHEVer: Simulating Electric Vehicle Diffusion with Agent-Based Mixed Logit Model of Vehicle Choice
  Abstract: In this research, I develop then merge two separate models to simulate electric vehicle diffusion through recreation of the Boston metropolitan statistical area (MSA) vehicle market place. The first model is a mixed (random parameters) logistic regression applied to data from the US Department of Transportation’s 2009 National Household Travel Survey. The second, agent-based model simulates social network interactions through which the agents’ vehicle choice sets are endogenously determined. Parameters from the first model are then applied to the choice sets determined in the second. Social network effects are utilized to determine the vehicle power types available in a consumer’s choice set, the inclusion being spurred by exceeding agents’ willingness-to-consider thresholds through simulated idea diffusion. Results indicate that electric vehicles as a percentages of vehicle stock range from 1% in the most pessimistic scenario to 22% in the most optimistic scenario in the Boston MSA in the year 2030. Financial incentive availability has an overall positive effect on EV vehicle stock percentages, but BEV and PHEV model-level stock percentages have mixed resultant impacts; hybrid vehicles are demonstrated to be the most responsive to financial policy availability assumptions. Although commonly indicated as a potential hindrance to EV diffusion, battery cost scenarios have relatively small impacts on EV diffusion in comparison to other assumptions. Results indicate that range assumptions dramatically effect both BEV and PHEV deployment. Pessimistic range assumptions decrease overall PHEV and BEV percentages of vehicle stock by 50% and 30% relative to the EPA-estimated range scenarios, respectively.
  Authors: Brown, Maxwell Leonard
  Authors: Brown, Maxwell Leonard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1099
• Development and Evaluation of Simplified Version of MOVES for Coupling with Traffic Simulation Model
  Abstract: The MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) released in 2009 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is an empirically based modal model capable of estimating project level on road vehicle emission rates for a wide variety of driving cycles. Many researchers and practitioners are attempting to combined MOVES with travel demand models (TDMs) and traffic simulation models (TSMs) for the purpose of estimating emissions impacts of possible future changes in road infrastructure, vehicle mix, traffic control measures, and other factors. However, MOVES is a computationally intensive model, and direct dynamic coupling of MOVES to a TDM or TSM can be impractical. To facilitate the capability to estimate link-based emission factors based on second-by-second vehicle speed trajectories, a simplified version of MOVES is demonstrated here. A Speed Correction Factor (SCF) is generated for a selected vehicle type and driving cycle based on distribution of time spent in each of 23 operating mode bins. Operating modes are defined by the instantaneous speed and Vehicle Specific Power (VSP). The emission factors estimated by the simplified model are demonstrated to be sensitive to differences between driving cycles with similar average speeds. The errors of the simplified model cycle average predictions are within ±1% for 92% of the cases among pollutants, ages, and driving cycles, for passenger cars, passenger trucks, light commercial trucks, single unit short haul trucks, and combination long haul trucks. The application of the simplified model is demonstrated based on empirical driving cycles observed from field measurements.
  Authors: Frey, H. Christopher; Liu, Bin
  Authors: Frey, H. Christopher; Liu, Bin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1201
• Economics of Electrifying North American Railways
  Abstract: As fuel costs increase, transportation modes are looking to railways as a cheaper, more efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. Because of railway transportation’s immense advantages over road and air transportation, its use is expected to increase two-fold or more over the next 10 years in the US and Canada, and likely all of North America (NA). However, NA railways are still dependent on diesel-electric locomotives, while other countries in Europe and Asia have long ago switched to more efficient electric locomotive technology. Electric locomotives have significant benefits over diesel-electrics, such as increased efficiency and traction, a lower probability of failure, reduced noise and vibrations, potential for brake regeneration, and an overall reduced carbon footprint. Despite these advantages, electric locomotives can cost significantly more than diesel-electrics and require expensive infrastructure, such as catenary lines and electric substations. In 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implemented new regulations on diesel-electric locomotives to reduce emission toxins such as particulate matter and NOX. These new regulations create immense health benefits, but come at a cost to railway organizations for more stringent manufacturing and remanufacturing requirements. This paper explored the potential costs associated with electrifying the railway network in NA rather than focusing on improving diesel-electrics. A Monte Carlo Simulation was conducted to compare these costs with converting current railway lines to catenary, or partial catenary with on-board storage systems. Factors such as research costs, noise reduction benefits, health benefits, fuel usage, and productivity were taken into consideration to determine the most suitable alternative for the future of NA’s railway organizations, environment, and society. Results suggest that implementing ultracapacitor or battery hybrid locomotive technology would create significant positive net present worth between 2012 and 2040, estimated at $411 Billion for passenger rail and $15.7 Trillion for freight rail, due mainly to less overhead catenary infrastructure and energy costs required, while still gaining the social benefits of reduced noise and improved health. They would also be the quickest electrification technology options to implement in terms of manageable construction and business disruption logistics, which were not considered in this analysis and should be research if and when business case development occurs in pursuit of electrifying railways. Moreover, over 80% of this significant NPW would accrue to railway organizations, suggesting that business case development and investment planning should proceed post haste to electrify, and to phase out diesel electric locomotives at the end of their economic life.Regardless of which route is taken, electrification would have immense benefits to both railway organizations and society. Increased productivity, reduced energy requirements, decreased noise and improved health would all significantly contribute to cost savings and an improved quality of life for residents of North America. As such, there appears to be a strong business case for research into development of hybrid electric locomotives that can operate on- and off-grid.
  Authors: Lovegrove, Gordon Richard; Morrison, Ellen S
  Authors: Lovegrove, Gordon Richard; Morrison, Ellen S
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1262
• Quick Estimation Method for Greenhouse Gas Emissions at Intersections
  Abstract: The traffic operational performance of an intersection is typically based on a capacity analysis of the peak hour for a typical weekday. Analysis methods (i.e. Highway Capacity Manual) have been developed to prepare estimates of vehicle delay, fuel use, and air pollution for an intersection based on this peak hour data. However, when it comes to conducting a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimate, peak hour data are rarely sufficient, since planners and policy makers are typically concerned with a longer time period.A quick estimation method is presented for determining GHG emissions at the intersection of two-lane roadways with all-way stop and roundabout control. This method was developed using the SimTraffic traffic simulation software. Using multivariate regression, equations for daily GHG emissions for each intersection control type were developed based on the following variables:• Intersection total daily traffic volume• Percentage of volume on the major street during the peak hour• Directional percentage during the peak hour• Percentage of turning traffic on the major and minor streets during the peak hourEquations developed from the simulation models were tested in a case study. Simulation models were developed using the counted volumes to calculate daily GHG emissions. The calculated emissions were compared to the regression equation values.Future work is planned to expand this methodology to include two-way stop and signal control. The default SimTraffic fuel use settings could be updated to provide better estimates of fuel use – and GHG emissions – based on the more fuel-efficient modern vehicle fleet.
  Authors: Stanek, David; Breiland, Chris
  Authors: Stanek, David; Breiland, Chris
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1428
• Study of Effect on GHG Emissions by Addition of Transit Mode in Existing Road Network and Optimal Emission Pricing Models for Reducing Carbon Footprint
  Abstract: Scientists and policymakers intend worldwide emissions reduction of up to 80 percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the next four decades to stabilize atmospheric concentrations (1). Henceforth, an immediate response from the transportation sector, one of the largest producers of GHGs (up to 30 percent in the U.S.), is critical for GHGs reduction. Possible long-term solutions towards cutting back on emissions from transportation are increasing supply-of/demand-for more energy efficient/fuel efficient vehicles and to substantially improve the transit system (high-speed rail, passenger rail, metro), to reduce reliance on private vehicles and air travel for short trips. However, the markets are still struggling to produce supply-of/demand-for energy efficient vehicles and public debate on potential ridership of high speed rail is ongoing in the U.S. Another feasible strategy that can prove to be effective is emission pricing . Recent advancement in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) offers a technical solution to implement emission pricing effectively in a reasonable period of time. Further, this strategy can foster demand for efficient vehicles and high transit ridership while reducing GHGs emission and generating revenue. As state departments of transportation (DOTs) and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) struggle to find more options to reduce GHGs emission, emission pricing offers a solution. To consider emission pricing as an alternative, planners and policymakers will need tools to understand the implications on private vehicle users and the environment. Therefore, in this study, we propose models for understanding the reduction of GHGs emission and shifts of private vehicle trips to transit by implementing ITS based optimal emission pricing to reduce GHGs emission by a certain percentage in a composite transportation network (transit and highway network). The bi-level models presented in this study take into account the planner’s policy decision and the road user’s response to such policies in a simple and methodologically robust framework. The complex decision of choosing transit over private vehicle and road user behavior in the study has been studied by mode split functions and the classical user equilibrium principle. The performance of proposed models is compared to the base-case (do-nothing); reductions in total GHGs emission by optimal emission pricing shows efficacy of the models. The presented methodology in this paper is generalizable and can be applied to any transportation network. Keywords: greenhouse gases, optimal emission pricing, transit, mode choice, user equilibrium
  Authors: Sharma, Sushant; Mishra, Sabyasachee
  Authors: Sharma, Sushant; Mishra, Sabyasachee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1579
• Sensitivity Test Analysis of MOVES and AERMOD Models
  Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) has designated MOVES and EMFAC in California as the official mobile emission models and AERMOD and CAL3QHCR as the official air quality models for project level particulate matter transportation conformity analysis (1). Understanding the behavior of these models under various settings becomes crucial for interpreting the model results and also because the task of preparing the input data is time and resource intensive. The objective of this study is to assess the sensitivity of these models to a number of input parameters. Specifically, the study investigates the sensitivity of MOVES model to changes in speed, temperature, seasons, time-of-day and year, and the sensitivity of predicted PM2.5 concentrations on an annual average basis to the choice of model (AERMOD versus CAL3QHCR) and difference in meteorological data set (urban versus rural). Possible reasons for the differences are explored. The investigation is showcased using a highway interchange in Joliet, Illinois.
  Authors: Vallamsundar, Suriya; Lin, Jie (Jane)
  Authors: Vallamsundar, Suriya; Lin, Jie (Jane)
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1590
• Chemical Reaction Optimization Approach to Solving the Environmentally Sustainable Network Design Problem
  Abstract: Nowadays the decision makers in transportation industry are being urged to instill environmental values into road network design decision-making. To evaluate a road network design, not only should it be cost-effective, but also sustainable. This article proposes a new methodology to consider all the environmental concerns into a network design problem (NDP). This proposed NDP is formulated as a bi-level program. The lower level problem is formulated as static UE-assignment model. In the upper level, total emission costs and noise costs are calculated as monetary terms into the objective function value and minimized with the total system travel time cost at the same time. It is known that such bi-level problem is NP-hard, a new metaheuristic called the Chemical Reaction Optimization (CRO) method is implemented to solve it. This newly invented algorithm has been proved to have a wide application field and satisfying performance compared with other metaheuristics. Two benchmark city road networks with different scales are used to evaluate the performance of CRO. This study also addresses the importance of incorporating the environmental concerns into NDP sufficiently and the tradeoffs between different objective components are explored. It is found that CRO outperforms Genetic Algorithm (GA) on certain scenarios and have an overall comparable performance compared with GA.
  Authors: Szeto, Wai Yuen; Wang, Yi; Wong, S. C.
  Authors: Szeto, Wai Yuen; Wang, Yi; Wong, S. C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1619
• Marginal Costs of Freeway Traffic Congestion with On-Road Pollution Exposure Externality
  Abstract: The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of marginal costs in congested traffic that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic congestion. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and regional pollution emissions components. Applying a set of parameter values based on the literature shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal costs near freeway capacity. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare losses because of sub-optimal tolls. Time is the dominant cost component, but on-road exposure costs increase dramatically in congestion. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure reduces the sizes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system improvements, with more of an effect on the estimated benefits of road-pricing systems than traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure costs disproportionately affects heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of higher emissions rates and greater occupation of roadway capacity. Lastly, there are large uncertainties in the parameter estimates and more research is needed for on-road exposure modeling tools and linkages between repeated short-duration pollution exposure and health outcomes.
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1609
• Spatial Transferability Analysis of the Regional Automobile-Specific Household-Level Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Models
  Abstract: This paper compares the performance of four methods for combining model information developed in one region to a model in another region to improve estimation results. The transfer methods compared are Naïve, Joint Context Estimation, Bayesian Updating, and Combined Transfer Estimator. The application is for models developed to estimate household-level CO2 emissions from vehicle use developed with data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey collected by the U.S. Department of Transportation. This is potentially very useful for small religions or communities that would like to quickly/easily estimate household-level CO2 emissions from vehicle use but do not have adequate data for developing their own model. This has the potential to minimize the need for large data collection and/or model estimation efforts. The transfer methods can incorporate model information from other regions to make up for the local travel data shortfall. The results show that automobile-specified CO2 emissions models can be transferred from one geographical region to another region and improve estimation results. The Combined Transfer Estimator method produces superior prediction performance, followed by Bayesian Updating, Joint Context Estimation, and Naïve, in that order. The analyst, however, should determine whether the incremental benefits gained from the application of any transfer methods is worth additional computational investment. The results also highlight the potential and significance of regions with smaller sample size to combine travel data/parameters from another region to improve CO2 emissions estimation. These results can assist different agencies to develop a baseline CO2 emissions inventory from vehicle use.
  Authors: Siuhi, Saidi; Mwakalonge, Judith L.; Perkins, Judy A.
  Authors: Siuhi, Saidi; Mwakalonge, Judith L.; Perkins, Judy A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1645
• On the Existence of the Simultaneous Occurrence of Braess and Emission Paradoxes
  Abstract: Braess¡¦ paradox is well-known and examined. However, an emission paradox, an analogue to Braess¡¦ paradox for vehicular emissions, is not. Without considering the emission paradox, the road network improvement that mitigates congestion may increase harmful vehicular emissions. In this paper, we analytically examine the occurrence of the emission paradox and the simultaneous occurrence of the Braess and emission paradoxes in the classical Braess¡¦ network. We ascertain that the occurrence of the emission paradox depends on the demand for travel, the parameters of link performance functions as well as link emission factors. We also find that the Braess and emission paradoxes do not always occur at the same time, and that the emission paradox is more likely to occur than the Braess paradox in some networks. More importantly, we discover that under some conditions of the parameters of link performance functions, the emission paradox does occur but Braess¡¦ paradox does not. This implies that road network design for mitigating congestion alone may not be able to avoid the increase in vehicular emissions. A more comprehensive view for road network design is necessary to avoid the occurrence of both the Braess and emission paradoxes.
  Authors: Szeto, Wai Yuen; Jaber, Xiaoqing; O'Mahony, Margaret
  Authors: Szeto, Wai Yuen; Jaber, Xiaoqing; O'Mahony, Margaret
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1745
• Life-Cycle Assessment of Diesel-Electric Hybrid Trucks and Conventional Diesel Trucks for Curbside Deliveries
  Abstract: Purolator is a Canadian courier company that has recently introduced hybrid electric vehicles into their fleets. By using hybrids, Purolator has claimed reductions of 1,900 tonnes of greenhouse gases and 645,000 L of diesel fuel over a distance of 5,200,000 km. This paper investigates these claims by independently estimating the fuel savings and greenhouse gas reductions for Purolator’s trucks over their life cycles. To accomplish this objective, a life cycle assessment was executed using GHGenius, a Government of Canada model, which can be used to conduct well-to-wheel analysis and vehicle life cycle analysis for conventional and hybrid diesel trucks. Overall, it was found that Purolator’s hybrid diesel trucks reduce GHG emissions by 23% and 8% for city and highway driving, respectively. The results confirm that switching to an HEV fleet could reduce CO2 emissions during vehicle operations by 25% as the vehicle manufacturer (Azure Dynamics) has advertised. However, the estimated maximum emission reductions (1,668 tonnes) and fuel savings (609,000 L) over a distance of 5,200,000 km fall short of Purolator’s values (1,900 tonnes, 645,000 L). The emission reductions on a per kilometer basis are relatively insensitive to changes in the vehicles’ service life, the average payload and the extra weight of the hybrid. At present, the life cycle costs of hybrid delivery trucks do not make them financially favorable alternatives to conventional diesel trucks, though their financial competitiveness is sensitive to the vehicle service life, the price of diesel fuel, the assumed discount rate, and the incremental hybrid cost.
  Authors: Bachmann, Chris; Chingcuanco, Franco; MacLean, Heather; Roorda, Matthew J.
  Authors: Bachmann, Chris; Chingcuanco, Franco; MacLean, Heather; Roorda, Matthew J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1374
• Electric Vehicle Charging Station Location Problem: A Parking-Based Assignment Method for Seattle, Washington
  Abstract: Access to electric vehicle (EV) charging stations will impact EV adoption rates, use decisions, electrified mile shares, petroleum demand, and power consumption across times of day. This work uses parking information from over 30,000 personal-trip records in the Puget Sound Regional Council’s 2006 household travel survey to determine public (non-residential) parking locations and durations. Regression equations predict parking demand variables (total vehicle-hours per zone/neighborhood and parked-time per vehicle-trip) as a function of site accessibility, local jobs and population densities, trip attributes, and other variables available in most regions and travel surveys. Several of these variables are key inputs for a mixed integer programming problem, developed here for optimal EV-charging-station location assignments. The algorithm minimizes EV users’ station access costs while penalizing unmet demand. This useful specification was used to determine top locations for installing a constrained number of charging stations across the City of Seattle, showing how charging location schemes’ access costs respond to parking demand and station locations. The models developed here are generalizable to data sets available for most any region, and can be used to make more informed decisions on station locations around the world.
  Authors: Chen, T. Donna; Khan, Mobashwir; Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Chen, T. Donna; Khan, Mobashwir; Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1254
• Impact of Cracking on Load Transfer Efficiency of Rigid Airfield Pavements
  Abstract: The mechanistic evaluation of pavement utilizing full scale test data is an important component to the study of pavement behavior. This study focuses on the use of concrete strain gages (CSG) and crack location data to evaluate the effect of localized cracking on the stress-based load transfer efficiency (LTE (S)) of transverse doweled pavement joints. Concrete strain gage data generated from the full scale testing carried out by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) has been analyzed in this study. Load Transfer Efficiency was determined from paired concrete strain gages for the test vehicle moving in opposite directions at two specific locations, resulting in four distinct cases of LTE (S). It was found that LTE (S) varies as loading progresses on the test sections, especially after cracking near the joint has occurred on the slabs. Additionally, peak strains from gages located at the joint can be used to evaluate the behavior of LTE (S) during the formation of cracks on the slab, in particular the case where the cracks have formed close to the doweled joint but are not yet visible on the surface.
  Authors: Cunliffe, Charles; Mehta, Yusuf A.; Cleary, Douglas; Joshi, Akshay
  Authors: Cunliffe, Charles; Mehta, Yusuf A.; Cleary, Douglas; Joshi, Akshay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1353
• Mixture Amount Stated Adaptation Experiment of Activity-Travel Behavior Dynamics in Adaptive Response to Energy Conservation Strategies
  Abstract: People adaptations to increased energy prices in transportation have been studied at length using stated preference, choice and adaptation experiments. To point at an alternative experimental design approach to estimate utility functions under constraints, the principles of mixture-amount experiments are discussed. A context-dependent elaboration of a mixture amount choice experiment is constructed to measure people’s responses to accumulative energy charges under four different contexts. Considering consumer heterogeneity in adaptive response behavior, mixed logit analysis is used for analyzing the extent and nature of adaptation of activity-travel behavior and resources when faced with increasing energy costs. The results indicate that individuals are inclined to compensate for increased expenditures due to energy price increases. Moreover, results show the existence of significant heterogeneity among respondents in terms of their sensitivity to various energy saving choices.
  Authors: Yang, Dujuan; Timmermans, Harry J.P.; Borgers, Aloys
  Authors: Yang, Dujuan; Timmermans, Harry J.P.; Borgers, Aloys
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1486
• Emissions and Built Form: Analysis of Six Canadian Cities
  Abstract: Demand for public transit, goods movement and road transportation increases as a direct result of population growth in large cities. As a consequence, total air pollution emitted from mobile sources also increases. Canada, as a country with already high amounts of resource-based greenhouse gas production, must rein in metropolitan air pollution levels if it wishes to improve its status on the world stage. As such, this study presents a framework for estimating mobile source emissions at the macro level for Canadian urban areas. Several air pollutants – including PM10, which has been identified by Environment Canada as toxic to human health – are considered in this exercise, and summarized using a Principal Component Analysis. Aggregate emissions for commercial vehicles, transit buses, and personal vehicles are estimated for six cities: Toronto, Ontario; Vancouver, British Columbia; Calgary, Alberta; Hamilton, Ontario; Halifax, Nova Scotia; and St John’s, Newfoundland, and compared to various built form and travel behaviour attributes for each respective city. The results indicate that population, travel to work behaviour, and various built form attributes indeed impact transportation emissions at the citywide level. Given that this work is the first of its kind in Canada, the conclusions presented in this paper are an important first step in researching urban transportation emissions in the Canadian context.
  Authors: Hossein Rashidi, Taha; Toop, Erin; Liu, Xudong; Kanaroglou, Pavlos
  Authors: Hossein Rashidi, Taha; Toop, Erin; Liu, Xudong; Kanaroglou, Pavlos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1498
• Simulating Environmental Effects of Isolated and Areawide Traffic Calming Schemes Using Traffic Simulation and Microscopic Emissions Modeling
  Abstract: This study focuses on the development of a microscopic traffic and emission simulation system which aims at quantifying the effects of different types of traffic calming measures on vehicle emissions both at a link-level and at a network-level. It also investigates the effects of isolated traffic-calming measures at a corridor level and area-wide calming schemes, using a scenario analysis. Our study is set in Montreal, Canada where a traffic simulation model for a dense urban neighborhood is extended with capabilities for microscopic emission estimation. The results indicate that on average, isolated calming measures increase carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 1.50%, 0.33%, and 1.45%, respectively across the entire network. Area-wide schemes result in a percentage increase of 3.84% for CO2, 1.22% for CO, and 2.18% for NOx. Along specific corridors where traffic calming measures were simulated, increases in emissions of up to 83% were observed. These increases are mainly associated with a change in vehicle drive-cycles through increased accelerations and decelerations. We also account for the effect of different measures on traffic volumes and observe moderate decreases in areas that have undergone traffic calming. In spite of traffic flow reductions, total emissions do increase. Finally, we observe that speed bumps result in higher emission levels than speed humps.
  Authors: Ghafghazi, Golnaz; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Authors: Ghafghazi, Golnaz; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1329
• Assessing Impact of Bus Technology on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Along a Major Corridor: Comparing Instantaneous Speed Emission Model with Average-Speed Model
  Abstract: Recently, a large number of local transit agencies in North America have been considering new strategies to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse (GHG) emissions. These strategies often include a combination of operational improvements and alternative technologies. This is the case for the Montreal transit system, run by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM), which manages and operates a fleet of 1,696 buses with the majority running on diesel. Our study focused on a busy bus transit corridor. Our objectives include 1) evaluating the impact of alternative bus transit technologies including compressed natural gas (CNG), biodiesel, and diesel-electric hybrid on GHG emissions using a lifecycle analysis (LCA) approach, and 2) comparing the operational emissions of buses running on these different technologies using an instantaneous speed and an average speed emission model. Local geographic and driving conditions along the corridor are incorporated in the estimation of operational emissions. The results indicate that operational emissions make-up the largest portion of lifecycle emissions (more than 80%). The bus technologies are ranked in increasing order of lifecycle GHG emissions generated: 1) hybrid, 2) CNG, 3) biodiesel, and 4) diesel. GHG savings range from 8.4-29.0 kg of CO2-equivalent (12.5-43.3%) for a single bus operating once on a single route during the morning and afternoon peak periods when converting the current diesel technology to one of the alternative fuels tested. When comparing instantaneous and average speed emissions we observe that both methods produce consistent results for diesel emissions. However, the average speed method underestimates biodiesel emissions by 21% and overestimates CNG emissions by 16%.
  Authors: Chan, Sabrina; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Alam, Ahsan; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Authors: Chan, Sabrina; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Alam, Ahsan; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1390
• Differentiated Congestion Pricing of Urban Transportation Networks with Vehicle-Tracking Technologies
  Abstract: This paper explores a new type of congestion pricing that differentiates users with respect to their travel characteristics and charges them different amount of toll accordingly. The scheme can reduce the financial burden of travelers or lead to more substantial reduction of congestion. Given that the scheme requires tracking vehicles, an incentive program is designed to mitigate travelers' privacy concerns and entice them to voluntarily disclose their private travel information.
  Authors: Zangui, Mahmood; Yin, Yafeng; Lawphongpanich, Siriphong; Chen, Shigang
  Authors: Zangui, Mahmood; Yin, Yafeng; Lawphongpanich, Siriphong; Chen, Shigang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1825
• Analysis and Design of Tradeable Credit Schemes Under Uncertainty
  Abstract: Market-based instruments for congestion mitigation can be generally classified into two classes, i.e., price- and quantity-based. The former, widely-known as congestion pricing, charges tolls to influence travelers’ decisions, while the latter regulates quantity directly. More specifically, credits or permits are first distributed by a government agency, and travelers are then required to pay a certain number of credits to access transportation facilities. The credits can be traded among travelers and the price is determined by the market through free trading. In this paper we formally establish the identity between congestion pricing and tradable credit schemes in managing network mobility. Using a numerical example, we demonstrate how the identity falls apart when there is uncertainty associated with transportation supply or demand. We then conduct sensitivity analysis of the coupled network and market equilibrium to predict how credit price varies with respect to the perturbation associated with the supply or demand. A safety valve policy is then investigated to balance regulation success and price volatility under uncertainty.
  Authors: Shirmohammadi, Nima; Zangui, Mahmood; Yin, Yafeng; Nie, Yu
  Authors: Shirmohammadi, Nima; Zangui, Mahmood; Yin, Yafeng; Nie, Yu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1826
• Integrated Pricing of Roads and Electricity Enabled by Wireless Power Transfer
  Abstract: This paper explores integrated pricing of electricity and roads enabled by wireless power transfer technology. We envision that high-power, high-efficient wireless power transfer technologies are mature in the near future, which electrify roads to be charging infrastructures. The prices of electricity at electrified roads will affect electric vehicles’ route choices while the energy requirement of those vehicles will in return affect the operations of the power network and thus the prices of electricity. To determine the optimal prices of electricity and roads to maximize social welfare, first- and second-best pricing models are proposed under different authoritarian regimes. More specifically, assuming that a government agency manages both transportation and power systems, we develop the first-best pricing model, based on which a marginal-cost pricing scheme is derived. The second-best pricing model is proposed if the agency participates in a competitive wholesale power market while being able to impose tolls on electrified roads. The toll design is formulated as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints, and is solved by a manifold suboptimization algorithm. Numerical examples are presented to offer insights on integrated pricing of roads and electricity and demonstrate its effectiveness on improving social welfare.
  Authors: He, Fang; Yin, Yafeng
  Authors: He, Fang; Yin, Yafeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1822
• Optimizing Variable Speed Limits for Efficient, Safe, and Sustainable Mobility
  Abstract: This paper envisions a variable speed limit system where speed limits vary strategically and periodically in accordance with traffic and weather conditions to achieve better safety, efficiency and environment sustainability on a traffic network. For such a variable speed limit system, we propose a tri-objective bi-level programming model to design optimal link-specific speed limits that minimize system travel time, number of expected accidents and traffic exhaust emissions simultaneously for each specific strategic scenario. A solution framework is developed to solve the model, which implements a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm and integrates various tools for performance evaluation. The proposed model and solution framework are demonstrated using the road network within the 2nd ring road in Beijing.
  Authors: Yang, Yanni; Lu, Huapu; Yin, Yafeng; Yang, Hai
  Authors: Yang, Yanni; Lu, Huapu; Yin, Yafeng; Yang, Hai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1828
• How New Technologies Can Contribute to Measuring Sustainable Mobility
  Abstract: While much effort has been concentrated on making transportation more sustainable, the measurement of these efforts (through models, evaluation, or scenarios) is not trivial. In fact, not only is the selection of indicators challenging, but efforts made to design useful indicators are often hampered by the presence of data that are erroneous or incomplete. Nevertheless, the significant penetration of new technologies such as smartphones and smart infrastructure could hold the key to developing more relevant and comprehensive indicators. In this paper, we review commonly used indicators and discuss their limitations with respect to the data upon which they are built. We then describe several new technologies that hold promise for the collection of more pertinent and accurate data sets upon with indicators may be built. Finally, we discuss their potential for the future and illustrate a hypothetical scenario by reviewing a one-day GPS traces of one of the authors. While the first and obvious application of new technologies will be to improve much needed accuracy, combining different sources together seem to hold much potential from model calibration to real time operations.
  Authors: Derrible, Sybil; Cottrill, Caitlin D.
  Authors: Derrible, Sybil; Cottrill, Caitlin D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-1953
• Sustainable Transportation Policy Development Using System Dynamics and World Cities Data
  Abstract: In the study reported herein, a system dynamic model was developed, using pertinent data for a large of number world cities, in order to analyze and appraise urban transportation sustainability. The objective was to determine efficacious policies for sustainable transportation. The study database was developed based on few global urban transportation databases covering numerous cities for 4 decades in period of 1960 to 2001: MCD, MCDST and ISADC. Based on the study database, 9 sustainable transportation indicators were developed, 3 indicators for presenting each key group of environmental, economic and social urban sustainability. A composite index was also suggested for combining the developed indicators. To develop the pertinent urban dynamic model, urban transportation causal loops were conceptualized and the dynamic relations between urban transportation variables were created. Trip generation, trip distance, modal share and vehicle occupancy were the key modules of the model. Economic, social and environmental indicators were the key outputs of the model. The dynamic model inputs were urban characteristics relevant to transportation. The dynamic model testing and evaluation were found satisfactory using time-series data. For the city of Isfahan, as a case study, by monitoring the sustainable transportation indicators using different development scenarios, efficacious transportation policies were determined and evaluated. The model deployment reflected that policy makers are expected to develop policies pertinent to public and non-motorized transportation infrastructure integration.
  Authors: Haghshenas, Hossein; Vaziri, Manouchehr
  Authors: Haghshenas, Hossein; Vaziri, Manouchehr
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2026
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Current and Near-Term Bus Technologies in London
  Abstract: The UK has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 relative to 1990 levels as well as stringent EURO emissions level standards for its vehicles. In order to meet local air quality and exhaust emissions standards, Transport for London (TfL) is considering the adoption of compressed natural gas (CNG) buses, hybrid-diesel buses, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). While these technologies improve air quality, they also have a climate impact. We assess the climate costs of these alternative bus technologies in London – one of the world’s largest urban bus networks – relative to the existing diesel stock. We develop a detailed stochastic London bus emissions model based on bus route data and velocity-dependent emissions factors. Four alternative technology scenarios based upon hybrid buses, CNG buses, EGR, and SCR are defined. Changes in GHG emissions due to the alternative technology scenarios are modeled. Life-cycle CO2-equivalent emissions of the fuel and vehicle pathways are determined, including fuel production, methane pipeline leakage, and hybrid battery production embedded carbon. Our results demonstrate that the fleet-wide adoption of SCR and EGR after treatment would result in a slight increase in GHG emissions relative to the baseline (+0.5% and +3% CO2-equivalent impact per year, respectively), while the adoption of CNG buses results in significantly greater lifecycle GHG emissions (+44% CO¬2-equivalent impact per year). The implementation of hybrid buses is the only option which would reduce GHG emissions with a 14% reduction per year in CO2-equivalent emissions.
  Authors: Chong, Uven; Boies, Adam; Barrett, Steven
  Authors: Chong, Uven; Boies, Adam; Barrett, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2031
• Presentation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Information for Smartphone Applications
  Abstract: This paper examines methods of communicating and presenting information to individuals about transport and travel related carbon emissions for online journey planners and smartphone applications. Numerous on-line carbon calculators provide users with information about the carbon emissions that result from the selection of one mode of transport over another. As users may not be familiar with the magnitude of such emissions, many of these calculators employ techniques designed to help the user better understand their emissions and provide some context. This study examines four different methods of communicating and contextualising trip related carbon emissions based upon methods already in used by a variety of carbon calculators. These methods included a simple numerical representation of emissions in the form of kilograms of CO2 produced, a “lightbulb” method used to contextualize the emissions, a weekly carbon budget, and a graphical “traffic light system”. Results indicate that while that there is a strong correlation between understanding of methods and likelihood of altering mode choice. Significant preferences exist for each of the methods, and age and gender appear to be indicators of personal preference.
  Authors: Brazil, William; Caulfield, Brian; Rieser-Schüssler, Nadine
  Authors: Brazil, William; Caulfield, Brian; Rieser-Schüssler, Nadine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2030
• Unconstrained Formulation of Environmentally Constrained Traffic Equilibrium Problem
  Abstract: Various government legislations have recently been issued to alleviate the environmental deterioration of transportation systems. Environmental constraint is a valid means to explicitly reflect various environmental protection requirements imposed by the government. In this paper, we examine the environmentally constrained traffic equilibrium problem (EC-TEP), which is a fundamental tool for modeling and evaluating environmental protection requirements. Specifically, we provide an equivalent reformulation for the EC-TEP. The proposed reformulation adapts the concept of gap function to simultaneously reformulate the nonlinear complementarity conditions associated with the generalized user equilibrium conditions, environmental constraints, and conservation constraints as an equivalent unconstrained optimization problem. This gap function reformulation has two desirable features: (1) it can handle a general environmental constraint structure (linear or nonlinear; link-based or area-based) and a general link and route cost structure, enhancing the modeling adaptability and flexibility; (2) it is smooth and unconstrained, permitting a number of existing efficient algorithms for its solution. A gradient-based solution algorithm with a self-regulated averaging stepsize scheme is customized to solve the reformulated unconstrained optimization problem. Numerical examples are also provided to demonstrate the modeling flexibility of the proposed EC-TEP reformulation.
  Authors: Xu, Xiangdong; Chen, Anthony; Cheng, Lin
  Authors: Xu, Xiangdong; Chen, Anthony; Cheng, Lin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-2086
• Public Transportation and Land Use Multiplier: Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential and Associated Costs in Los Angeles, California, Metropolitan Region
  Abstract: Transit in high density urban regions can help reduce the vehicle miles traveled by residents and visitors. Less private vehicle dependency and use reduces greenhouse gas emissions and congestion. Planners and politicians can benefit significantly from improved information about transit’s effects on land use and vehicle use. There are a number of techniques to estimate the influence that transit has on non-transit travel patterns in a given region. One method involves using the American Public Transportation Association’s (APTA) approach to calculating land use multipliers. The APTA methodology can also be used to measure the GHG, VMT, and fuel use impacts of potential mode shift, congestion relief, and land use changes associated with transit service. Additionally, the APTA methodology can be used with the Department of Transportation’s National Transit Database (NTD) to develop quick and cost-effective estimates of transit leverage for all transit agencies listed in the NTD. This advancement can be used by policy decision makers to estimate fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions reductions achievable through changes in transit supply policies. The paper will compare land use multipliers in different cities in the Los Angeles Southern California metropolitan region. The comparison will examine the influence of population, density, job clusters, and other factors on regional land use multipliers. This paper will discuss the scenarios, the analysis methodology used, and the ways in which these results differ from other recent literature on the topic.
  Authors: Lem, Lewison Lee; Moylan, Emily Kate McNeil; Chami, Rami Barakat
  Authors: Lem, Lewison Lee; Moylan, Emily Kate McNeil; Chami, Rami Barakat
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2088
• Cost-Effectiveness of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Capacity and Charging Infrastructure Investment for Reducing U.S. Gasoline Consumption
  Abstract: Federal electric vehicle (EV) policies in the United States currently include vehicle purchase subsidies linked to EV battery capacity and subsidies for installing charging stations. We compare the cost-effectiveness of increased battery capacity vs. charging infrastructure installation as alternate methods to reduce gasoline consumption for cars, trucks, and SUVs in the U.S. We find across a wide range of scenarios that the least-cost solution is for more drivers to switch to low-capacity plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (short electric range with gasoline backup for long trips) or gasoline-powered hybrid electric vehicles. If more gasoline savings are needed per vehicle, charging infrastructure installation is substantially more expensive than increased battery capacity per gallon saved, and both approaches have higher costs than U.S. oil premium estimates. Comparison of results to the structure of current federal subsidies shows that policy is not aligned with fuel savings potential, and we discuss issues and alternatives.
  Authors: Peterson, Scott B.; Michalek, Jeremy J.
  Authors: Peterson, Scott B.; Michalek, Jeremy J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2120
• Environmentally Conscious Highway Design for Vertical Grades
  Abstract: This paper provides guidelines and tools for quantitative evaluations by means of fuel consumption and emissions for various vertical grade design conditions. Detailed vehicle operation conditions were represented by second-by-second speed profiles generated using the truck dynamic model and non-uniform acceleration/deceleration models. The rates of fuel consumption and emissions based on vehicle-specific power and speeds were extracted using recently developed motor vehicle emission simulator (MOVES). The generated speed profiles were matched with the extracted rates and aggregated during a trip on the grades. As a result, the design vehicle consumed more than five times the amount of fuel on a 3,000-m graded segment when the vehicle had a speed reduction of greater than 20 km/h, as opposed to the vehicle with a speed reduction of less than 10 km/h. For emissions—carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less—there were up to five-fold increases on the segment. Thus, controlling a speed reduction of less than 20 km/h can minimize adverse environmental impacts from vehicle movements. In addition, this study shows that environmentally-conscious vertical grade design is feasible and economically beneficial throughout the life of the highway. The provided guidelines and tools can reduce uncertainty for designing environmentally-conscious highways and can be used as part of the highway design process.
  Authors: Ko, Myunghoon; Lord, Dominique; Zietsman, Josias
  Authors: Ko, Myunghoon; Lord, Dominique; Zietsman, Josias
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2125
• Comparison of Microscale Fuel Consumption Models Based on Vehicle-Specific Power and Ln(TAD) for Light-Duty Vehicles on Urban Roads
  Abstract: In existing micro-scale fuel consumption and emission models such as MOVES and VERSIT+, a power demand-based parameter is commonly used to characterize the traffic performance and vehicle activities because of its strong correlation with fuel consumption and emissions. Both Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) and the natural logarithm of the Total Absolute Difference of the vehicle instantaneous speed (Ln(TAD)) are commonly used power demand-based parameters. This paper is intended to compare two fuel consumption models that are developed based on the VSP with Ln(TAD) for fuel consumption predictions for Light-Duty Vehicles (LDVs) on urban roads. After collecting and processing field vehicle activities and fuel consumption data, two fuel consumption models for LDVs, one based on the VSP and another one based on Ln(TAD) are developed. Then, total fuel consumptions and fuel consumption factors for each test are calculated for a comparison with the field data. In order to examine prediction accuracies of both models for urban expressways and arterial roads, fuel consumption factors at different speed bins for expressways and arterial roads are calculated separately. Further, the study develops relationships between the VSP distribution and Ln(TAD) and the average travel speed in order to develop the capability to estimate the fuel consumption by using the average travel speed as the sole input data. Subsequently, prediction accuracies based on the developed relationships are compared. Finally, characteristics and regularities of micro-scale fuel consumption models based on the VSP and Ln(TAD) for LDVs on urban roads are identified.
  Authors: Zhao, Qi; Yu, Lei; Song, Guohua
  Authors: Zhao, Qi; Yu, Lei; Song, Guohua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2211
• Effects of Temperature and Thermal Management on Battery Life in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  Abstract: We develop a simulation model that aims to evaluate the effect of thermal management on battery life. The model consists of two sub-models: a thermal model and a battery degradation model. The temperature rise in the battery is calculated using the thermal model, and a temperature profile is obtained under pre-defined driving, charging and stand-by scenarios. The temperature profile and the energy requirement required to achieve a driving profile act as inputs to the degradation sub-model, which is used to predict the battery life. The degradation model is derived from models and test data available in literature, and the model is constructed for air-cooled cylindrical LiFePO4 cells based on the Hymotion Prius-conversion configuration. Preliminary results suggest that peak temperatures have the greatest impact on degradation: Thermal management increases life substantially in climates with high peak temperatures (Pheonix) and for more aggressive driving cycles (US06), while thermal management has less influence in climates with lower peak temperatures (Miami) and with gentle driving cycles (UDDS). Use of cabin air vs. outside air for thermal management has minor impact on battery life for the control strategy used, but thermostat control settings are important for lowering peak temperatures and extending battery life.
  Authors: Yuksel, Tugce; Michalek, Jeremy J.
  Authors: Yuksel, Tugce; Michalek, Jeremy J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2220
• Investigating Neighborhood Effect on Hybrid Vehicle Adoption
  Abstract: Transportation contributes a large percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reduce petroleum consumption, vehicle air pollution, and noise emissions, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), offers the new efficiency-improving technologies and has been introduced into the US market since 1999. However, the current market share and hybrid adoption rate is still low by observing 0.1 percent of registered HEVs in the United States in 2010 (BTS, 2011). The sales of HEV are not uniform across space and over time. Here we investigate the spatial diffusion process of the HEVs and analyze how the related factors (including socio-demographic attributes and spatial factors) influence the HEV adoption. Utilizing the 2009 Florida NHTS add-on data, we conducted a cluster analysis to display the spatial clusters of the households who purchased the HEVs during the period of 2005-2008. We found that more clusters of HEVs emerged overtime. Geographic patterns also demonstrated the increasing number of clusters featured by households with hybrid vehicles and the surrounding hybrid vehicle adopters. Further, the relationship between the hybrid vehicle adoption and neighborhood effects (NE) and social-demographic factors are analyzed using Binary Logit models with and without weight. Neighborhood effects are confirmed to be significant in both urban and rural models, especially the factors of 1-mile and 5-mile neighborhood coverage. This indicates that potential buyers are more likely to purchase the HEVs when there are more HEVs exposures surrounding, and this measurement of exposure is proved to be reasonable for neighborhood effect. Among the social and demographic attributes, household income is the most significant variable and plays a dominant role in affecting the propensity to buy hybrid vehicles. Other factors, such as vehicle ownership, household structure and education attainment level also significantly affect households’ choice of hybrid cars. Vehicle usage is a controversial factor in this study because of the interactive correlation between the type of vehicle owned and corresponding usage.
  Authors: Zhu, Xiaoyu; Liu, Chao
  Authors: Zhu, Xiaoyu; Liu, Chao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2017
• Travel Behavior and E-mobility in Germany: Is the Problem the Driving Range or Costs or Both?
  Abstract: A reluctance towards switching to electric cars can be observed in various countries despite the efforts of national programs to promote electric vehicles. This paper investigates, if electric cars are capable of meeting the requirements of daily mobility in Germany. The analysis is based on data from the Mobility Panel Survey Germany from 1995 to 2010 and the travel survey of the Stuttgart area from 2009/10, combining a long-term travel behavior analysis with a regional specific verification. The focus is on individuals, who exclusively drive a car and walk during a day, relying on the car as a primary means of transport. For this group the determinants of the decision using an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) versus a battery electric car (BEV) are analyzed focusing on driving range and energy costs. The analysis suggests that around 80% of all daily travel by car drivers could be done with currently available models of electric cars where only charging during the night would be sufficient in the majority of cases. This suggests that the driving range of BEVs cannot actually be the restricting factor. On the other hand, the current cost structure of BEVs with high costs of investment and low costs of energy is not favorable for a large share of drivers, since their low annual mileage does not compensate the high investment costs through low operation costs. In the Stuttgart region, drivers from the suburbs would benefit most from such savings due to lower energy costs while those living in the city would need other cost structures or incentives for switching to BEVs.
  Authors: Koelbl, Robert; Bauer, Dietmar; Rudloff, Christian
  Authors: Koelbl, Robert; Bauer, Dietmar; Rudloff, Christian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2114
• Analysis of Household Vehicle Usage and Ownership Under Different Taxation Policies
  Abstract: The objectives of this study are twofold: 1) to develop an integrated approach analyzing the vehicle type choice, annual travelling distance, and holding duration by simultaneously consider the correlations between the three behaviors, and 2) to demonstrate the changes in CO2 emissions under different taxation policies. In order to develop the integrated approach, focusing on stages of vehicle usage and vehicle ownership, this study proposes a Copula-based Multivariate Survival (CMS) model of holding duration and annual travelling distance. A Paired Combination Logit (PCL) is applied in order to model the vehicle type choice, and then the estimated PCL model is further incorporated into the CMS model. An empirical analysis was carried out by using a data set collected in the Chugoku region of Japan, 2006. Model estimation results empirically confirmed the effectiveness of the suggested approach. The estimation results also showed that the vehicle holding duration has the negative correlations with expected utilities of vehicle type choice and with vehicle usage. Through the simulation analysis about vehicle-related taxes, it was clarified that to increase fuel tax is the most effective in to reducing the CO2 emissions, followed by auto tax and weight tax at the vehicle inspection. Moreover, it was observed that the increases in acquisition tax contribute to increase CO2 emissions.
  Authors: Kuwano, Masashi; Fujiwara, Akimasa; Zhang, Junyi; Tsukai, Makoto
  Authors: Kuwano, Masashi; Fujiwara, Akimasa; Zhang, Junyi; Tsukai, Makoto
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2478
• Development and Evaluation of Intelligent Energy Management Strategy for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
  Abstract: In this study, we propose an intelligent energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). At the trip level, the strategy takes into account a priori knowledge of vehicle location, roadway characteristics, and real-time traffic information on the travel route from intelligent transportation system technologies in generating a synthesized velocity trajectory for the trip. The synthesized velocity trajectory is then used to determine charge-depleting control that is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem to minimize the total trip fuel consumption. The strategy can be extended to optimize fuel consumption at the tour level if a pre-planned travel itinerary for the tour and the information about available battery recharging opportunities at intermediate stops in the tour are available. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy, both for the trip-based and tour-based controls, was evaluated against the existing binary mode energy management strategy using a real-world example trip/tour in Southern California. The evaluation results show that the fuel savings of the proposed strategy over the binary mode strategy are around 10-15%.
  Authors: Wu, Guoyuan; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J.
  Authors: Wu, Guoyuan; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2457
• Taxis in Road-Pricing Zone: Should They Pay the Congestion Charge?
  Abstract: This paper investigates the problem of whether taxis should be tolled in the pricing zone when designing congestion pricing scheme. A bi-level programming model is developed to compare the maximum social welfares before and after the congestion charge is imposed on taxis. The lower-level is a combined network equilibrium model (CNEM) formulated as a variational inequality program, which considers the logit-based mode split, route choice, elastic demand and vacant taxi distributions. The upper-level is to maximize the social welfare when toll rates vary. The bi-level problem can be solved by a conventional Genetic Algorithm, whereas the lower-level is solved by the block Gauss-Seidel decomposition approach together with the method of successive averages and diagonalization algorithm. A numerical example is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm and to promote some interesting findings.
  Authors: Zhu, Jincheng; Xiao, Feng
  Authors: Zhu, Jincheng; Xiao, Feng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-2470
• Fuel-Based Signal Optimization Model
  Abstract: Due to the development of industry and commerce, the percentage of fuel consumptions and emissions of the transport sector is increasing in recent years. As a result, the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other emissions have worsened the environment, and thus global-warming and air-pollution issues need to be incorporated within the planning and operation of transportation systems. This research proposes a fuel-based signal optimization model on the basis of an analytical fuel consumption model, the Analytical Fuel Consumption Model (AFCM). The AFCM is composed of three parts: the first part describes fuel consumption by stopped vehicles which have idle fuel consumption rates, the second part describes fuel consumption by vehicles accelerating from a stopped status until they pass the stop line, and the third part represents stochastic effects of vehicle movements which consume excess fuel. The fuel-based signal optimization model is examined and validated through simulation experiments. Three signal settings, including TRANSYT 7F, Synchro, and the fuel-based signal optimization model, are compared through the simulation-assignment model, DynaTAIWAN. The experiment results show the fuel-based signal optimization model performs better to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
  Authors: Liao, Tsai-Yun
  Authors: Liao, Tsai-Yun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2488
• Network Flows of Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Impacts of Electricity-Charging Price
  Abstract: This paper is intended to model and evaluate the impacts of electricity-charging prices on work-related commuting network flows of electric vehicles. A stochastic user-equilibrium network flow problem is formulated and analyzed for commuters who drive battery electric vehicles and incorporate charging costs into routing decision makings. Given the spatial difference of electricity-charging prices, solving the problem requires tracking all individual paths. As such, a path-based solution algorithm based on the disaggregated simplicial decomposition scheme, with some modifications in the path generation phase and an added k-shortest path search procedure for eliminating the solution inaccuracy issue, is proposed for problem solutions. We implemented the modeling and solution methods for evaluating the network performance changes caused by varying electricity-charging prices in multiple network-level and link-level evaluation matrices. The evaluation results show that the traffic network of battery electric vehicles incurs a higher vehicle miles traveled (VMT) value and a lower vehicle hours traveled (VHT) value compared to the network of gasoline vehicles, and the VMT value decreases and the VHT value increases with the increase of either the origin-based or destination-based electricity-charging price.
  Authors: Zhang, Ti; Xie, Chi; Waller, S. Travis
  Authors: Zhang, Ti; Xie, Chi; Waller, S. Travis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-2611
• Systems Approach to Innovation Success: Steps in Adopting E-vehicles in City Logistics
  Abstract: The adoption of innovation has frequently been described as path-dependent, highlighting the randomness in overcoming barriers. Addressing these issues within a System provides an improved understanding of the forces at work and allows for the planning and implementation of policy interventions in favor of innovation uptake especially when the objective is welfare.Extending the Systems’ Innovation approach, a Systems’ Innovation framework for policy support is produced to assist in indicating when and how to intervene in the adoption/ technology transfer process. The proposed framework is applied to the introduction of e-vehicles in city logistics. Findings indicate the dependence of the innovation uptake on the innovation leader/champion and that need to transfer leadership from central authorities to municipal authorities in order to move from the initiation stage to the implementation stage. The importance of strong networks between innovation actors and respective building of capabilities, which may also work in favor of other competitive innovations, is also derived from the analysis.
  Authors: Roumboutsos, Athena; Vanelslander, Thierry; Kapros, Seraphim
  Authors: Roumboutsos, Athena; Vanelslander, Thierry; Kapros, Seraphim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2773
• Do You Mind If I Plug in My Car? How Etiquette Shapes Plug-in Vehicle Drivers' Vehicle Charging Behavior
  Abstract: PEVs engage drivers in an essential new behavior—plugging the car into theelectrical grid to charge the vehicles’ batteries. Broadly, it has beenassumed that if away-from-home charging infrastructure is in place and PEVdrivers know of it, they will perceive an opportunity to charge. Theexperiences of early PEV drivers cause us to rethink this assumption.Drivers report a lack of etiquette, i.e., rules to guide their behaviorand their expectations of how other PEV drivers ought to behave in the newsocial interactions. PEV drivers want widely shared, understood, andpracticed charging guidelines in order to feel comfortable and confidentin charging away-from-home. This study uses thematic analysis oftranscripts, amended by field notes, of interviews of 28 PEV drivinghouseholds in San Diego County, California. Themes emerged within twotypes of away from home charging. First, public chargers available to anyPEV driver were the sites of multiple situations in which drivers’perceived a lack of rules or perceived conflicts between different systemsof rules; both inhibited charger use. Second, workplace charging adds anadditional layer of rules and possibly resources that may either inhibitor encourage PEV charging. If PEV markets and charger networks continue togrow, charging will be shaped by more systems of rules and regulations,e.g., those governing financial transactions. Our results suggests thatnew rules may create as much uncertainty as guidance.
  Authors: Caperello, Nicolette; Kurani, Kenneth S.; TyreeHageman, Jennifer L.
  Authors: Caperello, Nicolette; Kurani, Kenneth S.; TyreeHageman, Jennifer L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2816
• Model-Based Dynamic Pricing Algorithm for Managed Lanes
  Abstract: Managed lanes, or high occupancy toll (HOT) lanes have been implemented across US to improve the utility of existing road facilities. The pricing algorithm in managed lanes is the critical component in making sure that the desired level of service metrics is met. Some pricing algorithms currently in use are static algorithms, while others adopt a dynamic strategy. Static pricing algorithms do not account for the changes in real time traffic conditions. On the other hand, dynamic pricing algorithms are reactive in nature, and do not account for the potential demand for actual future time interval that the toll is determined for. HOT system is nonlinear and complex in nature leading to high levels of instability in such a system. This complexity has been increasing due to the growth in demand as well as incorporation of non-interacting other strategies that are implemented to address this demand. Hence, more sophisticated designs of the pricing algorithm are needed for HOT pricing control. A model-based pricing algorithm is proposed for determining toll rate dynamically to maximize the throughput on the HOT lanes while maintaining desired level of service (LOS). It consists of both proactive and reactive components to achieve fast response to real-time changes and maintain a steady, maximal traffic flow. The controller structure also incorporates active bottleneck management to maintain optimal traffic flow under stressed conditions. Implementation of this controller has led to higher average HOT throughput. Also, the results are less sensitive to the variation in the traffic flow and driver behavior as compared to a typical feedback based pricing algorithm.
  Authors: Fu, Lina; Kulkarni, Rakesh
  Authors: Fu, Lina; Kulkarni, Rakesh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-2911
• Livability Literature Review: Synthesis of Current Practice
  Abstract: In 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collaborated to form the Partnership for Sustainable Communities. The Partnership developed six livability principles to improve access to affordable housing, provide more transportation options, and lower transportation costs, while protecting the environment in communities nationwide. Using the Partnership’s livability principles as guidance, NARC conducted an extensive review of local and regional comprehensive and master plans, reports and policy documents. The literature revealed difficulty in creating livability consensus concepts, livability and sustainability used as interchangeable terms, and ten trending topics used by practitioners to achieve livability goals. While the ten trending topics are not exhaustive, it serves as a starting point to further understand livability tactics and mechanisms that can be replicated on local, state and regional levels. This paper examines each trending topic as it relates to the livability principles to enhance the understanding, knowledge and implementation of livability.
  Authors: Young, Erika; Hermanson, Valerie
  Authors: Young, Erika; Hermanson, Valerie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2940
• Influence of Ventilation Mode and Out-Vehicle Pollution on In-Vehicle PM2.5 Concentration
  Abstract: The last two decades have witnessed a growing concern about in-vehicle air quality with emphasis on passenger cars where greater exposure to traffic induced emissions have been recorded among all transport modes. In this paper, in-vehicle and out-vehicle concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) are measured to assess commuter’s exposure under varied ventilation conditions. For this purpose, three ventilation modes, five car makes and ages, and four out-vehicle sample intake locations are tested. Average in-vehicle PM2.5 concentration exceeded the World Health Organization permissible exposure guideline for all tested ventilation modes. Except for the case when air recirculation was used with closed windows, in- to out concentration ratios were consistently higher than unity indicating the occurrence of a self polluting condition. In addition, the rear left area of the car as observed by a seated driver was found to affect most in-vehicle air quality.
  Authors: Abi-Esber, Layale; El-Fadel, Mutasem
  Authors: Abi-Esber, Layale; El-Fadel, Mutasem
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2549
• Accelerated Damage to Low-Volume Highways due to Natural Gas Well-Drilling Activity in Arkansas
  Abstract: Natural gas drilling activity began in 2006 within the Fayetteville Shale Play Area (FSPA), a 7,400 square mile (19,166 square kilometer) area in north central Arkansas. The FSPA is located mainly within 10 Arkansas counties and contains approximately 2,580 miles (4,152 kilometers) of highways, with 1,338 miles (2,153 kilometers) of those considered lower volume highways (LVH). More than 230 miles (370 kilometers) of highways in the FSPA were also weight-restricted routes due to their lack of structural strength. By 2007, over 1,100 gas wells were being developed. By 2010, the number of active wells had grown to 3,575.This drilling activity led to the rapid deterioration of many of the lower volume state highways that were never designed to endure these types of loadings. The Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) began to collect data and document the increase in truck traffic and the resulting pavement damage in late 2007 as the cost to maintain these routes skyrocketed and considerable public complaints were voiced.AHTD monitored and collected pavement performance information in 2008, 2009 and 2010 on 28 lower volume highway sections. Since these sections endured truck traffic loadings easily exceeding the expected 20-year accumulated traffic loadings in just a few months, the AHTD was able to document the progression of pavement damage over these routes and report these findings to the Arkansas Highway Commission.
  Authors: Wright-Kehner, Elisha; Meadors, Alan
  Authors: Wright-Kehner, Elisha; Meadors, Alan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-3099
• Commercial Building Trigeneration Systems for Refueling Hydrogen Vehicles, Providing Local Grid Support, and Enhancing Sustainability
  Abstract: Emerging technologies such as fuel cell tri-generation have the potential to simultaneously provide hydrogen fuel and local grid support in an economical way by co-producing valuable products: hydrogen, electricity, and heat. A typical tri-generation system produces electricity and heat for buildings as well as hydrogen fuel for vehicles by converting a hydrocarbon such as natural gas (NG) or bio-methane. Low utilization that is normally associated with early hydrogen refueling stations would no longer be a problem, since a tri-generation system can always produce electricity and heat regardless of the size of the H2 demand. Due to its high efficiency and combined heat and power (CHP) nature, a tri-generation system generates less criteria and CO2 emissions compared with many other ways of electricity generation, and thus enhances the sustainability of our energy system. When using renewable feedstock such as bio-methane, a tri-generation system generates near zero CO2 emissions.This study models the operation of commercial building tri-generation systems for “Big box” stores such as Safeway and Costco, which are a combination of grocery and retail business, and sometimes gasoline retail. This type of business is considered because people shop there regularly and sometimes combine their shopping trips with refueling. In addition, these business have already invested and have experience in transportation fuel (mostly gasoline) retail. This study is part of our ongoing research efforts to identify viable, novel, and low risk strategies to provide hydrogen refueling to support fuel cell vehicle (FCV) rollout. This study will also explore how the distributed generation nature of this application may benefit public utilities for local electricity grid support. This is important in the case of geographically concentrated BEV deployments, where BEVs are adding peak load locally. This study has the potential to contribute to a scenario where the transition to hydrogen for transportation would not require subsidy, which is different from many previous scenarios analyzed by DOE.
  Authors: Li, Xuping; Ogden, Joan M.; Yang, Christopher
  Authors: Li, Xuping; Ogden, Joan M.; Yang, Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3134
• Road Construction, Repair, and Maintenance: Review of Role in the Environment
  Abstract: Highways, bridges and roads are a necessity for a progressing society. The construction of these roadways can greatly impact the natural environment. Impacts of the roadway construction and even repair or maintenance can be observed by changes in water quality, biodiversity changes, air quality and altered runoff pathways. While in some cases the damage to the environment is minimal or temporary, there are many instances where environmental impacts are long term and lead to a domino effect of adverse changes in the environment. This paper seeks to explore a general view of the impacts of road works on the environment as an initial step in future assessment and modeling of the impacts on a critical water body.
  Authors: Rolle, Kenya; Kobelo, Doreen Clemence
  Authors: Rolle, Kenya; Kobelo, Doreen Clemence
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3167
• Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainability in the Transportation Sector
  Abstract: The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a program under the Kyoto Protocol designed to help developing countries reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The program was originally adopted to reduce the cost of compliance for Annex I countries and, as a result, has failed to foster renewable, transportation-related, or small projects. The fundamental question is whether or not the CDM can incentivize sustainable development, especially in terms of GHG reductions, in the ever-growing transportation sector of the developing world. Among the various transportation projects, fuel switch and mode switch projects are the most common options in the CDM, mainly because travel activity, vehicle efficiency and occupancy, and infrastructure investments are too broad for a project-based approach. A sectoral approach or Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) could provide a better fit for transportation policies; however, probably due to its more complex structure, no sectoral transportation option has been approved in the CDM. This paper reviews and critiques the CDM, and considers modifications to improve the program in these contexts.Keywords: The Clean Development Mechanism, Sustainability, Developing countries, Greenhouse gases.
  Authors: Rouhani, Omid M.
  Authors: Rouhani, Omid M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3195
• Sustainable Communities: Challenges in Implementing Standardized Performance Measures
  Abstract: Performance measurement systems for public decision-making processes remain a work in progress for transportation planning, land use planning, and urban and regional planning generally. There is a particular need for performance measures that can guide the development of more sustainable transportation systems. This paper describes an effort to apply standardized performance measures in four different metropolitan and rural regions across the United States. Each pilot community was provided with a “Draft Guidebook for Sustainable Community Performance Measurement”, which lays out data sources and preliminary steps for calculating 17 proposed performance measures. The pilot efforts revealed several consistent challenges to establishing performance measures that can be calculated in a standardized way across multiple geographic regions. First, inconsistencies in data sources across regions, as well as different levels of technical capacity to calculate measures, mean that the accuracy of measures calculated varies from region to region. Second, some of the measures are more appropriate for application in urban areas than in suburban and rural areas. Third, if measures are expected to inform local planning processes, regions understandably want to customize them to reflect their own priorities. Customization results in measures that cannot be compared across regions. Based on these findings, we suggest that comparing sustainable community outcomes and trends in regions across the U.S. requires implementing standardized performance measures in a more centralized manner.
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank; Ramsey, Kevin; Ang-Olson, Jeffrey
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank; Ramsey, Kevin; Ang-Olson, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-3397
• Emission Saving Potential of Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Programs: Case Study of California Heavy-Duty Trucking
  Abstract: California is the largest consumer of transportation fuels in the United States. An increasing fraction of these fuels (25-29%) is dedicated to powering heavy-duty trucks, which has significant effects on both local air quality and greenhouse gases (GHG). Following the passage of the Global Warming Solutions Act (2006), the California Air Resources Board (ARB) has commenced many heavy-duty trucking initiatives to assist in meeting the goal of obtaining an 80% GHG reduction from 1990 levels by 2050. Along with these initiatives, which include fuel reformulation and programs to promote mode switch, the ARB has instituted an accelerated vehicle retirement program (AVRP) (referred to as ”Cash for Clunkers”) to subsidize the removal of older, more polluting heavy-duty trucks from California’s fleet. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for and report on the emissions savings potentials of truck-specific AVRPs considering the emissions generated through vehicle manufacturing, operation, maintenance, and disposal life-cycle phases. Our results indicate that the distribution of lifetime vehicle miles traveled (VMT), useful years of replacement, and fuel economy are key parameters that influence AVRP emission assessments. Accelerated vehicle retirement programs in California can generate enough emissions savings to effectively offset the lifetime GHG footprint of a portion (1-4%) of the participating heavy-duty trucks (Class 8), a GHG saving potential of upwards of 200,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents per 1,000 vehicles replaced.
  Authors: Taptich, Michael; Chester, Mikhail; Horvath, Arpad
  Authors: Taptich, Michael; Chester, Mikhail; Horvath, Arpad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2981
• Evaluating Accuracy of Approaches to Integrating Microscopic Traffic Simulators with Emissions Models for Project-Level Emissions Analysis
  Abstract: Until recently, the transportation community lacked the tools needed to conduct project-level emissions analysis. The recent development of emissions models such as the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model (MOVES) finally satisfied that critical need, and opened the door to integrating microscopic traffic simulators with MOVES to allow for assessing the environmental impact of traffic management and control measures. To integrate traffic micro-simulators with MOVES, the second-by-second vehicle trajectory output from the traffic simulator can, in principal, be used to define the link drive schedule required to run the project-level MOVES analysis. However, the challenge is that the MOVES model requires defining a representative vehicle trajectory for each link, because tracking the emissions for individual vehicles is computationally intractable. This paper describes a study designed to evaluate the accuracy of different approaches to determining the link drive schedule of a representative vehicle on a link. Specifically, the study compares the accuracy of two aggregation methods and one sampling method for doing this. The accuracy of the aggregation and sampling methods are evaluated for both freeway links as well as arterial links, and for both Cellular Automata based traffic micro-simulators and for car-following models. The results indicate that the sampling method outperforms either one of the aggregation methods, and that using few sampled vehicles and repeating the analysis for a few model runs may be better than using more samples and running the analysis only once.Key Words: MOVES, Emissions Analysis, PARAMICS, Car-following, Cellular Automata
  Authors: Zhao, Yunjie; Sadek, Adel W.
  Authors: Zhao, Yunjie; Sadek, Adel W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3228
• Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Hybrid Bus Deployment on Transit Lines
  Abstract: The potential benefits and the prohibitive costs of hybrid buses warrant the following question: "Is it economically viable to use hybrid buses in transit routes?" To that end, the primary objective of this study is to conduct an extensive life cycle cost analysis of a hypothetical purchase scenario of a new bus fleet for New Jersey transit routes with three different purchase options: 1) Conventional Diesel 2) Compressed Natural Gas and 3) Hybrid-electric. Life cycle cost analysis includes not only capital and operating costs, but also air pollution costs. The novelty of this current study is the use of detailed data from an actual transit planning network that includes individual link speeds and the frequency and trip length of bus trips for each transit line. This approach allows us to quantify the work-wide impacts of various bus purchase scenarios. Life cycle cost analysis was used to compare different bus purchase scenarios, estimate the impact of operation speed on life cycle costs and calculate the impact of government subsidies for initial bus purchase costs. This study concludes that, given the unit maintenance and operation costs values reported in the literature and significantly higher capital costs, hybrid electric buses are still not an economically viable solution for NJ Transit as compared to CNG and conventional diesel buses.
  Authors: Bartin, Bekir
  Authors: Bartin, Bekir
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4071
• Comparison Between Long-Term Effects of Road Development and Railway Development for Low-Carbon Urban Transport System in Bangkok, Thailand
  Abstract: Development of low-carbon transport systems in Asian developing cities could significantly contribute to CO2 mitigation by calming motorization accelerated by rapid economic growth. However, many of them have prioritized road development over railway development to reduce serious traffic congestion. In a long term, this could induce more traffic and, consequently, worsen congestion problems. On the other hand, to achieve the challenging level of CO2 mitigation, extensive railway development may be required for megacities. As CO2 mitigation is unlikely to be priority for them, their low-carbon transport systems should secure accessibility improvement at least with reasonable cost as well as mitigating CO2 emissions.This study examines whether railway development would be more effective in a long term than road development in Bangkok by saving more CO2 emissions and travel time in the budget of development cost. Future scenarios in 2050 are set to represent road-oriented development and railway-oriented development, taking account of long-term changes in socio-economic characteristics and motorization level. While road-oriented development is expected to improve traffic efficiency, railway-oriented development can contribute to reducing traffic congestion by shifting car users to railway users. The effects of these long-term development scenarios are assessed with an urban transport model by estimating their impacts on CO2 emissions and travel time in the constraint of development cost, compared to the current levels. The results also provide costs of CO2 mitigation in each scenario to identify the effectiveness of a low-carbon transport system.
  Authors: Nakamura, Kazuki; Hayashi, Yoshitsugu; Kato, Hirokazu
  Authors: Nakamura, Kazuki; Hayashi, Yoshitsugu; Kato, Hirokazu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4101
• Framework to Evaluate Policy for Promotion of Electric Vehicles
  Abstract: The transport sector from conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas and carbon emissions. Due to growing environmental concerns, there is an increasing governmental interest in evaluating policies that can increase the uptake of Electric Vehicles (EV). This study develops a framework to evaluate the impact of policies for EV uptake. Using the city of Sydney, Australia, as a case, the framework utilizes a system dynamic model that explicitly incorporates the life cycle of vehicles, consumer preferences, impact of infrastructure on choice, positive cascading effect on choice due to increased penetration of EVs as well as feedback effects of advertising. It was found that the EV uptake predicted by the model was the most sensitive to the capital and operational cost of the vehicle, based on which five policies were identified that would affect these variables. Finally, a cost benefit analysis was conducted to evaluate the policies. It was found that the government subsidy of 70% on electricity rates for charging electric vehicles was the most cost effective. Though this framework was used in Sydney, this methodology provides planners a tool through which they can evaluate policies related to uptake of new vehicle technologies
  Authors: Edwards, Lara; Kemp, Jonnathan; Ly, Nuwyy; Maria, Tran; Dixit, Vinayak V.
  Authors: Edwards, Lara; Kemp, Jonnathan; Ly, Nuwyy; Maria, Tran; Dixit, Vinayak V.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4139
• Accommodating Electric Vehicle Charging in California's Power Sector: Regional Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  Abstract: This paper explores the implications of the increased adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in California due to the state’s greenhouse gas and energy policies. The well-to-wheels emissions associated with driving an electric vehicle depend on the resource mix of the electricity grid used to charge the battery. We establish a systems approach that can be used to evaluate the impact of growing electric vehicle demand on existing power grid infrastructure system and energy resources. We present a new least-cost dispatch model for the California electricity grid consisting of interconnected sub-regions that represent the five largest state utilities. This model considers spatiality and temporal dynamics of energy demand and supply when determining the regional impacts of additional charging profiles on the current electricity network. Model simulation runs for one year were benchmarked against historical data and found to match actual generation within 5%. Sensitivity analyses show seasonal variation in response to uncertainty of demand, a result that has implications for future electric vehicle charging strategies. In minimizing total system cost, the model will choose to dispatch the lowest-cost resource to meet additional vehicle demand, regardless of location, as long as transmission capacity constraints are met. PEV charging location has an effect on the utility region from which additional generation originates. However, scenario testing confirms that location of additional PEVs does not have an effect of overall emissions and cost impacts to the grid, provided there is available transmission capacity for the lowest-cost resource to be utilized.
  Authors: Sohnen, Julia M; Fan, Yueyue; Ogden, Joan M.; Yang, Christopher
  Authors: Sohnen, Julia M; Fan, Yueyue; Ogden, Joan M.; Yang, Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4120
• A Multimodal Freight Transportation Network Design Problem for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  Abstract: At the strategic level, multimodal freight network design problems are limited to reflect the costs and constraints associated with emissions simultaneously. The network design problem addressed in this study determines investment alternatives to minimize the total system cost, including the costs related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while satisfying the emission constraint. It can also accommodate the improvement alternatives in transfer terminals as well as road and railroad links. In this study, mode-specific travel time functions were used to explicitly represent the differences among the modes, even for the transfer facility. In addition, the emission factors were calculated by the link travel speed and level of facilities. The empirical application to a container freight network from the Port of Busan in southeastern Korea showed the optimal investment strategy to meet the emission reduction policy objectives. It can be concluded that investment should concentrate on railroad and terminal facilities to induce modal shift. On the other hand, investment in congested roads might be a better option for corridors in which the level of the railroad system is low and short-distance freight demands are dominant. These results indicate that the proposed network design problem can provide the appropriate investment strategy to achieve the goal of reducing GHG emissions and therefore can be a useful approach to assist the GHG emission-reduction policy.
  Authors: Kim, Suhyeon; Park, Minchoul; Lee, Chungwon
  Authors: Kim, Suhyeon; Park, Minchoul; Lee, Chungwon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3484
• Evaluation of Truck Ban Schemes Using Exact Optimization for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows
  Abstract: This paper employs an exact solution approach for the VRPSTW based on the column generation scheme developed earlier by the authors, and presents evaluation of truck ban schemes from the environmental improvement aspect on a realistic logistics instance based on the VICS (Vehicle Information and Communication System) data, an ITS application in Japan. Success or otherwise, of truck ban scheme depends on the degree of optimization in the pre truck ban situation. Therefore two scenarios have been assumed; one where the freight carrier do not have perfect information about the travel time on road network links but they use sophisticated optimization methods (such as exact method) and the second scenario assumes a higher degree of optimization in pre-truck ban situation where freight carrier have perfect information about the travel time and it uses exact optimization methods. It was found that uniform truck bans on low travel speed streets improves the situation in first scenario but have little effect in the second one. A sequential truck ban policy was also evaluated in scenario 2. A series of exact optimization and truck bans result in a solution, in which no congested link exists with severe NOx level, thereby, solving the local pollution problem but the overall NOx level is increased.
  Authors: Qureshi, Ali Gul; Taniguchi, Eiichi; Yamada, Tadashi
  Authors: Qureshi, Ali Gul; Taniguchi, Eiichi; Yamada, Tadashi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3498
• Modeling and Solving Time- and Load-Dependent Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problem with Environmental Considerations
  Abstract: The pollution produced due to freight transport emissions has detrimental impacts on the environment, the society at-large, and the environmental performance of the shippers and carriers. Thus, planning routes taking into account pollution issues constitutes a major pro-active measure to improve the sustainability of freight transportation systems. This new trend in freight transportation decisions induces a new routing framework where indicative measures of the associated environmental implications are traded off with conventional business performance measures in order to determine alternative distribution routes. This paper aims to address this type of routing decisions by formulating and solving a new vehicle routing and scheduling problem employing multiple criteria representing realistically the cost and the corresponding environmental implications expressed by fuel consumption. Fuel consumption on any roadway segment depends on the gross weight of the vehicle and thus on the load of the vehicle while traversing the specific segment. The implications of this feature render invalid the application of a solution method developed for the conventional time dependent vehicle routing problem. An Ant Colony System heuristic algorithm is developed aiming to approximate the efficient frontier of the problem taking into account the major properties and features of the proposed bi-objective time and load dependent vehicle routing and scheduling problem. In addition it aims to provide insight regarding the effect of various problem features (time windows width, types of vehicles used, order size variability) on the trade-off between travel time and fuel consumption.
  Authors: Androutsopoulos, Konstantinos N.; Zografos, Konstantinos G.
  Authors: Androutsopoulos, Konstantinos N.; Zografos, Konstantinos G.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3571
• Annual Transportation Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Individuals in Finland as a Function of Lifestyle
  Abstract: When comparing the energy efficiency of transport modes the different spatial contexts and the resulting trip characteristics must be taken into account in order to bring about realistic and fair results. The objective of this paper is find out the actual amounts of energy consumed and emissions generated per passenger on an annual basis using realistic load factors and mode choice scenarios in these different contexts.. The results show that especially with modern private vehicles the energy efficiency and fuel consumption for autos is competitive with buses in rural areas where buses carry far less people on board than in urban environment. If, however, the amount of private vehicle driving should increase radically, in dense urban areas, due to shifting to the more fuel efficient vehicles, the advantages of the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption on a per vehicle basis will be offset quickly. Furthermore, criticism of people as environmentally irresponsible citizens simply because they drive their automobile or other private vehicle is unwarranted. In rural areas, the bus exists not because it is better environmentally but because it fulfills a social need for mobility for those without autos. People who never drive in their home city may actually have the largest carbon footprint of anyone in their neighborhood if they do a large amount of long distance travel. The findings from this study argue for a more holistic and realistic approach to evaluating energy efficiency of particular lifestyles and for designing policy responses.
  Authors: Möttönen, Reko; Bruun, Eric Christian
  Authors: Möttönen, Reko; Bruun, Eric Christian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3594
• Impacts of Energy Developments on Highway Systems
  Abstract: In recent years, the United States has experienced a boom in energy-related activities, particularly in oil and natural gas. While energy developments contribute to enhance the country’s ability to produce energy reliably, many short-term and long-term impacts on the transportation infrastructure are not properly documented. This paper describes impacts of increased level of energy-related activities on transportation infrastructure in Texas, including pavement impacts, roadside impacts, operational and safety impacts, and economic impacts.
  Authors: Quiroga, Cesar; Fernando, Emmanuel G.; Oh, Jeong Ho
  Authors: Quiroga, Cesar; Fernando, Emmanuel G.; Oh, Jeong Ho
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3650
• Incorporating Environmental Measures into a Reliable FreightRouting Model
  Abstract: This paper aims to incorporate environmental measures, especially the cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, into a reliable freight routing model. GHG emission rates are generated from Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model and approximated as a function of the average link travel speed. To model uncertainty, the link travel speed is treated as a discrete random variable with a given distribution. Freight carriers are assumed to be risk-averse, which is captured by the second order stochastic dominance (SSD) relationship. The reliable freight routing model is formulated as an integer program that can be easily tailored to a variety of modelling preferences. The study experiments with eight variants of the base model, each corresponding to a different trade-off strategy between the three objectives, namely, efficiency, reliability and emission cost. The main findings from the numerical experiments are (1) modelling emission as a constraint seems more appealing due to the difficulty of estimating monetary value of emission cost; (2) the feasible set, hence the optimal solution, depends on the type of SSD constraints (time or emission), as well as the choice of the benchmark; and (3) avoiding risks in the SSD sense could increase the total cost by up to 20% in a real network.
  Authors: Li, Qianfei; Nie, Yu; Vallamsundar, Suriya; Lin, Jie (Jane); Homem-de-Mello, Tito
  Authors: Li, Qianfei; Nie, Yu; Vallamsundar, Suriya; Lin, Jie (Jane); Homem-de-Mello, Tito
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4185
• U.S. Freight Emissions Segmented by BCO Industry
  Abstract: This paper estimates GHG emissions from freight transport consumed by U.S. industries. GHG emissions are allocated to detailed industry sectors. The methodology described here uses ton-mile estimates by mode and commodity, allocates these ton-mile flows to producing industries in the U.S. Input-Output Tables and estimates the consuming industries based on the relationships in the I-O table. GHG emissions are estimated using ton-mile emission factors. The results provide detailed data on the consumption of freight services and the energy intensity of these services. The GHG emissions estimates include data on the GHG emissions associated with freight transport in international supply chains of U.S. companies. These results can be used to benchmark the environmental footprint of U.S. industries and provide insight into where the greatest opportunities for GHG emissions reductions exist.
  Authors: O'Rourke, Larry; Read, Kelsey Wilson; Johnston, Eliza
  Authors: O'Rourke, Larry; Read, Kelsey Wilson; Johnston, Eliza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4191
• Computing and Evaluating Equilibrium Network Flows of Gasoline and Electric Vehicles
  Abstract: This paper addresses a simple traffic assignment problem with mode and route choices for the emerging need of modeling traffic networks that accommodate electric vehicles. Two transportation modes (or vehicle types), gasoline and electric vehicles, are exclusively included in the problem, which distinguish from each other in terms of the driving distance limit and travel cost composition. A convex programming model is proposed as a modeling tool for evaluating such mixed-mode traffic networks that are anticipated to exist for a long period in the electrified transportation era. Our focus in this paper is on the computation and evaluation of this mixed-mode traffic assignment problem’s solutions. In particular, we developed and implemented two competitive solution algorithms: one is a linear approximation algorithm of the Frank-Wolfe type, which allows for a parallel treatment of O-D pairs and a one-to-all constrained shortest path procedure for path generation; another is a quadratic approximation algorithm that makes use of the Gauss-Seidel decomposition to deal with O-D pairs in a sequential manner and generate paths by a one-to-one constrained shortest path procedure. Our experimental results from applying these algorithms for a number of synthetic and realistic networks clearly show that, from the model behavior perspective, the produced mode-route flows replicate the anticipated travel choice pattern, and, from the solution efficiency perspective, the relative competitiveness of the two algorithms depends on the required solution precision.
  Authors: Jiang, Nan; Xie, Chi
  Authors: Jiang, Nan; Xie, Chi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-4251
• Road Transport Fuel Consumption Trends in the United Kingdom: Empirical Analysis of Diesel Demand
  Abstract: Recent policy measures imposed on the UK road transport sector has resulted in a shift towards diesel fuel consumption. While there are studies focusing on elasticities in the road transport sector, most have either looked at petrol fuel demand or have used total road transport fuel demand. Looking at the consumption pattern, we hypothesized that diesel demand may have different responsiveness with respect to changes in price and income. This paper contributes by estimating the diesel demand elasticities for the UK using the time series cointegration and error correction model. Our findings indicate that the income elasticities both in the short run and the long run are significantly higher as compared to those reported in previous studies. This will have significant implication to policy makers in terms of planning for future energy consumption and limiting CO2 emissions from the road transport sector.
  Authors: Ramli, Ahmad Razi; Graham, Daniel
  Authors: Ramli, Ahmad Razi; Graham, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4313
• Spatial Approach for Assessing Energy-Related Impacts on Transportation Systems
  Abstract: Like other states around the country, Texas has experienced a boom in energy-related activities in recent years, particularly in wind power generation and extraction of oil and natural gas. While energy developments contribute to the state’s energy reliability, they also result in many short-term and long-term impacts on the state’s transportation system. Recently, Texas conducted an evaluation of impacts of energy developments on the state right of way, including pavement impacts, roadside impacts, operational and safety impacts, and economic impacts. During the evaluation, the research team developed a spatial approach for energy impact assessment and prediction based on a set of spatial databases of existing energy- and transportation- related datasets. The energy datasets included non-renewable energy datasets, renewable energy datasets, energy use datasets, and geology-related datasets. The transportation datasets included oversize/overweight routing and enforcement datasets, traffic safety datasets, transportation infrastructure datasets, and transportation planning datasets. The development of the spatial databases involved significant efforts of data collection and processing. The developed spatial databases enabled a wide range of queries and reports that helped the research team to understand the distribution and magnitude of energy activities in relation to transportation facilities. In addition to information about data sources and data processing methodologies, the spatial databases provided state transportation officials a useful framework for energy-related transportation planning and assessment of energy impacts and their trends. The paper includes valuable lessons that can help other states to fully utilize spatial data sources for understanding energy-related impacts and developing mitigation strategies.
  Authors: Li, Yingfeng; Quiroga, Cesar; Kraus, Edgar
  Authors: Li, Yingfeng; Quiroga, Cesar; Kraus, Edgar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-3878
• Creating Per Capita Transportation CO2 Indicator for European Cities Through Geographic Information System
  Abstract: The transportation sector represents roughly 20% of the CO2 emissions in the EU and is the only sector that has continued to increase emissions. As most people live and work in cities in the EU, it is important to identify the leaders and laggards with regard to efforts to decrease CO2 emissions from transportation. Without an indicator of a city’s transportation CO2 emissions performance, it is not possible to evaluate the current status, assess progress, or make comparisons. Cities make important decisions affecting transportation for the majority of citizens and thus influence transportation CO2 emissions. Yet, until recently, figures for city-level emissions across the EU were not available. Now, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) inventory of diffuse sources allows for analysis of a range of atmospheric emissions at a 5 km resolution. One problem relates to what are the relevant boundaries of a city: administrative boundaries or functional urban area boundaries? However, the data must first be validated before being applied. The UK government maintains a higher (1 km) resolution emissions inventory based on a ‘bottom-up’ methodology. The UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) has been used to assess the reliability of the new E-PRTR data. This paper describes how an estimate of city-level transportation CO2 emissions can be developed through available GIS data and at what geographic level it can currently be applied. An argument is made that a functional urban area boundary is more appropriate than traditional administrative boundaries for such indicators.
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen D.; Chatterton, Tim; Avineri, Erel
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen D.; Chatterton, Tim; Avineri, Erel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3906
• Simplified Emissions Estimation Methodology Based on MOVES to Estimate Vehicle Emissions from Transportation Assignment and Simulation Models
  Abstract: The use of complex emissions models such as EPA’s MOVES to estimate air pollution impacts transportation models is constrained by significant runtimes when multiple scenarios and large networks are considered. The ultimate goal of this work is to approximate the emissions estimations generated by the most advanced emissions estimations tool, MOVES, with a significantly lower run time and without compromising accuracy. Accuracy is important because a very small error in the emissions estimation can cause large overall errors when large network sizes and vehicular volumes are analyzed. Approximated emissions functions are developed for pollutant emissions for different vehicle types by running several scenarios of a sample network in MOVES, and integrated into a GIS-based tool, known as Assist-Me (1), that post-processes transportation model output. This allows for quick estimation of pollutant emissions from multiple scenarios or networks without encountering the computation time challenges of MOVES. Additionally, vehicle idling and its effect on air pollution are included in the estimation and analysis, which are found to be a significant component of total vehicular emissions. In this paper, the development of the pollutant estimation approximation functions is described, along with an example applied to two test networks. The results are generated both directly from MOVES runs and the distribution fit analysis tool developed in this study. Results are compared based on the estimated fit functions and are also compared with the previously used MOBILE estimation model. Finally, a discussion is presented on runtime and applicability to more complex networks.
  Authors: Ozguven, Eren Erman; Ozbay, Kaan; Iyer, Shrisan
  Authors: Ozguven, Eren Erman; Ozbay, Kaan; Iyer, Shrisan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4402
• Deep Cuts in Emissions and Petroleum Use in the Transportation Sector: Scenarios, Barriers, and Enablers
  Abstract: Advanced systems and technologies could transform the United States’ transportation system, yielding energy security benefits and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Efficiency and renewables in transportation can reduce oil use and emissions, but face challenges in consumer adoption, infrastructure requirements, and resource constraints. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Transportation Energy Futures (TEF) project reviewed pathways to significant reductions in petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions. Integrating TEF results, diverse strategies are explored: stabilization of transportation energy use, use of electricity and hydrogen from renewable energy, and use of biofuels. Energy efficiency improvements and demand-side approaches could stop the growth in total transportation energy. Energy efficiency technologies could compensate for growing non-light-duty-vehicle demand; light-duty vehicle energy use is already projected to stabilize due to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards. Travel reduction and built environment changes could moderate personal transportation demand. Freight mass reductions and mode switching could slow or stabilize freight demand. Vehicles using electricity or hydrogen would be necessary to access renewable energy resources other than biomass. Fueling infrastructure changes are estimated and challenges in market uptake of advanced vehicles needed for these pathways are explored. Biomass is the renewable resource most readily suited to liquid fueling of the transportation sector; competition for biomass across five markets: electricity, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and bunker fuel, is also explored. Based on the TEF analysis, the technical (not market) potential reduction from full implementation of these strategies could displace all petroleum use in the sector in the long term.
  Authors: Vimmerstedt, Laura; Brown, Austin; Heath, Garvin; Mai, Trieu; Melaina, Marc; Ruth, Mark; Simpkins, Travis; Warner, Ethan; Bertram, Kenneth M.; Plotkin, Steven Edward
  Authors: Vimmerstedt, Laura; Brown, Austin; Heath, Garvin; Mai, Trieu; Melaina, Marc; Ruth, Mark; Simpkins, Travis; Warner, Ethan; Bertram, Kenneth M.; Plotkin, Steven Edward
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4427
• Combined Distribution and Stochastic Assignment Problem with Distance Constraint
  Abstract: This paper formulates a combined distribution and stochastic assignment model for destination and route choice with two classes of vehicles: gas and pure electric. Pure electric vehicles are subject to distance constraints representing range limitations, while gas vehicles have no such constraints. For both types of trips, the travel demand will be allocated to destinations and paths according to the principles of logit-based distribution and stochastic user equilibrium. In particular, we derive the equivalency of the model results and the allocation principle. An algorithm for the solution of the model is developed. Finally, several numerical studies are implemented which show the impacts of distance constraints on distribution and assignment.
  Authors: Tang, Shoupeng; Boyles, Stephen; Jiang, Nan
  Authors: Tang, Shoupeng; Boyles, Stephen; Jiang, Nan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-4476
• Life-cycle Evaluation of Urban Commercial Electric Vehicles and Their Potential Emission Reduction Impacts
  Abstract: This research quantifies the environmental costs associated with the replacement of diesel trucks with electric vehicles. Lifecycle environmental benefits are quantified both in terms of vehicle manufacturing/salvage and operational emissions reductions using “wells-to-wheels” methodology. The emissions estimation of the two types of vehicles includes CO2, NOx, SO2, PM, CO, and VOCs. Emissions cost breakeven points are identified at which the cost of operating a conventional fleet and electrical fleet are identical. Although there is a wide range of emissions externality costs per ton, the results show that the emissions differences from replacing a conventional delivery truck with an electric truck can be substantial. The effects of electrification of a certain portion of suitable trucks are quantified for the Oregon statewide fleet and the US nationwide fleet.
  Authors: Davis, Brian; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Davis, Brian; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4482
• Challenges to Air and Rail Alternatives Analysis in Government Environmental Impact Review Processes
  Abstract: The current institutional process for project-level environmental review, the government-required Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) requires assessment of the proposed project, the no-build alternative, and alternatives to the proposed project. Despite growing academic research to compare the environmental impacts of air and high speed rail (HSR) infrastructure, there are few instances of multimodal alternatives analysis in airport and HSR EIS documents. In this paper, we chronicle examples of EISs for air and HSR capacity-enhancement projects to identify key challenges to completing modal alternative analysis in the EIS: the spatial heterogeneity of the physical infrastructure for air and HSR, the framing of EIS purpose and need statements, and the complicated interpretations of environmental impact significance thresholds. We conclude by proposing strategies to incentivize modal alternative assessments and highlight methodologies that are needed to perform high-quality comparative analysis to inform decision makers, whether in the context of the EIS or in upstream planning processes.
  Authors: Woodburn, Amber; Ryerson, Megan Smirti; Chester, Mikhail
  Authors: Woodburn, Amber; Ryerson, Megan Smirti; Chester, Mikhail
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: AV030
  Paper Number: 13-4641
• Optimal Sustainable Road Plans Using Multiobjective Optimization Approach
  Abstract: In order to construct sustainable road network system, the three dimensions of sustainability, which are economic efficiency, environmental impact and social equity perspectives, should be significantly and simultaneously taken into account in planning stage. Since these dimensions have trade-off relationships among them, we developed a multi-objective optimization model for planning of optimal road capacity improvement strategy. The three indicators for measuring each dimension of sustainability were employed as the objectives of the proposed model. The total travel cost which consists of monetized value of travel time and operating cost was adopted as economic indicator. The total emission cost and the GINI coefficient based on the zonal accessibility were adopted as environmental indicator and equity indicator, respectively. An experimental test was performed with the three model scenarios which were investigated to compare the single- and multi-objective approach methods and different objective functions. We obtained the Pareto optimal solutions by using the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The results show that the proposed model which is based on multi-objective approach and considered all of the three dimensions of sustainability is more suitable to plan sustainable road network design. In addition, we suggested that the frequency rate of a link within Pareto solutions can be utilized for planning priority of capacity improvement strategy for maximizing sustainability on road network.
  Authors: Kim, Jin Hee; Bae, YunKyung; Chung, Jin-Hyuk
  Authors: Kim, Jin Hee; Bae, YunKyung; Chung, Jin-Hyuk
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-4636
• Close Look at Hybrid Vehicle Loyalty and Ownership
  Abstract: In a news release dated April 9, 2012, Polk stated that only 35% of hybrid owners bought a hybrid again when they returned to market in 2011. These findings were based on an internal study conducted by Polk. The study also indicated that if repurchase behavior among the high volume audience of Toyota Prius owners wasn’t factored in; hybrid loyalty would drop to under 25%. This news release has generated a lot of interest and concern by the automobile industry and consumers, since it was published. Most reactions to the 35% hybrid loyalty dealt with concerns of the viability of hybrid technology as part of the solution to address transportation energy challenges.This paper attempts to shed more light on Polk’s hybrid loyalty study as well as explore several information sources concerning hybrid loyalty status. Specifically, major factors that might impact the selection and acquisition of hybrid vehicles are addressed. This includes investigating the associations between hybrid market shares and influencing factors like fuel price and hybrid incentives, as well as the availability of hybrid models and other highly fuel efficient vehicle options. Other emerging technologies that aim at reducing fossil fuel consumption and cleaner alternative fuels, and greenhouse gases emission were also examined.
  Authors: Hwang, Ho-Ling; Chin, Shih-Miao; Wilson, Daniel W.; Oliveira Neto, Francisco Moraes; Taylor, Robert
  Authors: Hwang, Ho-Ling; Chin, Shih-Miao; Wilson, Daniel W.; Oliveira Neto, Francisco Moraes; Taylor, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4667
• U.S. Residential Charging Potential for Plug-In Vehicles
  Abstract: Availability of charging infrastructure could be a limiting factor for fleet penetration of plug-in vehicles. We assess existing and potential charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in U.S. households using data from the American Housing Survey (AHS) and a survey from the literature. We estimate that about 48% of U.S. households and 28% of vehicles have access to a dedicated parking spot at home within reach of a Level 1 (standard 120V) outlet sufficient to recharge a small plug-in vehicle battery pack overnight. Access to faster (Level 2, 240V) charging required for vehicles with longer electric range requires infrastructure investment (costing from several hundred dollars up to $10,000 depending on electrical panel and construction requirements). We estimate that 92% of households and 60% of vehicles have access to a dedicated parking spot at home where Level 1 or 2 charging infrastructure could be installed. The percentage of vehicles with access is lower than for households due to multi-vehicle households and limited garage/driveway space. Urban areas have the lowest charging availability, with 25% of vehicles having current access to Level 1 charging and up to 54% of vehicles having dedicated parking. Additionally, 27% of U.S. households (46% in urban areas) are apartments, where regular tenant turnover and split incentives between landlords and tenants create additional barriers to infrastructure investment. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses are discussed in the paper. Future scenarios of plug-in vehicle penetration that ignore limited availability of U.S. residential charging infrastructure opportunities are likely to overestimate.
  Authors: Cherng, TsuWei; Hendrickson, Chris T.; Michalek, Jeremy J.; Traut, Elizabeth
  Authors: Cherng, TsuWei; Hendrickson, Chris T.; Michalek, Jeremy J.; Traut, Elizabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4801
• Assessing the Impacts of Energy Developments on Rural Texas Highway Infrastructure
  Abstract: While recent energy developments have been a boon for the Texas economy, the rush to develop oil and gas resources has taken a toll on low-volume roads throughout the state. The impacts of heavy truck traffic on roadway infrastructure in the Eagle Ford Shale and Barnett Shale plays are obvious in the cracks, potholes, and other major distresses that manifest in pavements throughout these areas. Many of Texas’ Farm-to-Market, Ranch-to-Market, and local county roadway systems are not designed to withstand the heavy loads arising from energy resource development. Rapid energy resource exploitation will continue to strain agencies responsible for maintaining and preserving roadways until measures are taken to implement infrastructure impact plans, road-user agreements, or other measures to obtain compensation for damage from heavy haulers.This paper explores three approaches for partnership between energy companies, county officials, and other organizations. The proactive, performance-based approach strengthens pavements prior to energy development. The reactive, performance-based approach assesses impact fees associated with road maintenance after the damage. The third approach assesses impact fees that are not attached to actual roadway deterioration. The authors discuss what is currently being done in Texas and suggest recommendations for future work. With future exploration and development expected throughout Texas and in other regions of the United States, execution of roadway use agreements will be critical to maintaining adequate levels of service and preserving strong working relationships between the energy industry and county governments charged with preserving roadway assets.
  Authors: Miller, Timothy D.; Sassin, James M.
  Authors: Miller, Timothy D.; Sassin, James M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-4834
• Development of Integrated Vehicle and Traffic Simulator for Evaluation of Routing Strategies of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  Abstract: The authors detail the development of an integrated simulator, “CUIntegration” that can evaluate routing strategies based on energy and/or traffic measures of effectiveness for any alternative fueled vehicles. The integrated interface was designed to run any vehicle model developed with MATLAB-Simulink, and any roadway network developed with traffic microscopic simulation software VISSIM. The authors discuss the architecture of this simulator and provide a case study in which the simulator is utilized for evaluating a routing strategy for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). The route optimization algorithm was developed to route a PHEV based on a driver’s choice, which includes either minimizing travel time, energy consumption or a combination of both. The integrated simulator was developed in a form of Visual Basic API to simulate the algorithm developed in MATLAB and move vehicles in a VISSIM traffic network according to the algorithm. A section of Interstate 83 in Baltimore, Maryland was modeled, calibrated and validated for use in the simulation. The authors considered a worst-case scenario, in which incidents occurred on the main route blocking all lanes. The PHEVs were represented by integrating the MATLAB-Simulink vehicle model with the traffic simulator. The integrated simulator successfully integrated the vehicle model created in MATLAB-Simulink for supporting PHEV routing strategies. Simulation analysis suggests that routing of PHEVs resulted in a 64.68 percent reduction in travel time cost when optimized for travel time and a 15 percent reduction in energy cost when optimized for energy consumption.
  Authors: Bhavsar, Parth; He, Yiming; Chowdhury, Mashrur A.
  Authors: Bhavsar, Parth; He, Yiming; Chowdhury, Mashrur A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4909
• Deploying Plug-in Electric Cars for Work: Compatibility of Varying Daily Patterns of Use with Four Electric Powertrain Architectures
  Abstract: Vehicles with electrified powertrains such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in HEV (PHEVs) and AEVs (all-electric vehicles using grid supplied battery energy exclusively) are potentially marketable because of low operating costs, but each come with a significant initial cost penalty in comparison to a conventional vehicle (CV) powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE). This paper selects a subset of three car PHEVs and an AEV from a larger set of simulations. Daily travel of vehicles traveling to and from work is isolated from other vehicle travel in the National Household Travel (NHTS) survey; five different daily distance categories are investigated. Three driving cycle runs are used here – the LA92 cycle, World cycle (WLTC), and a selected Kansas City real driving record. Probable patterns of charging for each PHEV and the AEV are investigated for each daily distance category. The possibility of two charges at work, before and after a lunch trip, is considered, as is the possibility of a charge before and after work. The degree of importance of spending a given pool of money on residential vs. workplace charge point upgrades is discussed. Two indicators of effectiveness of battery pack utilization, (1) a charge depleting (CD) effectiveness factor and (2) grid kWh used per day per dollar of incremental vehicle expense, are developed and target markets for cars used for work for each powertrain type are suggested.
  Authors: Santini, Danilo J.; Zhou, Yan; Kim, Namdoo; Gallagher, Kevin; Vyas, Anant D.
  Authors: Santini, Danilo J.; Zhou, Yan; Kim, Namdoo; Gallagher, Kevin; Vyas, Anant D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4925
• Electric Vehicle Shortest-Walk Problem
  Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV) have received much attention in the last few years. Still, they have neither been widely accepted by commuters nor by organizations with service fleets. It is predominately the lack of recharging infrastructure that is inhibiting a wide-scale adoption of EVs. The problem of using EVs is especially apparent in long trips, or inter-city trips. Range anxiety, when the driver is concerned that the vehicle will run out of charge before reaching the destination, is a major hindrance for the market penetration of EVs. To develop a recharging infrastructure, it is important to route vehicles from origins to destination with minimum detouring when battery recharging/exchange facilities are few and far between. This paper defines the EV shortest-walk problem to determine the route from a starting point to a destination with minimum detouring; this route may include cycles for detouring to recharge batteries. Two problem scenarios are studied: one is the problem of traveling from an origin to a destination to minimize the travel distance when any number of battery recharge/exchange stops may be made. The other is to travel from origin to destination when a maximum number of stops is specified. It is shown that both of these problems are polynomially solvable and solution algorithms are provided.
  Authors: Adler, Jonathan; Mirchandani, Pitu B.; Xue, Guoliang; Xia, Minjun
  Authors: Adler, Jonathan; Mirchandani, Pitu B.; Xue, Guoliang; Xia, Minjun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4934
• Consideration of Shale Gas Development Impacts in Long-Range Transportation Planning
  Abstract: Through the combination of two technologies—horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing- the U.S. natural gas industry has been able to access vast quantities of gas in tight shale formations. Shale gas development has had and will continue to have impacts on the performance of the transportation system—directly through increased heavy truck traffic and freight rail movement to supply equipment, water and chemicals, and indirectly through increased employment, that in turn generates additional travel demand. The purpose of this study was to review the state of the practice for considering shale gas impacts in long-range transportation planning. Recent statewide, metropolitan and rural transportation plans in areas already undergoing shale gas development in Texas, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio were reviewed. The review showed that qualitative acknowledgement of shale gas impacts on transportation is being included in some recently updated long-range plans, but the level of coverage of this issue varies substantially in different locations. Most long-range plans are not yet addressing shale gas impacts on safety, congestion or transportation-related air pollutant emissions. Potential approaches to improving the consideration of shale gas impacts in transportation planning include build-out analyses to generate potential well pad locations and enable prediction of impacts on specific roadways and system-wide indicators such as vehicle miles traveled. Further research and guidance is needed to provide a workable framework for transportation planning organizations to meaningfully address shale gas development in the long-range planning process.
  Authors: Tidd, Leo
  Authors: Tidd, Leo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-5115
• Methodology for Generating Individual Vehicle Speed Profile for Estimating Freeway Emissions
  Abstract: This study developed a methodology to create detailed vehicle travel information through a vehicle reidentification system (REID) based on inductive vehicle signatures. A novel feature of this study is to utilize point and section measures, which are outputs of REID, for deriving individual vehicle speed profiles that can be further used to estimate vehicle emissions. The proposed methodology consists of three components. First, characteristics of vehicle maneuvers are identified thru clustering techniques. Second, speed profiles are constructed using a genetically optimized autoregressive model. Third, vehicle emissions are estimated using the MOVES emissions model. Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) data collected from the US 101 in Los Angeles, CA was used for model development and performance evaluation. Results revealed that less than 4% error of estimated emissions was achieved by the proposed method, which is promising for field implementation. It is expected that the outcome of this study will be valuable in developing more efficient and useful traffic surveillance systems for vehicle emissions monitoring.
  Authors: Choi, Jinheoun; Ritchie, Stephen G.; Oh, Cheol
  Authors: Choi, Jinheoun; Ritchie, Stephen G.; Oh, Cheol
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5138
• Indicators in the Governance of Sustainable Transport Policies in Japan
  Abstract: The paper addresses the role of indicators to promote transitions towards a more sustainable transportation future in Japan. Existing international literature suggests a potential key role for performance measurement and indicator systems to strengthen such policies. The research explores to what extent governance frameworks associated with ‘new public management’ reforms in Japan also provide an enhanced basis to promote sustainability within transportation. A framework is derived based on the assumption that the effectiveness of such frameworks in this regard depends on the way sustainability is represented, as well as how the framework is integrated with decision making processes. Japan is used as a case, because Japanese transport seems to perform well in certain aspects of ‘sustainability’, while Japanese transportation policy also faces significant management challenges. A range of governance measures have been adopted to assist in managing transport policy challenges, including the application of experimentation, monitoring and evaluation of plans, policies and institutions. The paper looks at two cases of policy management within Japanese transportation: The first is the performance evaluation framework for the road sector used by the Japanese Ministry of Land Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). The second is the so-called ‘Eco-model’ cities program, also undertaken by the MLIT, using the case of Toyama City for illustration. In each case the approach to performance measurement is outlined, the actual application is presented, and the results in terms of how the indicators contribute to promote sustainable transport will be reviewed. A finding is that indicators in both programs seem to have limited positive influence on sustainability, with the most and visible effects in the latter one. The institutional context seems important for the strength of influence.
  Authors: Gudmundsson, Henrik; Fukuda, Daisuke
  Authors: Gudmundsson, Henrik; Fukuda, Daisuke
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-5154
• Charging Infrastructure Planning for Promoting All-Electric Vehicle Market: Activity-Based Assessment Using Multiday Travel Data
  Abstract: This paper proposes an evaluation framework for analyzing the effect of deploying charging infrastructure on promoting all-electric vehicle market and increasing electric miles traveled. An activity-based assessment method is proposed to estimate AEV feasibility for the heterogeneous traveling population in the real world driving context. A genetic algorithm is applied to find (sub)optimal locations for placing electric vehicle chargers. A case study using the GPS-based travel survey data collected in the Seattle metropolitan area shows that electric miles and trips of AEVs could be significantly increased by installing public chargers at popular destinations, with a reasonable infrastructure investment. The impact on the power grid is also evaluated by a 24-hour charging power profile.
  Authors: Dong, Jing; Liu, Changzheng; Lin, Zhenhong
  Authors: Dong, Jing; Liu, Changzheng; Lin, Zhenhong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5176
• Evaluation of CO and NOx Emissions from MOVES and MOBILE6.2 in Southeast Texas Using Source-Oriented CMAQ Model
  Abstract: The MOBILE series emission factor models are replaced by Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) in 2012 as an official tool recommended by US EPA to predict vehicular pollutant emission factors. In this study, on-road vehicle emission inventories of CO and NOx for Southeast Texas generated by MOVES and MOBILE in two versions of the 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI) are studied by comparing predicted CO, NOx and CO/NOx ratios with measurements using the EPA’s Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model incorporated with a source-oriented gas phase chemical mechanism. This source tracing technique allows direct determination of contributions from gasoline and diesel vehicles to CO and NOx concentrations and identification of stations which are impacted by vehicle emissions. At three vehicle-emission influenced stations, MOVES estimates higher NOx and relatively similar CO compared to MOBILE6.2 (version 6.2 of the MOBILE model). Results indicate that MOVES overestimates NOx by 50% compared to 6% based on MOBILE emissions. Even though MOVES does a slightly better job in predicting CO/NOx ratios than MOBILE6.2, this difference is primarily due to inaccurately increasing NOx rather than decreasing CO emissions. This study suggests that the current version of the MOVES model should be improved to reduce NOx to the levels slightly below MOBILE predictions and significantly reduce CO emissions.
  Authors: Kota, Sri Harsha; Ying, Qi; Zhang, Hongliang; Schade, Gunnar W.
  Authors: Kota, Sri Harsha; Ying, Qi; Zhang, Hongliang; Schade, Gunnar W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5187
• Analytical Model for Vehicle Emissions at Signalized Intersection: Integrating Traffic and Microscopic Emissions Models
  Abstract: Numerous studies in recent years have sought to quantify and evaluate the effects of traffic control and demands on vehicular emissions, such as CO2. In this paper, an analytical model has been developed based on kinematic wave theory in order to compute number of stops and the proportion of time spent idling and cruising based on the arrival flows at an isolated signalized intersection. The acceleration, deceleration, cruising, and idling are quantified and related to vehicular emissions. Since the magnitude, duration, and pattern of acceleration and deceleration play an important role in determining traffic emissions, real vehicle trajectories from NGSIM have been extracted in order to calculate typical characteristics of the acceleration and deceleration behavior of real drivers. Finally, EPA’s microscopic emission model, MOVES, has been implemented to estimate emission factors for each of the driving modes as measured from the NGSIM trajectories. By integrating the results with the analytical traffic model, total traffic emissions are easily estimated for a wide range of arriving traffic flows without the need for extensive microsimulations or additional data collection. The method is developed and illustrated with an analysis of CO2 equivalent, but the approach can be applied generally to any pollutant of interest. The results of this research show that as arrival flow increases, the contribution of emissions from vehicle stops dominates the total CO2 emissions on the road segment. The analytic expressions also facilitate other systematic analyses, such as evaluating the effect of residual queues on vehicular emissions along an intersection approach.
  Authors: Shabihkhani, Rooholamin; Gonzales, Eric J.
  Authors: Shabihkhani, Rooholamin; Gonzales, Eric J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5208
• Method and Case Study for Quantifying Local Emissions Impacts of Transportation Improvement Project Involving Road Realignment and Conversion to Multilane Roundabout
  Abstract: Tailpipe emissions significantly contribute to air quality problems at both local and regional scales. The quantity of tailpipe emissions is affected by several factors including vehicle characteristics, driver behavior and prevailing road and traffic conditions. This paper presents a corridor-level methodology to compare tailpipe emissions produced at a site in Raleigh, North Carolina, where a Transportation Improvement Project (TIP) was implemented to convert a traffic signal to a multi-lane roundabout in 2010. An intersection-level analysis is also presented to assess the contribution of the multi-lane roundabout to the emissions impacts of the TIP. It is common in practice to synthesize or forecast traffic activity data and use it to predict the traffic emission impacts and compare changes before and after a TIP. The unique methodology in this paper presents an alternative to forecasting, by utilizing empirical emissions and vehicle activity data collected before and after the TIP, thus grounding it to actual events in the field. Second-by-second tailpipe emissions concentrations were collected via a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS), which was installed in the test vehicles. Emissions factors were obtained and used with vehicle activity before and after the TIP. It was found that at the corridor-level, turning movements from the main street produced higher total emissions while turning movements from the minor street produced lower total emissions after the TIP. The emissions per unit distance were lower for most movements after the TIP. However, these differences were not statistically significant. At the intersection-level, two movements that were made directly at the study intersection showed that vehicles tested after the TIP at the multi-lane roundabout had lower emissions per unit distance. For the right turn from the minor street to the major street, the decrease in emissions per unit distance of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide was significant.
  Authors: Anya, Abseen Rifa; Rouphail, Nagui M.; Frey, H. Christopher; Liu, Bin
  Authors: Anya, Abseen Rifa; Rouphail, Nagui M.; Frey, H. Christopher; Liu, Bin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5243
• Shifting Sands: Emerging Transportation Impacts of Frac Sand Mining and Shale Gas Drilling
  Abstract: Damage to roads is an impact of the emerging industry of shale gas drilling and frac sand mining. County governments have used a number of mechanisms to recover the costs of road damage. Chippewa County, Wisconsin serves as a model of how local governments are using road use agreements to recover road damages, fund maintenance, and expedite grade crossing improvements. This paper examines Chippewa County’s road use agreements and discusses the implications for neighboring counties, state-level policy and the need for a regional approach to assigning impacts.
  Authors: Hart, Maria; Adams, Teresa M.; Schwartz, Andrew
  Authors: Hart, Maria; Adams, Teresa M.; Schwartz, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-5245
• New Approach to Modeling Large-Scale Alternative Fuel and Vehicle Transitions
  Abstract: A large-scale transition to alternative fuels and vehicles is a massive undertaking. New modeling approaches are necessary to supplement existing models such as MARKAL. One promising approach is simulation gaming. Simulation gaming has been used extensively in many fields, most conspicuously in military applications, for providing insights into the dynamics of uncertain processes. A large-scale alternative fuel and vehicle transition themed game is developed to explore the potential of the approach. Preliminary results of game play suggest a possible counter-intuitive dynamic in vehicle transitions by which high energy prices discourage wide scale adoption of alternative fueled vehicles due to the fact that the increased fuel costs reduce consumers’ ability to pay for more costly alternative vehicle technologies.
  Authors: Bremson, Joel; Meier, Alan; Lin, C.-Y. Cynthia; Ogden, Joan M.
  Authors: Bremson, Joel; Meier, Alan; Lin, C.-Y. Cynthia; Ogden, Joan M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5210
• Development and Comparison of Driving and Environmental Impact Characteristics of Different Driver Types
  Abstract: The interest of modeling and simulation of driver behavior has been especially expanding with the implementation of several car-following models in commercial simulation software. These models ultimately need to be calibrated to field data before they can be used in real applications. The calibration efforts naturally depend on the purpose of the modeling, the availability of the data, and the available resources. To facilitate the calibration process, some simulation software allows the analyst to specify the number and behavior of several driver types, and the percentage of population that conforms to each one of these types. In this paper, we examine the individual driver behavior in terms of its environmental impact on the overall fleet behavior. We extract trajectory data for individual drivers from the NGSIM database, calculate the corresponding emissions and fuel consumptions outputs for each trajectory using the CMEM software, conducted factor analysis, and cluster all the output by both driving data and environmental data. The clustering procedure results in finding distinct classes of drivers with significant environmental impacts. As a result, we classified 195 vehicles into speed-based drivers group, 294 vehicles into spacing-based driver group, and 1451 vehicles into moderate drivers group. We, also, classified 560 vehicles into high emitters group, and 1492 vehicles into moderate emitters group. Comparative analysis revealed 75% agreement between the two clustering methods. Further analysis revealed that a particular group of drivers, called speed-based in this paper, tend to emit larger amount of emissions, and to consume larger amount of fuel than other groups. Similarly, a “spacing-based” drivers group tends to emit smaller amount of emissions, but to consume lager amount of fuel than other groups.
  Authors: Jung, Heejin; Abbas, Montasir M.; Hobeika, Antoine; Bae, Sanghoon
  Authors: Jung, Heejin; Abbas, Montasir M.; Hobeika, Antoine; Bae, Sanghoon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5211
• How Much on Electric? Looking at PHEV Users' eVMT and How It Might Change--Possible influence of CD Range, Charging Infrastructure, Vehicle Design and Self-selection
  Abstract: Since PHEVs operate in two different energy use modes, establishing how much electric travel is possible with a given CD range is important to properly account for the environmental benefits and petroleum displacement potential of PHEVs. However, given the flexibility of the PHEV drivetrain, a number of factors will shape which vehicles consumers purchase and how the PHEV is used. Current methods for estimating the eVMT potential of a given PHEV focus on assumptions for charging frequency and single day driving diary data. To estimate the potential implications of added workplace, public and DC fast charging infrastructure on the fraction of electric vehicle miles traveled (eVMT) consumer PHEV-conversion usage patterns recorded during a vehicle demonstration project are combined with an energy and infrastructure model. The results show that charging infrastructure can increase the fraction of eVMT driving considerably (up to 15 percentage points) but, the benefit varies considerably by household and vehicle CD range. DC fast charging is shown to provide the most benefit of any away from home charging for PHEVs with 70 or more miles of CD range, but the use of fast charging by PHEV consumers will be sensitive to price and time tradeoff considerations. Further analysis of the UF results shows that household’s EV driving experience will vary considerably from the average, which highlights that using a fleet-wide utility factor to plan optimal PHEV ranges will lead to over and under estimates of CD range and battery size requirements for PHEV consumers.
  Authors: Davies, Jamie
  Authors: Davies, Jamie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5261
• The Impact of Traffic Signal Timing on Sidewalk Level Particulate Matter Concentrations
  Abstract: Improving the efficiency of urban traffic operations along arterials is a priority for many agencies because congestion has an impact on the people and goods movement in many cities. Advanced traffic management systems are being implemented to optimize traffic signal timing in congested corridors. Pedestrians and transit users are greatly exposed to vehicle emissions, even more than drivers themselves. However, pedestrian exposure to traffic emissions is typically not a consideration when traffic signal timing decisions are made. The relationship between exposure to air pollution and traffic signal timing has not yet been fully explored or modeled. This research quantifies the factors that contribute to sidewalk level particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration levels at a busy intersection along an urban arterial in Portland, Oregon. This study is the first research effort to combine real-world detailed traffic signal timing data (at 5 second intervals) and air pollutant concentration data. Several types of variables are included in the statistical analysis: traffic signal timing variables, weather related variables, traffic volumes and composition variables, and variables associated to bus presence and characteristics. Statistical results show the importance of signal timing variables, traffic volumes, and queuing.
  Authors: Slavin, Courtney; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Slavin, Courtney; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4687
• Estimating On-Road Fuel Economy of PHEVs from Test and Aggregated Data
  Abstract: When projecting energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) for which limited data are available, assumptions must be made in estimating their on-road fuel and electricity use. If only aggregated data are available, such as the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA’s) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) projections of equivalent fuel economy in miles per gallons of gasoline equivalent (mpgge), additional information/assumptions are needed to disaggregate the mpgge into electricity and fuel use. Furthermore, if only test (lab) values for fuel economy and electricity consumption are available, adjustments must be made to estimate corresponding on-road fuel and electricity consumption. In this paper, methods are examined for estimating the on-road energy consumption (fuel and electricity) of future electric-drive vehicles (e.g., plug-in hybrid electric vehicle [PHEV] and extended-range electric vehicle [EREV]) from city and highway driving cycle fuel economy data or from combined fuel economy data, on the basis of assumptions about driving and charging behavior from previous studies and vehicle simulations.
  Authors: Stephens, Thomas S; Zhou, Yan; Elgowainy, Amgad; Duoba, Michael; Vyas, Anant D.; Rousseau, Aymeric
  Authors: Stephens, Thomas S; Zhou, Yan; Elgowainy, Amgad; Duoba, Michael; Vyas, Anant D.; Rousseau, Aymeric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4755
• Multiobjective Traffic Network Design Accounting for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption
  Abstract: In order to exploit the potential of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) as a sustainable form of transport, this novel technology must be integrated into the traditional transport system planning process. This work takes a step in that direction by incorporating PEV energy consumption rates into network design decisions. Not only is energy consumption a proxy for emissions in traditional vehicles, it will also become an essential issue for regional energy providers who will need to adapt to the additional electricity demand created as PEVs become a more ubiquitous form of transport. This work addresses the network design problem (NDP) to minimize both system level energy consumption and total system travel time, independently and as a multi-objective problem. The NDP is formulated and solved for a road network with a high penetration of PEVs using a heuristic approach. For certain design scenarios, minimizing total system travel time and minimizing energy consumption are demonstrated to be conflicting objectives. The trade-off in terms of each system performance measure is quantified. Based on the results it is evident that both objectives must be considered when planning for future networks that will be comprised of some portion of PEVs.
  Authors: Duell, Melissa; Gardner, Lauren; Waller, S. Travis
  Authors: Duell, Melissa; Gardner, Lauren; Waller, S. Travis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5203
• Measure for Measure: Using Energy Utility Model to Standardize Evaluation of Transportation Efficiency Measures
  Abstract: As the environmental and financial costs of conventional gasoline become more apparent, there is growing interest in the concept of transportation efficiency. Broadly, this concept involves using less energy to meet current travel demand and often employs a systems-level approach. The transportation sector has much to learn from the electric and thermal energy sectors, where demand management strategies have used established screening tools to assess the environmental and financial benefits of efficiency measures for years. Adoption of such screening tools may be ideal for the transportation sector as electric vehicles (EVs) bring these two sectors together. We present an example of how the Vermont State efficiency screening tool can be used to evaluate a transportation measure: a switch from a conventional vehicle to an electric vehicle. The screening tool results demonstrate that the estimated cost benefits of electric vehicles varies from -$15,911 to $24,645, depending on the model of EV, miles driven annually, and externalities considered, among other factors. The cost effectiveness of EVs was improved by including avoided health costs due to reduced tailpipe emissions. More broadly, our results show that cost-effectiveness screening tools used within the electric and thermal energy sectors provide a meaningful way to assess potential gains in transportation efficiency and can be used for evaluation of other transportation efficiency measures (such as bicycle and walking infrastructure, transit, etc.). Use of such screening tools will aid in communication and collaboration between the energy and transportation sectors, while facilitating a systems-based approach to transportation planning and demand management.
  Authors: Sears, Justine; Glitman, Karen; Fanslow, Greg
  Authors: Sears, Justine; Glitman, Karen; Fanslow, Greg
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0214
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-Based Fuel Consumption Model: Model Validation and Calibration Considerations
  Abstract: A power-based vehicle fuel consumption model, entitled the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-based Fuel Consumption Model (VT-CPFM) that was developed in an earlier publication is validated against in-field fuel consumption measurements. The study demonstrates that the VT-CPFMs calibrated using the EPA city and highway fuel economy ratings generally provide reliable fuel consumption estimates with a coefficient of determination in the range of 0.96. More importantly, both estimates and measurements produce very similar behavioral changes depending on engine load conditions. The VT-CPFMs are demonstrated to be easily calibrated using publically available data without the need to gather in-field instantaneous data.
  Authors: Park, Sangjun; Rakha, Hesham; Ahn, Kyoungho; Moran, Kevin
  Authors: Park, Sangjun; Rakha, Hesham; Ahn, Kyoungho; Moran, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0461
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Comparative Analysis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Operating Mode Distribution Generator with Real-World Operating Mode and Emissions Data
  Abstract: In June 2012, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the “Operating Mode Distribution Generator” (OMDG) a tool for developing an operating mode distribution as an input to the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator model (MOVES). The tool converts basic information about traffic operations – idle time, grade, and average speed – into an operating mode distribution. This tool is designed to make project-level analyses for CO and PM hot-spots easier to conduct with basic traffic activity data.This paper compares the operating mode distributions obtained from this tool with those measured on a vehicle instrumented with the Total On-Board Tailpipe Emissions Measurement System (TOTEMS). TOTEMS generates a wealth of data, including a vehicle’s speed, idle time, and link grade – all of the inputs necessary to run the OMDG. The comparison is made for 4 signalized intersections on an urban arterial in Burlington, Vermont. This analysis shows that the OMDG, when compared to 31 test runs of an instrumented vehicle, was more accurate under circumstances of no to low grade and higher congestion (higher stop time). Estimation inaccuracies are most critical for specific operating modes -- for CO under high VSP conditions; for PM10 under braking conditions (i.e. VSP <0). This investigation has developed a method for quantitatively evaluating tools designed to simplify a mobile emissions analysis. Future work will include the development of models for estimating operating modes of a traffic stream using traffic microsimulation and highlighting those parameters that are most critical to calibrate for obtaining an accurate operating mode distribution estimate.
  Authors: Chamberlin, Robert; Holmen, Britt A.; Talbot, Eric; Sentoff, Karen M.
  Authors: Chamberlin, Robert; Holmen, Britt A.; Talbot, Eric; Sentoff, Karen M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0387
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Comparative Analysis of Car-Following Models for Emissions Estimation
  Abstract: Recent studies indicated that the accuracy of the emission estimation in a traffic simulation model can hardly be improved by using the traditional model calibration approaches. Instead, its internal mechanism in depicting the second-by-second vehicle activities needs to be investigated. Since the car-following model is the core component of a traffic simulation model, this paper attempts to conduct a comparative study of car-following models on their effects on the explanatory parameter of vehicle emissions - vehicle specific power (VSP) distribution. OVM, GFM, FVDM, Wiedemann, and Fritzsche car-following models are selected for the analysis. Massive filed car-following trajectories are collected and a numerical simulation method is designed for each car-following model to generate its vehicle trajectories and the speed-specific VSP distributions. By comparing VSP distributions collected from the field and generated by car-following models, it is found that OVM and GFM models generate unrealistic VSP distributions, which will lead to significant emission estimation errors. By adding the variable of positive velocity difference, The FVDM molde can improve the accrucy of the VSP distribution and emission estimation effectively. The VSP distribution of Wiedemann model differs largely from the field data, which overestimates the peak VSP fraction and the fractions in aggressive driving modes. The Fritzsche model produces consistent VSP distributions with the field ones. It is also found that the speed-specific VSP distribution is highly correlated with the acceleration distribution. Therefore, improving the accuracy of speed-specific acceleration distribution is an effective measure to improve the accuracy of the VSP distribution, thus the emission estimation of the car-following models.
  Authors: Song, Guohua; Yu, Lei; Xu, Long
  Authors: Song, Guohua; Yu, Lei; Xu, Long
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0460
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Quantifying Effects of Land Use and Socioeconomics on Generation of Traffic Emissions and Individual Exposure to Air Pollution
  Abstract: This paper presents a modeling framework developed for the City of Montreal, Canada, and is intended to quantify two indicators that can explain the spatial distribution of traffic-related air pollution at a metropolitan level. The indicators are estimated at the level of the traffic analysis zone (TAZ) and include: (1) the average level of emissions generated per individual, and (2) the level of emissions occurring in a zone as a proxy for air pollution exposure. A regional traffic assignment model is extended with capabilities for emission modeling at an individual trip level while taking into account vehicle (type, age) and trip attributes (road type, speed, volume). We observe that individuals who generate higher emissions from travel tend to reside in areas with lower exposure to traffic emissions while individuals associated with low levels of travel emissions (e.g. travel smaller distances, conduct less trips, use alternative modes) reside in areas with high levels of traffic pollution. A regression analysis of the two indicators against a set of land-use and socio-economic variables shows that generated emissions per individual are positively associated with car ownership and larger vehicles, while being negatively associated with ownership of newer vehicles, and location in dense and walkable neighborhoods with high levels of commercial land-use. Meanwhile, exposure to emissions is positively associated with dense and walkable neighborhoods and negatively associated with car ownership and larger vehicles. These findings indicate major inequities in the generation of and exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
  Authors: Sider, Timothy M.N.; Alam, Ahsan; Zukari, Muhammad; Dugum, Hussam; Goldstein, Nathan; Eluru, Naveen; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Authors: Sider, Timothy M.N.; Alam, Ahsan; Zukari, Muhammad; Dugum, Hussam; Goldstein, Nathan; Eluru, Naveen; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1184
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Airport Pavement Missing Data Management and Imputation Using Stochastic Multiple Imputation Model
  Abstract: In practice, missing data in pavement condition databases has been one of the most prevalent problems in airport pavement management systems. Missing data present problems in pavement performance analysis and uncertainties in pavement management decision making. A number of data imputation approaches are available for handling missing data. This paper examines the limitations of the conventional data imputation methods, and proposed a Stochastic Multiple Imputation approach to overcome the major imitations of the conventional methods. A case study is presented to appraise the effectiveness of the proposed approach against three conventional data imputation methods, namely the substitution by mean method, the substitution by interpolation method, and the substitution by regression method. The roughness and friction data of a 4-km long runway pavement, and roughness data of a 4-km long taxiway were considered. The effectiveness of auxiliary variables in data imputation models is also demonstrated. The proposed stochastic Multiple Imputation method yielded the smallest errors for the roughness as well as friction data. The mean substitution method resulted in imputed values with the highest amount of deviations from the observed values, followed by the regression substitution method and the interpolation method. The analysis showed that the proposed Stochastic Multiple Imputation method out-performed the conventional methods in handling missing pavement condition data for pavement management decision making.
  Authors: Farhan, Javed; Fwa, Tien Fang
  Authors: Farhan, Javed; Fwa, Tien Fang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1301
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Urban Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions and its Link with Urban Form, Transit Accessibility and Emerging Green Technologies: A Montreal case study
  Abstract: This research aims at estimating a GHG emission inventory at the household level using completely disaggregate trip data and taking into account all emitting modes. The impact of urban form (UF) and transit accessibility (TA) characteristics on household level GHG emissions is then quantified and compared to the impact of the introduction of emerging green technologies. Using a large and representative sample of household diaries, trip-level GHG emissions are estimated by combining different sources of data (origin-destination (OD) survey data, vehicle fleet characteristics, transit ridership data, etc.) and by using modeling tools (traffic assignment and GHGs models). Moreover, UF and TA indicators are developed and combined to generate neighborhood typologies. A simultaneous equation modeling framework is then implemented to investigate the link between UF, TA, socio-demographics, and travel GHGs, taking into account the well known “self-selection” issue. The potential impact of land use and transit supply strategies with emerging green technological scenarios is then compared. Our findings are consistent with the literature, more specifically we have found that the built environment (BE) attributes are statistically significant (10% increase in density, transit accessibility and land-use mix, results in 3.5 %, 5.8% and 2.5% reduction in GHG respectively), number of workers and retirees at the household level play an important role in the contribution to GHG emissions (102% increase by adding one worker and 51% decrease by adding a retiree to the household). Moreover, neighborhood types represented by the combined effects of UF and TS have important effects on GHGs. Also it is found that by replacing transit fleet by electric trains and hybrid buses, the share of transit GHGs would decrease by 32%. With respect to the private motor-vehicle fleet, if current trends persist, the constant improvement of car fuel consumption economy would reduce car GHGs by 7%. According to our results, the two most efficient strategies to reduce GHGs at the regional and household level seem to be the continuous fuel-efficiency improvement of the private motor-vehicle fleet and the increase of transit accessibility.
  Authors: Zahabi, Seyed Amir Hossein; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Authors: Zahabi, Seyed Amir Hossein; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: ADC70
  Paper Number: 13-1394
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Method for Measuring the Ratio of In-Vehicle to Near-Vehicle Exposure Concentrations of Airborne Fine Particles
  Abstract: Human exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is causally linked to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. In-vehicle exposure may account for 10 to 20 percent of daily average exposure. However, exposure models are typically based on area-wide air quality data that poorly predict in-vehicle concentration. A practical method is demonstrated for conducting field measurements to quantify the ratio of in-vehicle to outside vehicle concentration (I/O) for a wide range of conditions that affect intra-vehicle variability in exposure concentration. A field data collection study design is developed based on sources of intra-vehicle variability in I/O, including ventilation air source, window status, fan setting, AC utilization, vehicle speed, road type, travel direction, and time of day. Three replicates of measurements were made for 16 combinations of these factors on 110 miles of roads comprised of eight one-way routes between typical commuter origin/destination pairs. Two portable particle monitors recorded in-vehicle and near-vehicle ambient concentrations on one minute averages for four particle size ranges. The comparability of the monitors was quantified. Near-vehicle concentrations varied with road type, time of day, and traffic conditions. The I/O ratio was approximately independent of near-vehicle concentration, and varied with window status, source of ventilation air (fresh or recirculation), and, for cases with recirculation and closed windows, fan setting and air conditioning use. The study design can be extended to additional vehicles to account for potential sources of inter-vehicle variability. Data such as collected here can be used to improve exposure simulation models.
  Authors: Jiao, Wan; Frey, H. Christopher
  Authors: Jiao, Wan; Frey, H. Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1581
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Role of Heavy-Duty Freight Vehicles in Reducing Emissions on Congested Freeways with Elastic Travel Demand Functions
  Abstract: This paper investigates the relative impact of heavy-duty (HD) vehicles (primarily road freight) on the traffic congestion-emissions relationship. Unlike previous studies, this research explicitly considers the impacts of vehicle class travel demand elasticity on total emissions. Modeling results show that, even as a small share of the traffic volume, HD vehicles can contribute a large share of total pollution emissions, especially for particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. HD vehicle emissions rates are more sensitive to congestion than light-duty (LD) vehicle emissions rates, suggesting greater emissions benefits from congestion mitigation for these vehicles. Potentially lower travel demand elasticity to speed for HD vehicles further indicates vehicle class-specific benefits from congestion mitigation. The LD/HD vehicle differences suggest greater air quality benefits from vehicle class-targeted congestion mitigation or lane/capacity management strategies. HD vehicle travel demand elasticity is a key parameter to predict the net emissions effects of congestion. It is strongly recommended that analysis of emissions effects from congestion mitigation strategies include class-specific volume forecasts. Unfortunately, the estimation of HD vehicle travel demand elasticity values has received scant attention in the literature.
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1607
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Modeling Air Quality Impacts of Feedstock Transportation for Cellulosic Biofuel Production in Tennessee
  Abstract: The efficiency of supply chain system of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) feedstock is crucial to the development of the cellulosic biofuel industry. Moreover, the potential environmental impact of LCB feedstock transportation has also received increasing attention lately. This study first applied a spatial-oriented mixed-integer mathematical programming model linked to a GIS resource model to generate a least-cost solution of a typical feedstock supply chain system for a biorefinery with the capacity of 189.25 kl year-1 of biofuel in east, central and west Tennessee. The EPA’s MOVES model was then used to estimate the baseline emissions for 2010 in the study region and additional emissions generated from hauling feedstock. Results showed that switchgrass is more suitable than energy sorghum for biofuel production in Tennessee based on feedstock plant-gate cost and hauling emissions. Also, the biorefinery with the most economic feedstock cost and the least feedstock hauling emission is suggested to be sited in Robertson County, TN. The emissions of NOx, CO2, PM10, and PM2.5 from feedstock hauling in related counties increased by 0.12%, 0.04%, 0.15%, and 0.18%, respectively, when comparing with the emissions produced by existing overall traffics.
  Authors: Yu, Tun-Hsiang Edward; Larson, James A.; English, Burton C.; Fu, Joshua S.; De La Torre Ugarte, Daniel; Yun, Jeongran; Calcagno, Jimmy; Wilson, Bradly
  Authors: Yu, Tun-Hsiang Edward; Larson, James A.; English, Burton C.; Fu, Joshua S.; De La Torre Ugarte, Daniel; Yun, Jeongran; Calcagno, Jimmy; Wilson, Bradly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1650
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Coherent Approach for Modeling and Nowcasting Hourly Near-Road Black Carbon Concentrations in Seattle, Washington
  Abstract: With growing awareness for near-road air pollution and an increasing population of pedestrians, it is imperative to “nowcast” near-road air quality conditions to the general public, which necessitates the efforts of building hourly predictive models with ease of use and satisfactory accuracy. This study demonstrates a coherent approach to model the hourly near-road Black Carbon (BC) concentrations with on-road factors and meteorological conditions using datasets from two urban sites in Seattle, Washington. With Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method, the optimal set of regressors is determined. Three different model structures are further developed and compared by goodness-of-fit. An innovative approach is proposed to translate wind direction from numerical values to categorical variables with statistical significance. By modeling the autocorrelation within the BC time series using AR(1) component, the developed approach yields a satisfying prediction accuracy. The conditional heteroscedasticity and heavy-tailed distribution within the residuals are successfully identified and modeled by the General Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model, which provides valuable insights to the interpretation of prediction results. The approach demonstrated in this study presents an efficient and valuable solution to selecting and fine-tuning a nowcasting model to be implemented onto online platforms for near-road BC nowcasting. A comparison between the two study sites also reveals the effectiveness of freight regulation for mitigating environmental impacts from the heavy truck fleet.
  Authors: Yu, Runze; Liu, Xiaoyue (Cathy); Wang, Yinhai
  Authors: Yu, Runze; Liu, Xiaoyue (Cathy); Wang, Yinhai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1792
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Comparing Predictions from CAL3QHCR and AERMOD Models for Highway Applications
  Abstract: Presented is a comparison of three modeling procedures – CAL3QHCR, AERMOD area, and AERMOD volume – for predicting pollutant concentrations near highways. All are based on the Gaussian dispersion equations and are evaluated by contrasting the trends in model predictions and comparing predicted versus measured concentrations. Model trends are depicted for a variety of conditions related to atmospheric stability, wind angle with respect to the highway, and near-road downwind distances. The models tested provide widely differing results. Predictions from CAL3QHCR and AERMOD area are compared to a limited number of observed concentrations of particulate matter near a signalized intersection in Sacramento, California. The performance of the models in predicting observed concentrations are highly correlated indicating good precision. Most predictions by the CAL3QHCR model are within a factor of two of observations. The AERMOD model exhibits a tendency to under-predict the distribution of observed concentrations.
  Authors: Claggett, Michael; Bai, Song
  Authors: Claggett, Michael; Bai, Song
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5339
• Finding Green System Optimal Routing Policies Through Multiscale Dynamic Path Flow Assignment Model
  Abstract: This research addresses the problem of finding system optimal eco-routing or green routing flows that minimize total vehicular emission in a network. A mesoscopic dynamic network loading model (DNL) that tightly links Newell¡¦s simplified kinematic wave and car-following models is proposed to facilitate an internally consistent dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) for temporally cross-resolution and spatially multi-scale emission modeling. A gradient projection-based descent direction method is developed to solve the problem. The gradient is determined based on path marginal emissions defined as the change in path emission due to an additional unit of path inflow. We derive a general evaluation method of link marginal emission that encompasses classical marginal delay evaluation as a special case. This paper contributes to the methodology development which enables DTA for a number of emerging transportation sustainability evaluation and optimization applications that require both fine-grained and coarse-grained traffic flow representations.
  Authors: Lu, Chung-Cheng; Zhou, Xuesong
  Authors: Lu, Chung-Cheng; Zhou, Xuesong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5365
• California Statewide Charging Survey: What Do Drivers Want?
  Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of plug-in vehicle owners asking about the current use of charging infrastructure and needed chargers. Consumers are using the full range of the Leaf and 80% of customers have gone to 8% state of charge on their battery. More than 30% charge out of home regularly. For workplace, level 1 is available more often than level 2. For general out of home charging, level 1 is less used comprising 23% of locations identified by respondents. 93% of those commuting in Leafs are within round trip range of work. Correspondingly, there is a high use of workplace charging in the group with long commutes. 40% of Leaf owners have gone farther than the limits of their home territory, requiring charging to complete their tour. For the desire for infrastructure we see several trends. The main desire is for quick charging. Fast chargers are wanted at regional attractors such as downtowns, large malls, airports and other regional services. Quick charging connecting adjacent regions was also indicated by respondents. For Leaf customers, we see a median distance from home to quick chargers of 44 miles. The concept of EV territory was also explored. 40% of respondents more than doubled the area they could access in their EV with their charger choices.
  Authors: Nicholas, Michael Anselm; Tal, Gil; Woodjack, Justin
  Authors: Nicholas, Michael Anselm; Tal, Gil; Woodjack, Justin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5285
• Scenario-Based Climate Change Risk Analysis for Transportation Infrastructure Using GIS
  Abstract: The potential impacts of climate change on transportation infrastructure have been receiving attention in recent years. Risk analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS) is an especially useful and increasingly common approach to investigating the potential impacts of climate change on infrastructure. This is because climate change effects are likely to occur in conjunction with other, geographic specific, impacts such as storm surge and traffic operations, whose vulnerability can be most effectively quantified using these GIS-based tools. To demonstrate the efficacy of these tools, this paper presents a scenario-based risk analysis approach to investigate the impacts of climate change on transportation infrastructure in Hampton Roads, Virginia. This paper first investigates the climate change effects in the study site to develop representative climate change scenarios. Next, a GIS-based evaluation of transportation infrastructure vulnerability to sea-level rise and storm surge is formed by combining the GIS dataset with the results from the Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model. Last, a GIS-based risk map is generated by the proposed risk model under three developed climate change threat scenarios. The results show the City of Virginia Beach is at high risk in all climate change scenarios due to climate change events, high level of transportation activity, and density of transportation facilities. The risk map—a visualization of the risk model—can assist transportation planners and decision-makers in determining asset priority to allocate their resources with respect to emergency preparation and reaction.
  Authors: Wu, Yao-Jan; Hayat, Md. Tanveer; Clarens, Andres; Smith, Brian Lee
  Authors: Wu, Yao-Jan; Hayat, Md. Tanveer; Clarens, Andres; Smith, Brian Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1832
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Economics Behind Electric Vehicles: Analysis from the Private User’s Perspective in France
  Abstract: A holistic total costs of ownership (TCO) approach compares electric with conventional vehicles (EVs with CVs). The impact of policy measures and market trends throughout time is studied; the inclusion of vehicle user- and vehicle usage-characteristics in the set-up calculation model ensures a disaggregate approach that allows for detailed EV-demand projections in future studies. Each vehicle technology accommodated in the set-up TCO calculation model is represented by specific vehicle models that are currently available on the French market. Their characteristics and costs serve as the basis of TCO calculations. Results show that the underlying plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) model is, from a TCO perspective, not competitive with any other electric or conventional vehicle underlying the analysis. This is valid for all developed scenarios and realistic vehicle usage patterns. Assuming that the here selected vehicle models well represent the vehicle technologies in question, it can be expected that the future demand of PHEVs having long electric ranges will fully rely on the goodwill of selected users. The most competitive electric EV type appears to be the battery electric vehicle with battery hire. The development of ‘financially reasoned’ demand for this vehicle and business model seems therefore realistic. Generally, compact electric vehicles that are to replace petrol vehicles appear to be more competitive with their conventional counterparts than sedan vehicles that are to replace diesel-driven vehicles. All results refer to current and forecasted French framework conditions and are subject to various necessary assumptions.
  Authors: Windisch, Elisabeth
  Authors: Windisch, Elisabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2019
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Feasibility Study of Fuel Consumption Prediction Modelby Integrating Vehicle-Specific Power and Controller Area Network Bus Technology
  Abstract: With the development of automobile technology, it becomes possible to estimate the fuel consumption using the driving parameters from the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and output the calculation results via the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. As a result, it is feasible to design an approach for estimating the fuel consumption by integrating vehicle specific power (VSP) and CAN bus technology because of the accessibility and stability of the CAN bus. In order to determine whether the CAN-based measured data can be used to build the relationship between VSP and fuel consumption to replace the traditional fuel consumption meter, a comparison of fuel consumption data collected from ECU and the fuel consumption meter is conducted in this study. The results show that the relationship between the fuel consumption rate and VSP bin built by the CAN bus data is consistent with the one derived from the fuel consumption meter, which indicates that the CAN bus technology can be used to describe the relationship between vehicle activities and fuel consumption rates for light-duty vehicles. In addition, a comparison of CAN-based measured data with VSP-based predicted data shows that the prediction approach that integrates VSP and CAN bus technology need an aggregation level of 60s or longer, which thus can be used to estimate a long-period of fuel consumption accumulation and fuel consumption factor for various travel speeds and road types.
  Authors: Wu, Yizheng; Yu, Lei; Song, Guohua; Xu, Long
  Authors: Wu, Yizheng; Yu, Lei; Song, Guohua; Xu, Long
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2201
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Traffic Microsimulation Approach to Evaluation of Vehicle Emissions on One-Way Versus Two-Way Streets: Case Study in Downtown Houston, Texas
  Abstract: Vehicles that run on one-way or two-way streets may generate totally different emissions. One-way streets can reduce the amount of conflicts between vehicles going to different directions, but sometimes create circuitous routes which may increase Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) and travel times, thus may increase emissions. Two-way streets can avoid circuitous routes, but create slower traffic due to the existence of more moving conflicts between vehicles, which may lead to increased stop, acceleration-and-deceleration activities, thus may also increase emissions but at a different degree. Further, regularities of such emission increases may be different for peak vs. non-peak hours. This paper intends to evaluate vehicle emissions for one-way and two-way streets for peak vs. non-peak hours to investigate which street configuration produces relatively lower emissions, attempting to help traffic engineers decide whether a conversion between one-way and two-way streets contributes to the improvement of air quality. The micro-traffic simulation model—VISSIM—is utilized to output the second-by-second speed and acceleration data for the purpose of emission estimation. The operating mode binning approach is used to calculate emission factors, and differences of generated emissions are adopted as the measure of effectiveness. The analysis shows that the two-way street network produces lower emissions, thus can better improve the air quality during non-peak hours. However, such improvement will be weakened during peak hours. Further, emissions from the two-way street network may eventually exceed those from the one-way street network when the traffic demand increases to certain level.
  Authors: Wang, Jinghui; Yu, Lei; Qiao, Fengxiang
  Authors: Wang, Jinghui; Yu, Lei; Qiao, Fengxiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2218
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Is Smart Growth Associated with Reductions in CO2 Emissions?
  Abstract: The transportation sector is the second largest contributor to human-generated CO2 emissions. A key goal of the US Department of Transportation is to implement environmentally sustainable policies that can reduce carbon emissions from transportation sources. Smart growth developments are characterized by compact, mixed use, greater network connectivity and alternative mode friendly environments. These features may encourage reductions in vehicle travel and emissions. A better understanding of travel behavior in conventional and smart growth communities is needed to inform policies and make informed decisions. This study analyzes a behavioral dataset to answer whether smart growth developments are associated with lower CO2 emissions. Using a sample of 15,213 households from a recent (2009) travel behavior survey, sample selection models are estimated to capture the conditionality of emissions on the decision to drive or not by household members on an assigned day. The study found that the activity participation needs for 12% of the responding households allow them to either use alternative modes or not travel out-of-home. The rest of the sample traveled in an automobile and hence contributed to CO2 emissions. The study calculates CO2 emissions based on vehicle miles traveled and the fuel efficiency of the vehicle used for specific trips undertaken by household members. The framework developed in this study models whether CO2 emissions are associated with land use, socio-demographics, and preferences for information technology adoption. Tailpipe CO2 emissions are lower for households that reside in more mixed land use neighborhoods with denser roadway networks and better network connections in the neighborhood (on the order of 12%). As a long-term strategy, CO2 emission reductions from smart growth developments can be substantial.
  Authors: Wang, Xin; Khattak, Asad J.; Zhang, Yichi
  Authors: Wang, Xin; Khattak, Asad J.; Zhang, Yichi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: ADC70
  Paper Number: 13-2350
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Development of Simulated Driving Cycles: Case Study of Waterfront Area in Toronto, Canada
  Abstract: Driving cycles are an important input for state-of-the-art vehicle emission models. Development of a driving cycle requires second-by-second vehicle speed for a representative set of vehicles. Current practice is to use standard driving cycles, like HWFET or SFTP-US06, however, these driving cycles reflect small samples of vehicles, do not reflect varying conditions by time of day, by vehicle type and cannot reflect forecast changes in traffic conditions. This paper introduces a new method to develop driving cycles using simulated data from a calibrated microscopic traffic simulation model in the Toronto Waterfront Area. The simulation method addresses some of the limitations with standard driving cycles. The simulation model is calibrated to reflect road counts, link speeds, and accelerations using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The simulation method is applied to develop AM peak hour freeway driving cycles for light, medium and heavy duty trucks. The demonstration reveals differences in speed, acceleration, and driver aggressiveness between driving cycles for different vehicle types. These driving cycles are compared against a range of available driving cycles, showing different traffic conditions and driving behaviors, and suggesting a need for city-specific driving cycles. Emissions from the simulated driving cycles are also compared with EPA’s Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET) showing higher emission factors for the Toronto Waterfront freeway cycles.
  Authors: Amirjamshidi, Glareh; Roorda, Matthew J.
  Authors: Amirjamshidi, Glareh; Roorda, Matthew J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2648
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Microscopic Simulation of Transit Bus Emissions Under Transit Signal Priority and Alternative Technology
  Abstract: The benefits of public transit in terms of reducing transportation-related greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions is a topic that needs little introduction. The literature swells with studies comparing per-passenger emissions in transit with emissions from single occupancy vehicles, stressing the importance of increasing transit ridership. We argue that increasing transit ridership is not sufficient to achieve meaningful emission reductions at a regional level. In Montreal, transit operations and technology are in dire need for improvement and additional reductions in transit emissions largely depend on the types of fuels used and driving conditions. We microsimulated the operations and emissions of transit buses along a busy transit corridor and quantified the effects of two different fuels (conventional diesel and compressed natural gas) as well as a set of driving conditions on emissions. Results indicate that compressed natural gas (CNG) reduces GHG emissions by 8-12% compared to conventional diesel. However, the benefits of switching from conventional diesel to CNG are less apparent when the road network is uncongested. As congestion levels rise, the emission reductions associated with CNG improve. We also investigated the effects of bus operations on emissions by applying several strategies such as transit signal priority (TSP), queue jumper lanes, and relocations of bus-stops. Results show that TSP alone can reduce emissions by 14% and when combined with improved technology; a reduction of 23% is achieved. The reduction benefits are even more apparent when other transit operational improvements are combined with TSP.
  Authors: Alam, Ahsan; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Authors: Alam, Ahsan; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2676
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Decarbonization of Toll Plazas: Impact Assessment of Toll Collection System Management
  Abstract: Transport climate change impacts have become a worldwide concern. The use of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) could contribute to a more effective use of resources in toll road networks. Management of toll plazas is central to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as it is there that bottlenecks and congestion occur. This study focuses on management strategies aimed at reducing climate change impacts of toll plazas by managing toll collection systems. These strategies are based on the use of different collection system technologies – Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and Open Road Tolling (ORT) – and on queue management. The carbon footprint of various toll plazas is determined by a proposed integrated methodology which estimates the CO2 emissions of the different operational stages at toll plazas (deceleration, service time, acceleration, and queuing) for the different toll collection systems. To validate the methodology, two main-line toll plazas of a Spanish toll highway were evaluated. The findings reveal that the application of new technologies to toll collection systems is an effective management strategy from an environmental point of view. The case studies revealed that ORT systems lead to savings of up to 70% of CO2 emissions, while ETC systems save 20%. Furthermore, queue management can offer a 16% emissions savings when queue time is reduced by 116 seconds. The integrated methodology provides an efficient environmental management tool for toll plazas. The use of new technologies is the future of the decarbonization of toll plazas.
  Authors: Hernandez, Sara; Monzon, Andres; Sobrino, Natalia
  Authors: Hernandez, Sara; Monzon, Andres; Sobrino, Natalia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2687
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• COMPARISONS OF DISCRETIONARY PASSENGER VEHICLE IDLING BEHAVIOR BY SEASON AND TRIP STAGE USING GPS AND OBD DEVICES
  Abstract: This study addresses the topic of discretionary passenger vehicle idling, using field data collected from 20 volunteers in Vermont. Each volunteer participated in two, two-week data collection periods, one in the summer and one in the winter. Overall, 15.6% of vehicle operating time was spent idling, consistent with the limited existing data on this topic. In addition, the paper describes a processing method used with in-vehicle GPS and OBD data that allows discretionary idling at the start and end of trips to be separated from the in-travel idling related to traffic or traffic control. Discretionary idling accounted for more than 6.5% of vehicle operating time. Discretionary winter idling events are found to be longer than summer idling events and, among idling events over 60 seconds, trip-start idling to be longer than trip-end idling. Both of these results re-affirm prior findings suggesting that there are opportunities for behavioral changes to reduce idling. The method used to extract discretionary idling is promising for widespread use and large sample data collection efforts. This method will be critical for the many communities that lack robust idling data when considering the costs and benefits of idling behavior change initiatives.
  Authors: Dowds, Jonathan R.; Sullivan, James; Aultman-Hall, Lisa
  Authors: Dowds, Jonathan R.; Sullivan, James; Aultman-Hall, Lisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2766
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Influencing Sustainable Travel Intention Through Contextualized Presentation Format
  Abstract: Climate change is a global problem and transportation is a major contributor to it. In response to that problem, CO2 information on transport is being provided to the public to aid with informed decision-making. Choice experiments have found that CO2 mass information could influence choice, however, other research suggests that CO2 presented as mass is not fully understood and that the presentation of CO2 information affects interpretation. If a presentation format can affect understanding and interpretation, might it then affect intention (and choice) to perform sustainable travel? It can be argued that without information context, it would be difficult to interpret the appropriateness of CO2 information presented as mass. Information context, associated with alternative presentation formats, can highlight some aspects of the information to influence intention and choice, have it related to a societal goal, and could aid with analytical decision-making. If a format performs better in an analytical task, does it follow that it would have greater impact on influencing behavioral intention? Or might a format that includes emotional context result in stronger behavioral intention? This research examined how people’s behavioral intention responses for car use varied by three different contextualized formats (carbon budget, tree-equivalent, and earth-equivalent) in comparison to the information content format of simply CO2 mass.
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen D.; Avineri, Erel
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen D.; Avineri, Erel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2872
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Better Understanding of Taxi Emissions in Shenzhen, China, Based on Floating-Car Data
  Abstract: Taxis are a major source of traffic emissions in Chinese urban areas because of their great number and long running time. However, studies on taxi emissions are absent in current literature because of the lack of data on taxis’ running information. This paper takes taxi emissions in Shenzhen, China, as a case study, where detailed taxi operation information is obtained from the floating car data (FCD).The taxi emissions are then estimated using an emission model where emission rates at each speed and acceleration category are obtained from CMEM (Comprehensive Modal Emission Model) The results show that, on average, taxis in Shenzhen annually emitted 682.9 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 475.16 tons of hydrocarbon (HC) and 452.83 tons of nitrogen oxides (NOX), which accounts for around 4% of total CO, 5% of total HC, and 6% of total HC of all cars in Shenzhen. A great part (averagely over 57%) of these emissions is non-service emissions that are emitted during the time when taxis are cruising or idling for new passengers. Hourly non-serving emissions vary significantly depending on the time of day. They are much higher during the wee hours (12 am to 7 am) than at other times. Measures to save taxis’ cruising or idling time would thus be greatly effective for reducing taxi emissions, especially during the wee hours.
  Authors: Yu, Lin-Jun; Peng, Zhong-Ren
  Authors: Yu, Lin-Jun; Peng, Zhong-Ren
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2977
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Spatiotemporal Analysis of Car Distance and Greenhouse Gases and Effect of Built Environment: Latent Class Regression Analysis
  Abstract: This paper has two main objectives: i) to estimate GHG emission inventories at the household level using link-level average speeds for three origin-destination surveys in Montreal, Canada for the years 1998, 2003 and 2008; ii) to estimate the temporal and spatial variations of built environment characteristics and socio-demographics on car distance and GHG emissions at the household level. To estimate emissions, different sources of data are combined including road network, link-level average speeds during different hours, trip-level information and vehicle fleet characteristics. Urban form indicators over time such as population density, land use mix and transit accessibility are generated for each household in each of the three waves. A Latent Class (LC) regression modeling framework is then implemented to investigate the link between built environment, socio-demographics, and GHGs and car distance. The temporal and spatial changes on these two outcomes are determined. The data is divided into 3 classes where for each class a separate model is estimated. We recommend the use of LC regression models when the nature of the dataset has spatial and temporal variation. Our findings on the effect of UF and TA on GHG and car distance travel are consistent with the literature. Also overall, we observe a declining trend in travel-related GHG emissions over time. By keeping everything set to the base case and observing a household across time, we observe that in general this household polluted 15% and 10% more GHG in years 1998 and 2003 than in 2008. This could be due to the better fuel economy of the auto-vehicles over time and increase in transit trips. Employment status also significantly affects household GHGs (with elasticities as high as 51% for each fulltime worker added). As expected, and consistent with the literature, low and medium income households pollute less than high-income households (42% less GHG for low income class compared to high income).
  Authors: Zahabi, Seyed Amir Hossein; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Authors: Zahabi, Seyed Amir Hossein; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2984
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Regional Scale Dispersion Modeling and Analysis of Directly Emitted Fine Particulate Matter from Highway Vehicles Using AERMOD
  Abstract: A large and growing body of literature associates proximity to major roads with increased risk of many negative health outcomes and suggests that exposure to fine particulate matter may be an important factor. Directly emitted and non-reactive mobile source air pollutants such as directly emitted fine particulate matter can form large spatial gradients along major roads, causing large spatial variation in air pollutant concentrations within urban areas. Current modeling and regulatory approaches for minimizing exposure have limited spatial resolution and do not fully exploit the available data. We create a novel air dispersion modeling framework using AERMOD with data from a regional travel demand model that can produce a high resolution concentration surface for a large urban area; in our case Los Angeles California. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of such large scale modeling, we find strong seasonal and temporal variation in exposure to fine particulate matter and document large differences in exposure across racial groups and income levels. We conclude by discussing how integrating our modeling framework into the travel demand modeling routinely performed when developing regional transpiration plans can lead to more environmentally and financially sustainable transportation plans. Regional strategies that minimize exposure, rather than inventories, could be identified, environmental justice concerns are easily identified, and projects likely to cause local pollution “hotspots” can be proactively screened out, saving time and money for the transportation agency. The results will also be useful for epidemiology studies and optimizing the location of new air quality monitors.
  Authors: Gould, Gregory; Contreras, Seth
  Authors: Gould, Gregory; Contreras, Seth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3129
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Data Collection and Analysis in a Pan-European Electric Vehicle Fleet
  Abstract: Electric vehicles are expected to replace a significant portion of existing light vehicle fleets around the developed world over the coming decades. The technology offers several benefits both on environmental and user levels when compared to traditional combustion engines. As the cost of fossil fuels continue to rise and the price of electromobility drops, this method of transport will become more prevalent. Analysis of early stage electric vehicle usage will allow stakeholders to plan the policy and infrastructure needed to facilitate and manage large scale roll out of the technology. A large collection of electric vehicle fleets and infrastructure networks operating in several European regions are monitored for analysis. The authors present preliminary results showing charging infrastructure utilisation for a range of vehicle and charge point use cases. This initial analysis shows that the usage levels for public infrastructure are low, while home charging is responsible for the highest levels of charge consumption. Business use cases, both for charge points and vehicles are characterised by high levels of peak time activity. Private use vehicles and household charge points show a concentration of energy usage in the latter part of the day, with a considerable peak in the early evening. All use cases display several hours of inactivity during the night time, both for charge events and travel patterns, confirming the potential for managed charging to take advantage of periods of low demand for electric vehicle charging. The data highlights the need for pricing incentives to regulate charging behaviour.
  Authors: McDonald, Paul; Brady, John Patrick; O'Mahony, Margaret; Sanmarti, Manel; Daly, Mark; McGrath, Senan; Vierheilig, Norbert
  Authors: McDonald, Paul; Brady, John Patrick; O'Mahony, Margaret; Sanmarti, Manel; Daly, Mark; McGrath, Senan; Vierheilig, Norbert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1021
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Study of Emissions Benefits of Commercial Vehicle Lane Management Strategies
  Abstract: Traffic congestion mitigation has been proposed as a strategy to help attain air quality goals. A better understanding of the full impacts of congestion on heavy-duty (HD) vehicles is needed because HD vehicles contribute a large share of on-road emissions and are more sensitive to speed than light-duty (LD) vehicles. This research shows that the estimated emissions effects of congestion mitigation vary greatly by pollutant and are sensitive to the assumed travel demand elasticity, initial congestion level, and lane management strategy. Analysis of four different managed lane scenarios shows that vehicle class-segregated facilities tend to out-perform general-purpose lane strategies in terms of emissions reductions. Although potentially controversial, from an emissions perspective, conversion of a general purpose lane to a truck-only lane may produce more emissions benefits than adding either a truck-only lane or a general purpose lane. Furthermore, the expected emissions benefits from truck-only lane conversion are robust to uncertainty in travel demand elasticity. This research demonstrates the emissions trade-offs inherent in congestion management between emissions rates and travel volumes by vehicle class, and presents a concise methodological framework that can be readily applied in other contexts for sketch-level analysis of emissions impacts from vehicle class-targeted congestion management.
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1608
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Local Collection and Delivery Points for Last-Mile Deliveries
  Abstract: There are increasing concerns regarding the impacts of failed first-time home deliveries on road transport and the environment, due to potentially additional vehicle trips for both carriers and consumers. Local collection-and-delivery points (CDPs) where consumers can collect their failed home deliveries have emerged as a viable solution. Using two databases of households from across Winchester and West Sussex (UK), and responses from nine major carriers, this paper quantifies GHG emissions on carrier and consumer trips related to the conventional delivery method where the carrier makes re-delivery attempts when a delivery fails, and appraises the environmental benefits of using CDP networks for handling delivery failures. The results suggested that the majority of GHG emissions associated with handling failed home deliveries are generated by the carrier. The share of GHG emissions generated from consumers increases as the proportion of failed first-time home deliveries increases. A range of CDPs (supermarkets, railway stations and post offices) were all found to reduce the environmental impacts of failed home deliveries. A CDP network would reduce the overall GHG emissions most effectively when: 1) 30% or more householders who experienced a failed first-time home delivery travel to the carrier¡¯s depot to retrieve goods; 2) The proportion of failed first-time home deliveries is significant; 3) ¡®Local Collect¡¯ post offices are used as CDPs.The study also has practical and managerial implications for retailers and carriers on how to improve home delivery services by identifying consumer home shopping behaviours and promoting more convenient and environmental-friendly delivery strategies.
  Authors: Song, Liying; Cherrett, Tom; Guan, Wei
  Authors: Song, Liying; Cherrett, Tom; Guan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2498
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Blueprint for Sustainability: One Department of Transportation’s Pursuit of Performance-Based Accountability
  Abstract: An increasing number of transportation agencies in the United States are using sustainability as a framing device for transportation decision making and to demonstrate performance-based accountability. Despite interest in sustainability as an organizing concept for transportation decision making, the practice of using sustainability to frame formal policy development at state departments of transportation is still in its formative stages. This paper presents the approach that has been taken by the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to adopt sustainability as an agency value. Currently in the implementation phase, the Department’s “Blueprint for Sustainability” is not a standalone plan, but rather a set of principles, objectives, performance measures, and strategies that has been integrated into NCDOT’s overall strategic direction and policy framework. The process used to create this product has relied on a combination of internal and external outreach, agency introspection, and conversations with senior leadership to conceptualize sustainability in a way that resonates within the agency’s culture and context. A variety of lessons can be derived from this process, including the importance of flexibility, integration, and strategic coordination with related agency initiatives. Through presentation and evaluation of the NCDOT process, this paper provides transportation practitioners with useful insights for how to integrate sustainability as an agency value and a decision-making framework.
  Authors: Maurer, Lindsay K; Mansfield, Theodore; Lane, Leigh Blackmon; Hunkins, Julie
  Authors: Maurer, Lindsay K; Mansfield, Theodore; Lane, Leigh Blackmon; Hunkins, Julie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-4113
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Generalized Methodology for Establishing CO2 Off-Cycle Credits as Part of Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards
  Abstract: Automobile fuel economy standards in the United States have remained relatively flat for several decades. However, with the recent concern of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG, in particular carbon dioxide CO2), new federal GHG and fuel economy regulations have been proposed and have gone into place starting in 2009. The current standards cover model years 2012-2016, requiring an ultimate 35.5 miles per gallon. Recently, a more aggressive second phase of fuel efficiency goals have been proposed, targeting model years 2017-2025 that requires performance equivalent to 54.5 mpg or 163 grams/mile of CO2 for vehicles by model year 2025. As part of this proposal, regulators will allow for additional “off-cycle” credits for technologies that can reduce CO2 emissions, but the CO2 reductions are not necessarily measurable on standard vehicle fuel economy dynamometer-based test cycle procedures. This is typically the case for technologies that aim to smooth the velocity profile of a vehicle, such as eco-driving and related technologies. To qualify for these off-cycle credits, automobile manufacturers must quantitatively demonstrate CO2 reductions due to their technology. This paper describes a proposed generalized methodology for establishing these off-cycle credits.
  Authors: Barth, Matthew J.; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Todd, Michael; Ishizaka, Tetsuhiro; Williams, Nigel
  Authors: Barth, Matthew J.; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Todd, Michael; Ishizaka, Tetsuhiro; Williams, Nigel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4362
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Assessing Public Transportation Agencies’ Climate Change Adaptation Activities and Needs
  Abstract: Climates are changing throughout the world, including on a regional level in North America. It is likely that changes to four aspects of the climate will cause the greatest impacts to transit infrastructure and operations: intense precipitation, very hot days and heat waves, rising sea levels, and storm (e.g., hurricane) intensity. Climate changes will affect the way transportation professionals manage their multimodal transportation infrastructure. A region or city’s ability to adapt their vulnerable transportation infrastructure and operations to climate-related impacts will determine the resilience of that community’s transportation system. Federal agencies have led the way in adapting many transportation modes to climate changes. A literature review and analysis of current activities and a survey of 300 transit agencies found that focus at the transit agency level was on mitigation of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, transit agencies are facing impacts caused by current weather conditions and by future climate change. The review highlights 17 agencies conducting climate adaptation activities, mostly as part of federally-funded pilot projects. The online survey focused on gathering information such as whether the agencies were involved in climate change adaptation activities, which activities they have or are currently engaged in to assess potential impacts of weather and climate change on their facilities and operations and the relative importance of different resources to effectively assess these impacts. The most common barriers to conducting activities seems to be a lack of funding, lack of access to information and tools (including regional-scale data) and lack of organizational priority.
  Authors: MacArthur, John H
  Authors: MacArthur, John H
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4525
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Vehicle Emissions and Near-Road Air Quality Modeling in Shanghai, China, Based on Taxi GPS Data and MOVES Revised Emissions Inventory
  Abstract: In China, motor vehicle emission has been identified as the major source of urban air pollution, thus the estimation of vehicle emission and its impact on air quality is necessary. Vehicle emission has strong regional characteristics, depending on local vehicle operation and emission performance. This paper employs MOVES model released by U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) for Shanghai vehicle emission factors estimation. To achieve a convincing emission result from MOVES, vehicle operation is extracted from massive taxi GPS data in Shanghai, and emission inventory is revised according to China¡¯s motor vehicle emission standards. In addition, deterioration factors are calculated based on vehicle use condition in China. Comprehensive emission factors of Shanghai light-duty vehicles in different average speed level are generated. By 2012, the Environmental Protection Bureau has set 10 monitoring sites in Shanghai and released real-time PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 concentrations to the public. Using the new release of data, a real-world case study of estimating near-road air quality is modeled with MOVES and air dispersion model AERMOD. The result shows that based on taxi GPS data and MOVES¡¯s revised emission inventory, accuracy of near-road NO2 concentration estimation is improved. The result shows potential of providing policy-making reference on near-road land use and vehicle management. The study also explores the extended use of MOVES, offering a procedure of applying MOVES in non-US regions.
  Authors: Liu, Haobing; Wang, Yuqin; Chen, Xiaohong; Han, Shu
  Authors: Liu, Haobing; Wang, Yuqin; Chen, Xiaohong; Han, Shu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4733
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• GIS-Based Expert Systems Model for Predicting Habitat Suitability of Blackside Dace in Southeastern Kentucky
  Abstract: This study presents a GIS-based predictive habitat suitability model for the blackside dace, a federally-listed threatened species of the Upper Cumberland River basin in southeastern Kentucky. The model is a rules-based system which incorporates expert knowledge about habitat preferences for the species. The five habitat factors identified by experts and included in this model are stream gradient, canopy coverage, riparian vegetation type, riparian zone width, and stream order. Using GIS, the five habitat parameters were parameterized and combined across the entire stream network. Combinations were evaluated by blackside dace experts in terms of habitat suitability. The resulting model was tested against known blackside dace occurrences using locational modeling statistics. This analysis demonstrates success at identifying stream areas of both high and low likelihood of occurrences. Model results could be of particular usefulness to transportation planners in identifying sensitive areas in the landscape that may impact transportation planning.
  Authors: Blandford, Benjamin L.; Ripy, John; Grossardt, Theodore H.
  Authors: Blandford, Benjamin L.; Ripy, John; Grossardt, Theodore H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5059
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Which Is Greener: Idle or Stop and Restart? Comparing Fuel Use and Emissions for Short Passenger-Car Stops
  Abstract: Most advice provided to the public about idle-reduction is handed down as gospel with no8 scientific basis behind it. And the information in the literature is often inconsistent. Argonne9 National Laboratory undertook some simple experiments to provide a preliminary factual basis10 for recommendations on when to keep the engine on, and when to turn it off, for the minimum11 environmental impact.12 Our previous work demonstrated that idling is a very inefficient way to warm up your car13 (your diesel might never warm up if it’s very cold! [1]), and that the catalytic converter cools14 slowly enough that it will still be working when you return to your car after a short stop. The15 argument against parking and going into a business, rather than using a drive-through window,16 has been that the emissions and fuel use associated with restarting your car are greater than those17 incurred by idling for that time. Argonne undertook a series of measurements to determine18 whether this was true by comparing actual idling fuel use and emissions with those for restarting.19 This work seeks to answer the question: Considering both fuel use and emissions, how long can20 you idle in a queue before impacts from idling are greater than they are for restarting? Fuel use21 and carbon dioxide emissions are always greater for idling over 10 seconds; the crossover times22 are found to vary by pollutant.
  Authors: Gaines, Linda; Rask, Eric; Keller, Glenn
  Authors: Gaines, Linda; Rask, Eric; Keller, Glenn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4606
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Application and Findings: SWOT-Based Framework for Evaluating Transportation Agencies’ Sustainability Approaches
  Abstract: A national survey of State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) indicated that such agencies are engaged in a variety of activities to address sustainability issues associated with transportation planning, design, and operations. These activities range from piecemeal environmental practices like roadside mowing policies to comprehensive planning frameworks. However, state DOTs in general do not have sufficient policies or practices in place to evaluate and prioritize investment options that will promote environmental sustainability and sustainable development. For this research, a mixed-methods design employing an expert panel and case studies of individual State DOTs was used to develop, test, and evaluate a strategic planning tool that can help DOTs evolve more sustainable practices. The self-assessment tool was designed to guide agencies through identifying internal strengths and weaknesses in their planning frameworks and organizational structure and culture, characterizing features of the external environment as opportunities or threats, prioritizing areas for strategy development, and developing strategies that link the internal and external environments. Such a tool can also be used to monitor progress over time. The tool was tested by seven state DOTs, and three prominent themes were revealed: the importance of process in addition to content, integration between sustainability policies and implementation, and internal communication of the need and nature of change. The results of this study and of previous research suggest that DOTs’ sustainability approaches are at various levels of maturity, and the siloing of sustainability within the organizations is characteristic of earlier maturity levels.
  Authors: Barrella, Elise; Amekudzi, Adjo A.; Meyer, Michael
  Authors: Barrella, Elise; Amekudzi, Adjo A.; Meyer, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-3385
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Estimates of Critical Values of Aggressive Acceleration from Viewpoint of Fuel Consumption and Emissions
  Abstract: The speed is a main factor to estimate macro amount of fuel consumption and emission of vehicles. However real time micro variation of fuel consumption and emission becomes important while the eco drive campaign to reduce fuel consumption and emission gets more concern. For this reason, the acceleration is becoming more important factor.Although many studies have shown that acceleration is influencing factor for fuel consumption and emission, there are no consents what ranges of acceleration are defined as an aggressive acceleration in various driving conditions. This study tried to define concept of aggressive acceleration and determine critical values of aggressive acceleration a influencing fuel consumption and emission significantly.The aggressive acceleration is defined where fuel consumption and emission rates increase rapidly while driving. The experiments are conducted on the drive testing site in South Korea using a passenger car fueling liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and equipped with a driving data recorder. Testing vehicle speeds range from 10km/h to 80km/h considering driving patterns in urban areas.To depict fuel consumption and emission from the recorded data, regression models are developed and classification and regression tree(CART) analysis is used to find the critical values of aggressive acceleration. As a result, 1.4705§¾ and 2.2770§¾ are determined as estimates of aggressive acceleration and extreme aggressive acceleration, respectively.
  Authors: Kim, Eungcheol; Choi, Eunjin
  Authors: Kim, Eungcheol; Choi, Eunjin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3443
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• An Analytical Framework for Forecasting and Evaluating the Emissions Impacts of Transit Oriented Development Strategies
  Abstract: The goal of this paper is to identify how different land use development policies, such as policies that promote Transit Oriented Development (TOD), impact travel demand patterns and change Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. TOD land uses are typically assumed to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and emissions, while also reducing trip lengths and increasing transit and non-motorized walk and bicycle trips. Although increases in transit and non-motorized modes of travel reduce overall emissions, changes to trips made by auto modes may have a differential impact on emissions, as these types of trips may have a higher rate of emissions generation depending on the impacts to auto speeds caused by TOD. Park-and-ride to transit trips, while providing a benefit for shifts from auto to transit travel, also contribute emissions and these trips may not be accounted for in most existing model-derived emission estimates, therefore it is important that TOD strategies determine the impact that these trips have on emissions. The integration of emissions and land use modeling within the framework of a four-step travel demand model provides a method for local planning agencies to estimate detailed GHG emissions, including emissions caused by vehicle types. A case study of this integrated methodology applied to a multimodal transportation corridor plan, the Grand Boulevard corridor in San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties California, is presented. Mixed-use TOD policies, increasing the density of both housing and jobs together as opposed to increasing the density of housing or jobs separately, resulted in the best reduction in emissions relative to base case conditions. While here was overall a decrease in emissions for all scenarios, emissions increased for the truck and park-and-ride vehicle trip markets across virtually all TOD scenarios evaluated. The results from the evaluation of the TOD scenarios provide local planning agencies information for developing policies that consider various transportation and land use strategies and the associated impacts on GHG emissions mitigation.
  Authors: Chen, Chun-Hung Peter; Naylor, George A.
  Authors: Chen, Chun-Hung Peter; Naylor, George A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: ADC70
  Paper Number: 13-3477
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Spatially Disaggregated Domestic Road Transport Energy Demand in Great Britain
  Abstract: Reducing energy consumption is an important objective of policy makers. Road transport accounts for a significant portion of energy consumption in the UK and worldwide. This paper presents a method of highly spatial disaggregation of domestic road transport energy demand in Great Britain using a “home-based” modelling approach. Specifically, a household-based car ownership model was developed using the Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF) data. Car ownership and regional effects are controlled for in this model. The modelling results are combined with census data so as to predict transport energy demand by small census tract (i.e. output area, OA) in Great Britain. The spatial distribution of road transport energy demand is also mapped at the resolution of 1km square grid.It is anticipated that the home-based transport energy demand model developed in this paper is useful and informative for policy makers and planners, for instance plan of electricity supply and energy crops as electric and biofuel cars are increasingly becoming popular.
  Authors: Wang, Chao; Firth, Steven; Taylor, Simon; Quddus, Mohammed A.
  Authors: Wang, Chao; Firth, Steven; Taylor, Simon; Quddus, Mohammed A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3588
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Using MOVES to Conduct Greenhouse Gas Inventory for On-Road Mobile Sources in Northern New Jersey Region
  Abstract: The North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority (NJTPA) is addressing the challenges of climate change through a series of research activities involving both climate change mitigation and adaptation. NJTPA recently initiated an analysis of the effectiveness of transportation strategy options that would reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from on-road mobile sources. The strategy evaluation approach is built from a MOVES-based GHG emissions baseline inventory. The focus of this paper is to detail the process followed, assumptions made, and emission rates generated for the on-road mobile GHG emissions baseline for the 13 counties in northern New Jersey.The method to estimate the on-road mobile GHG emissions includes running MOVES2010a and making a number of post-MOVES adjustments to account for heavy duty and light duty vehicle efficiency standards not included in the MOVES model. MOVES runs were designed to minimize run time by using the same GHG emission rates for different counties where appropriate and by reducing the number of months included in the runs.The results show a significant impact of vehicle efficiency and emission regulations on running GHG emission rates over time with most of the reduction seen by around 2035. Until MOVES 2013 comes out with the final heavy duty vehicle rule included, it is important to include post-MOVES adjustments to account for this rule in a baseline GHG emissions forecast. It is also helpful to include an alternative baseline forecast that incorporate the effects of the proposed 2017 - 2025 light duty vehicle emission standards.
  Authors: Kall, David; Jackson, David; Perlman, Jeffrey
  Authors: Kall, David; Jackson, David; Perlman, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4015
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Spatial Analysis of Demand for Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Its Potential Impact on Greenhouse Gases in Montreal and Quebec City, Canada
  Abstract: Personal cars contribute 56% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from passenger transportation. As vehicle ownership increases, a promising solution to reduce emissions is to turn to greener technologies, namely electric and hybrid-electric vehicles. The hybrid vehicle fleet in Quebec has increased dramatically from 339 in 2003 to 7,085 in 2008. People are turning to cleaner technologies as a means to reduce fuel costs. They are also motivated by government incentives in the form of tax rebates. This study explores the link between socio-demographics, travel behavior and market penetration of hybrid vehicles in Montreal and Quebec City using a negative binomial regression. Moreover, the impact on GHG of different hybrid market penetration scenarios is evaluated. The regression shows that population density, post-secondary education and trip distances have the most significant influence on hybrid vehicle ownership. This implies that the market is geared towards households with higher incomes, living in dense neighborhoods with high accessibility to transit and service. Although hybrid vehicles have the potential for great GHG reductions, the spatial market distribution indicates that this technology will have a more modest impact than what is expected. From an optimistic perspective where 25% of the vehicle fleet is converted to hybrid vehicles, there would only be a 10% decrease in GHGs in both cities. This is a daily savings of 390.9 tonnes in Montreal and 297.3 tonnes in Quebec City.
  Authors: Chan, Sabrina; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Authors: Chan, Sabrina; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-0889
• Management of Urban Mobility to Control Climate Change in Cities
  Abstract: The need of decarbonization of urban mobility is one of the main priorities for all countries to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets. In general, the transport modes which have experienced the most growth in recent years tend to be the most polluting. Most efforts have been focused on the vehicle efficiency improvements and vehicle fleet renewal; nevertheless more emphasis should be placed on strategies related to the management of urban mobility and modal share. Research of individual travel which analyzes CO2 emissions and car and public transport share in daily mobility will enable better assessments of the potential of urban mobility measures introduced to limit GHG emissions produced by transport in cities. This paper explores the sustainability impacts of daily mobility in Spain using data from two National Travel Surveys (NTSs) (2000 and 2006) and includes a method by which to estimate the CO2 emissions associated with each journey and each surveyed individual. The results demonstrate that in the 2000 to 2006 period, there has been an increase in daily mobility which has led to a 17% increase in CO2 emissions. When separated by transport mode, cars prove to be the main contributor to that increase, followed by public transport. More focus should be directed toward modal shift strategies which not only take the number of journeys into account but also consider distance. The contributions of this paper have potential applications in the assessment of current and future urban transport policies.
  Authors: Sobrino, Natalia; Monzon, Andres
  Authors: Sobrino, Natalia; Monzon, Andres
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-1470
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Do Plug-in Vehicle Buyers Want Green Electricity? Survey of U.S. New-Car Buyers
  Abstract: The environmental benefits of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) increase if the vehicles are powered by electricity from “green” sources such as solar, wind or small hydro. Here we explore the potential to build a market that pairs consumer purchases of PEVs with purchases of green electricity. We implement a web-based survey with three U.S. samples defined by vehicle purchases: conventional new vehicle buyers (n = 1064), hybrid vehicle buyers (n = 364), and PEV buyers (n = 74). Respondents state their interest in a PEV as their next vehicle, interest in purchasing green electricity in one of three ways, i.e., monthly subscription, two-year lease, or purchase, and interest in combining the two products. Pairing a PEV with a green electricity program increased total PEV demand in all three respondent segments—with a 23 percent demand increase among conventional buyers. Demand for both products is generally higher among hybrid and PEV buyers. Respondent’s reported motives for both products and their combination include financial savings (particularly among conventional buyers), concerns about air pollution and the environment, and interest in new technology (particularly among PEV buyers). Results suggest that when the two products are offered together, about one-third of car buyers presently value the combination of a PEV with green electricity; the proportion is much higher among HEV and PEV buyers. Consumers’ reported motivations provide guidance regarding policy and marketing strategies to advance PEVs and green electricity demand.
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S.
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: 13-2301
• Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid, or Electric: What Do Car Buyers Want?
  Abstract: We assess a baseline of consumer interest in electric-drive vehicles using a mixed-mode survey. We compare stated interest in conventional gasoline (CV), hybrid (HEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV) and pure electric vehicles (EV) of varying fuel economies, electric-powered driving ranges, and prices. Data are from 508 households representative of new vehicle buying households in San Diego County, California in early 2011. In addition to household descriptions, the survey collected information about access to vehicle recharge infrastructure at home, three days of driving via a mail-based questionnaire, desired vehicle designs via on-line design games, and information on design motivations (also on-line). Across the higher and lower price games, a majority of consumers designed and selected some form of PHEV (56 to 65 percent), with minorities selecting an HEV (20 to 25 percent) or a conventional vehicle (10 to 16 percent). An EV was designed by only two to four percent of survey respondents. Of those who did not design an EV, the most frequent concerns with EVs were limited range and charger availability, and higher vehicle purchase prices. Positive interest in HEVs, PHEVs and EVs was associated with vehicle images of intelligence, responsibility, and support of the environment and nation. The distribution of vehicle designs suggests that cheaper, smaller battery PHEVs may achieve more short-term market success than larger battery PHEVs or EVs. If consumer motivations change with actual experience of electric-drive, managing those changes may be essential to guiding consumer valuation toward greater vehicle electrification.
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S.
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: 13-3028
• Marketing Around Fuel Economy Regulation of Passenger Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks
  Abstract: America’s vehicle fleet has evolved since the federal government imposed a dual standard for vehicle fuel economy that allowed light-duty trucks heavier fuel use: light-duty trucks in the forms of pickups, sport-utility vehicles (SUVs), and minivans have become common passenger vehicles. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration updated fuel-economy regulations in recent years to address modern challenges. The updated system retains the dual standard but attempts to refine vehicle classification through physical characteristics, but physical characteristics of vehicles are not the sole factor influencing purchasing decisions. People buy vehicles to fit lifestyles and portray self-images; hence people’s purchasing decisions are heavily influenced by how products are represented. The objective of this research is to characterize and evaluate how vehicle marketing material for specific vehicles differs from how those vehicles are represented and counted for fuel-economy compliance. This study addresses this objective with a content analysis of vehicle brochures evaluated through the lens of critical discourse analysis. Statistical analysis of brochure content showed significantly greater focus on passenger themes in brochures for light-duty trucks even though the looser regulatory standards for these trucks were intended to keep costs low for business and freight. The industry intentionally communicates certain values by depicting certain functions the consumer should expect vehicles to perform. This study identifies of how manufacturers do not necessarily market vehicles according to the intent of fuel-economy regulation.
  Authors: Ridout, John Stuart; Dunning, Anne E.
  Authors: Ridout, John Stuart; Dunning, Anne E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-3252
• Factors Influencing Demand in the Emerging Market for Low-Emission Vehicles
  Abstract: Low Emission Vehicles (LEVs) are being developed and brought to market in order to address the issues surrounding greenhouse gas emissions linked with climate change, high urban pollution levels and concerns linked to energy security. How successful these vehicles are at mitigating these issues depends on their desirability to consumers. This research project takes a new approach to the investigation of consumer response to the introduction of LEVs by specifying a Research Framework which includes components that have received relatively little attention in this field of enquiry. Specifically, measurements relating to symbolic and emotive car meanings have been taken alongside the more traditional functional considerations of LEVs. Additionally, the construct of innovativeness has been measured from an innate and adoptive perspective to examine its influence over LEV preference. Three preference models have been constructed using multiple regression analysis to examine interactions between the Research Framework components. The data has been collected through the application of a self completion household questionnaire distributed over the cities of Dundee and Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the United Kingdom. Initial results indicate that symbolic and emotive meanings as well as individual innovativeness are having statistically significant influence over LEV preference.
  Authors: Morton, Craig; Anable, Jillian; Nelson, John D
  Authors: Morton, Craig; Anable, Jillian; Nelson, John D
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-4319
• Standardized Emission Calculations Along Supply Chains as Basis for Smart Global Transport Solutions in a “Reality of Less”: Is an Approach Within Reach?
  Abstract: In the internationalized world of commerce, global supply chains are a fundamental element and in a “Reality of Less” the maximization of efficiency and effectiveness of these supply chains is of fundamental importance. This maximization of efficiency and effectiveness of supply chains though requires transparency of energy consumption and of emissions, because resources such as fuel and clean air are getting less available. A global standardization for the calculation of emissions would contribute to such a transparency as it allows comparison of the efficiency and effectiveness with regard to supply chains’ energy consumption. Currently, however, such a standard does not exist and a wide range of different methodologies and tools are applied by the various players: different databases are used, various calculation tools apply different indicators and they are generally not compatible with each other. As a consequence results obtained are incomparable at all levels: at the level of shippers as well as at the level of transport modes, of shipments, carriers or products. Comparisons between different supply chains, or elements within them, are not feasible and also trends over time or implications of changes to chains cannot be established. A global applicable standard – similar to the International Financial Reporting Standards – still needs to be developed and implemented internationally. This research describes, based on the COFRET project which is part-funded by the EU, how currently on-going work and efforts worldwide can lead to a further convergence of existing emission calculation tools, as a basis for better supply chains.
  Authors: Ehrler, Verena Charlotte; Davydenko, Igor Y.; de Ree, Diederik; Ton, Jaurieke; Auvinen, Heidi; Lewis, Alan; Seidel, Saskia; Lischke, Andreas; Maurer, Hedi
  Authors: Ehrler, Verena Charlotte; Davydenko, Igor Y.; de Ree, Diederik; Ton, Jaurieke; Auvinen, Heidi; Lewis, Alan; Seidel, Saskia; Lischke, Andreas; Maurer, Hedi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-3596
• Speeding Behavior and Gasoline Prices Using Hourly Washington State Data
  Abstract: Do drivers adjust speeds to save money when gasoline prices rise? Previous research produced mixed results of this energy saving hypothesis. In this paper, a more robust hourly dataset of Washington State highway speeds finds a modest but statistically significant decline in speeds due to increasing gasoline prices. A one dollar increase in gas prices reduces the average speed by 0.27 mph, changing the average highway speed from 70.82 to 70.55 mph, translating into $1.07 billion gas expenditure savings on all U.S. highways annually. In terms of heterogeneity, the research finds that the fastest drivers reduce speeds under-proportionately, potentially undermining the safety objective of a gasoline tax. Finally, the speed changes are mainly caused by the gasoline price that drivers pay at the pump. The high public media attention given to gas prices had relatively little effect on speeding behavior.
  Authors: Watkins, Kari Edison; Wolff, Hendrik
  Authors: Watkins, Kari Edison; Wolff, Hendrik
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-3671
• Participation and Incentive Choice of Participants in an Early Vehicle Retirement Program in Québec, Canada
  Abstract: Early vehicle retirement programs are designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to improve air quality and traffic safety, and to stimulate the economy by replacing the automobile fleet with less polluting vehicles. Québec’s early vehicle retirement program was additionally designed as a mode shift tool by offering one of six different incentives including transit passes, rebates on bicycles and vehicles, or membership to a car sharing cooperative. This paper assesses the characteristics associated with program participation as well as with the choice of each incentive. Between 2009 and 2011, over 40 000 participants registered to the program and provided their address, choice of incentive, age of vehicle, gender and age. Census data provided measures of the built and social environment near participants’ residence. The determinants of program participation rates were assessed using Tobit regressions. A multinomial logistic regression helped identify the determinants of incentive choice. Higher participation rates were found in lower density areas inside metropolitan regions and in higher density non-metropolitan areas, as well as in areas with low unemployment rates, fewer immigrants and younger population. Transit incentives were more popular in dense, metropolitan centers, with more women, younger people and wealthier participants. Older participants were more likely to choose car rebates and bicycle incentives were associated with younger male participants. Participants from lower income areas were more likely to choose the cash incentive. The addition of incentive options that are feasible in areas with lower density or poorer population should be considered. Alternative transportation incentives are mostly chosen in dense urban environments where a mode shift is more feasible.
  Authors: Lachapelle, Ugo
  Authors: Lachapelle, Ugo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-0736
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Medium-Term Effects of London’s Low-Emission Zone
  Abstract: London’s low emission zone (LEZ) was implemented in a staged process from February to July, 2008 in an attempt to reduce the emissions of air pollutants of direct harm to human health within London. The LEZ was introduced to target the worst polluters, specifically heavy diesel vehicles, buses and coaches by imposing minimum emissions standards on vehicles operating in an area covering most of Greater London. Several years on it remains unclear how successful the LEZ has been in meeting its stated objectives and if any improvements in pollution levels can be attributed to the LEZ. This paper uses registration and enforcement information to assess the impact of the LEZ on vehicle registrations, usage and air pollution. Results suggest the rate of fleet turnover for affected vehicle classes in London increased substantially when the LEZ was first introduced before returning to the national average in subsequent years. Early evidence for light commercial vehicles (LCVs), which became subject to the scheme in early 2012, shows a similar effect is likely. Despite an overall growth in freight vehicles operating in London, the number of pre-Euro III vehicles has dropped and this has been coupled with a switch from rigid vehicles to LCVs and (to a lesser extent) articulated vehicles. Ambient air quality measurements, show concentrations of particulate matter within the LEZ have dropped by 2.46 to 3.07 percent compared to just over one percent for areas just outside the LEZ. However, no discernible differences are found for NOX concentrations.
  Authors: Ellison, Richard B; Greaves, Stephen; Hensher, David A.
  Authors: Ellison, Richard B; Greaves, Stephen; Hensher, David A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-4534
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Developing Operating Mode Distribution Inputs for MOVES Using Computer Vision-Based Vehicle Data Collector
  Abstract:

  Acquisition of reliable vehicle activity inputs to MOVES model is necessary to maximize the modeling capacity and help federal and state officials to improve the quality of transportation management. However, there is barely any tool available to rapidly collect the operating mode distribution as well as other traffic activity inputs for the U.S. EPA MOVES model. In this study, a computer vision-based software tool, namely Rapid traffic Emission and Energy Consumption Analysis (REMCAN) system is developed to enable a rapid operating mode distribution profiling for MOVES model. The video based system provides traffic activity inputs includes vehicle speed and acceleration/deceleration rate which are difficult to extract from traditional traffic data source. The system architecture and vehicle parameter extraction methods are presented. The speed measurement, which is the most critical factor for operating mode profiling, is calibrated by a coefficient which converts screen space to real-world space. Afterwards, three case studies with different traffic operation scenarios are performed to demonstrate the capability of REMCAN system. This traffic activity data collection and MOVES operating mode distribution generation process provide time-saving, low-cost and accurate environmental impact results compared to traditional data source for emission estimation analysis.

  Authors: Yao, Zhuo; Wei, Heng; Ma, Tao; Ai, Qingyi; Liu, Hao
  Authors: Yao, Zhuo; Wei, Heng; Ma, Tao; Ai, Qingyi; Liu, Hao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4899
• Reconsidering the Choice Between Gasoline and Diesel Cars: Modeling Both Demand and Automakers' Reaction
  Abstract:

  Abstract Fuel taxation may be used to cover environmental costs associated with fuel consumption by road vehicles. It also represents a large source of revenue for Governments, especially in Europe, and France in particular. Furthermore, different taxation levels of fuels have often been a way to support an industrial sector. In France for instance, the main fuel tax is lower for diesel fuel than for gasoline. Yet, on the one hand, from an environmental viewpoint, several studies show that gasoline is over-taxed whereas diesel fuel is under-taxed. On the other hand, from users' viewpoint, diesel cars have several appealing characteristics: they are more fuel-efficient and their fuel is cheaper (at least in France and several European countries). They are however more expensive, partly because automakers capture a large part of the expected gains. A change in the taxation levels of fuels is thus expected to have an impact on engine type choice by households and firms, while automakers will in return change their pricing strategies in order to maintain their profits. The expected outcome is thus undetermined. This paper aims at giving insights into this question, by modeling both the demand and the supply sides of the car market using French data. The paper also gives expected outcomes of different taxation schemes at the car fleet level in the long run for France. We show that a 60% increase in the tax on diesel fuel would entail a decrease in the dieselization rate at the fleet level from 65% to 50% between 2011 and 2030, and in overall CO2 emissions of passenger cars by 3.5%.

  Authors: Breteau, Vincent; Weber, Simon
  Authors: Breteau, Vincent; Weber, Simon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1051
• On the Existence of the Simultaneous Occurrence of Braess and Emission Paradoxes
  Authors: Szeto, Wai Yuen
  Authors: Szeto, Wai Yuen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1745
• Evaluating the Performance of Doweled and Isolation Joints at National Airport Pavement Testing Facility
  Authors: Mehta, Yusuf
  Authors: Mehta, Yusuf
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-0569
• Participation and Incentive Choice of Participants in an Early Vehicle Retirement Program in Québec, Canada
  Authors: Lachapelle, Ugo
  Authors: Lachapelle, Ugo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-0736
• Chemical Reaction Optimization Approach to Solving the Environmentally Sustainable Network Design Problem
  Authors: Wang, Yi
  Authors: Wang, Yi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1619
• Optimizing Variable Speed Limits for Efficient, Safe, and Sustainable Mobility
  Authors: Yang, Yanni
  Authors: Yang, Yanni
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1828
• Integrated Pricing of Roads and Electricity Enabled by Wireless Power Transfer
  Authors: He, Fang
  Authors: He, Fang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1822
• Analysis and Design of Tradeable Credit Schemes Under Uncertainty
  Authors: Shirmohammadi, Nima
  Authors: Shirmohammadi, Nima
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1826
• Unconstrained Formulation of Environmentally Constrained Traffic Equilibrium Problem
  Authors: Chen, Anthony
  Authors: Chen, Anthony
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-2086
• Spatial Analysis of Demand for Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Its Potential Impact on Greenhouse Gases in Montreal and Quebec City, Canada
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-0889
• Impact of Cracking on Load Transfer Efficiency of Rigid Airfield Pavements
  Authors: Cunliffe, Charles
  Authors: Cunliffe, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1353
• Airport Pavement Missing Data Management and Imputation Using Stochastic Multiple Imputation Model
  Authors: Fwa, Tien Fang
  Authors: Fwa, Tien Fang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1301
• Impact of Cracking on Load Transfer Efficiency of Rigid Airfield Pavements
  Authors: Mehta, Yusuf
  Authors: Mehta, Yusuf
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1353
• Management of Urban Mobility to Control Climate Change in Cities
  Authors: Sobrino, Natalia
  Authors: Sobrino, Natalia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-1470
• Marketing Around Fuel Economy Regulation of Passenger Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks
  Authors: Ridout, John
  Authors: Ridout, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-3252
• Application and Findings: SWOT-Based Framework for Evaluating Transportation Agencies' Sustainability Approaches
  Authors: Barrella, Elise
  Authors: Barrella, Elise
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-3385
• Speeding Behavior and Gasoline Prices Using Hourly Washington State Data
  Authors: Watkins, Kari
  Authors: Watkins, Kari
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-3671
• Differentiated Congestion Pricing of Urban Transportation Networks with Vehicle-Tracking Technologies
  Authors: Zangui, Mahmood
  Authors: Zangui, Mahmood
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-1825
• Accelerated Damage to Low-Volume Highways due to Natural Gas Well-Drilling Activity in Arkansas
  Authors: Wright-Kehner, Elisha
  Authors: Wright-Kehner, Elisha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-3099
• Computing and Evaluating Equilibrium Network Flows of Gasoline and Electric Vehicles
  Authors: Jiang, Nan
  Authors: Jiang, Nan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-4251
• Network Flows of Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Impacts of Electricity-Charging Price
  Authors: Zhang, Ti
  Authors: Zhang, Ti
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-2611
• Model-Based Dynamic Pricing Algorithm for Managed Lanes
  Authors: Fu, Lina
  Authors: Fu, Lina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-2911
• Standardized Emission Calculations Along Supply Chains as Basis for Smart Global Transport Solutions in a "Reality of Less": Is an Approach Within Reach?
  Authors: Ehrler, Verena
  Authors: Ehrler, Verena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-3596
• Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid, or Electric: What Do Car Buyers Want?
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: 13-3028
• Spatial Approach for Assessing Energy-Related Impacts on Transportation Systems
  Authors: Li, Yingfeng
  Authors: Li, Yingfeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-3878
• Blueprint for Sustainability: One Department of Transportation's Pursuit of Performance-Based Accountability
  Authors: Maurer, Lindsay
  Authors: Maurer, Lindsay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-4113
• Medium-Term Effects of London's Low-Emission Zone
  Authors: Ellison, Richard
  Authors: Ellison, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-4534
• Assessing the Impacts of Energy Developments on Rural Texas Highway Infrastructure
  Authors: Miller, Timothy
  Authors: Miller, Timothy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-4834
• Consideration of Shale Gas Development Impacts in Long-Range Transportation Planning
  Authors: Tidd, Leo
  Authors: Tidd, Leo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-5115
• Indicators in the Governance of Sustainable Transport Policies in Japan
  Authors: Gudmundsson, Henrik
  Authors: Gudmundsson, Henrik
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-5154
• Shifting Sands: Emerging Transportation Impacts of Frac Sand Mining and Shale Gas Drilling
  Authors: Hart, Maria
  Authors: Hart, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Pavements
  Session: 534
  Paper Number: 13-5245
• Writing Effective Research Statements
  Authors: Sillick, Sue
  Authors: Sillick, Sue
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Research (about research)
  Session: 128
  Paper Number: P13-5104
• Clean Cities and Overview of Recovery Act's Impact on Alternative-Fuel Vehicles
  Authors: Burnham, Andrew
  Authors: Burnham, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5119
• Making the Case for Liquified Natural Gas Regional Haul Versus Long Haul
  Authors: Fox, Deirdre
  Authors: Fox, Deirdre
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5120
• Lessons Learned from Escalating Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Infrastructure in Chicago
  Authors: Bingham, Samantha
  Authors: Bingham, Samantha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5121
• Research Funding Opportunities
  Authors: Schaftlein, Shari
  Authors: Schaftlein, Shari
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Research (about research)
  Session: 128
  Paper Number: P13-5105
• Research Funding Opportunities
  Authors: Srinivasan, Nanda
  Authors: Srinivasan, Nanda
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Research (about research)
  Session: 128
  Paper Number: P13-5105
• Making the Case for Liquified Natural Gas Regional Haul Versus Long Haul
  Authors: Grannis, Lee
  Authors: Grannis, Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5120
• Flying Forward with Compressed Natural Gas at Dallas-Fort Worth Airport
  Authors: Burns, Pamela
  Authors: Burns, Pamela
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5122
• Washington State Department of Transportation "Electric Highway" Initiative
  Authors: Doyle, Jeff
  Authors: Doyle, Jeff
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5129
• Oregon's TIGER II Grant for Electric Vehicle Infrastructure
  Authors: James, Art
  Authors: James, Art
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5130
• Transportation and Climate Initiative of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States
  Authors: Arroyo, Victoria
  Authors: Arroyo, Victoria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5132
• Strategies to Improve Deployment of Alternative-Fuel and Plug-in Electric Vehicles
  Authors: Garas, Dahlia
  Authors: Garas, Dahlia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5128
• Advancing Research: How It Works and How to Make It Happen
  Authors: Kurgan, Kate
  Authors: Kurgan, Kate
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Research (about research)
  Session: 128
  Paper Number: P13-5106
• Lessons Learned from Escalating Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Infrastructure in Chicago
  Authors: Feigon, Sharon
  Authors: Feigon, Sharon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5121
• Combined Distribution and Stochastic Assignment Problem with Distance Constraint
  Authors: Tang, Shoupeng
  Authors: Tang, Shoupeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 832
  Paper Number: 13-4476
• Factors Influencing Demand in the Emerging Market for Low-Emission Vehicles
  Authors: Morton, Craig
  Authors: Morton, Craig
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-4319
• Why Good Measurement and Evaluation Are Necessary and Difficult and What Is Needed
  Authors: Knaap, Gerrit
  Authors: Knaap, Gerrit
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-5464
• Technical Challenges to Good Measurement
  Authors: Rodier, Caroline
  Authors: Rodier, Caroline
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-5465
• Measuring Progress Toward California’s SB 375 Targets
  Authors: Stoll, Charles "Muggs"
  Authors: Stoll, Charles "Muggs"
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-5468
• Marcellus Shale Developmental Impacts on PennDOT's Roadways
  Authors: Koser, Steven
  Authors: Koser, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 164
  Paper Number: P13-5481
• State Department of Transportation Electric Vehicle Workshops and PEV Self-Assessment Tool
  Authors: Nigro, Nick
  Authors: Nigro, Nick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-5131
• Optimal Sustainable Road Plans Using Multiobjective Optimization Approach
  Authors: Kim, Jin Hee
  Authors: Kim, Jin Hee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-4636
• Recent Impact of Wind Energy and Biofuel Production on Local Roads
  Authors: Skorseth, Ken
  Authors: Skorseth, Ken
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 164
  Paper Number: P13-5487
• Infrastructure and Environmental Impacts of Energy Development on Low-Volume Roads in Pennsylvania
  Authors: Bloser, Steve
  Authors: Bloser, Steve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 164
  Paper Number: P13-5489
• Best Practices to Avoid Liquified Natural Gas Fueling Station Venting Losses
  Authors: Wegrzyn, James
  Authors: Wegrzyn, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy
  Session: 830
  Paper Number: P13-5693
• The Future of Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel
  Authors: Gallagher, Michael
  Authors: Gallagher, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy
  Session: 843
  Paper Number: P13-5695
• Natural Gas Vehicles and Fueling Infrastructure
  Authors: Kolodziej, Richard
  Authors: Kolodziej, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy
  Session: 843
  Paper Number: P13-5697
• Carbon Offset Protocol Considerations at State Departments of Transportation
  Authors: Poe, Carson
  Authors: Poe, Carson
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Freight Transportation
  Session: 174
  Paper Number: P13-5760
• Experience with Clean Fuel Carbon Offset Credits for Bus Rapid Transit Program in Mexico City
  Authors: Andreu, Jose
  Authors: Andreu, Jose
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Freight Transportation
  Session: 174
  Paper Number: P13-5746
• State Department of Transportation Perspective
  Authors: Doyle, Jeff
  Authors: Doyle, Jeff
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Society
  Session: 590
  Paper Number: P13-7151
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Turchetta, Diane
  Authors: Turchetta, Diane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: Z13-195
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Winebrake, James
  Authors: Winebrake, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 175
  Paper Number: Z13-175
• Assessment of Pavement Impacts due to Energy Developments in Texas
  Authors: Barton, John
  Authors: Barton, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 164
  Paper Number: P13-5485
• Iowa County Engineer Perspective on Energy Sector Road Use
  Authors: Nahra, Mark
  Authors: Nahra, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Geotechnology; Pavements
  Session: 164
  Paper Number: P13-5492
• Federal Initiatives Relevant to Measuring Effectiveness of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Efforts
  Authors: Marchese, April
  Authors: Marchese, April
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-5466
• Selling Your Carbon Offsets
  Authors: Dacre, Christine
  Authors: Dacre, Christine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Freight Transportation
  Session: 174
  Paper Number: P13-5747
• Characterizing Pivotal Sources of Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Production
  Authors: Ritter, Karin
  Authors: Ritter, Karin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy
  Session: 830
  Paper Number: P13-5689
• Methane Leakage in Natural Gas Production and Distribution
  Authors: Alvarez, Ramon
  Authors: Alvarez, Ramon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy
  Session: 830
  Paper Number: P13-5690
• EPA Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program
  Authors: DeFigueriedo, Mark
  Authors: DeFigueriedo, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy
  Session: 830
  Paper Number: P13-5691
• Best Practices to Avoid Liquified Natural Gas Fueling Station Venting Losses
  Authors: Powars, Charles
  Authors: Powars, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy
  Session: 830
  Paper Number: P13-5693
• Panel Discussion: State Department of Transportation Involvement in Deployment of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure
  Authors: Turchetta, Diane
  Authors: Turchetta, Diane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Number: P13-6873
• Market Based Measures, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, and Airport Carbon Accreditation: International Perspectives
  Authors: Rossell, Michael
  Authors: Rossell, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 575
  Paper Number: P13-6887
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Wallerstein, Barry
  Authors: Wallerstein, Barry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 331
  Paper Number: Z13-331
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Chien, David
  Authors: Chien, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: Z13-395
• Natural Gas and the Road to Clean Energy
  Authors: Mintz, Marianne
  Authors: Mintz, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy
  Session: 843
  Paper Number: P13-6869
• Transportation and Climate Initiative: Regional Effort to Develop Sustainable Transportation Measures
  Authors: Campoli, Gina
  Authors: Campoli, Gina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-7079
• Building the Future, Part 3: How Cutting Edge Transportation Technologies are Helping Create a Clean Freight Network
  Authors: Quon, Frank
  Authors: Quon, Frank
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 331
  Paper Number: P13-7159
• Who Is Buying PEVs in California and How Are They Being Used?
  Authors: Tal, Gil
  Authors: Tal, Gil
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: P13-6534
• Welcome and Overview of Session - The Dimensions of the Community of Practice of Freight Energy and Environmental Modelers
  Authors: Corbett, James
  Authors: Corbett, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 175
  Paper Number: P13-6437
• Welcome and Overview of Session - The Dimensions of the Community of Practice of Freight Energy and Environmental Modelers
  Authors: Winebrake, James
  Authors: Winebrake, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 175
  Paper Number: P13-6437
• Community and Social Media Use Among Early PEV Drivers
  Authors: Tyree-Hageman, Jennifer
  Authors: Tyree-Hageman, Jennifer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: P13-6533
• The Impact of Oil Constraints on the Future of World Commercial Aviation
  Authors: Bezdek, Roger
  Authors: Bezdek, Roger
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 315
  Paper Number: P13-7156
• Overview, Part 2: Policy Drivers, Coordinated Air Quality and Climate Strategies, and Zero and Near-Zero Emission Transportation Technology Developments
  Authors: Miyasato, Matt
  Authors: Miyasato, Matt
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 331
  Paper Number: P13-7157
• Building the Future, Part 4: How Cutting Edge Transportation Technologies are Helping Create a Clean Freight Network
  Authors: Brown, Tim
  Authors: Brown, Tim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 331
  Paper Number: P13-7160
• Building the Future, Part 5: How Cutting Edge Transportation Technologies are Helping Create a Clean Freight Network
  Authors: Britt, Michael
  Authors: Britt, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 331
  Paper Number: P13-7161
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Putnam, John
  Authors: Putnam, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 575
  Paper Number: Z13-575
• A California Roadmap: Lessons Learned and the Path to Commercialization
  Authors: Elrick, Bill
  Authors: Elrick, Bill
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 817
  Paper Number: P13-6509
• Going Green: Benefit-Cost Analysis for Potential Electric Vehicle Owners
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: P13-6535
• Primer on PEVs for Practitioners: Taxonomy, Potential Benefits, Metrics of Interest, and Challenges of Electrification
  Authors: Ward, Jacob
  Authors: Ward, Jacob
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 137
  Paper Number: P13-6162
• Highway Funding in an Age of Disappearing Gasoline Taxes
  Authors: Ecola, Liisa
  Authors: Ecola, Liisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 137
  Paper Number: P13-6163
• FAA Action Plan on Mitigating CO2 Emissions from Aviation
  Authors: Maurice, Lourdes
  Authors: Maurice, Lourdes
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 481
  Paper Number: P13-6179
• What Is the Airlines' Role in Reducing CO2 Emissions?
  Authors: Pohle, Timothy
  Authors: Pohle, Timothy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 481
  Paper Number: P13-6180
• Making a Wise Decision on PEV Charging Stations
  Authors: Graham, Robert
  Authors: Graham, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 137
  Paper Number: P13-6164
• How Aviation Manufacturers Are Designing Aircraft and Engines to Minimize Carbon
  Authors: Peterson, Robert
  Authors: Peterson, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 481
  Paper Number: P13-6178
• Accommodating Variation in Driving Patterns Between and Within Households
  Authors: Lin, Zhenhong
  Authors: Lin, Zhenhong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 137
  Paper Number: P13-6167
• Variation in Real-World Charging Behavior
  Authors: Kurani, Kenneth
  Authors: Kurani, Kenneth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 137
  Paper Number: P13-6171
• Results of ACRP Project 02-10: Practical Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategies for Airports
  Authors: Lemaster, Kristin
  Authors: Lemaster, Kristin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 481
  Paper Number: P13-6182
• Perspectives on Airline Strategies for Competitiveness in an Era of High Fuel Prices
  Authors: Miller, Bruno
  Authors: Miller, Bruno
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 315
  Paper Number: P13-6190
• Energy Savings and the Airfield Electrical System: Designing from Operations and Maintenance Perspective
  Authors: Joyner, John
  Authors: Joyner, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: P13-6399
• The Rise of Green Freight in Asia
  Authors: Punte, Sophie
  Authors: Punte, Sophie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 175
  Paper Number: P13-6445
• Freight Flow Modeling and Carbon Footprints in Metropolitan Areas and Supply Chains
  Authors: Southworth, Frank
  Authors: Southworth, Frank
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 175
  Paper Number: P13-6446
• The Complex Interactions between EVs and Travel Demand
  Authors: Aultman-Hall, Lisa
  Authors: Aultman-Hall, Lisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 137
  Paper Number: P13-6166
• Freight 2050: The Use of Scenario Modeling to Explore Future Freight Transportation Energy Use
  Authors: Grenzeback, Lance
  Authors: Grenzeback, Lance
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 175
  Paper Number: P13-6447
• Effect of Location and Driving Conditions on Plug-in Vehicle Benefits
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 137
  Paper Number: P13-6168
• Influences on PEV Cost-effectiveness: Powertrain Design; Battery, Infrastructure, and Fuel Costs; and Vehicle Use
  Authors: Santini, Danilo
  Authors: Santini, Danilo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 137
  Paper Number: P13-6169
• World Bank Policies on Alternative Aviation Fuels
  Authors: Schlumberger, Charles
  Authors: Schlumberger, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 315
  Paper Number: P13-6193
• Development of a Freight Decarbonization Tool: An Evaluation of Measures for Reducing Emissions from Freight Transport in the UK
  Authors: McKinnon, Alan
  Authors: McKinnon, Alan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 175
  Paper Number: P13-6450
• Opportunities for Freight Efficiency and Logistics to Meet Energy and Environmental Goals in the Freight Sector
  Authors: Goodchild, Anne
  Authors: Goodchild, Anne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 175
  Paper Number: P13-6442
• The Geospatial Intermodel Freight Transportation (GIFT) Model: Case Studies on the Use of Geospatial Network Optimization for Evaluating Performance Tradeoffs in the Freight Sector
  Authors: Winebrake, James
  Authors: Winebrake, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 175
  Paper Number: P13-6448
• Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions Around Airports
  Authors: Vigilante, Mary
  Authors: Vigilante, Mary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 575
  Paper Number: P13-6199
• Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Experience with Climate Registry
  Authors: Kimball, Nathaniel
  Authors: Kimball, Nathaniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 575
  Paper Number: P13-6200
• Translating Principles of Sustainability into Accountability Framework for North Carolina Department of Transportation
  Authors: Lane, Leigh
  Authors: Lane, Leigh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Energy; Environment
  Session: 224
  Paper Number: P13-5887
• Implementing Sustainability at the Oregon Department of Transportation: Practices and Performance Measures
  Authors: Bradway, Marjorie
  Authors: Bradway, Marjorie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Energy; Environment
  Session: 224
  Paper Number: P13-5888
• Implementing GreenDOT Sustainability Policy into Performance at Massachusetts Department of Transportation
  Authors: Cagle, Catherine
  Authors: Cagle, Catherine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Energy; Environment
  Session: 224
  Paper Number: P13-5890
• Requirements for the Approval of Carbon Credits
  Authors: Seager, Jerry
  Authors: Seager, Jerry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Freight Transportation
  Session: 174
  Paper Number: P13-5981
• Interconnection of Energy Use, Pricing, and Finance
  Authors: Wachs, Martin
  Authors: Wachs, Martin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Society
  Session: 590
  Paper Number: P13-6055
• Freight Transportation: Challenges and Opportunities
  Authors: Giuliano, Genevieve
  Authors: Giuliano, Genevieve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Society
  Session: 590
  Paper Number: P13-6058
• Energy Information Administration Forecast of U.S. Natural Gas Production and Use in Transportation
  Authors: Staub, John
  Authors: Staub, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy
  Session: 843
  Paper Number: P13-5694
• Oregon Department of Transportation's Experience
  Authors: Bradway, Marjorie
  Authors: Bradway, Marjorie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Freight Transportation
  Session: 174
  Paper Number: P13-5759
• Deployment of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
  Authors: Mintz, Marianne
  Authors: Mintz, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 817
  Paper Number: P13-6510
• What Can Metropolitan Areas Do to Reduce Transportation Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions?
  Authors: Noland, Robert
  Authors: Noland, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Society
  Session: 590
  Paper Number: P13-6060
• European Perspective: Carbon Trading in Marine Transportation and Other Modes
  Authors: Kollamthodi, Sujith
  Authors: Kollamthodi, Sujith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Freight Transportation
  Session: 174
  Paper Number: P13-6117
• Livability Literature Review: Synthesis of Current Practice
  Authors: Hermanson, Valerie
  Authors: Hermanson, Valerie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2940
• First-Ever Aviation Carbon Credits
  Authors: Delaney, Tod
  Authors: Delaney, Tod
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Energy; Freight Transportation
  Session: 174
  Paper Number: P13-5980
• Sustainable Communities: Challenges in Implementing Standardized Performance Measures
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-3397
• Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure Investments and Mode Share Changes: A 20-Year Case Study of Boulder, Colorado.
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-4192
• Measure for Measure: Using Energy Utility Model to Standardize Evaluation of Transportation Efficiency Measures
  Authors: Sears, Justine
  Authors: Sears, Justine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0214
• Biodiesel from Microalgae in Lagoons: Acceptable Alternative Fuel for the Transportation Crunch?
  Authors: Coelho, Margarida
  Authors: Coelho, Margarida
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0767
• Catching the PHEVer: Simulating Electric Vehicle Diffusion with Agent-Based Mixed Logit Model of Vehicle Choice
  Authors: Brown, Maxwell
  Authors: Brown, Maxwell
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1099
• Valuation of Plug-in Vehicle Life-Cycle Air Emissions and Oil Displacement Benefits
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1224
• Electric Vehicle Charging Station Location Problem: A Parking-Based Assignment Method for Seattle, Washington
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1254
• Quick Estimation Method for Greenhouse Gas Emissions at Intersections
  Authors: Stanek, David
  Authors: Stanek, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1428
• Study of Effect on GHG Emissions by Addition of Transit Mode in Existing Road Network and Optimal Emission Pricing Models for Reducing Carbon Footprint
  Authors: Sharma, Sushant
  Authors: Sharma, Sushant
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1579
• Role of Heavy-Duty Freight Vehicles in Reducing Emissions on Congested Freeways with Elastic Travel Demand Functions
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1607
• Sensitivity Test Analysis of MOVES and AERMOD Models
  Authors: Vallamsundar, Suriya
  Authors: Vallamsundar, Suriya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1590
• Coherent Approach for Modeling and Nowcasting Hourly Near-Road Black Carbon Concentrations in Seattle, Washington
  Authors: Liu, Xiaoyue Cathy
  Authors: Liu, Xiaoyue Cathy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1792
• Presentation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Information for Smartphone Applications
  Authors: Caulfield, Brian
  Authors: Caulfield, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2030
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Current and Near-Term Bus Technologies in London
  Authors: Chong, Uven
  Authors: Chong, Uven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2031
• Environmentally Conscious Highway Design for Vertical Grades
  Authors: Ko, Myunghoon
  Authors: Ko, Myunghoon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2125
• Travel Behavior and E-mobility in Germany: Is the Problem the Driving Range or Costs or Both?
  Authors: Rudloff, Christian
  Authors: Rudloff, Christian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2114
• Traffic Microsimulation Approach to Evaluation of Vehicle Emissions on One-Way Versus Two-Way Streets: Case Study in Downtown Houston, Texas
  Authors: Wang, Jinghui
  Authors: Wang, Jinghui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2218
• Effects of Temperature and Thermal Management on Battery Life in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2220
• Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Local Collection and Delivery Points for Last-Mile Deliveries
  Authors: Cherrett, Tom
  Authors: Cherrett, Tom
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2498
• Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainability in the Transportation Sector
  Authors: Rouhani, Omid
  Authors: Rouhani, Omid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3195
• Evaluating Accuracy of Approaches to Integrating Microscopic Traffic Simulators with Emissions Models for Project-Level Emissions Analysis
  Authors: Zhao, Yunjie
  Authors: Zhao, Yunjie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3228
• Evaluating Accuracy of Approaches to Integrating Microscopic Traffic Simulators with Emissions Models for Project-Level Emissions Analysis
  Authors: Sadek, Adel
  Authors: Sadek, Adel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3228
• Estimates of Critical Values of Aggressive Acceleration from Viewpoint of Fuel Consumption and Emissions
  Authors: Choi, Eunjin
  Authors: Choi, Eunjin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3443
• A Multimodal Freight Transportation Network Design Problem for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  Authors: Lee, Chungwon
  Authors: Lee, Chungwon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3484
• Impacts of Energy Developments on Highway Systems
  Authors: Quiroga, Cesar
  Authors: Quiroga, Cesar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3650
• Creating Per Capita Transportation CO2 Indicator for European Cities Through Geographic Information System
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3906
• Using MOVES to Conduct Greenhouse Gas Inventory for On-Road Mobile Sources in Northern New Jersey Region
  Authors: Kall, David
  Authors: Kall, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4015
• Comparison Between Long-Term Effects of Road Development and Railway Development for Low-Carbon Urban Transport System in Bangkok, Thailand
  Authors: Nakamura, Kazuki
  Authors: Nakamura, Kazuki
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4101
• Accommodating Electric Vehicle Charging in California's Power Sector: Regional Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  Authors: Sohnen, Julia
  Authors: Sohnen, Julia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4120
• Incorporating Environmental Measures into a Reliable Freight Routing Model
  Authors: Nie, Yu
  Authors: Nie, Yu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4185
• Road Transport Fuel Consumption Trends in the United Kingdom: Empirical Analysis of Diesel Demand
  Authors: Ramli, Ahmad Razi
  Authors: Ramli, Ahmad Razi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4313
• Assessing Public Transportation Agencies' Climate Change Adaptation Activities and Needs
  Authors: MacArthur, John
  Keywords: scientific; research; template; custom; poster; presentation; symposium; printing; PowerPoint; create; design; example; sample; download
  Authors: MacArthur, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4525
• U.S. Residential Charging Potential for Plug-In Vehicles
  Authors: Traut, Elizabeth
  Authors: Traut, Elizabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4801
• Estimating On-Road Fuel Economy of PHEVs from Test and Aggregated Data
  Authors: Stephens, Thomas
  Authors: Stephens, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4755
• Developing Operating Mode Distribution Inputs for MOVES Using Computer Vision-Based Vehicle Data Collector
  Authors: Yao, Zhuo
  Keywords: poster presentation; poster design; poster template
  Authors: Yao, Zhuo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4899
• Development of Integrated Vehicle and Traffic Simulator for Evaluation of Routing Strategies of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  Authors: Bhavsar, Parth
  Authors: Bhavsar, Parth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4909
• GIS-Based Expert Systems Model for Predicting Habitat Suitability of Blackside Dace in Southeastern Kentucky
  Authors: Blandford, Benjamin
  Authors: Blandford, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5059
• Methodology for Generating Individual Vehicle Speed Profile for Estimating Freeway Emissions
  Authors: Oh, Cheol
  Authors: Oh, Cheol
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5138
• Methodology for Generating Individual Vehicle Speed Profile for Estimating Freeway Emissions
  Authors: Choi, Jinheoun
  Authors: Choi, Jinheoun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5138
• Multiobjective Traffic Network Design Accounting for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption
  Authors: Duell, Melissa
  Authors: Duell, Melissa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5203
• Measuring Emissions from a General Aviation Engine Burning Alternative Jet Fuels
  Authors: Peltier, Edward
  Authors: Peltier, Edward
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: P13-6000
• Emissions Exposure Modeling System for Assessing Impacts of Low-Emission Truck Technology
  Authors: Amirjamshidi, Glareh
  Authors: Amirjamshidi, Glareh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: P13-6002
• Taneytown Historic District Interpretive Program
  Authors: Bruder, Anne
  Authors: Bruder, Anne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: P13-6286
• Multi-instrument Geophysical Investigations of Historic Cemeteries
  Authors: Chiarulli, Beverly
  Authors: Chiarulli, Beverly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: P13-6319
• Accounting for Timing and Investment Constraints in Vehicle Deployment Analyses
  Authors: Stephens, Thomas
  Authors: Stephens, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0283
• Projecting Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Japanese Passenger Cars up to 2020: Using Index Decomposition Techniques
  Authors: Mishina, Yoshinori
  Authors: Mishina, Yoshinori
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0286
• Charging Choices and Fuel Displacement in a Large-Scale Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Demonstration
  Authors: Zoepf, Stephen
  Authors: Zoepf, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0533
• Charging Choices and Fuel Displacement in a Large-Scale Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Demonstration
  Authors: MacKenzie, Donald
  Authors: MacKenzie, Donald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0533
• Fuel Consumption and Vehicle Emission Models for Evaluating Environmental Impacts of Electronic Toll Collection System in Beijing
  Authors: Weng, Jiancheng
  Authors: Weng, Jiancheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0845
• Cost-Effectiveness of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Capacity and Charging Infrastructure Investment for Reducing U.S. Gasoline Consumption
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2120
• Influencing Sustainable Travel Intention Through Contextualized Presentation Format
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2872
• Development of Simulated Driving Cycles: Case Study of Waterfront Area in Toronto, Canada
  Authors: Amirjamshidi, Glareh
  Authors: Amirjamshidi, Glareh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2648
• Decarbonization of Toll Plazas: Impact Assessment of Toll Collection System Management
  Authors: Hernandez, Sara
  Authors: Hernandez, Sara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2687
• Road Construction, Repair, and Maintenance: Review of the Impact on the Environment
  Authors: Rolle, Kenya
  Authors: Rolle, Kenya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3167
• U.S. Residential Charging Potential for Plug-In Vehicles
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4801
• Method and Case Study for Quantifying Local Emissions Impacts of Transportation Improvement Project Involving Road Realignment and Conversion to Multilane Roundabout
  Authors: Anya, Abseen
  Authors: Anya, Abseen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5243
• Environmental Analysis in Transportation
  Authors: Stoll, Charles "Muggs"
  Authors: Stoll, Charles "Muggs"
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: P13-5837
• NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 71: Templates for Project-Level Analysis with MOVES, CAL3QHC/R, and AERMOD
  Authors: Tidd, Leo
  Authors: Tidd, Leo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: P13-6001
• Life-Cycle Assessment of Diesel-Electric Hybrid Trucks and Conventional Diesel Trucks for Curbside Deliveries
  Authors: Bachmann, Chris
  Authors: Bachmann, Chris
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1374
• Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Strategies in Road Freight Transport in Mexico
  Authors: Menendez, Cynthia
  Authors: Menendez, Cynthia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0992
• Sustainable Biofuel Supply Chain Planning and Management Under Uncertainty
  Authors: Xie, Fei
  Authors: Xie, Fei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1083
• Influence of Ventilation Mode and Out-Vehicle Pollution on In-Vehicle PM2.5 Concentration
  Authors: Abi-Esber, Layale
  Authors: Abi-Esber, Layale
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2549
• Analysis of Household Vehicle Usage and Ownership Under Different Taxation Policies
  Authors: Kuwano, Masashi
  Authors: Kuwano, Masashi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2478
• NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 71: Templates for Project-Level Analysis with MOVES, CAL3QHC/R, and AERMOD
  Authors: Mullen, Maureen
  Authors: Mullen, Maureen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: P13-6001
• Study of Emissions Benefits of Commercial Vehicle Lane Management Strategies
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1608
• Development and Evaluation of Simplified Version of MOVES for Coupling with Traffic Simulation Model
  Authors: Liu, Bin
  Authors: Liu, Bin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1201
• Development and Evaluation of Intelligent Energy Management Strategy for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
  Authors: Wu, Guoyuan
  Authors: Wu, Guoyuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2457
• Marginal Costs of Freeway Traffic Congestion with On-Road Pollution Exposure Externality
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1609
• Modeling Air Quality Impacts of Feedstock Transportation for Cellulosic Biofuel Production in Tennessee
  Authors: Yu, Tun-Hsiang
  Authors: Yu, Tun-Hsiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1650
• Vehicle Emissions and Near-Road Air Quality Modeling in Shanghai, China, Based on Taxi GPS Data and MOVES Revised Emissions Inventory
  Authors: Liu, Haobing
  Authors: Liu, Haobing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4733
• Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure Investments and Mode Share Changes: A 20-Year Case Study of Boulder, Colorado.
  Abstract:

  This case study examines transportation infrastructure investments along with data revealing mode share in order to highlight correlations between investments in sustainable transportation infrastructure (‘supply’) and patterns of non-automobile mode share (‘demand’). The analysis assesses data from Boulder, Colorado, a city that has made substantial efforts to improve its multi-modal transportation infrastructure and services by investing in pedestrian, bicycle, and transit infrastructure and services. We aim to describe connections between supply and demand by measuring two phenomena: the extent of transportation infrastructure investments supporting pedestrian, bicycle, and transit modes made between 1990 and 2009, and the share of these modes during the same 20-year period. Results illustrate an overall increase in transit and bicycle mode share and a decrease in single occupancy vehicle share, with consistent pedestrian share. We conclude that Boulder’s investments in improving mode choices through new infrastructure and services supporting non-automobile modes are associated with increasing share of non-automobile modes. This is despite national trends which indicate opposite patterns. Regardless of the reasons for the positive trends experienced in Boulder, the presence of robust pedestrian, bicycling, and transit infrastructure has clearly coincided with evolving travel preferences. Boulder therefore serves as an example for other cities desiring to focus on developing policies and infrastructure that expand the availability of non-automobile modes.

  Authors: Henao, Alejandro; Piatkowski, Daniel; Luckey, Kara Showalter; Nordback, Krista; Stonebraker, Eric William; Marshall, Wesley; Krizek, Kevin J.
  Authors: Henao, Alejandro; Piatkowski, Daniel; Luckey, Kara Showalter; Nordback, Krista; Stonebraker, Eric William; Marshall, Wesley; Krizek, Kevin J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-4192
• Charging Choices and Fuel Displacement in a Large-Scale Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Demonstration
  Abstract:

  As relatively few plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been deployed to date, existing analyses of the effects of PHEVs on gasoline and electricity demand have relied on travel patterns of conventional vehicles and assumption-driven charging scenarios. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of a real-world fleet of 125 instrumented PHEV prototypes deployed in the United States over a one-year period. First, the trial is introduced and the patterns of travel, charging behavior and energy consumption observed are analyzed. Second, a mixed logit model of the decision to charge at the end of each trip is estimated. The results indicate that charging is most likely after the day’s last trip, when ending at home, and when there are more than 3 hours before the next trip, although significant heterogeneity exists between drivers. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first application of a discrete choice model to the empirical analysis of plug-in vehicle charging. Third, the performance of this fleet assuming different vehicle designs and charging patterns is simulated. Aggressive opportunistic charging after every trip would result in approximately the same fuel savings as increasing the battery size by a factor of five. However, fast charging would provide only marginal changes in energy use given the observed utilization patterns.

  Authors: Zoepf, Stephen; MacKenzie, Donald Warren; Keith, David; Chernicoff, William P.
  Authors: Zoepf, Stephen; MacKenzie, Donald Warren; Keith, David; Chernicoff, William P.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0533