2013 Subject Index: Environment

• Accounting for Timing and Investment Constraints in Vehicle Deployment Analyses
  Abstract: This paper addresses two ways to “reality check” scenarios of the deployment of advanced road vehicles (advanced hybrids, fuel cell vehicles, etc.) – (1) a suggested timeline for the stages of vehicle deployment, to check whether the timing of the projected deployment is realistic, and (2) a method for evaluating the “business case” for such deployment using decision tree analysis. The great majority of scenario analyses do not address the “supply side” of the scenario – whether investors would likely proceed with the capital investments required to fund the vehicle deployment, given the substantial risks involved. Further work is needed to allow the proposed method to be readily used by researchers, including development of a data base of critical capital investments required for vehicle deployment (e.g., battery manufacturing plants, vehicle assembly lines). Also, the timeline should be extended to encompass development of a refueling infrastructure for alternatively fueled vehicles.
  Authors: Plotkin, Steven Edward; Stephens, Thomas S; McManus, Walter S.
  Authors: Plotkin, Steven Edward; Stephens, Thomas S; McManus, Walter S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0283
• Developing a Comprehensive Sustainable Transportation Analysis Framework
  Abstract: As climate change has become understood and accepted by state, regional and local governments, there has been a growing impetus to set goals and targets for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and use of fossil fuels. Tools to prioritize and implement regional and local transportation sector emissions reduction policies have been unavailable to practitioners and policy makers. At the same time, the transportation industry is undergoing a paradigm shift from mobility to access, requiring new ways of defining and evaluating success. Furthermore, transportation agencies are under pressure to deliver projects in a safer, more equitable and cost effective manner. To fill this void, a grass roots group of transportation and sustainability professionals formed to develop a rating system and the planning tools needed to make measurable headway toward improving the performance of transportation in all these areas. Since 2009 the Sustainable Transportation Analysis and Rating System (STARS) has been under development and is being tested on both transportation projects and regional plans. This paper identifies characteristics of STARS that advance the state of the practice while highlighting challenges and gaps. STARS provides a suite of credits incorporating tools and guidance based upon triple bottom line principles. Backcasting is used to establish desired future outcomes, rather than the more traditional forecasting process. STARS uses performance measures to analyze all transport modes and strategies. A pilot project in Santa Cruz County, California is highlighted. Performance monitoring will determine whether the system changes practices and outcomes.
  Authors: Dondero, George A; Hurley, Peter
  Authors: Dondero, George A; Hurley, Peter
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Construction; Environment; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 274
  Paper Number: 13-0348
• Fuel Economy Impacts of Manual, Conventional Cruise Control, and Predictive Eco-Cruise-Control Driving
  Abstract: The paper presents the results of a field experiment that was designed to compare manual driving, conventional cruise control (CCC) driving, and Eco-cruise control (ECC) driving with regard to fuel economy. The field experiment was conducted on five test vehicles along a section of Interstate 81 that was comprised of ±4% uphill and downhill grade sections. Using an Onboard Diagnostic II reader, instantaneous fuel consumption rates and other driving parameters were collected with and without the CCC system enabled. The collected data were compared with regard to fuel economy, throttle control, and travel time. The results demonstrate that CCC enhances vehicle fuel economy by 3.3 percent on average relative to manual driving, however this difference was not found to be statistically significant at a 5 percent significance level. The results demonstrate that CCC driving is more efficient on downhill versus uphill sections. In addition, the study demonstrates that an ECC system can produce fuel savings ranging between 8 and 16 percent with increases in travel times ranging between 3 and 6 percent. These benefits appear to be largest for heavier vehicles (SUVs).
  Authors: Park, Sangjun; Rakha, Hesham; Ahn, Kyoungho; Moran, Kevin
  Authors: Park, Sangjun; Rakha, Hesham; Ahn, Kyoungho; Moran, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0407
• Behavioral Traits and Airport Type Affect Mammal Incidents With U.S. Civil Aircraft
  Abstract: Worldwide, it is estimated that Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions (WVCs) are responsible for > US$4 billion in annual damages from vehicle collisions on roads and civil aircraft collisions alone. Wildlife incidents with aircraft cost the United States civil aviation industry an estimated > US $1.4 billion in damages and loss of revenue from 1990 to 2009. Although terrestrial mammals represent 2.3% of wildlife aviation incidents, damage to aircraft occurs in 59% of mammal incidents. Behavioral traits and size of mammal species and differences in mammal management techniques may produce temporal, frequency, species richness, and damage in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Wildlife Strike Database from 1990–2010 to characterize and analyze these incidents by airport type: Part-139 certified (certificated) and general aviation (GA). Relative hazard scores were also generated for species most frequently involved in incidents based on damage and effect on flight. We found incidents were most frequent in October (n = 215) at certificated airports, and November (n = 111) at GA airports, but overall, more incidents were reported in August (n = 310) at all airports. Most (63.2%) incidents at all airports (n = 1,523) occurred at night but the greatest incident rate occurred at dusk (177.3 incidents/hr). Certificated airports had more than twice as many incidents as GA airports and “other” airports. Certificated airports had incidents with more species or groups (n = 41) than GA airports (n = 28) or “other” airports (n = 20). More incidents with damage (n = 1,594) occurred at GA airports (38.6%) than certificated airports (19.0%), or “other” airports (n = 1.76%). Artiodactlya incidents incurred the greatest (92.4%) damage costs (n = 326) at all airports, followed by Carnivora (7.3%). Mule deer (Odocoileus hermionus) was the most hazardous (hazard score = 100) species, followed by white-tailed deer (89), and domestic dog (78). Overall, relative hazard score increased with increasing log body mass. We recommend biologists evaluate mammal species present on airport grounds based on the aircraft hazard information we provide and consider prioritizing management strategies that emphasize reducing occurrence of species on airport property.
  Authors: Biondi, Kristin M.
  Authors: Biondi, Kristin M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: AV030
  Paper Number: 13-0430
• Ecodrive Application: Algorithmic Development and Preliminary Testing
  Abstract: The research presented in this paper develops and quantifies the fuel savings associated with an eco-drive system that combines an eco-cruise control (ECC) algorithm and state-of-the-art car-following models. The system makes use of topographic information provided from a high resolution map, the spacing between the subject and lead vehicle that can be obtained from a radar system or some form of vehicle-to-vehicle communication, a desired (or target) vehicle speed, a minimum and maximum desired speed, and a cruise control spacing threshold. The study demonstrates that the proposed system can significantly improve vehicle fuel efficiency without significantly increasing the inter vehicle spacing. Specifically, fuel savings in the range of 27 percent are achieved with an average vehicle spacing of 48 m along a study section of Interstate 81. The study also demonstrates that regular vehicles can benefit significantly by following a lead eco-drive vehicle.
  Authors: Ahn, Kyoungho; Rakha, Hesham; Park, Sangjun
  Authors: Ahn, Kyoungho; Rakha, Hesham; Park, Sangjun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 714
  Paper Number: 13-0401
• Are Ecolanes a Sustainable Option to Reduce Emissions in a Medium-Sized European City?
  Abstract: Innovative traffic management measures are needed to reduce transportation-related emissions on arterials and freeways. While in Europe, road lane management has focused mainly on introduction of bus lanes, the conversion to High Occupancy Vehicles (HOV) and eco-lanes (lanes dedicated to vehicles running on alternative fuels) has not been studied comprehensively. The objectives of this research are to: 1) Develop an integrated microscale modeling platform calibrated with real world data to assess both traffic and emissions impacts of future Traffic Management Strategies (TMS) in an urban area; 2) Evaluate the introduction of eco-lanes in three different types of roads in European medium-sized cities and its effects in terms of emissions and traffic performance. The methodology consists of three distinct phases: a) Traffic and road inventory data collection, b) Traffic and emissions modeling using an integrated platform of microsimulation, and c) Evaluation of scenarios. For the baseline scenario, the statistical analysis of the integrated platform show valid results, i.e., no significant differences between simulated and Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) modal distributions. Moreover, the methodology applied shows that HOV and eco-lanes in a medium European city are feasible. The results show that on freeways a majority of passengers can reduce their travel time about 5% with a positive impact in terms of total emissions (-3% CO2,-14% CO, -8% NOX). On urban arterials, emissions reduction can be achieved only if the average occupancy of vehicles increases from 1.37 (current) to 1.50. The broader implications for eco-lanes are discussed. KEYWORDS – integrated microscale modeling, eco-lanes, HOV, VSP, emissions
  Authors: Fontes, Tânia; Fernandes, Paulo Jorge; Rodrigues, Hugo; Bandeira, Jorge; Pereira, Sérgio; Khattak, Asad J.; Coelho, Margarida Cabrita
  Authors: Fontes, Tânia; Fernandes, Paulo Jorge; Rodrigues, Hugo; Bandeira, Jorge; Pereira, Sérgio; Khattak, Asad J.; Coelho, Margarida Cabrita
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 714
  Paper Number: 13-0550
• Evaluating the Performance of Doweled and Isolation Joints at National Airport Pavement Testing Facility
  Abstract: The objective of this paper is to compare the stress based load transfer efficiency, LTE(S), of transverse doweled joints and transverse isolated transition joints (reinforced and thickened edge) for six different types of pavement structures. The six pavement structures include three PCC layers with modulus of ruptures (MOR) of 500 psi (low), 750 psi (medium), and 1000 psi (high). Each of these PCC layers are constructed over two different stabilized bases, asphalt and concrete (Econocrete). LTE(S) was calculated based on strains recorded under a moving wheel load at the National Airport Pavement Testing Facility (NAPTF). Both dowel joints and isolation transition joints had lower LTE(S) values on the Econocrete base. Overall, doweled joints deteriorated throughout testing, with LTE(S) reducing as trafficking progressed. Transition joints, which are designed to allow no load transfer, exhibited higher variability throughout testing and the LTE(S) for transition joints remained, on average, lower than the LTE(S) of doweled joints. In addition, dual gage and single gage analysis methods are compared against each other for the same passes. Single gage analysis compared well with dual gage analysis, having results that were within 6% of dual gage results. Both dowel joints and isolation transition joints were analyzed using dual gage analysis methods, but only dowel joints were also analyzed using single gage analysis.
  Authors: Blotta, Felipe; Mehta, Yusuf A.; Cleary, Douglas; Cunliffe, Charles; Joshi, Akshay
  Authors: Blotta, Felipe; Mehta, Yusuf A.; Cleary, Douglas; Cunliffe, Charles; Joshi, Akshay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-0569
• Actors’ Positions and Inclinations Toward Electromobility System in France
  Abstract: The electromobility system of actors not only comprises the usual stakeholders involved in individual mobility, such as car manufacturers and drivers, but also electricity suppliers, service providers and above all public authorities. With the rising number of actors concerned, the electromobility system will require greater coordination and closer cooperation between existing and new, developing stakeholders than is currently the case. This paper aims to present a typology of the electromobility system’s stakeholders. Our work discusses the results of over 30 interviews (conducted in 2010 and 2011) with representatives of (potential) stakeholders who will probably have a major influence on the developing electromobility system. We focus on the role, interests and difficulties which each actor expects to encounter with the arrival of electric vehicles. We show how their stable, historical position in the system is likely to change and which adaptation strategies are likely, to cope with the changing environment. Analysing the probable forms of interdependence between actors in the electromobility system can also help us to highlight the lack of some essential links in the current system of actors.
  Authors: Sadeghian, Shadi; Leurent, Fabien M.; Thébert, Mariane; Sajous, Patricia
  Authors: Sadeghian, Shadi; Leurent, Fabien M.; Thébert, Mariane; Sajous, Patricia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0681
• Hydrogen Fuels: Exploring Consumer Preferences Toward Alternative Hydrogen Production Methods
  Abstract: Although previous research indicates that the general attitude towards to the use of hydrogen as a fuel is positive, it is not clear to what extent this depends on the way it is produced. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring citizens’ beliefs and preferences for five hydrogen production methods. It reports the results based on a small scale survey completed by lay citizens in the Netherlands. Results indicate that hydrogen produced by means of renewable energy sources, especially from solar-power is preferred over nuclear- and fossil-based production methods. Results also suggest that the different hydrogen production methods are assessed through different sets of criteria. The results imply that consumers’ preference towards hydrogen as a car-fuel may change accordingly to the way in which the fuel is produced. We argue that the preference towards the way hydrogen is produced should be taken into account if acceptance of hydrogen is studied.
  Authors: Molin, Eric; Di Ruggero, Olga
  Authors: Molin, Eric; Di Ruggero, Olga
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0666
• Demand for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
  Abstract: As demand for and purchase of electric vehicles rise, so will the demand for public charging stations. Not all residents have access to electricity where they park and these residents will need a reliable location to go and recharge their vehicles. The City of Seattle Office of Sustainability and Environment was interested in gauging the demand for charging stations among Seattle residents who are ‘garage orphans’. A garage orphan is defined as a resident who currently has no off-street parking at their residence or if they have off-street parking, have no access to electricity in their off-street parking spot. The City wanted to find out the following:1.An estimate of how many garage orphans exist2.How many of these garage orphans either have, or are likely to purchase an electric or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle3.What charging options are residents likely to use and why4.How much are residents willing to pay to charge their vehicles at a public charging stationPRR worked with the City Assessor’s office to identify likely areas in the city where ‘garage orphan’ properties would be located. We then mailed a survey invite letter and paper survey to 3,000 single-family homes and 3,000 apartment dwellers. The survey could be completed on paper, online or by phone. A total of 850 garage orphans completed the survey.We also conducted two focus groups with garage orphans for more in-depth analysis. Finally, we developed an online panel of over 500 garage orphans for further research as needed.The information needs of this especially hard-to-reach market segment was important to the City of Seattle’s Office of Sustainability as they look to assess the demand for public charging stations.
  Authors: Brown, Bruce; Pinto de Bader, Sandra; Dondi, Leona
  Authors: Brown, Bruce; Pinto de Bader, Sandra; Dondi, Leona
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0265
• Projecting Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Japanese Passenger Cars up to 2020: Using Index Decomposition Techniques
  Abstract: Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from car travel is a key factor for meeting greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets in most countries. Projecting CO2 emissions by quantitatively identifying driving forces is helpful to construct forecasting and backcasting@scenarios for reducing CO2 emissions. Index decomposition methods have been widely used for quantitative identification of historical trends in factors related to changes in objective variables when examining environmental and energy issues; however, index decomposition methods have been rarely used for projecting CO2 emissions. A method, called Modified Laspeyres Index method for Projecting (PMLI method), was developed for projecting CO2 emissions from car travel using index decomposition techniques. CO2 emissions from Japanese passenger cars up to 2020 were then projected by using the PMLI method. The CO2 emissions in 2020 will decrease to the 1990 level based on trends in factors observed over the period 2001 to 2005. Decreases in travel distance per passenger car in use and improvement of actual road fuel efficiency per average car weight in use will primarily induce these decreases. The PMLI method enables tracing the future path of CO2 emissions from car travel by quantitatively identifying the driving forces based on historical trends, and it presents clear ideas for constructing precise forecasting and backcasting scenarios for reducing CO2 emissions from car travel. This paper would contribute to the development of decomposition methodology of projecting objective variables and to understanding future CO2 emissions from car travel in Japan.
  Authors: Mishina, Yoshinori; Muromachi, Yasunori
  Authors: Mishina, Yoshinori; Muromachi, Yasunori
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0286
• Dispersion Modeling of Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Aircraft at General Aviation Facilities
  Abstract: In 2008 the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead was tightened by an order of magnitude. Additionally, general aviation is now the largest source of lead emitted to the atmosphere. The accuracy of modeled lead impacts from general aviation airports is unclear due to uncertainties in both emissions estimation and dispersion modeling. It is important to understand how well such modeling can perform when there is limited data on the aircraft activities at an airport. This study evaluated the level of accuracy that can be achieved by using aggregate activity information and using simple assumptions about the nature of activities to estimate impacts at an airport with lead monitoring.Dispersion modeling of general aviation lead emissions was performed for Centennial Airport to estimate near-field impacts from airport operations in 2011. Emissions were estimated using the Federal Aviation Administration’s Air Traffic Activity System and Emission and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS). The annual emission estimates for 2011 was 0.43 tons, which is much lower than the 0.73 tons estimated by the 2008 National Emissions Inventory. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by varying several emission parameters. Modeled concentrations at the on-site lead sampler were quite sensitive to the amount of run-up emissions. Concentrations modeled with Automated Surface Observing System meteorology have greater correlation with on-site measured values than concentrations modeled with Integrated Surface Hourly meteorology. Three-month average impacts modeled at the on-site lead sampling location ranged from 10 ng/m3 to 20 ng/m3, all well below the lead NAAQS of 150 ng/m3.
  Authors: Feinberg, Stephen N.
  Authors: Feinberg, Stephen N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Environment
  Session: AV030
  Paper Number: 13-0432
• Environmental Justice Analysis of Minority and Low-Income PopulationsAdjacent to Goods Movement Corridors in Southern California
  Abstract: Southern California is the largest international trade gateway in the U.S., and the region also generates enormous local and domestic goods movement activity. Given the expected growth in international trade and domestic goods movement in the future, significant growth in truck volumes and rail traffic are anticipated in the region to facilitate reliable goods movement and to support economic growth. As goods movement is a major contributor to local and regional environmental issues, such as air pollution and health risk, it is a regional priority not only to mitigate the environmental impacts of the goods movement system, but also to ensure that there is equity in distribution of environmental benefits and burdens from federally funded goods movement programs and projects pursuant to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. Therefore, in order to prevent disproportionately high and adverse environmental effects and health risks on minority and low-income populations from the goods movement system, the Southern California Association of Governments conducted Environmental Justice analyses for the goods movement system included in the Regional Transportation Plan. The objective of this paper is to identify minority and low-income populations, to analyze their spatial distributions along major truck corridors and freight rail corridors, and to address the Environmental Justice implications of the goods movement system in Southern California.
  Authors: Seo, Jung; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Minjares, Javier
  Authors: Seo, Jung; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Minjares, Javier
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-0701
• Biodiesel from Microalgae in Lagoons: Acceptable Alternative Fuel for the Transportation Crunch?
  Abstract: One of the major reasons for microalgae popularity as an acceptable fuel source is their potential to maximize the productivity, e.g. gallons of oil or fuel produced per acre per year, converting the energy of solar photons during the process of CO2 fixation into biomass energy benefiting the environment. Marketing the generated co-products, termed post extraction algal residue (PEAR) could make the transportation fuel viable from microalgae. These self-contained microbial factories can convert sunlight and CO2 into biofuel are the fastest growing plants and 50% of their weight is oil.The main objective of this research is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biofuel obtained from microalgae and focuses on the energetic and environmental feasibility of this fuel for use in the transportation sector. This evaluation includes the identification of the obstacles and limitations of the process in terms of energy and environmental performance. Another important aspect of this work is the need for improvement of product processing and recovery that includes mechanical and energy intensive processes like centrifugation, filtration, flocculation, and cell disruption.The results obtained so far show that the various strains of microalgae used (nearby lagoons in Portugal and Spain) offer a huge prospect of biodiesel production.KEYWORDS: Biodiesel, microalgae, alternative fuel, lagoon.
  Authors: Coelho, Margarida Cabrita; Dutta, Smritikana; Neto, Fernando
  Authors: Coelho, Margarida Cabrita; Dutta, Smritikana; Neto, Fernando
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0767
• Fuel Consumption and Vehicle Emission Models for Evaluating Environmental Impacts of Electronic Toll Collection System in Beijing
  Abstract: The environmental outcome of the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is an important aspect in evaluating the impacts of the ETC system, which is influenced by various factors including the vehicle type, travel speed, traffic volume, and average queue length of Manual Toll Collection (MTC) lanes. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a field data based practical model for evaluating the effects of ETC system on the fuel efficiency and vehicle emission. First, seven vehicle types under various scenarios for toll collection were conducted based on the Vehicle Emissions Testing System (VETS). The indicator calculation models were then established to estimate the comprehensive benefit of ETC system by comparing the test results of MTC lane and ETC lane. Finally, take Beijing as a case study, the paper validated the model parameters, and estimated the monetization value of environmental benefit of the ETC system in terms of vehicle emissions reduction and fuel consumption decrease. The results shows that the applications of ETC system are expected to save fuel consumption of 4.74 million liters reduce pollution emissions by 844.80 tons in 2012 in Beijing.
  Authors: Weng, Jiancheng; Liu, Lili; Wang, Mengjia; Rong, Jian
  Authors: Weng, Jiancheng; Liu, Lili; Wang, Mengjia; Rong, Jian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0845
• Durability Quantification for TiO2 Photocatalytic Concrete and Asphalt Pavements
  Abstract: The use of nano sized titanium dioxide in photocatalytic pavements to combat air pollution has received considerable attention in recent years. Past research focused on the effects of environmental and operational parameters on photocatalytic efficiency and its performance under laboratory and field conditions. Few studies have attempted to quantify the durability of the technology integrated with in-service photocatalytic pavements. This study developed and implemented a new photocatalytic quantification method used to quantify the short term durability of a TiO2 spray application on two pavement surfaces: concrete and asphalt. This was accomplished through developing a nitrate extraction method that could be used on in-service pavements without requiring core extraction. Results of the proposed method were compared to results obtained from the Japanese Industrial Standards: JIS R 1701-1. The experimental program included testing photocatalytic samples in the laboratory for NOx reduction and nitrate accumulation based on JIS R 1701-1. Results were compared to the nitrate accumulation using the proposed method and a correction factor was developed. The developed method was then used to quantify the durability of a TiO2 treated photocatalytic pavement over a five-month monitoring period under field conditions. Results showed that the durability of TiO2 in concrete and asphalt pavements is predicted to be 10 and 14 months, respectively.
  Authors: Osborn, David; Hassan, Marwa M.; Asadi, Somayeh; White, John R
  Authors: Osborn, David; Hassan, Marwa M.; Asadi, Somayeh; White, John R
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 292
  Paper Number: 13-0901
• Using Artificial Intelligence Models to Evaluate Field Performance of Photocatalytic Asphalt Pavement for Ambient Air Purification
  Abstract: In recent years, the application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst in asphalt pavement has received considerable attention due to its ability to purify ambient air from traffic-emitted pollutants via photocatalytic processes. The objective of this study was to utilize Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Neuro-Fuzzy (NF) models to predict NOx concentration in the air as a function of traffic count (Tr) and climatic conditions including humidity (H), temperature (T), solar radiation (S), and wind speed (W) before and after the application of TiO2 on the pavement surface. A field study was conducted where a water-soluble nano TiO2 solution was sprayed on a 0.2 mile of asphalt pavement in Baton Rouge, LA. Two Artificial Intelligence (AI) models were developed to predict NOx concentrations before and after TiO2 application. Results showed that the NF model provided a better fitting to NOx measurements than the ANN model in the training, validation, and test steps. Results of a parametric study showed that traffic level, relative humidity, and solar radiation had the most effects on photocatalytic efficiency. In addition, the increase in wind speed and relative humidity negatively affected the effectiveness of NOx reduction efficiency. However, the increase in UV light intensity improved NOx removal efficiency of the surface coating.
  Authors: Asadi, Somayeh; Hassan, Marwa M.; Nadiri, Ataallah; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Authors: Asadi, Somayeh; Hassan, Marwa M.; Nadiri, Ataallah; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 292
  Paper Number: 13-0918
• Dynamic Simulation of Traffic Noise by Applying Ray Tracing Method based on Indoor Space Partitioning
  Abstract: This study presents a revised 3D ray tracing method by combining with indoor space partitioning. This method divides an entire indoor space into limited convex polyhedron subspaces, and thus reduces the number of surfaces intersected with rays, and omits the validity test of the collision point on the reflecting surfaces. Combining with a microscopic traffic simulation tool and a vehicle noise emission model, and taking the influence of diffraction into account, the method can be utilized in simulating dynamically the process of traffic noise diffusing inside the building through windows. Meanwhile, this study selects two different types of indoor architectural layouts in order to demonstrate the efficiency of this method, the influence of diffraction and of the state of windows, and the differences in indoor noise on different floors. A comparison study on before-and-after indoor space partitioning shows that the method is efficient.
  Authors: Chen, Zhi-bin; Cai, Ming; Li, Feng; Ye, Wei-jia
  Authors: Chen, Zhi-bin; Cai, Ming; Li, Feng; Ye, Wei-jia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: ADC40
  Paper Number: 13-0959
• Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Strategies in Road Freight Transport in Mexico
  Abstract: It is estimated that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from road freight transport in Mexico during 2010 were about 37MtCO2 (Carbon Dioxide Mega Tones), which represents about 24% of national transport emissions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address mitigation actions for this sector. To that end, this study proposes and analyzes different mitigation strategies, which include improving vehicle technologies, implementing ecodriving techniques, promoting the use of highways, increasing intermodal transport, reactivating the rail system and building beltways for both freight trucks and rail.The “bottom-up” methodology presented in this study was used to forecast the emissions of the road freight sector from 2010 to 2050. The obtained model was also used to calculate the mitigation potential for the proposed mitigation strategies. A maximum cumulative reduction of more than 380 MtCO2 by 2050 might be reached if all the strategies are applied simultaneously. However, in order to determine a more realistic plan of action, a multi-criteria analysis was performed with a panel of experts. As a result, the technological and operational improvements, the use of highways and the construction of beltways for trucks were considered the measures with higher priority. If those measures are applied in parallel, a potential reduction of 340 MtCO2 may be obtained by 2050.Finally, a “Measurement, Reporting and Verification” mechanism was determined and the main actors involved in that process were identified. In conclusion, freight transport in Mexico contributes highly to GHG emissions and relatively simple actions such as the implementation of new technologies and ecodriving techniques might bring important reduction of GHG emissions in Mexico. However, other complex strategies, such as beltways construction and reactivation of the rail system must be also taken into consideration as part of a National Development Strategy.
  Authors: Menendez, Cynthia; Lobo, Adriana; Martinez, Hilda; Ferreira, Lia; Dartois, Laurent
  Authors: Menendez, Cynthia; Lobo, Adriana; Martinez, Hilda; Ferreira, Lia; Dartois, Laurent
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0992
• Valuation of Plug-in Vehicle Life-Cycle Air Emissions and Oil Displacement Benefits
  Abstract: We assess the economic value of life cycle air emissions and oil consumption from conventional, hybrid-electric (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV), and battery electric vehicles in the U.S. We find that plug-in vehicles may reduce or increase externality costs relative to grid-independent HEVs, depending largely on greenhouse gas and SO2 emissions produced during vehicle charging and battery manufacturing. However, even if future marginal damages from emissions of battery and electricity production drop dramatically, the damage reduction potential of plug-in vehicles remains small compared to ownership cost. As such, to offer a socially efficient approach to emissions and oil consumption reduction, lifetime cost of plug-in vehicles must be competitive with HEVs. Current subsidies intended to encourage sales of plug-in vehicles with large capacity battery packs exceed our externality estimates considerably, and taxes that optimally correct for externality damages would not close the gap in ownership cost. In contrast, HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs reduce externality damages at low (or no) additional cost over their lifetime. While large battery packs allow vehicles to travel longer distances using electricity instead of gasoline, large packs are more expensive, heavier, and more emissions-intensive to produce, with lower utilization factors, greater charging infrastructure requirements, and life cycle implications that are more sensitive to uncertain, time-sensitive, and location-specific factors. To reduce air emission and oil dependency impacts from passenger vehicles, strategies to promote adoption of HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more social benefits per dollar spent.
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy J.; Chester, Mikhail; Jaramillo, Paulina; Samaras, Constantine; Shiau, Ching-Shin; Lave, Lester B.
  Authors: Michalek, Jeremy J.; Chester, Mikhail; Jaramillo, Paulina; Samaras, Constantine; Shiau, Ching-Shin; Lave, Lester B.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1224
• Sustainable Biofuel Supply Chain Planning and Management Under Uncertainty
  Abstract: In this study, “environmental thinking” is integrated in sustainable biofuel supply chain planning and management and a multi-objective modeling framework is developed. It is aimed at seeking best-compromise solutions in achieving economic and environmental sustainability in supplying biofuels from bio-wastes, and simultaneously satisfying demand, resource, and technology constraints. In addition to the least-cost objective, greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction as another objective is integrated into the modeling framework, and carbon footprints will be assessed in the life-cycle assessment (LCA) concept framework. This ensures that GHG reduction is factored in the system strategic planning and tactical decision making and enables the GHG mitigation strategies in biofuel supply chains. Further, the biomass-to-biofuel conversion efficiency depends on the technology and can be highly uncertain due to the uncertainties inherent in the conversion processes. In this study, the uncertainty has been explicitly considered in the proposed model in an integrative manner. A multi-objective, mix-integer stochastic programming model is proposed and solved by using a compromise method, a subclass of the goal programming method. The model is used to evaluate the economic potentials and environmental impacts for sustainable growth of cellulosic biofuel in California as a case study. It is found, significant trade-offs exist between economic competitiveness and environmental quality and the effects of uncertainty on multi-criteria decision making vary with the choice of modeling approach.
  Authors: Xie, Fei; Huang, Yongxi
  Authors: Xie, Fei; Huang, Yongxi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1083
• Catching the PHEVer: Simulating Electric Vehicle Diffusion with Agent-Based Mixed Logit Model of Vehicle Choice
  Abstract: In this research, I develop then merge two separate models to simulate electric vehicle diffusion through recreation of the Boston metropolitan statistical area (MSA) vehicle market place. The first model is a mixed (random parameters) logistic regression applied to data from the US Department of Transportation’s 2009 National Household Travel Survey. The second, agent-based model simulates social network interactions through which the agents’ vehicle choice sets are endogenously determined. Parameters from the first model are then applied to the choice sets determined in the second. Social network effects are utilized to determine the vehicle power types available in a consumer’s choice set, the inclusion being spurred by exceeding agents’ willingness-to-consider thresholds through simulated idea diffusion. Results indicate that electric vehicles as a percentages of vehicle stock range from 1% in the most pessimistic scenario to 22% in the most optimistic scenario in the Boston MSA in the year 2030. Financial incentive availability has an overall positive effect on EV vehicle stock percentages, but BEV and PHEV model-level stock percentages have mixed resultant impacts; hybrid vehicles are demonstrated to be the most responsive to financial policy availability assumptions. Although commonly indicated as a potential hindrance to EV diffusion, battery cost scenarios have relatively small impacts on EV diffusion in comparison to other assumptions. Results indicate that range assumptions dramatically effect both BEV and PHEV deployment. Pessimistic range assumptions decrease overall PHEV and BEV percentages of vehicle stock by 50% and 30% relative to the EPA-estimated range scenarios, respectively.
  Authors: Brown, Maxwell Leonard
  Authors: Brown, Maxwell Leonard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1099
• Measurement of Pavement Solar Reflectivity and Effect on Thermal Performance
  Abstract: Solar reflectivity (or albedo) plays an important role in the thermal behavior of pavements and other ground surfaces, and their resultant impacts on humans and the environment. This study developed a new albedo measurement system with a dual-pyranometer and automatic data acquisition system, and used it to conduct field measurements of solar reflectivity on different pavement materials and for long-term monitoring of albedo. The albedo values were obtained for commonly used land cover materials including asphalt, concrete and block paver surfacing materials with different designs, which can help reduce the uncertainty in understanding, evaluating and modeling the thermal behavior and environmental impacts of ground surfaces with different albedos. This study found that the albedo of pavement materials is high in the early morning and late afternoon; it is low and constant over time in the mid-day. This suggests that albedo should be measured near mid-day, which is addressed in one of two standard test procedures reviewed. Clouds will negatively influence the value of measured albedo. No significant seasonal variation in albedo was found over one year. No impact of wind speed or air temperature on albedo is observed with the instrument used. An empirical relationship between the cooling effect of increased albedo on a pavement’s high temperature and solar radiation was developed. The cooling effect has a positive correlation with the peak solar radiation intensity. This empirical relationship can be used to roughly estimate the cooling effect of increased albedo or heating effect of reduced albedo on pavement for various climates and seasons with different solar radiation intensities.
  Authors: Li, Hui; Harvey, John; Kendall, Alissa
  Authors: Li, Hui; Harvey, John; Kendall, Alissa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 292
  Paper Number: 13-1116
• Cooling Effect of Permeable Asphalt Pavement Under Both Dry and Wet Conditions
  Abstract: The improvement of the street thermal environment for walking and cycling is attracting increased attention as a strategy for increasing livability. This approach has also been proposed as a strategy for mitigating the local heat island effect and reducing energy use for buildings and vehicle air conditioning during hot periods. This research explored a potential pavement design and management strategy that potentially could be used for improving the street thermal environment and mitigating heat islands. Through field measurements on pavement test sections with both conventional and alternative designs, the thermal behavior and cooling effect of permeable asphalt pavements under both dry and wet condition were investigated. The overall 7-day average cooling effect of wetting once on permeable pavements for near-surface air is approximately 0.2 to 0.45°C; for the surface it is approximately 1.2 to 1.6°C; and approximately 1.5 to 3.4°C for the in-depth layers. Based on the findings, permeable asphalt pavements have the potential of being a type of cool pavements which produces lower temperatures and thus helps improve the thermal environment and mitigate the heat island effect. However, attention should be given to this type of pavements under dry conditions. As a pavement thermal management strategy, water from rain or irrigation systems might need to be applied to the pavements to produce a better cooling effect for improving the thermal environment and mitigating the heat island.
  Authors: Li, Hui; Harvey, John; Jones, David
  Authors: Li, Hui; Harvey, John; Jones, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 292
  Paper Number: 13-1115
• Urban Environments, Pedestrian Friendliness, and Crossing Decisions
  Abstract: The objective of this experimental study is to identify the differentiation made by pedestrians between various urban environments, notably in terms of perception of walking pleasantness and safety, and from the point of view of road crossing decision. This experiment further aims to identify the environmental features that pedestrians use and the inferences they develop to explain their road crossing decision. Sets of five photographs presenting five different environments (city center, inner suburbs, public housing in the outskirts, commercial zone in the outskirts and countryside) have been presented to 77 participants shared in three age groups (pre-adolescents, young and middle adults). Their decision to cross or not, their perception of pleasantness and safety and the elements they take into account to take a decision were collected for each environment presented. The results show the pedestrians’ perceptions of the pleasantness and safety of public spaces, in terms of walking, largely vary with urban environments and the crossing decision significantly varies according to the environment. Pedestrians crossed significantly more in city center than in the other sites presented. Presence and function of the buildings and quality of the sidewalks are key factors to explain their crossing decision, by enabling them to infer the density of pedestrians and traffic and vehicle speed.
  Authors: Montel, Marie-Claude; Brenac, Thierry; Granié, Marie-Axelle; Millot, Marine; Coquelet, Cécile
  Authors: Montel, Marie-Claude; Brenac, Thierry; Granié, Marie-Axelle; Millot, Marine; Coquelet, Cécile
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 208
  Paper Number: 13-1143
• Development and Evaluation of Simplified Version of MOVES for Coupling with Traffic Simulation Model
  Abstract: The MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) released in 2009 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is an empirically based modal model capable of estimating project level on road vehicle emission rates for a wide variety of driving cycles. Many researchers and practitioners are attempting to combined MOVES with travel demand models (TDMs) and traffic simulation models (TSMs) for the purpose of estimating emissions impacts of possible future changes in road infrastructure, vehicle mix, traffic control measures, and other factors. However, MOVES is a computationally intensive model, and direct dynamic coupling of MOVES to a TDM or TSM can be impractical. To facilitate the capability to estimate link-based emission factors based on second-by-second vehicle speed trajectories, a simplified version of MOVES is demonstrated here. A Speed Correction Factor (SCF) is generated for a selected vehicle type and driving cycle based on distribution of time spent in each of 23 operating mode bins. Operating modes are defined by the instantaneous speed and Vehicle Specific Power (VSP). The emission factors estimated by the simplified model are demonstrated to be sensitive to differences between driving cycles with similar average speeds. The errors of the simplified model cycle average predictions are within ±1% for 92% of the cases among pollutants, ages, and driving cycles, for passenger cars, passenger trucks, light commercial trucks, single unit short haul trucks, and combination long haul trucks. The application of the simplified model is demonstrated based on empirical driving cycles observed from field measurements.
  Authors: Frey, H. Christopher; Liu, Bin
  Authors: Frey, H. Christopher; Liu, Bin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1201
• Identification of Physical Transportation Infrastructure Vulnerable to Sea Level Rise
  Abstract: The objective of this research was to integrate current data sources to develop a methodology for assessing the potential impacts of sea level rise (SLR) on Florida’s state and local transportation infrastructure to assist transportation planning. The proposed approach integrates the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) information system, and local roadway and hydrologic data with existing topographical and geological data to facilitate i) the evaluation of current and projected SLR impacts on Florida’s coastline and low-lying terrain areas, and ii) the identification of the physical transportation infrastructure components that are most likely to be affected by frequent to continuous flooding due to SLR. A projection of SLR, and the timing for same was outlined using a benchmark approach that brackets time intervals as opposed to specific timing for improvements. Further research to evaluated the impact of groundwater levels as an exacerbating factor with respect to sea level rise. Storm surge is a future, more difficult area of investigation.
  Authors: Bloetscher, Frederick
  Authors: Bloetscher, Frederick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Construction; Design; Environment
  Session: 509
  Paper Number: 13-0926
• Economics of Electrifying North American Railways
  Abstract: As fuel costs increase, transportation modes are looking to railways as a cheaper, more efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. Because of railway transportation’s immense advantages over road and air transportation, its use is expected to increase two-fold or more over the next 10 years in the US and Canada, and likely all of North America (NA). However, NA railways are still dependent on diesel-electric locomotives, while other countries in Europe and Asia have long ago switched to more efficient electric locomotive technology. Electric locomotives have significant benefits over diesel-electrics, such as increased efficiency and traction, a lower probability of failure, reduced noise and vibrations, potential for brake regeneration, and an overall reduced carbon footprint. Despite these advantages, electric locomotives can cost significantly more than diesel-electrics and require expensive infrastructure, such as catenary lines and electric substations. In 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implemented new regulations on diesel-electric locomotives to reduce emission toxins such as particulate matter and NOX. These new regulations create immense health benefits, but come at a cost to railway organizations for more stringent manufacturing and remanufacturing requirements. This paper explored the potential costs associated with electrifying the railway network in NA rather than focusing on improving diesel-electrics. A Monte Carlo Simulation was conducted to compare these costs with converting current railway lines to catenary, or partial catenary with on-board storage systems. Factors such as research costs, noise reduction benefits, health benefits, fuel usage, and productivity were taken into consideration to determine the most suitable alternative for the future of NA’s railway organizations, environment, and society. Results suggest that implementing ultracapacitor or battery hybrid locomotive technology would create significant positive net present worth between 2012 and 2040, estimated at $411 Billion for passenger rail and $15.7 Trillion for freight rail, due mainly to less overhead catenary infrastructure and energy costs required, while still gaining the social benefits of reduced noise and improved health. They would also be the quickest electrification technology options to implement in terms of manageable construction and business disruption logistics, which were not considered in this analysis and should be research if and when business case development occurs in pursuit of electrifying railways. Moreover, over 80% of this significant NPW would accrue to railway organizations, suggesting that business case development and investment planning should proceed post haste to electrify, and to phase out diesel electric locomotives at the end of their economic life.Regardless of which route is taken, electrification would have immense benefits to both railway organizations and society. Increased productivity, reduced energy requirements, decreased noise and improved health would all significantly contribute to cost savings and an improved quality of life for residents of North America. As such, there appears to be a strong business case for research into development of hybrid electric locomotives that can operate on- and off-grid.
  Authors: Lovegrove, Gordon Richard; Morrison, Ellen S
  Authors: Lovegrove, Gordon Richard; Morrison, Ellen S
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1262
• Quick Estimation Method for Greenhouse Gas Emissions at Intersections
  Abstract: The traffic operational performance of an intersection is typically based on a capacity analysis of the peak hour for a typical weekday. Analysis methods (i.e. Highway Capacity Manual) have been developed to prepare estimates of vehicle delay, fuel use, and air pollution for an intersection based on this peak hour data. However, when it comes to conducting a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimate, peak hour data are rarely sufficient, since planners and policy makers are typically concerned with a longer time period.A quick estimation method is presented for determining GHG emissions at the intersection of two-lane roadways with all-way stop and roundabout control. This method was developed using the SimTraffic traffic simulation software. Using multivariate regression, equations for daily GHG emissions for each intersection control type were developed based on the following variables:• Intersection total daily traffic volume• Percentage of volume on the major street during the peak hour• Directional percentage during the peak hour• Percentage of turning traffic on the major and minor streets during the peak hourEquations developed from the simulation models were tested in a case study. Simulation models were developed using the counted volumes to calculate daily GHG emissions. The calculated emissions were compared to the regression equation values.Future work is planned to expand this methodology to include two-way stop and signal control. The default SimTraffic fuel use settings could be updated to provide better estimates of fuel use – and GHG emissions – based on the more fuel-efficient modern vehicle fleet.
  Authors: Stanek, David; Breiland, Chris
  Authors: Stanek, David; Breiland, Chris
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1428
• Risk-Based Adaptation Frameworks for Climate Change Planning in the Transportation Sector: Synthesis of Practice
  Abstract: There is growing consensus within the scientific community that the global climate system is changing. Many of these global changes are projected to translate into regionally significant environmental impacts – including increases in precipitation, temperature, sea-level rise, and the intensity of extreme weather events. In the transportation sector, the design and management of infrastructure is heavily influenced by the surrounding environment. Thus, given the uncertain future of regional environmental conditions and climate impacts, there is concern that the design and management practices of existing infrastructure may become inadequate over the coming decades. Research institutions and government agencies in the US (e.g., the Transportation Research Board, the Federal Highway Administration), and abroad (e.g., the United Kingdom Highways Agency, New Zealand Transport) have begun to investigate adaptation strategies and evaluation frameworks for transportation infrastructure. Many of these adaptation strategies are heavily influenced by the tenets of risk analysis and risk management. This paper identifies and synthesizes several leading risk-based adaptation frameworks from the international transportation community. Specifically, we discuss these frameworks’ (1) motivations, (2) foundational risk standards/principles, (3) commonalities in their focus and approach, and (4) common barriers and limitations. Several recommendations and suggestions for future research priorities are then offered.
  Authors: Wall, Thomas A.; Meyer, Michael
  Authors: Wall, Thomas A.; Meyer, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Construction; Design; Environment
  Session: 509
  Paper Number: 13-1418
• Study of Effect on GHG Emissions by Addition of Transit Mode in Existing Road Network and Optimal Emission Pricing Models for Reducing Carbon Footprint
  Abstract: Scientists and policymakers intend worldwide emissions reduction of up to 80 percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the next four decades to stabilize atmospheric concentrations (1). Henceforth, an immediate response from the transportation sector, one of the largest producers of GHGs (up to 30 percent in the U.S.), is critical for GHGs reduction. Possible long-term solutions towards cutting back on emissions from transportation are increasing supply-of/demand-for more energy efficient/fuel efficient vehicles and to substantially improve the transit system (high-speed rail, passenger rail, metro), to reduce reliance on private vehicles and air travel for short trips. However, the markets are still struggling to produce supply-of/demand-for energy efficient vehicles and public debate on potential ridership of high speed rail is ongoing in the U.S. Another feasible strategy that can prove to be effective is emission pricing . Recent advancement in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) offers a technical solution to implement emission pricing effectively in a reasonable period of time. Further, this strategy can foster demand for efficient vehicles and high transit ridership while reducing GHGs emission and generating revenue. As state departments of transportation (DOTs) and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) struggle to find more options to reduce GHGs emission, emission pricing offers a solution. To consider emission pricing as an alternative, planners and policymakers will need tools to understand the implications on private vehicle users and the environment. Therefore, in this study, we propose models for understanding the reduction of GHGs emission and shifts of private vehicle trips to transit by implementing ITS based optimal emission pricing to reduce GHGs emission by a certain percentage in a composite transportation network (transit and highway network). The bi-level models presented in this study take into account the planner’s policy decision and the road user’s response to such policies in a simple and methodologically robust framework. The complex decision of choosing transit over private vehicle and road user behavior in the study has been studied by mode split functions and the classical user equilibrium principle. The performance of proposed models is compared to the base-case (do-nothing); reductions in total GHGs emission by optimal emission pricing shows efficacy of the models. The presented methodology in this paper is generalizable and can be applied to any transportation network. Keywords: greenhouse gases, optimal emission pricing, transit, mode choice, user equilibrium
  Authors: Sharma, Sushant; Mishra, Sabyasachee
  Authors: Sharma, Sushant; Mishra, Sabyasachee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1579
• Sensitivity Test Analysis of MOVES and AERMOD Models
  Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) has designated MOVES and EMFAC in California as the official mobile emission models and AERMOD and CAL3QHCR as the official air quality models for project level particulate matter transportation conformity analysis (1). Understanding the behavior of these models under various settings becomes crucial for interpreting the model results and also because the task of preparing the input data is time and resource intensive. The objective of this study is to assess the sensitivity of these models to a number of input parameters. Specifically, the study investigates the sensitivity of MOVES model to changes in speed, temperature, seasons, time-of-day and year, and the sensitivity of predicted PM2.5 concentrations on an annual average basis to the choice of model (AERMOD versus CAL3QHCR) and difference in meteorological data set (urban versus rural). Possible reasons for the differences are explored. The investigation is showcased using a highway interchange in Joliet, Illinois.
  Authors: Vallamsundar, Suriya; Lin, Jie (Jane)
  Authors: Vallamsundar, Suriya; Lin, Jie (Jane)
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1590
• Marginal Costs of Freeway Traffic Congestion with On-Road Pollution Exposure Externality
  Abstract: The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of marginal costs in congested traffic that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic congestion. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and regional pollution emissions components. Applying a set of parameter values based on the literature shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal costs near freeway capacity. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare losses because of sub-optimal tolls. Time is the dominant cost component, but on-road exposure costs increase dramatically in congestion. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure reduces the sizes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system improvements, with more of an effect on the estimated benefits of road-pricing systems than traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure costs disproportionately affects heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of higher emissions rates and greater occupation of roadway capacity. Lastly, there are large uncertainties in the parameter estimates and more research is needed for on-road exposure modeling tools and linkages between repeated short-duration pollution exposure and health outcomes.
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1609
• Spatial Transferability Analysis of the Regional Automobile-Specific Household-Level Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Models
  Abstract: This paper compares the performance of four methods for combining model information developed in one region to a model in another region to improve estimation results. The transfer methods compared are Naïve, Joint Context Estimation, Bayesian Updating, and Combined Transfer Estimator. The application is for models developed to estimate household-level CO2 emissions from vehicle use developed with data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey collected by the U.S. Department of Transportation. This is potentially very useful for small religions or communities that would like to quickly/easily estimate household-level CO2 emissions from vehicle use but do not have adequate data for developing their own model. This has the potential to minimize the need for large data collection and/or model estimation efforts. The transfer methods can incorporate model information from other regions to make up for the local travel data shortfall. The results show that automobile-specified CO2 emissions models can be transferred from one geographical region to another region and improve estimation results. The Combined Transfer Estimator method produces superior prediction performance, followed by Bayesian Updating, Joint Context Estimation, and Naïve, in that order. The analyst, however, should determine whether the incremental benefits gained from the application of any transfer methods is worth additional computational investment. The results also highlight the potential and significance of regions with smaller sample size to combine travel data/parameters from another region to improve CO2 emissions estimation. These results can assist different agencies to develop a baseline CO2 emissions inventory from vehicle use.
  Authors: Siuhi, Saidi; Mwakalonge, Judith L.; Perkins, Judy A.
  Authors: Siuhi, Saidi; Mwakalonge, Judith L.; Perkins, Judy A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1645
• Analyzing Human Activity Patterns Using Cellular Phone Data: Case Study of Jinhe New Town in Shanghai, China
  Abstract: In the urbanization process of big cities in China, the rise of satellite towns, the migration of manufacturing and the relocation of residents to the suburban areas have accelerated the separation between workplace and residence and brought enormous changes to the activity patterns of Chinese cities. In this paper, we propose a novel and data-driven method of extracting individuals¡¯ daily activities and identifying ¡°anchor points¡± (home and workplace) from mobile phone data and survey data, and apply it to the Jinhe new town. People in study area are classified into three groups, and use time-geographic concept to depict individual activity pattern of each group. Furthermore, we focus on the residents with obviously separated home and workplace caused by suburbanization. For representing the cluster of these people¡¯s activities in space-time, kernel density estimation is used to detect the intensity in space-time. The activity density profile facilitates finding the spatio-temporal characteristic of the demand deriving from suburban residents. The study shows that mobile phone data allows analyzing human activity pattern in space-time at very detailed scale but also require other data resources for comprehensiveness and visualization of all people across the city.
  Authors: Cheng, Xiaoyun; Li, Weifeng; Jia, Fengjiao; Yang, Dongyuan; Duan, Zhengyu
  Authors: Cheng, Xiaoyun; Li, Weifeng; Jia, Fengjiao; Yang, Dongyuan; Duan, Zhengyu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-1782
• Approach for Integrating Sustainability into Roadway Project Development
  Abstract: Efforts to increase the sustainability of roadways continue to gain momentum. In recent years, numerous organizations and agencies have developed sustainability evaluation tools, including third-party rating systems, self-assessments, and checklists, with the goal of evaluating the sustainability characteristics and performance of roadway projects. While these sustainability tools are highly valuable and the result of much research and knowledge, there is little guidance on how to apply and leverage them to best integrate sustainability throughout project development. The focus of this paper, in addition to providing considerations for using sustainability evaluation tools and summarizing the available tools and, is to provide an approach for integrating sustainability into project development by leveraging sustainability evaluation tools.
  Authors: Reid, Lisa M; Davis, Anneke J; Bevan, Timothy
  Authors: Reid, Lisa M; Davis, Anneke J; Bevan, Timothy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Construction; Environment; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 274
  Paper Number: 13-1772
• Methodology for Evaluating Climate Change Impact on Asphalt Pavement Design Life
  Abstract: A methodology to evaluate the impact of climate change on asphalt pavement design life has been developed by linking together a pavement performance model and an innovative climate model. The DARWin-ME software, based on the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide, has been used to predict changes in pavement performances. The national model Meteonorm 7.0, based on the combination of 18 general circulation models and a stochastic approach for regional modeling, has been applied as climate model.The methodology has been applied to Swiss specific road conditions, by combining different climate and site specific characteristics (pavement, traffic, subgrade, climate region, etc.). The results have permitted to evaluate, in a first step, current asphalt pavements for future climate conditions in terms of change in their predicted design life. In a second step, current asphalt pavements have been adapted by changing their characteristics in order to reach recommended design life. Finally, recommendations and guidelines on adapting current road infrastructures for the future have been exposed. This article focuses solely on results from the first step of the methodology.
  Authors: Rychen, Patrick; Carter, Alan; Dumont, Andre-Gilles
  Authors: Rychen, Patrick; Carter, Alan; Dumont, Andre-Gilles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 660
  Paper Number: 13-1337
• Life-Cycle Assessment of Diesel-Electric Hybrid Trucks and Conventional Diesel Trucks for Curbside Deliveries
  Abstract: Purolator is a Canadian courier company that has recently introduced hybrid electric vehicles into their fleets. By using hybrids, Purolator has claimed reductions of 1,900 tonnes of greenhouse gases and 645,000 L of diesel fuel over a distance of 5,200,000 km. This paper investigates these claims by independently estimating the fuel savings and greenhouse gas reductions for Purolator’s trucks over their life cycles. To accomplish this objective, a life cycle assessment was executed using GHGenius, a Government of Canada model, which can be used to conduct well-to-wheel analysis and vehicle life cycle analysis for conventional and hybrid diesel trucks. Overall, it was found that Purolator’s hybrid diesel trucks reduce GHG emissions by 23% and 8% for city and highway driving, respectively. The results confirm that switching to an HEV fleet could reduce CO2 emissions during vehicle operations by 25% as the vehicle manufacturer (Azure Dynamics) has advertised. However, the estimated maximum emission reductions (1,668 tonnes) and fuel savings (609,000 L) over a distance of 5,200,000 km fall short of Purolator’s values (1,900 tonnes, 645,000 L). The emission reductions on a per kilometer basis are relatively insensitive to changes in the vehicles’ service life, the average payload and the extra weight of the hybrid. At present, the life cycle costs of hybrid delivery trucks do not make them financially favorable alternatives to conventional diesel trucks, though their financial competitiveness is sensitive to the vehicle service life, the price of diesel fuel, the assumed discount rate, and the incremental hybrid cost.
  Authors: Bachmann, Chris; Chingcuanco, Franco; MacLean, Heather; Roorda, Matthew J.
  Authors: Bachmann, Chris; Chingcuanco, Franco; MacLean, Heather; Roorda, Matthew J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1374
• Electric Vehicle Charging Station Location Problem: A Parking-Based Assignment Method for Seattle, Washington
  Abstract: Access to electric vehicle (EV) charging stations will impact EV adoption rates, use decisions, electrified mile shares, petroleum demand, and power consumption across times of day. This work uses parking information from over 30,000 personal-trip records in the Puget Sound Regional Council’s 2006 household travel survey to determine public (non-residential) parking locations and durations. Regression equations predict parking demand variables (total vehicle-hours per zone/neighborhood and parked-time per vehicle-trip) as a function of site accessibility, local jobs and population densities, trip attributes, and other variables available in most regions and travel surveys. Several of these variables are key inputs for a mixed integer programming problem, developed here for optimal EV-charging-station location assignments. The algorithm minimizes EV users’ station access costs while penalizing unmet demand. This useful specification was used to determine top locations for installing a constrained number of charging stations across the City of Seattle, showing how charging location schemes’ access costs respond to parking demand and station locations. The models developed here are generalizable to data sets available for most any region, and can be used to make more informed decisions on station locations around the world.
  Authors: Chen, T. Donna; Khan, Mobashwir; Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Chen, T. Donna; Khan, Mobashwir; Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1254
• Impact of Cracking on Load Transfer Efficiency of Rigid Airfield Pavements
  Abstract: The mechanistic evaluation of pavement utilizing full scale test data is an important component to the study of pavement behavior. This study focuses on the use of concrete strain gages (CSG) and crack location data to evaluate the effect of localized cracking on the stress-based load transfer efficiency (LTE (S)) of transverse doweled pavement joints. Concrete strain gage data generated from the full scale testing carried out by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) has been analyzed in this study. Load Transfer Efficiency was determined from paired concrete strain gages for the test vehicle moving in opposite directions at two specific locations, resulting in four distinct cases of LTE (S). It was found that LTE (S) varies as loading progresses on the test sections, especially after cracking near the joint has occurred on the slabs. Additionally, peak strains from gages located at the joint can be used to evaluate the behavior of LTE (S) during the formation of cracks on the slab, in particular the case where the cracks have formed close to the doweled joint but are not yet visible on the surface.
  Authors: Cunliffe, Charles; Mehta, Yusuf A.; Cleary, Douglas; Joshi, Akshay
  Authors: Cunliffe, Charles; Mehta, Yusuf A.; Cleary, Douglas; Joshi, Akshay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1353
• Mixture Amount Stated Adaptation Experiment of Activity-Travel Behavior Dynamics in Adaptive Response to Energy Conservation Strategies
  Abstract: People adaptations to increased energy prices in transportation have been studied at length using stated preference, choice and adaptation experiments. To point at an alternative experimental design approach to estimate utility functions under constraints, the principles of mixture-amount experiments are discussed. A context-dependent elaboration of a mixture amount choice experiment is constructed to measure people’s responses to accumulative energy charges under four different contexts. Considering consumer heterogeneity in adaptive response behavior, mixed logit analysis is used for analyzing the extent and nature of adaptation of activity-travel behavior and resources when faced with increasing energy costs. The results indicate that individuals are inclined to compensate for increased expenditures due to energy price increases. Moreover, results show the existence of significant heterogeneity among respondents in terms of their sensitivity to various energy saving choices.
  Authors: Yang, Dujuan; Timmermans, Harry J.P.; Borgers, Aloys
  Authors: Yang, Dujuan; Timmermans, Harry J.P.; Borgers, Aloys
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1486
• Emissions and Built Form: Analysis of Six Canadian Cities
  Abstract: Demand for public transit, goods movement and road transportation increases as a direct result of population growth in large cities. As a consequence, total air pollution emitted from mobile sources also increases. Canada, as a country with already high amounts of resource-based greenhouse gas production, must rein in metropolitan air pollution levels if it wishes to improve its status on the world stage. As such, this study presents a framework for estimating mobile source emissions at the macro level for Canadian urban areas. Several air pollutants – including PM10, which has been identified by Environment Canada as toxic to human health – are considered in this exercise, and summarized using a Principal Component Analysis. Aggregate emissions for commercial vehicles, transit buses, and personal vehicles are estimated for six cities: Toronto, Ontario; Vancouver, British Columbia; Calgary, Alberta; Hamilton, Ontario; Halifax, Nova Scotia; and St John’s, Newfoundland, and compared to various built form and travel behaviour attributes for each respective city. The results indicate that population, travel to work behaviour, and various built form attributes indeed impact transportation emissions at the citywide level. Given that this work is the first of its kind in Canada, the conclusions presented in this paper are an important first step in researching urban transportation emissions in the Canadian context.
  Authors: Hossein Rashidi, Taha; Toop, Erin; Liu, Xudong; Kanaroglou, Pavlos
  Authors: Hossein Rashidi, Taha; Toop, Erin; Liu, Xudong; Kanaroglou, Pavlos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1498
• Toward People’s Cities Through Land Use and Transport Integration: Review of India’s National Urban Investment Program
  Abstract: Between 2005 and 2012, India’s Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) has invested US$20 billion in urban infrastructure and basic services to the urban poor. The transport program under JnNURM is a very important advance, as it helps the cities with policies and funding for moving people, not vehicles. Nevertheless, it has not sufficiently shifted investment in the urban transport sector from road widening and road expansion to sustainable transport. Based on interviews with several stakeholders, a literature review on JnNURM, and consideration of the urban characteristics and transport needs of Indian cities, the authors suggest key improvements in Indian urban transport policy: i) Reinforce the link between land use and transport in the urban transport policy vision. This will allow the preservation of “people’s cities” in the existing urban areas and development of new accessible, dense and mixed used developments around the existing cities; ii) Advance the preparation and implementation of the Comprehensive Mobility Plans (CMPs), in close connection with the Master Plans and JnNURM budget allocations, to transform them from simple lists of projects and good will, to effective planning and monitoring instruments; iii) Introduce performance measurement of key transport indicators at the city wide level: people served, modal share, travel time, traffic fatalities and transport tailpipe emissions; and iv) Develop capacity building programs for project planning and delivery at the city level and for evaluation and monitoring at the state and national level. The recommendations for India are applicable to other rapidly urbanizing and motorizing countries. The authors do not claim that road expansion is not needed, but that it should not be the only focus of public investments in the transport sector.
  Authors: Hidalgo, Dario
  Authors: Hidalgo, Dario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-1589
• Simulating Environmental Effects of Isolated and Areawide Traffic Calming Schemes Using Traffic Simulation and Microscopic Emissions Modeling
  Abstract: This study focuses on the development of a microscopic traffic and emission simulation system which aims at quantifying the effects of different types of traffic calming measures on vehicle emissions both at a link-level and at a network-level. It also investigates the effects of isolated traffic-calming measures at a corridor level and area-wide calming schemes, using a scenario analysis. Our study is set in Montreal, Canada where a traffic simulation model for a dense urban neighborhood is extended with capabilities for microscopic emission estimation. The results indicate that on average, isolated calming measures increase carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 1.50%, 0.33%, and 1.45%, respectively across the entire network. Area-wide schemes result in a percentage increase of 3.84% for CO2, 1.22% for CO, and 2.18% for NOx. Along specific corridors where traffic calming measures were simulated, increases in emissions of up to 83% were observed. These increases are mainly associated with a change in vehicle drive-cycles through increased accelerations and decelerations. We also account for the effect of different measures on traffic volumes and observe moderate decreases in areas that have undergone traffic calming. In spite of traffic flow reductions, total emissions do increase. Finally, we observe that speed bumps result in higher emission levels than speed humps.
  Authors: Ghafghazi, Golnaz; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Authors: Ghafghazi, Golnaz; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1329
• Assessing Impact of Bus Technology on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Along a Major Corridor: Comparing Instantaneous Speed Emission Model with Average-Speed Model
  Abstract: Recently, a large number of local transit agencies in North America have been considering new strategies to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse (GHG) emissions. These strategies often include a combination of operational improvements and alternative technologies. This is the case for the Montreal transit system, run by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM), which manages and operates a fleet of 1,696 buses with the majority running on diesel. Our study focused on a busy bus transit corridor. Our objectives include 1) evaluating the impact of alternative bus transit technologies including compressed natural gas (CNG), biodiesel, and diesel-electric hybrid on GHG emissions using a lifecycle analysis (LCA) approach, and 2) comparing the operational emissions of buses running on these different technologies using an instantaneous speed and an average speed emission model. Local geographic and driving conditions along the corridor are incorporated in the estimation of operational emissions. The results indicate that operational emissions make-up the largest portion of lifecycle emissions (more than 80%). The bus technologies are ranked in increasing order of lifecycle GHG emissions generated: 1) hybrid, 2) CNG, 3) biodiesel, and 4) diesel. GHG savings range from 8.4-29.0 kg of CO2-equivalent (12.5-43.3%) for a single bus operating once on a single route during the morning and afternoon peak periods when converting the current diesel technology to one of the alternative fuels tested. When comparing instantaneous and average speed emissions we observe that both methods produce consistent results for diesel emissions. However, the average speed method underestimates biodiesel emissions by 21% and overestimates CNG emissions by 16%.
  Authors: Chan, Sabrina; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Alam, Ahsan; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Authors: Chan, Sabrina; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Alam, Ahsan; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1390
• How New Technologies Can Contribute to Measuring Sustainable Mobility
  Abstract: While much effort has been concentrated on making transportation more sustainable, the measurement of these efforts (through models, evaluation, or scenarios) is not trivial. In fact, not only is the selection of indicators challenging, but efforts made to design useful indicators are often hampered by the presence of data that are erroneous or incomplete. Nevertheless, the significant penetration of new technologies such as smartphones and smart infrastructure could hold the key to developing more relevant and comprehensive indicators. In this paper, we review commonly used indicators and discuss their limitations with respect to the data upon which they are built. We then describe several new technologies that hold promise for the collection of more pertinent and accurate data sets upon with indicators may be built. Finally, we discuss their potential for the future and illustrate a hypothetical scenario by reviewing a one-day GPS traces of one of the authors. While the first and obvious application of new technologies will be to improve much needed accuracy, combining different sources together seem to hold much potential from model calibration to real time operations.
  Authors: Derrible, Sybil; Cottrill, Caitlin D.
  Authors: Derrible, Sybil; Cottrill, Caitlin D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-1953
• Sustainable Transportation Policy Development Using System Dynamics and World Cities Data
  Abstract: In the study reported herein, a system dynamic model was developed, using pertinent data for a large of number world cities, in order to analyze and appraise urban transportation sustainability. The objective was to determine efficacious policies for sustainable transportation. The study database was developed based on few global urban transportation databases covering numerous cities for 4 decades in period of 1960 to 2001: MCD, MCDST and ISADC. Based on the study database, 9 sustainable transportation indicators were developed, 3 indicators for presenting each key group of environmental, economic and social urban sustainability. A composite index was also suggested for combining the developed indicators. To develop the pertinent urban dynamic model, urban transportation causal loops were conceptualized and the dynamic relations between urban transportation variables were created. Trip generation, trip distance, modal share and vehicle occupancy were the key modules of the model. Economic, social and environmental indicators were the key outputs of the model. The dynamic model inputs were urban characteristics relevant to transportation. The dynamic model testing and evaluation were found satisfactory using time-series data. For the city of Isfahan, as a case study, by monitoring the sustainable transportation indicators using different development scenarios, efficacious transportation policies were determined and evaluated. The model deployment reflected that policy makers are expected to develop policies pertinent to public and non-motorized transportation infrastructure integration.
  Authors: Haghshenas, Hossein; Vaziri, Manouchehr
  Authors: Haghshenas, Hossein; Vaziri, Manouchehr
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2026
• Experimental Study of Sustainable Asphalt: Influence of Thermochromic Materials
  Abstract: Asphalt pavements are widely used in highways due to their good performance and relatively low construction and maintenance costs. However, the black color of asphalt implies that the sunlight is not reflected but absorbed, which raises the temperature of the asphalt pavement and impairs its long-term durability. Thermochromic materials are substances that can reversibly change their colors in response to temperature. They reflect solar energy at high temperature and absorb that at low temperature. The innovation by this paper is to investigate the use of thermochromic materials in asphalt to develop thermochromic asphalt, which will reduce the surface temperature of asphalt pavement and lead to improved durability. Their thermochromic transition temperatures, which were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), range from 19.83 to 34.8 °C. The latent heats are between 1.74 and 3.59 J/g. The heat capacities measured with modulated DSC at 15, 25 and 35 °C are in the range of 1.392-1.724 J/(g•°C). Thermal conductivities were calculated in the range of 0.1478-0.2282 W/(m•°C). Both heat capacities and thermal conductivities at 25 °C are higher than those at other temperatures due to phase transition. The red and black asphalt show relatively higher heat capacities and thermal conductivities than the conventional pure asphalt. Comparison measurements found that the surface temperature of thermochromic asphalt can be significantly lower than that of the conventional pure asphalt with maximum decrease as high as 6.6 °C during summer. During winter and nocturnal in summer, the surface temperature of thermochromic asphalts are higher than that of the conventional pure asphalt, which helps to keep asphalt pavement warm and alleviates the problem of icing. The reduced surface temperature during summer and increased surface temperature during winter using thermochormic materials can be both desirable. For use as roof, for example, the use of thermochromic asphalt can lead to energy saving for air conditioning as high as 24%. This not only reduces the energy cost but also helps mitigate urban heat island and improve air quality and comfort.
  Authors: Hu, Jianying; Yu, Xiong
  Authors: Hu, Jianying; Yu, Xiong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 292
  Paper Number: 13-2029
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Current and Near-Term Bus Technologies in London
  Abstract: The UK has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 relative to 1990 levels as well as stringent EURO emissions level standards for its vehicles. In order to meet local air quality and exhaust emissions standards, Transport for London (TfL) is considering the adoption of compressed natural gas (CNG) buses, hybrid-diesel buses, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). While these technologies improve air quality, they also have a climate impact. We assess the climate costs of these alternative bus technologies in London – one of the world’s largest urban bus networks – relative to the existing diesel stock. We develop a detailed stochastic London bus emissions model based on bus route data and velocity-dependent emissions factors. Four alternative technology scenarios based upon hybrid buses, CNG buses, EGR, and SCR are defined. Changes in GHG emissions due to the alternative technology scenarios are modeled. Life-cycle CO2-equivalent emissions of the fuel and vehicle pathways are determined, including fuel production, methane pipeline leakage, and hybrid battery production embedded carbon. Our results demonstrate that the fleet-wide adoption of SCR and EGR after treatment would result in a slight increase in GHG emissions relative to the baseline (+0.5% and +3% CO2-equivalent impact per year, respectively), while the adoption of CNG buses results in significantly greater lifecycle GHG emissions (+44% CO¬2-equivalent impact per year). The implementation of hybrid buses is the only option which would reduce GHG emissions with a 14% reduction per year in CO2-equivalent emissions.
  Authors: Chong, Uven; Boies, Adam; Barrett, Steven
  Authors: Chong, Uven; Boies, Adam; Barrett, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2031
• Presentation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Information for Smartphone Applications
  Abstract: This paper examines methods of communicating and presenting information to individuals about transport and travel related carbon emissions for online journey planners and smartphone applications. Numerous on-line carbon calculators provide users with information about the carbon emissions that result from the selection of one mode of transport over another. As users may not be familiar with the magnitude of such emissions, many of these calculators employ techniques designed to help the user better understand their emissions and provide some context. This study examines four different methods of communicating and contextualising trip related carbon emissions based upon methods already in used by a variety of carbon calculators. These methods included a simple numerical representation of emissions in the form of kilograms of CO2 produced, a “lightbulb” method used to contextualize the emissions, a weekly carbon budget, and a graphical “traffic light system”. Results indicate that while that there is a strong correlation between understanding of methods and likelihood of altering mode choice. Significant preferences exist for each of the methods, and age and gender appear to be indicators of personal preference.
  Authors: Brazil, William; Caulfield, Brian; Rieser-Schüssler, Nadine
  Authors: Brazil, William; Caulfield, Brian; Rieser-Schüssler, Nadine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2030
• Public Transportation and Land Use Multiplier: Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential and Associated Costs in Los Angeles, California, Metropolitan Region
  Abstract: Transit in high density urban regions can help reduce the vehicle miles traveled by residents and visitors. Less private vehicle dependency and use reduces greenhouse gas emissions and congestion. Planners and politicians can benefit significantly from improved information about transit’s effects on land use and vehicle use. There are a number of techniques to estimate the influence that transit has on non-transit travel patterns in a given region. One method involves using the American Public Transportation Association’s (APTA) approach to calculating land use multipliers. The APTA methodology can also be used to measure the GHG, VMT, and fuel use impacts of potential mode shift, congestion relief, and land use changes associated with transit service. Additionally, the APTA methodology can be used with the Department of Transportation’s National Transit Database (NTD) to develop quick and cost-effective estimates of transit leverage for all transit agencies listed in the NTD. This advancement can be used by policy decision makers to estimate fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions reductions achievable through changes in transit supply policies. The paper will compare land use multipliers in different cities in the Los Angeles Southern California metropolitan region. The comparison will examine the influence of population, density, job clusters, and other factors on regional land use multipliers. This paper will discuss the scenarios, the analysis methodology used, and the ways in which these results differ from other recent literature on the topic.
  Authors: Lem, Lewison Lee; Moylan, Emily Kate McNeil; Chami, Rami Barakat
  Authors: Lem, Lewison Lee; Moylan, Emily Kate McNeil; Chami, Rami Barakat
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2088
• Cost-Effectiveness of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Capacity and Charging Infrastructure Investment for Reducing U.S. Gasoline Consumption
  Abstract: Federal electric vehicle (EV) policies in the United States currently include vehicle purchase subsidies linked to EV battery capacity and subsidies for installing charging stations. We compare the cost-effectiveness of increased battery capacity vs. charging infrastructure installation as alternate methods to reduce gasoline consumption for cars, trucks, and SUVs in the U.S. We find across a wide range of scenarios that the least-cost solution is for more drivers to switch to low-capacity plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (short electric range with gasoline backup for long trips) or gasoline-powered hybrid electric vehicles. If more gasoline savings are needed per vehicle, charging infrastructure installation is substantially more expensive than increased battery capacity per gallon saved, and both approaches have higher costs than U.S. oil premium estimates. Comparison of results to the structure of current federal subsidies shows that policy is not aligned with fuel savings potential, and we discuss issues and alternatives.
  Authors: Peterson, Scott B.; Michalek, Jeremy J.
  Authors: Peterson, Scott B.; Michalek, Jeremy J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2120
• Environmentally Conscious Highway Design for Vertical Grades
  Abstract: This paper provides guidelines and tools for quantitative evaluations by means of fuel consumption and emissions for various vertical grade design conditions. Detailed vehicle operation conditions were represented by second-by-second speed profiles generated using the truck dynamic model and non-uniform acceleration/deceleration models. The rates of fuel consumption and emissions based on vehicle-specific power and speeds were extracted using recently developed motor vehicle emission simulator (MOVES). The generated speed profiles were matched with the extracted rates and aggregated during a trip on the grades. As a result, the design vehicle consumed more than five times the amount of fuel on a 3,000-m graded segment when the vehicle had a speed reduction of greater than 20 km/h, as opposed to the vehicle with a speed reduction of less than 10 km/h. For emissions—carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less—there were up to five-fold increases on the segment. Thus, controlling a speed reduction of less than 20 km/h can minimize adverse environmental impacts from vehicle movements. In addition, this study shows that environmentally-conscious vertical grade design is feasible and economically beneficial throughout the life of the highway. The provided guidelines and tools can reduce uncertainty for designing environmentally-conscious highways and can be used as part of the highway design process.
  Authors: Ko, Myunghoon; Lord, Dominique; Zietsman, Josias
  Authors: Ko, Myunghoon; Lord, Dominique; Zietsman, Josias
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2125
• Green Rating Integration Platform: Decision-Making Tool for Multimodal Facilities: Sustainable Water and Material Practices
  Abstract: To achieve sustainability goals and receive credit points for green certification, it is essential to understand the strategies to accomplish the sustainability objectives of a project. Sustainability rating systems come with project goals and strategies. However, among the multitude of sustainability rating systems and guidelines, it is difficult to decide which goals will earn more credit points and what methods need to be followed to achieve particular goals. In addition, multi-modal projects have different focal areas and associated rating systems related to each mode or other aspect of the project. Five green ratings systems representative of these aspects have been selected and analyzed through an analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Previous research resulted in synchronization of the rating system topical categories and synthesis of the credits. This work focused on the water and material aspects, and the associated detailed goals and green methodologies. Key intents from the project goals and key strategies from the methodologies were identified. The lists of key intents and key strategies across the rating systems were then harmonized using an AHP and further cross-coded in an open database with the credit subcategories and corresponding rating systems. The database can filter the credit subcategories across the rating system for a specific key intent or key strategy. The harmonized lists and database will facilitate decision makers and sustainability practitioners in evaluating intents and methodologies for a project across multiple rating systems and thus, aid in achieving the desired levels of sustainability for multi-modal facilities.
  Authors: Haselbach, Liv; Alam, Ashraful; DeRooy, Garrett; Poor, Cara; Wolcott, Michael P
  Authors: Haselbach, Liv; Alam, Ashraful; DeRooy, Garrett; Poor, Cara; Wolcott, Michael P
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Construction; Environment; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 274
  Paper Number: 13-2175
• Comparison of Microscale Fuel Consumption Models Based on Vehicle-Specific Power and Ln(TAD) for Light-Duty Vehicles on Urban Roads
  Abstract: In existing micro-scale fuel consumption and emission models such as MOVES and VERSIT+, a power demand-based parameter is commonly used to characterize the traffic performance and vehicle activities because of its strong correlation with fuel consumption and emissions. Both Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) and the natural logarithm of the Total Absolute Difference of the vehicle instantaneous speed (Ln(TAD)) are commonly used power demand-based parameters. This paper is intended to compare two fuel consumption models that are developed based on the VSP with Ln(TAD) for fuel consumption predictions for Light-Duty Vehicles (LDVs) on urban roads. After collecting and processing field vehicle activities and fuel consumption data, two fuel consumption models for LDVs, one based on the VSP and another one based on Ln(TAD) are developed. Then, total fuel consumptions and fuel consumption factors for each test are calculated for a comparison with the field data. In order to examine prediction accuracies of both models for urban expressways and arterial roads, fuel consumption factors at different speed bins for expressways and arterial roads are calculated separately. Further, the study develops relationships between the VSP distribution and Ln(TAD) and the average travel speed in order to develop the capability to estimate the fuel consumption by using the average travel speed as the sole input data. Subsequently, prediction accuracies based on the developed relationships are compared. Finally, characteristics and regularities of micro-scale fuel consumption models based on the VSP and Ln(TAD) for LDVs on urban roads are identified.
  Authors: Zhao, Qi; Yu, Lei; Song, Guohua
  Authors: Zhao, Qi; Yu, Lei; Song, Guohua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2211
• Effects of Temperature and Thermal Management on Battery Life in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  Abstract: We develop a simulation model that aims to evaluate the effect of thermal management on battery life. The model consists of two sub-models: a thermal model and a battery degradation model. The temperature rise in the battery is calculated using the thermal model, and a temperature profile is obtained under pre-defined driving, charging and stand-by scenarios. The temperature profile and the energy requirement required to achieve a driving profile act as inputs to the degradation sub-model, which is used to predict the battery life. The degradation model is derived from models and test data available in literature, and the model is constructed for air-cooled cylindrical LiFePO4 cells based on the Hymotion Prius-conversion configuration. Preliminary results suggest that peak temperatures have the greatest impact on degradation: Thermal management increases life substantially in climates with high peak temperatures (Pheonix) and for more aggressive driving cycles (US06), while thermal management has less influence in climates with lower peak temperatures (Miami) and with gentle driving cycles (UDDS). Use of cabin air vs. outside air for thermal management has minor impact on battery life for the control strategy used, but thermostat control settings are important for lowering peak temperatures and extending battery life.
  Authors: Yuksel, Tugce; Michalek, Jeremy J.
  Authors: Yuksel, Tugce; Michalek, Jeremy J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2220
• Quality Control of Toll Data for Mobility Performance Measures on Jingshen Expressway in China
  Abstract: China is experiencing an unprecedented growth in transportation development. The enclosed Chinese toll system provides an opportunity for the toll data to be used for monitoring mobility performance. However, quality control of such toll data is challenging. The toll data from the Jingshen Expressway in China was analyzed and assessed for mobility performance evaluation. Quality control criteria were developed to filtering out erroneous data and off-network stops. The mobility performance measures, namely, Travel Time Index, Congestion Duration, and Planning Time Index were calculated for the Jingshen Expressway network. The research shows the toll data which is essentially Origination and Destination (OD) data in nature can be used for overall mobility performance evaluation with sufficient quality control. However, the limitation of such data is that it is based on OD pairs. The mobility performance was assumed to be consistent within an adjacent OD pair. It is suggested that the toll data combined with spot speeds from other data sources, such as fixed-point sensors or surveillance camera, be used for more in-depth study.
  Authors: Qu, Tongbin Teresa; Li, Ding
  Authors: Qu, Tongbin Teresa; Li, Ding
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-2219
• Investigating Neighborhood Effect on Hybrid Vehicle Adoption
  Abstract: Transportation contributes a large percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reduce petroleum consumption, vehicle air pollution, and noise emissions, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), offers the new efficiency-improving technologies and has been introduced into the US market since 1999. However, the current market share and hybrid adoption rate is still low by observing 0.1 percent of registered HEVs in the United States in 2010 (BTS, 2011). The sales of HEV are not uniform across space and over time. Here we investigate the spatial diffusion process of the HEVs and analyze how the related factors (including socio-demographic attributes and spatial factors) influence the HEV adoption. Utilizing the 2009 Florida NHTS add-on data, we conducted a cluster analysis to display the spatial clusters of the households who purchased the HEVs during the period of 2005-2008. We found that more clusters of HEVs emerged overtime. Geographic patterns also demonstrated the increasing number of clusters featured by households with hybrid vehicles and the surrounding hybrid vehicle adopters. Further, the relationship between the hybrid vehicle adoption and neighborhood effects (NE) and social-demographic factors are analyzed using Binary Logit models with and without weight. Neighborhood effects are confirmed to be significant in both urban and rural models, especially the factors of 1-mile and 5-mile neighborhood coverage. This indicates that potential buyers are more likely to purchase the HEVs when there are more HEVs exposures surrounding, and this measurement of exposure is proved to be reasonable for neighborhood effect. Among the social and demographic attributes, household income is the most significant variable and plays a dominant role in affecting the propensity to buy hybrid vehicles. Other factors, such as vehicle ownership, household structure and education attainment level also significantly affect households’ choice of hybrid cars. Vehicle usage is a controversial factor in this study because of the interactive correlation between the type of vehicle owned and corresponding usage.
  Authors: Zhu, Xiaoyu; Liu, Chao
  Authors: Zhu, Xiaoyu; Liu, Chao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2017
• Travel Behavior and E-mobility in Germany: Is the Problem the Driving Range or Costs or Both?
  Abstract: A reluctance towards switching to electric cars can be observed in various countries despite the efforts of national programs to promote electric vehicles. This paper investigates, if electric cars are capable of meeting the requirements of daily mobility in Germany. The analysis is based on data from the Mobility Panel Survey Germany from 1995 to 2010 and the travel survey of the Stuttgart area from 2009/10, combining a long-term travel behavior analysis with a regional specific verification. The focus is on individuals, who exclusively drive a car and walk during a day, relying on the car as a primary means of transport. For this group the determinants of the decision using an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) versus a battery electric car (BEV) are analyzed focusing on driving range and energy costs. The analysis suggests that around 80% of all daily travel by car drivers could be done with currently available models of electric cars where only charging during the night would be sufficient in the majority of cases. This suggests that the driving range of BEVs cannot actually be the restricting factor. On the other hand, the current cost structure of BEVs with high costs of investment and low costs of energy is not favorable for a large share of drivers, since their low annual mileage does not compensate the high investment costs through low operation costs. In the Stuttgart region, drivers from the suburbs would benefit most from such savings due to lower energy costs while those living in the city would need other cost structures or incentives for switching to BEVs.
  Authors: Koelbl, Robert; Bauer, Dietmar; Rudloff, Christian
  Authors: Koelbl, Robert; Bauer, Dietmar; Rudloff, Christian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2114
• Analysis of Household Vehicle Usage and Ownership Under Different Taxation Policies
  Abstract: The objectives of this study are twofold: 1) to develop an integrated approach analyzing the vehicle type choice, annual travelling distance, and holding duration by simultaneously consider the correlations between the three behaviors, and 2) to demonstrate the changes in CO2 emissions under different taxation policies. In order to develop the integrated approach, focusing on stages of vehicle usage and vehicle ownership, this study proposes a Copula-based Multivariate Survival (CMS) model of holding duration and annual travelling distance. A Paired Combination Logit (PCL) is applied in order to model the vehicle type choice, and then the estimated PCL model is further incorporated into the CMS model. An empirical analysis was carried out by using a data set collected in the Chugoku region of Japan, 2006. Model estimation results empirically confirmed the effectiveness of the suggested approach. The estimation results also showed that the vehicle holding duration has the negative correlations with expected utilities of vehicle type choice and with vehicle usage. Through the simulation analysis about vehicle-related taxes, it was clarified that to increase fuel tax is the most effective in to reducing the CO2 emissions, followed by auto tax and weight tax at the vehicle inspection. Moreover, it was observed that the increases in acquisition tax contribute to increase CO2 emissions.
  Authors: Kuwano, Masashi; Fujiwara, Akimasa; Zhang, Junyi; Tsukai, Makoto
  Authors: Kuwano, Masashi; Fujiwara, Akimasa; Zhang, Junyi; Tsukai, Makoto
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2478
• Development and Evaluation of Intelligent Energy Management Strategy for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
  Abstract: In this study, we propose an intelligent energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). At the trip level, the strategy takes into account a priori knowledge of vehicle location, roadway characteristics, and real-time traffic information on the travel route from intelligent transportation system technologies in generating a synthesized velocity trajectory for the trip. The synthesized velocity trajectory is then used to determine charge-depleting control that is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem to minimize the total trip fuel consumption. The strategy can be extended to optimize fuel consumption at the tour level if a pre-planned travel itinerary for the tour and the information about available battery recharging opportunities at intermediate stops in the tour are available. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy, both for the trip-based and tour-based controls, was evaluated against the existing binary mode energy management strategy using a real-world example trip/tour in Southern California. The evaluation results show that the fuel savings of the proposed strategy over the binary mode strategy are around 10-15%.
  Authors: Wu, Guoyuan; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J.
  Authors: Wu, Guoyuan; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2457
• Fuel-Based Signal Optimization Model
  Abstract: Due to the development of industry and commerce, the percentage of fuel consumptions and emissions of the transport sector is increasing in recent years. As a result, the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other emissions have worsened the environment, and thus global-warming and air-pollution issues need to be incorporated within the planning and operation of transportation systems. This research proposes a fuel-based signal optimization model on the basis of an analytical fuel consumption model, the Analytical Fuel Consumption Model (AFCM). The AFCM is composed of three parts: the first part describes fuel consumption by stopped vehicles which have idle fuel consumption rates, the second part describes fuel consumption by vehicles accelerating from a stopped status until they pass the stop line, and the third part represents stochastic effects of vehicle movements which consume excess fuel. The fuel-based signal optimization model is examined and validated through simulation experiments. Three signal settings, including TRANSYT 7F, Synchro, and the fuel-based signal optimization model, are compared through the simulation-assignment model, DynaTAIWAN. The experiment results show the fuel-based signal optimization model performs better to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
  Authors: Liao, Tsai-Yun
  Authors: Liao, Tsai-Yun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2488
• Experimental Study on Nanometer TiO2 Doped with Fe3+ for Purification Effect of Automobile Exhaust in the Tunnel
  Abstract: This paper presents an experimental approach to study purification effect of automobile exhaust. Sol-gel method was used to prepare Fe3+ modified Titanium dioxide (TiO2). Purification tests were conducted in a self-developed instrument to study catalytic effects of TiO2 doped with different contents of Fe3+ through degradation rate. The modification mechanism was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning. Results showed that doping iron ion had improved the light catalytic performance of nanometer through inhibiting the growth of TiO2 grain size. TiO2 doped with 0.1% iron ion showed the best catalytic effect. The degradation rates of CO and CO2, HC and NOX were 6.9%, 7.9%, 2.3% and 14.9% higher than the unmodified TiO2 under ultraviolet light conditions, respectively., 0.6%, 0.6%, 2.3% and 8.2% higher than the unmodified under incandescent light conditions, respectively.
  Authors: Jianzhong, Pei
  Authors: Jianzhong, Pei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 292
  Paper Number: 13-2563
• Why Do We Tend to Drive Faster and Follow Vehicles Closer Than We Should in an Underground Road?
  Abstract: A driver maybe diminishes his sensitivity to speed gradually because of lack of variation in visual scenery in a long underground road and he tends to drive a vehicle faster and follow a vehicle closer than he should do unconsciously. This paper focuses on mechanism analysis of vehicle operating characteristics affected by visual environment in urban underground road based on information load. CONTENTS: 1) Comparing differences of vehicle velocity maintaining and headway estimating in different road environment; 2) Calculating driver visual information load level from diver¡¯s vision scene; 3) Mechanism analysis of driving behaviors affected by visual environment; 4) Taking technical measures to satisfy driver visual requirements in underground road environment. DATA: vehicle velocity, headway and diver¡¯s vision scene. METHODS: 1) Revealing differences of vehicle operating characteristics in different traffic environment with naturalistic driving; 2) Studying the influence mechanism based on theoretical calculation. 3) Proposing measures to improve urban underground traffic security on driving simulator.
  Authors: Chen, Yuren; Cai, Yang; Wang, Jie; Zeng, Xueke
  Authors: Chen, Yuren; Cai, Yang; Wang, Jie; Zeng, Xueke
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 208
  Paper Number: 13-2582
• Public-Private Partnership in Traveler Information Provisions: Case Study of a Developing Country
  Abstract: Developing countries make a larger contribution to global transportation related problems than developed countries, and they also suffer more acutely from limited budgets. Traveler Information Provisions (TIP) assist commuters in making better travel decisions, thereby leading to increased mobility and more efficient travel. At the same time, shrinking public funding has made the public-private partnership more attractive. Seemingly there are opportunities for Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in TIP in developing countries. Nonetheless, the use of PPP to fund public projects in the developing countries is in its infancy, and the issues related to this do not receive adequate attention in the literature. In this study, we investigated PPP’s opportunities in TIP in the case of a developing country; Tehran, Iran. We first studied the factors contributing to TIP effectiveness by analyzing commuters’ behavioral changes in response to currently broadcasted Radio Traffic Information (RTI). The analysis was conducted using Multi-Nominal Logit and Nested Logit models. From this analysis, we identified commuter characteristics, trip purpose, and the content of RTI information as contributing factors which direct us to some potential markets and strategies for investment in TIP. We then reviewed the literature to identify some challenges and opportunities of PPP in past experiences as well as special regional constraints. According to the modeling results and the literature review we outlined some business models for PPP in TIP. Some key findings are (i)data integration and customization is essential, (ii)with respect to purchasing behavior, the market has to be stratified into commuter and corporate markets, and (iii)the market for GPS based services is promising.
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed; Kermanshah, Mohammad; Bozic, Claire
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed; Kermanshah, Mohammad; Bozic, Claire
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-2596
• Systems Approach to Innovation Success: Steps in Adopting E-vehicles in City Logistics
  Abstract: The adoption of innovation has frequently been described as path-dependent, highlighting the randomness in overcoming barriers. Addressing these issues within a System provides an improved understanding of the forces at work and allows for the planning and implementation of policy interventions in favor of innovation uptake especially when the objective is welfare.Extending the Systems’ Innovation approach, a Systems’ Innovation framework for policy support is produced to assist in indicating when and how to intervene in the adoption/ technology transfer process. The proposed framework is applied to the introduction of e-vehicles in city logistics. Findings indicate the dependence of the innovation uptake on the innovation leader/champion and that need to transfer leadership from central authorities to municipal authorities in order to move from the initiation stage to the implementation stage. The importance of strong networks between innovation actors and respective building of capabilities, which may also work in favor of other competitive innovations, is also derived from the analysis.
  Authors: Roumboutsos, Athena; Vanelslander, Thierry; Kapros, Seraphim
  Authors: Roumboutsos, Athena; Vanelslander, Thierry; Kapros, Seraphim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2773
• Do You Mind If I Plug in My Car? How Etiquette Shapes Plug-in Vehicle Drivers' Vehicle Charging Behavior
  Abstract: PEVs engage drivers in an essential new behavior—plugging the car into theelectrical grid to charge the vehicles’ batteries. Broadly, it has beenassumed that if away-from-home charging infrastructure is in place and PEVdrivers know of it, they will perceive an opportunity to charge. Theexperiences of early PEV drivers cause us to rethink this assumption.Drivers report a lack of etiquette, i.e., rules to guide their behaviorand their expectations of how other PEV drivers ought to behave in the newsocial interactions. PEV drivers want widely shared, understood, andpracticed charging guidelines in order to feel comfortable and confidentin charging away-from-home. This study uses thematic analysis oftranscripts, amended by field notes, of interviews of 28 PEV drivinghouseholds in San Diego County, California. Themes emerged within twotypes of away from home charging. First, public chargers available to anyPEV driver were the sites of multiple situations in which drivers’perceived a lack of rules or perceived conflicts between different systemsof rules; both inhibited charger use. Second, workplace charging adds anadditional layer of rules and possibly resources that may either inhibitor encourage PEV charging. If PEV markets and charger networks continue togrow, charging will be shaped by more systems of rules and regulations,e.g., those governing financial transactions. Our results suggests thatnew rules may create as much uncertainty as guidance.
  Authors: Caperello, Nicolette; Kurani, Kenneth S.; TyreeHageman, Jennifer L.
  Authors: Caperello, Nicolette; Kurani, Kenneth S.; TyreeHageman, Jennifer L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2816
• Low-Mass Urban Microcars for Emerging Market Megacities
  Abstract: For rapidly growing vehicle markets, small, low mass vehicles show promise. New regulatory norms are needed that take into account the differing operating environments and demands of these vehicles. We explore the potential for such vehicles to meet the demands of consumers and transportation systems in emerging markets, particularly in dense megacities, initially as commercial last-mile transportation and more broadly for private automobile consumers. We propose a regulatory template for these “Urban Microcars” that considers potential energy, emissions, and safety impacts, and borrows features from the Low Speed Vehicle (LSV) category in the U.S. and the L5e Motor Tricycle and L7e heavy Quadricycle norms in the European Union.
  Authors: Cahill, Eric C.; Taylor, Bill; Sperling, Daniel
  Authors: Cahill, Eric C.; Taylor, Bill; Sperling, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-2844
• Evaluating Sustainability of Face Bricks for Road and Airfield Pavements
  Abstract: The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center evaluated the feasibility of using face bricks as an alternative to concrete or asphalt paving for lightweight and heavyweight vehicle traffic. Paving materials and equipment can be scarce in expeditionary environments, so the use of bricks recycled from existing infrastructure may provide a local resource for constructing pavements suitable for meeting the military’s mission requirements. The field testing documented in this paper follows a laboratory study in which a series of tests, including compressive strength, absorption, Los Angeles abrasion, and specific gravity, were conducted on selected face bricks and brick pavers. The success of the laboratory testing led to the full-scale field testing and evaluation of the face and paver bricks trafficked with a commercial dump truck load of approximately 54,000 lb (24 494 kg) and then trafficked with a 45,000-lb (20 412-kg) single-wheel C-17 aircraft load cart. The field testing indicated brick-paved roads constructed with a moderately high-strength base are capable of sustaining more than 10,000 passes of truck traffic without failure. The same brick-paved roads were not capable of withstanding C-17 aircraft traffic. Further results from the evaluation are presented and include material characterization test data, rut depth measurements, wheel path and cross-section profile measurements, instrumentation response data, and forensic assessments. Recommendations for continuing the study through the use of additional full-scale test sections are also provided.
  Authors: Bell, Haley P.; Edwards, Lulu
  Authors: Bell, Haley P.; Edwards, Lulu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 705
  Paper Number: 13-2905
• Livability Literature Review: Synthesis of Current Practice
  Abstract: In 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collaborated to form the Partnership for Sustainable Communities. The Partnership developed six livability principles to improve access to affordable housing, provide more transportation options, and lower transportation costs, while protecting the environment in communities nationwide. Using the Partnership’s livability principles as guidance, NARC conducted an extensive review of local and regional comprehensive and master plans, reports and policy documents. The literature revealed difficulty in creating livability consensus concepts, livability and sustainability used as interchangeable terms, and ten trending topics used by practitioners to achieve livability goals. While the ten trending topics are not exhaustive, it serves as a starting point to further understand livability tactics and mechanisms that can be replicated on local, state and regional levels. This paper examines each trending topic as it relates to the livability principles to enhance the understanding, knowledge and implementation of livability.
  Authors: Young, Erika; Hermanson, Valerie
  Authors: Young, Erika; Hermanson, Valerie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2940
• Marine Highway Stakeholders and Their Relations
  Abstract: This work considers the US Marine Highway operators and their Stakeholders as a market place for trading resources to create value. Resources are defined herein as anything desired by one stakeholder that can be traded in some relevant sense with another stakeholder in control of the resource(s) desired. The influence exerted by a Stakeholder group is considered as a proxy for the value/criticality of the resource held by the Stakeholder group. A survey of the Stakeholders reveals peers as the most dominant influence among Shippers, Environmental Advocates, Regulators and Transportation Providers. Only Suppliers exhibit a distinct dominance of the influence of their customers over that of their peers. A Stakeholder map shows how the various Stakeholder groups influence each other. This snapshot of Stakeholder relationships is a powerful tool for both businesses as well as Regulators in their pursuit of achieving their objectives in a network centric environment. Generally, this contributes to understanding the underlying dynamics of a changing value-advantage in the current and coming decades of shipping.
  Authors: Mokashi, Amit Jayant; Corbett, James J.
  Authors: Mokashi, Amit Jayant; Corbett, James J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 342
  Paper Number: 13-2273
• Influence of Ventilation Mode and Out-Vehicle Pollution on In-Vehicle PM2.5 Concentration
  Abstract: The last two decades have witnessed a growing concern about in-vehicle air quality with emphasis on passenger cars where greater exposure to traffic induced emissions have been recorded among all transport modes. In this paper, in-vehicle and out-vehicle concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) are measured to assess commuter’s exposure under varied ventilation conditions. For this purpose, three ventilation modes, five car makes and ages, and four out-vehicle sample intake locations are tested. Average in-vehicle PM2.5 concentration exceeded the World Health Organization permissible exposure guideline for all tested ventilation modes. Except for the case when air recirculation was used with closed windows, in- to out concentration ratios were consistently higher than unity indicating the occurrence of a self polluting condition. In addition, the rear left area of the car as observed by a seated driver was found to affect most in-vehicle air quality.
  Authors: Abi-Esber, Layale; El-Fadel, Mutasem
  Authors: Abi-Esber, Layale; El-Fadel, Mutasem
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2549
• Evaluation of Gate Strategies at Marine Container Terminals
  Abstract: Intermodal marine container terminals are experiencing growth in volumes and are under pressure to develop strategies to accommodate increasing demand. One of the major factors contributing to the problem is inefficient gate operations that can cause serious safety, congestion, and environmental problems. There is a plethora of ongoing discussions concerning the implementation of different operational strategies that may reduce the effect of these externalities. This research presents the development of a traffic simulation model capable of measuring the impact of various gate strategies on congestion at terminal gates and on the environment.
  Authors: Karafa, Jeffery; Golias, Mihalis M.; Boile, Maria; Theofanis, Sotiris
  Authors: Karafa, Jeffery; Golias, Mihalis M.; Boile, Maria; Theofanis, Sotiris
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2961
• Using Onboard Sound Intensity Measurements to Interpret Traffic Noise Modeling Results
  Abstract: With the evaluation of noise impacts and noise abatement under the requirements of 23CFR772, “Procedures for Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise,” traffic noise levels are calculated using the Federal Highway Administration’s Traffic Noise Model (TNM). TNM calculates traffic noise levels based on the geometry of the site and traffic volumes, mix, and speeds. TNM does not currently account for pavement type or condition, atypical vehicle noise populations, transparent shielding, reflections, or meteorological conditions. For these reasons, noise measurements are conducted and traffic noise model adjustments and calibration factors are developed. For several highway studies recently conducted in California, On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) measurements were made concurrent to the traditional wayside noise measurements along the length of the freeway to be studied in an effort to account for the existing pavement type and condition of the freeway. Use of OBSI data, when compared to the calculated TNM Average pavement OBSI level, has helped to interpret calibration factors that had been developed in TNM based on standard modeling practices. This paper describes how OBSI can be used as a supplementary tool to help interpret calibration factors developed for a TNM model.
  Authors: Lodico, Dana M.; Donavan, Paul
  Authors: Lodico, Dana M.; Donavan, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 814
  Paper Number: 13-3058
• Commercial Building Trigeneration Systems for Refueling Hydrogen Vehicles, Providing Local Grid Support, and Enhancing Sustainability
  Abstract: Emerging technologies such as fuel cell tri-generation have the potential to simultaneously provide hydrogen fuel and local grid support in an economical way by co-producing valuable products: hydrogen, electricity, and heat. A typical tri-generation system produces electricity and heat for buildings as well as hydrogen fuel for vehicles by converting a hydrocarbon such as natural gas (NG) or bio-methane. Low utilization that is normally associated with early hydrogen refueling stations would no longer be a problem, since a tri-generation system can always produce electricity and heat regardless of the size of the H2 demand. Due to its high efficiency and combined heat and power (CHP) nature, a tri-generation system generates less criteria and CO2 emissions compared with many other ways of electricity generation, and thus enhances the sustainability of our energy system. When using renewable feedstock such as bio-methane, a tri-generation system generates near zero CO2 emissions.This study models the operation of commercial building tri-generation systems for “Big box” stores such as Safeway and Costco, which are a combination of grocery and retail business, and sometimes gasoline retail. This type of business is considered because people shop there regularly and sometimes combine their shopping trips with refueling. In addition, these business have already invested and have experience in transportation fuel (mostly gasoline) retail. This study is part of our ongoing research efforts to identify viable, novel, and low risk strategies to provide hydrogen refueling to support fuel cell vehicle (FCV) rollout. This study will also explore how the distributed generation nature of this application may benefit public utilities for local electricity grid support. This is important in the case of geographically concentrated BEV deployments, where BEVs are adding peak load locally. This study has the potential to contribute to a scenario where the transition to hydrogen for transportation would not require subsidy, which is different from many previous scenarios analyzed by DOE.
  Authors: Li, Xuping; Ogden, Joan M.; Yang, Christopher
  Authors: Li, Xuping; Ogden, Joan M.; Yang, Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3134
• Road Construction, Repair, and Maintenance: Review of Role in the Environment
  Abstract: Highways, bridges and roads are a necessity for a progressing society. The construction of these roadways can greatly impact the natural environment. Impacts of the roadway construction and even repair or maintenance can be observed by changes in water quality, biodiversity changes, air quality and altered runoff pathways. While in some cases the damage to the environment is minimal or temporary, there are many instances where environmental impacts are long term and lead to a domino effect of adverse changes in the environment. This paper seeks to explore a general view of the impacts of road works on the environment as an initial step in future assessment and modeling of the impacts on a critical water body.
  Authors: Rolle, Kenya; Kobelo, Doreen Clemence
  Authors: Rolle, Kenya; Kobelo, Doreen Clemence
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3167
• Toward Sustainable Pavement Management: Incorporating Environmental Impacts of Pavement Treatments into Performance-Based Optimization
  Abstract: Transportation asset management systems are concerned with the daunting task of maintenance and upgrade of infrastructures while restricted by annual budgets. However, the consideration of environmental impacts is normally left out of the analysis. This paper incorporates environmental impacts of maintenance and rehabilitation of pavements into the strategic planning. It explicitly considers greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage from such activities and conducts a performance-based optimization. It follows a three-step tradeoff process: finding minimum requirement of annual budget, maximizing condition and reducing environmental impacts. The results show that considering environmental impacts in the strategic planning returns a substantial gain in energy savings and GHG emissions reduction although a small sacrifice in pavement performance is required. It reduces energy usage and GHG emissions by 19 percent and 24 percent, respectively, while pavement condition drops slightly to 98.5 percent of optimal solution.
  Authors: Faghih-Imani, Ahmadreza; Amador-Jimenez, Luis
  Authors: Faghih-Imani, Ahmadreza; Amador-Jimenez, Luis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 705
  Paper Number: 13-3154
• Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainability in the Transportation Sector
  Abstract: The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a program under the Kyoto Protocol designed to help developing countries reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The program was originally adopted to reduce the cost of compliance for Annex I countries and, as a result, has failed to foster renewable, transportation-related, or small projects. The fundamental question is whether or not the CDM can incentivize sustainable development, especially in terms of GHG reductions, in the ever-growing transportation sector of the developing world. Among the various transportation projects, fuel switch and mode switch projects are the most common options in the CDM, mainly because travel activity, vehicle efficiency and occupancy, and infrastructure investments are too broad for a project-based approach. A sectoral approach or Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) could provide a better fit for transportation policies; however, probably due to its more complex structure, no sectoral transportation option has been approved in the CDM. This paper reviews and critiques the CDM, and considers modifications to improve the program in these contexts.Keywords: The Clean Development Mechanism, Sustainability, Developing countries, Greenhouse gases.
  Authors: Rouhani, Omid M.
  Authors: Rouhani, Omid M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3195
• Vehicle Ownership in Middle-Class Indian Households: Mobility in Mumbai
  Abstract: As median household incomes rise in India, discretionary spending in the consumption basket is going up, along with increases in transportation budgets. Middle-class households are investing in private vehicles such as motorized two-wheelers (TWs) and cars. This is further adding to negative externalities such as congestion, emissions, higher accident rates, noise pollution, etc.This paper explores the drivers of TW and car ownership in middle-class Indian households. The analysis is conducted using a household travel survey from the Greater Mumbai Region (GMR), where the unit of analysis is the household (N=38,346). Using a discrete choice modeling framework, where the choice set is households having (i) no vehicles, (ii) only TW/s, or (iii) at least one car, the results indicate that utility from vehicle ownership increases with –• Life cycle variables: kids in the household, married status of primary wage earner.• Socio-demographic variables: housing unit characteristics (number of rooms, apartment/independent housing type), primary wage earner’s characteristics (college education, employment status, male), persons in the household.• Other variables: per capita household income, distance from a railway station, primary wage earner’s urban periphery work location, population density at primary wage earner’s work location.These findings illustrate the sensitivity of vehicle ownership not only to life cycle and socio-demographic variables, but also to land use variables such as density, proximity to transit, and jobs-housing locations in the city-region. Policies that encourage both in-city and urban periphery node development, with strategic higher development densities, along with provision of public transportation options are indicated from this research.
  Authors: Shirgaokar, Manish
  Authors: Shirgaokar, Manish
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-3249
• Census of U.S. Near-Roadway Population: Particulate Matter Exposure, Environmental Justice, and Coverage of Air Quality Monitoring Network
  Abstract: The concentration of particulate matter from motor vehicles is elevated along major roadways and exposure to these emissions is associated with many negative health outcomes. Previous studies also find that lower household income and minority status correspond with greater exposure to traffic and mobile source air pollutants, raising environmental justice concerns. This research presents the first complete U.S. census of the population living near high volume roads, develops a detailed understanding of how demographics vary in relation to roadway proximity and traffic volume, and evaluates the coverage of the national ambient air quality monitoring network. The census is completed using a geographic information system to select all U.S. census blocks, or block portions, along high volume roads indentified from the federal Highway Performance Monitoring System. The results find that in the U.S. 57 million people (20% of the population) live near high volume roads. Nationally, greater traffic volume is associated with larger shares of non-white residents and lower median household incomes. A disaggregate analysis finds that these associations vary across the country, but generally hold in urban areas. Just 16% of counties with some population living near high volume roads also have a co-located air quality monitor. As a result, 17.8 million people live in unmonitored areas near roads where particulate matter may exceed federal standards. In conclusion, protecting a larger share of the U.S. population from exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter and addressing environmental justice concerns requires a more robust near roadway air quality monitoring network.
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3256
• Modelling the Tyre/Road Noise from Thin Layer Surfacings
  Abstract: Noise levels caused by road traffic have reached intolerable high levels in and around many urban areas all around the world. Because of health and general wellbeing related reasons, these noise levels have to be reduced. The noise produced at the tyre/road surface interface is one of the most important contributions to the overall traffic noise. Therefore noise reducing pavements are considered as solutions for noise level reduction in that interface. A thin layer asphalt surfacing is a commonly used noise reducing pavement technology in the Netherlands. In a previous project, trail sections of thin layer surfacings were built, and measurements of surface characteristics and tyre/road noise have been performed. This study is based on the analysis of the existing database. The noise levels on thin layer surfaces are investigated with different material properties and surface characteristics, including texture and sound absorption. It was found that differences in the mixture compositions and surface characteristics influence changes in noise levels.Based on these findings, regression based statistical models were developed for evaluating the tyre/road noise level caused by the road surface properties. Different combinations of the mixture compositions and surface characteristics were taken into account. The models developed in this study show great prediction effect and can be used for predicting the tyre/road noise generation in road engineering.
  Authors: Li, Mingliang; van Keulen, Wim; Ceylan, Halil; van de Ven, Martin F. C.; Molenaar, André
  Authors: Li, Mingliang; van Keulen, Wim; Ceylan, Halil; van de Ven, Martin F. C.; Molenaar, André
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: ADC40
  Paper Number: 13-2847
• Sustainable Communities: Challenges in Implementing Standardized Performance Measures
  Abstract: Performance measurement systems for public decision-making processes remain a work in progress for transportation planning, land use planning, and urban and regional planning generally. There is a particular need for performance measures that can guide the development of more sustainable transportation systems. This paper describes an effort to apply standardized performance measures in four different metropolitan and rural regions across the United States. Each pilot community was provided with a “Draft Guidebook for Sustainable Community Performance Measurement”, which lays out data sources and preliminary steps for calculating 17 proposed performance measures. The pilot efforts revealed several consistent challenges to establishing performance measures that can be calculated in a standardized way across multiple geographic regions. First, inconsistencies in data sources across regions, as well as different levels of technical capacity to calculate measures, mean that the accuracy of measures calculated varies from region to region. Second, some of the measures are more appropriate for application in urban areas than in suburban and rural areas. Third, if measures are expected to inform local planning processes, regions understandably want to customize them to reflect their own priorities. Customization results in measures that cannot be compared across regions. Based on these findings, we suggest that comparing sustainable community outcomes and trends in regions across the U.S. requires implementing standardized performance measures in a more centralized manner.
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank; Ramsey, Kevin; Ang-Olson, Jeffrey
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank; Ramsey, Kevin; Ang-Olson, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-3397
• Emission Saving Potential of Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Programs: Case Study of California Heavy-Duty Trucking
  Abstract: California is the largest consumer of transportation fuels in the United States. An increasing fraction of these fuels (25-29%) is dedicated to powering heavy-duty trucks, which has significant effects on both local air quality and greenhouse gases (GHG). Following the passage of the Global Warming Solutions Act (2006), the California Air Resources Board (ARB) has commenced many heavy-duty trucking initiatives to assist in meeting the goal of obtaining an 80% GHG reduction from 1990 levels by 2050. Along with these initiatives, which include fuel reformulation and programs to promote mode switch, the ARB has instituted an accelerated vehicle retirement program (AVRP) (referred to as ”Cash for Clunkers”) to subsidize the removal of older, more polluting heavy-duty trucks from California’s fleet. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for and report on the emissions savings potentials of truck-specific AVRPs considering the emissions generated through vehicle manufacturing, operation, maintenance, and disposal life-cycle phases. Our results indicate that the distribution of lifetime vehicle miles traveled (VMT), useful years of replacement, and fuel economy are key parameters that influence AVRP emission assessments. Accelerated vehicle retirement programs in California can generate enough emissions savings to effectively offset the lifetime GHG footprint of a portion (1-4%) of the participating heavy-duty trucks (Class 8), a GHG saving potential of upwards of 200,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents per 1,000 vehicles replaced.
  Authors: Taptich, Michael; Chester, Mikhail; Horvath, Arpad
  Authors: Taptich, Michael; Chester, Mikhail; Horvath, Arpad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2981
• Evaluating Accuracy of Approaches to Integrating Microscopic Traffic Simulators with Emissions Models for Project-Level Emissions Analysis
  Abstract: Until recently, the transportation community lacked the tools needed to conduct project-level emissions analysis. The recent development of emissions models such as the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model (MOVES) finally satisfied that critical need, and opened the door to integrating microscopic traffic simulators with MOVES to allow for assessing the environmental impact of traffic management and control measures. To integrate traffic micro-simulators with MOVES, the second-by-second vehicle trajectory output from the traffic simulator can, in principal, be used to define the link drive schedule required to run the project-level MOVES analysis. However, the challenge is that the MOVES model requires defining a representative vehicle trajectory for each link, because tracking the emissions for individual vehicles is computationally intractable. This paper describes a study designed to evaluate the accuracy of different approaches to determining the link drive schedule of a representative vehicle on a link. Specifically, the study compares the accuracy of two aggregation methods and one sampling method for doing this. The accuracy of the aggregation and sampling methods are evaluated for both freeway links as well as arterial links, and for both Cellular Automata based traffic micro-simulators and for car-following models. The results indicate that the sampling method outperforms either one of the aggregation methods, and that using few sampled vehicles and repeating the analysis for a few model runs may be better than using more samples and running the analysis only once.Key Words: MOVES, Emissions Analysis, PARAMICS, Car-following, Cellular Automata
  Authors: Zhao, Yunjie; Sadek, Adel W.
  Authors: Zhao, Yunjie; Sadek, Adel W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3228
• Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Hybrid Bus Deployment on Transit Lines
  Abstract: The potential benefits and the prohibitive costs of hybrid buses warrant the following question: "Is it economically viable to use hybrid buses in transit routes?" To that end, the primary objective of this study is to conduct an extensive life cycle cost analysis of a hypothetical purchase scenario of a new bus fleet for New Jersey transit routes with three different purchase options: 1) Conventional Diesel 2) Compressed Natural Gas and 3) Hybrid-electric. Life cycle cost analysis includes not only capital and operating costs, but also air pollution costs. The novelty of this current study is the use of detailed data from an actual transit planning network that includes individual link speeds and the frequency and trip length of bus trips for each transit line. This approach allows us to quantify the work-wide impacts of various bus purchase scenarios. Life cycle cost analysis was used to compare different bus purchase scenarios, estimate the impact of operation speed on life cycle costs and calculate the impact of government subsidies for initial bus purchase costs. This study concludes that, given the unit maintenance and operation costs values reported in the literature and significantly higher capital costs, hybrid electric buses are still not an economically viable solution for NJ Transit as compared to CNG and conventional diesel buses.
  Authors: Bartin, Bekir
  Authors: Bartin, Bekir
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4071
• Comparison Between Long-Term Effects of Road Development and Railway Development for Low-Carbon Urban Transport System in Bangkok, Thailand
  Abstract: Development of low-carbon transport systems in Asian developing cities could significantly contribute to CO2 mitigation by calming motorization accelerated by rapid economic growth. However, many of them have prioritized road development over railway development to reduce serious traffic congestion. In a long term, this could induce more traffic and, consequently, worsen congestion problems. On the other hand, to achieve the challenging level of CO2 mitigation, extensive railway development may be required for megacities. As CO2 mitigation is unlikely to be priority for them, their low-carbon transport systems should secure accessibility improvement at least with reasonable cost as well as mitigating CO2 emissions.This study examines whether railway development would be more effective in a long term than road development in Bangkok by saving more CO2 emissions and travel time in the budget of development cost. Future scenarios in 2050 are set to represent road-oriented development and railway-oriented development, taking account of long-term changes in socio-economic characteristics and motorization level. While road-oriented development is expected to improve traffic efficiency, railway-oriented development can contribute to reducing traffic congestion by shifting car users to railway users. The effects of these long-term development scenarios are assessed with an urban transport model by estimating their impacts on CO2 emissions and travel time in the constraint of development cost, compared to the current levels. The results also provide costs of CO2 mitigation in each scenario to identify the effectiveness of a low-carbon transport system.
  Authors: Nakamura, Kazuki; Hayashi, Yoshitsugu; Kato, Hirokazu
  Authors: Nakamura, Kazuki; Hayashi, Yoshitsugu; Kato, Hirokazu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4101
• Framework to Evaluate Policy for Promotion of Electric Vehicles
  Abstract: The transport sector from conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas and carbon emissions. Due to growing environmental concerns, there is an increasing governmental interest in evaluating policies that can increase the uptake of Electric Vehicles (EV). This study develops a framework to evaluate the impact of policies for EV uptake. Using the city of Sydney, Australia, as a case, the framework utilizes a system dynamic model that explicitly incorporates the life cycle of vehicles, consumer preferences, impact of infrastructure on choice, positive cascading effect on choice due to increased penetration of EVs as well as feedback effects of advertising. It was found that the EV uptake predicted by the model was the most sensitive to the capital and operational cost of the vehicle, based on which five policies were identified that would affect these variables. Finally, a cost benefit analysis was conducted to evaluate the policies. It was found that the government subsidy of 70% on electricity rates for charging electric vehicles was the most cost effective. Though this framework was used in Sydney, this methodology provides planners a tool through which they can evaluate policies related to uptake of new vehicle technologies
  Authors: Edwards, Lara; Kemp, Jonnathan; Ly, Nuwyy; Maria, Tran; Dixit, Vinayak V.
  Authors: Edwards, Lara; Kemp, Jonnathan; Ly, Nuwyy; Maria, Tran; Dixit, Vinayak V.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4139
• Accommodating Electric Vehicle Charging in California's Power Sector: Regional Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  Abstract: This paper explores the implications of the increased adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in California due to the state’s greenhouse gas and energy policies. The well-to-wheels emissions associated with driving an electric vehicle depend on the resource mix of the electricity grid used to charge the battery. We establish a systems approach that can be used to evaluate the impact of growing electric vehicle demand on existing power grid infrastructure system and energy resources. We present a new least-cost dispatch model for the California electricity grid consisting of interconnected sub-regions that represent the five largest state utilities. This model considers spatiality and temporal dynamics of energy demand and supply when determining the regional impacts of additional charging profiles on the current electricity network. Model simulation runs for one year were benchmarked against historical data and found to match actual generation within 5%. Sensitivity analyses show seasonal variation in response to uncertainty of demand, a result that has implications for future electric vehicle charging strategies. In minimizing total system cost, the model will choose to dispatch the lowest-cost resource to meet additional vehicle demand, regardless of location, as long as transmission capacity constraints are met. PEV charging location has an effect on the utility region from which additional generation originates. However, scenario testing confirms that location of additional PEVs does not have an effect of overall emissions and cost impacts to the grid, provided there is available transmission capacity for the lowest-cost resource to be utilized.
  Authors: Sohnen, Julia M; Fan, Yueyue; Ogden, Joan M.; Yang, Christopher
  Authors: Sohnen, Julia M; Fan, Yueyue; Ogden, Joan M.; Yang, Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4120
• LESSONS OF BUS RAPID TRANSIT FROM NINE CITIES IN CHINA
  Abstract: Due to its efficient service and relatively low investments, BRT is growing popularity in many cities around the world. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the development of BRT in nine cities of China, including design, implementation, operation and management of the systems. Substantial data of BRT system have been collected in the nine cities, including infrastructure design, service performance and passenger flow etc. The cities¡¯ population, size, importance, social and economical backgrounds have also been provided. Based on the data, five BRT development modes are summarized and compared. Recommendations regarding China¡¯s BRT decision making, planning, systems designs, and operational management are also provided in the paper.
  Authors: Liu, Zichang; Zhang, XiaoNing; Wang, Hua
  Authors: Liu, Zichang; Zhang, XiaoNing; Wang, Hua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-3350
• Review of Civil Rights Guidance and Equity Analysis Methods for Regional Transportation Plans
  Abstract: Metropolitan planning organizations typically undertake an analysis of regional transportation plan equity to comply with federal anti-discrimination law including Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Executive agency guidance for equity analysis practice is extensive but generally lacks specificity and its provisions are not enforceable. This paper reviews the law, guidance, and academic and agency practice for equity assessment to find that a particular method based on traditional environmental justice analysis is dominant. However, this method designed to assess undesirable land uses is generally not appropriate for the analysis of transportation investment benefits since those benefits are dispersed across wide geographic areas. Four step travel demand models are limited in their ability to disaggregate to finer geography, so the use of this method in combination with those models is potentially sensible. Newer activity-based models are capable of sidestepping this aggregation problem altogether, but agencies have been reluctant to shift from traditional methods, to include race as a demographic variable, and tend to focus unduly on the future year forecast. Analyses that are responsive to stakeholders must include an assessment of both current conditions and race while seeking to mitigate inequities that are discovered. The conclusion anticipates a companion study that assesses the implications described herein using the results of travel demand modeling data generated in the San Francisco Bay Area.
  Authors: Karner, Alex; Niemeier, Debbie
  Authors: Karner, Alex; Niemeier, Debbie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3420
• Environmental Analysis of Asphalt Pavement Maintenance Using Modified Binders in Developing Countries: Case Study in Bogotá, Colombia
  Abstract: This study presents an environmental analysis of four maintenance alternatives for a case study to be conducted in Bogotá, Colombia. The study involves a conventional hot-mix asphalt (CHMA), a polymer-modified hot mix with styrene butadiene styrene (PM-SBS) and two crumb rubber asphalt mixes, asphalt rubber dense-graded (AR-DG), and asphalt rubber gap-graded (AR-GG). This paper presents an analyzes of the environmental impacts of these maintenance options by using the Eco-indicator99 as a life-cycle inventory -tool (LCIT). The analysis is complemented by estimations of the global-warming potential (GWP) index and energy consumption of each option. Two scenarios and their environmental impacts were considered: using 1) heating oil (HO) or 2) natural gas (NG) as fuel for drying and mixing in an asphalt plant. Also, the binder transportation was analyzed with the consideration that, in Colombia, there are only two national refineries with binder production to cover the country demand. The impacts of a polymer-modified plant (PMP) and the tire-shredding process were considered as well. The results showed that the production of materials contributed roughly 55% to 65% of environmental load (EL), and heating aggregates contributed almost 29% of EL. Maintenance conducted using AR-GG was considered the more eco-efficient option with the lowest EL, on the other hand AR-DG, and PM-SBS showed to have similar EL.
  Authors: Martinez-Arguelles, Gilberto; Crispino, Maurizio; Giustozzi, Filippo; Flintsch, Gerardo W.
  Authors: Martinez-Arguelles, Gilberto; Crispino, Maurizio; Giustozzi, Filippo; Flintsch, Gerardo W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 705
  Paper Number: 13-3475
• A Multimodal Freight Transportation Network Design Problem for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  Abstract: At the strategic level, multimodal freight network design problems are limited to reflect the costs and constraints associated with emissions simultaneously. The network design problem addressed in this study determines investment alternatives to minimize the total system cost, including the costs related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while satisfying the emission constraint. It can also accommodate the improvement alternatives in transfer terminals as well as road and railroad links. In this study, mode-specific travel time functions were used to explicitly represent the differences among the modes, even for the transfer facility. In addition, the emission factors were calculated by the link travel speed and level of facilities. The empirical application to a container freight network from the Port of Busan in southeastern Korea showed the optimal investment strategy to meet the emission reduction policy objectives. It can be concluded that investment should concentrate on railroad and terminal facilities to induce modal shift. On the other hand, investment in congested roads might be a better option for corridors in which the level of the railroad system is low and short-distance freight demands are dominant. These results indicate that the proposed network design problem can provide the appropriate investment strategy to achieve the goal of reducing GHG emissions and therefore can be a useful approach to assist the GHG emission-reduction policy.
  Authors: Kim, Suhyeon; Park, Minchoul; Lee, Chungwon
  Authors: Kim, Suhyeon; Park, Minchoul; Lee, Chungwon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3484
• Evaluation of Truck Ban Schemes Using Exact Optimization for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows
  Abstract: This paper employs an exact solution approach for the VRPSTW based on the column generation scheme developed earlier by the authors, and presents evaluation of truck ban schemes from the environmental improvement aspect on a realistic logistics instance based on the VICS (Vehicle Information and Communication System) data, an ITS application in Japan. Success or otherwise, of truck ban scheme depends on the degree of optimization in the pre truck ban situation. Therefore two scenarios have been assumed; one where the freight carrier do not have perfect information about the travel time on road network links but they use sophisticated optimization methods (such as exact method) and the second scenario assumes a higher degree of optimization in pre-truck ban situation where freight carrier have perfect information about the travel time and it uses exact optimization methods. It was found that uniform truck bans on low travel speed streets improves the situation in first scenario but have little effect in the second one. A sequential truck ban policy was also evaluated in scenario 2. A series of exact optimization and truck bans result in a solution, in which no congested link exists with severe NOx level, thereby, solving the local pollution problem but the overall NOx level is increased.
  Authors: Qureshi, Ali Gul; Taniguchi, Eiichi; Yamada, Tadashi
  Authors: Qureshi, Ali Gul; Taniguchi, Eiichi; Yamada, Tadashi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3498
• Modeling and Solving Time- and Load-Dependent Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problem with Environmental Considerations
  Abstract: The pollution produced due to freight transport emissions has detrimental impacts on the environment, the society at-large, and the environmental performance of the shippers and carriers. Thus, planning routes taking into account pollution issues constitutes a major pro-active measure to improve the sustainability of freight transportation systems. This new trend in freight transportation decisions induces a new routing framework where indicative measures of the associated environmental implications are traded off with conventional business performance measures in order to determine alternative distribution routes. This paper aims to address this type of routing decisions by formulating and solving a new vehicle routing and scheduling problem employing multiple criteria representing realistically the cost and the corresponding environmental implications expressed by fuel consumption. Fuel consumption on any roadway segment depends on the gross weight of the vehicle and thus on the load of the vehicle while traversing the specific segment. The implications of this feature render invalid the application of a solution method developed for the conventional time dependent vehicle routing problem. An Ant Colony System heuristic algorithm is developed aiming to approximate the efficient frontier of the problem taking into account the major properties and features of the proposed bi-objective time and load dependent vehicle routing and scheduling problem. In addition it aims to provide insight regarding the effect of various problem features (time windows width, types of vehicles used, order size variability) on the trade-off between travel time and fuel consumption.
  Authors: Androutsopoulos, Konstantinos N.; Zografos, Konstantinos G.
  Authors: Androutsopoulos, Konstantinos N.; Zografos, Konstantinos G.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3571
• Annual Transportation Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Individuals in Finland as a Function of Lifestyle
  Abstract: When comparing the energy efficiency of transport modes the different spatial contexts and the resulting trip characteristics must be taken into account in order to bring about realistic and fair results. The objective of this paper is find out the actual amounts of energy consumed and emissions generated per passenger on an annual basis using realistic load factors and mode choice scenarios in these different contexts.. The results show that especially with modern private vehicles the energy efficiency and fuel consumption for autos is competitive with buses in rural areas where buses carry far less people on board than in urban environment. If, however, the amount of private vehicle driving should increase radically, in dense urban areas, due to shifting to the more fuel efficient vehicles, the advantages of the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption on a per vehicle basis will be offset quickly. Furthermore, criticism of people as environmentally irresponsible citizens simply because they drive their automobile or other private vehicle is unwarranted. In rural areas, the bus exists not because it is better environmentally but because it fulfills a social need for mobility for those without autos. People who never drive in their home city may actually have the largest carbon footprint of anyone in their neighborhood if they do a large amount of long distance travel. The findings from this study argue for a more holistic and realistic approach to evaluating energy efficiency of particular lifestyles and for designing policy responses.
  Authors: Möttönen, Reko; Bruun, Eric Christian
  Authors: Möttönen, Reko; Bruun, Eric Christian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3594
• Impacts of Energy Developments on Highway Systems
  Abstract: In recent years, the United States has experienced a boom in energy-related activities, particularly in oil and natural gas. While energy developments contribute to enhance the country’s ability to produce energy reliably, many short-term and long-term impacts on the transportation infrastructure are not properly documented. This paper describes impacts of increased level of energy-related activities on transportation infrastructure in Texas, including pavement impacts, roadside impacts, operational and safety impacts, and economic impacts.
  Authors: Quiroga, Cesar; Fernando, Emmanuel G.; Oh, Jeong Ho
  Authors: Quiroga, Cesar; Fernando, Emmanuel G.; Oh, Jeong Ho
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3650
• Incorporating Environmental Measures into a Reliable FreightRouting Model
  Abstract: This paper aims to incorporate environmental measures, especially the cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, into a reliable freight routing model. GHG emission rates are generated from Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model and approximated as a function of the average link travel speed. To model uncertainty, the link travel speed is treated as a discrete random variable with a given distribution. Freight carriers are assumed to be risk-averse, which is captured by the second order stochastic dominance (SSD) relationship. The reliable freight routing model is formulated as an integer program that can be easily tailored to a variety of modelling preferences. The study experiments with eight variants of the base model, each corresponding to a different trade-off strategy between the three objectives, namely, efficiency, reliability and emission cost. The main findings from the numerical experiments are (1) modelling emission as a constraint seems more appealing due to the difficulty of estimating monetary value of emission cost; (2) the feasible set, hence the optimal solution, depends on the type of SSD constraints (time or emission), as well as the choice of the benchmark; and (3) avoiding risks in the SSD sense could increase the total cost by up to 20% in a real network.
  Authors: Li, Qianfei; Nie, Yu; Vallamsundar, Suriya; Lin, Jie (Jane); Homem-de-Mello, Tito
  Authors: Li, Qianfei; Nie, Yu; Vallamsundar, Suriya; Lin, Jie (Jane); Homem-de-Mello, Tito
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4185
• U.S. Freight Emissions Segmented by BCO Industry
  Abstract: This paper estimates GHG emissions from freight transport consumed by U.S. industries. GHG emissions are allocated to detailed industry sectors. The methodology described here uses ton-mile estimates by mode and commodity, allocates these ton-mile flows to producing industries in the U.S. Input-Output Tables and estimates the consuming industries based on the relationships in the I-O table. GHG emissions are estimated using ton-mile emission factors. The results provide detailed data on the consumption of freight services and the energy intensity of these services. The GHG emissions estimates include data on the GHG emissions associated with freight transport in international supply chains of U.S. companies. These results can be used to benchmark the environmental footprint of U.S. industries and provide insight into where the greatest opportunities for GHG emissions reductions exist.
  Authors: O'Rourke, Larry; Read, Kelsey Wilson; Johnston, Eliza
  Authors: O'Rourke, Larry; Read, Kelsey Wilson; Johnston, Eliza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4191
• Ecorouting Model Considering Microscopic Vehicle Operating Conditions
  Abstract: The eco-routing problem concerned in this paper addresses the optimal route choice of eco-drivers who aim to meet an emission standard imposed by regulators, while trying to find the path with minimum total operating cost, which consists of both travel time and fuel costs. The paper first develops fuel consumption and greenhouse emission estimation models that link emission rates to vehicle's physical and operational properties. Unlike most studies in the literature, the emission model developed in this paper retains as many microscopic characteristics as feasible in the context of route planning. Specifically, it is able to approximate the impacts of major acceleration events associated with link changes and intersection idling, and yet does not require detailed acceleration data as inputs. The proposed eco-routing model explicitly captures delays at intersections and the emissions associated with them. Using a simple probabilistic model, the impacts of different turning movements on eco-routing are also incorporated. The proposed model is formulated as an constrained shortest path problem and solved by off-the-shelf solvers. Numerical experiments confirm that ignoring the effects of turning movements and acceleration may lead to sub-optimal routes for eco-drivers. The results also suggest that vehicle characteristics, especially weight and engine displacement, may influence eco-routing.
  Authors: Nie, Yu; Li, Qianfei
  Authors: Nie, Yu; Li, Qianfei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 714
  Paper Number: 13-4237
• Mixture Design Optimization of Low-Noise Pavements
  Abstract: The aim of this paper is to propose a tool to be used for the optimization of mix design of Low Noise Pavements (LNP). This aim has been achieved by developing an experimental model to predict rolling noise of a reference car tire as a function of composition and volumetric characteristics of mixes from in service pavements. By this way, the model enables to identify which composition parameters to operate on in order to improve acoustic performances of LNP.In order to define the experimental model, several types of asphalt surface layers, composed of hot asphalt mixes with different void contents, different aggregate grading and different bitumen percentages have been analyzed by in situ and laboratory tests. Acoustical properties of pavement surfaces have been evaluated by the Close Proximity Method (CPX) measurements. The model has been defined by using a multivariate non-linear regression technique to relate composition and volumetric characteristics of asphalt mixtures with rolling noise levels recorded at different speeds. This model - which is function of some significant parameters of the asphalt mixture composition and tire speed – has proven to be highly reliable in predicting car tire rolling noise; as it enables to identify mixture characteristics to be modified in order to reduce noise, in relation to the specific value of the mean traffic speed, it is particularly useful for the optimization of the mix design of LNP.
  Authors: Losa, Massimo; Leandri, Pietro; Licitra, Gaetano
  Authors: Losa, Massimo; Leandri, Pietro; Licitra, Gaetano
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 785
  Paper Number: 13-4240
• Road Transport Fuel Consumption Trends in the United Kingdom: Empirical Analysis of Diesel Demand
  Abstract: Recent policy measures imposed on the UK road transport sector has resulted in a shift towards diesel fuel consumption. While there are studies focusing on elasticities in the road transport sector, most have either looked at petrol fuel demand or have used total road transport fuel demand. Looking at the consumption pattern, we hypothesized that diesel demand may have different responsiveness with respect to changes in price and income. This paper contributes by estimating the diesel demand elasticities for the UK using the time series cointegration and error correction model. Our findings indicate that the income elasticities both in the short run and the long run are significantly higher as compared to those reported in previous studies. This will have significant implication to policy makers in terms of planning for future energy consumption and limiting CO2 emissions from the road transport sector.
  Authors: Ramli, Ahmad Razi; Graham, Daniel
  Authors: Ramli, Ahmad Razi; Graham, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4313
• Creating Per Capita Transportation CO2 Indicator for European Cities Through Geographic Information System
  Abstract: The transportation sector represents roughly 20% of the CO2 emissions in the EU and is the only sector that has continued to increase emissions. As most people live and work in cities in the EU, it is important to identify the leaders and laggards with regard to efforts to decrease CO2 emissions from transportation. Without an indicator of a city’s transportation CO2 emissions performance, it is not possible to evaluate the current status, assess progress, or make comparisons. Cities make important decisions affecting transportation for the majority of citizens and thus influence transportation CO2 emissions. Yet, until recently, figures for city-level emissions across the EU were not available. Now, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) inventory of diffuse sources allows for analysis of a range of atmospheric emissions at a 5 km resolution. One problem relates to what are the relevant boundaries of a city: administrative boundaries or functional urban area boundaries? However, the data must first be validated before being applied. The UK government maintains a higher (1 km) resolution emissions inventory based on a ‘bottom-up’ methodology. The UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) has been used to assess the reliability of the new E-PRTR data. This paper describes how an estimate of city-level transportation CO2 emissions can be developed through available GIS data and at what geographic level it can currently be applied. An argument is made that a functional urban area boundary is more appropriate than traditional administrative boundaries for such indicators.
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen D.; Chatterton, Tim; Avineri, Erel
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen D.; Chatterton, Tim; Avineri, Erel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3906
• Mix Design Factors to Reduce Noise in Hot-Mix Asphalt
  Abstract: Noise generating from high trafficked roadways is a significant source of noise pollution in urban environments. As population centers continue to expand, so too does the demand for quiet, serviceable pavements. Traffic noise is derived from two basic origins: standard vehicle engine operation and the tire-road interaction. Reduction of the former has been a goal of automobile manufacturers since their introduction nearly a century ago, while little focused research has been applied to the latter, especially within the United States. Furthermore, research allocated to determining the mix design factors that significantly influence noise generation in asphalt pavements is almost non-existing. This study investigates the mix design and construction factors that influence noise generation in dense graded HMA by means of noise prediction models. Laser profiling systems are used to measure pavement surface texture parameters. Models that predict noise generation as a function of these surface texture parameters are used to demonstrate the sensitivity of noise generation to commonly encountered mix design and construction variables for HMA. After characterizing a wide range of mixtures produced in the lab and profiling a number of field sections, statistical analysis was conducted to determine the effect of mix variables on texture and estimated noise. Results indicate that reduction in noise at the tire-pavement interface can be achieved with simple consideration of specific mix design parameters including gradation, asphalt content, and nominal maximum aggregate size. The percentage of air voids in the mixture (compaction effort) was also found to significantly influence tire-road noise emission.
  Authors: Cong, Ling; Swiertz, Daniel; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Authors: Cong, Ling; Swiertz, Daniel; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 785
  Paper Number: 13-3983
• Simplified Emissions Estimation Methodology Based on MOVES to Estimate Vehicle Emissions from Transportation Assignment and Simulation Models
  Abstract: The use of complex emissions models such as EPA’s MOVES to estimate air pollution impacts transportation models is constrained by significant runtimes when multiple scenarios and large networks are considered. The ultimate goal of this work is to approximate the emissions estimations generated by the most advanced emissions estimations tool, MOVES, with a significantly lower run time and without compromising accuracy. Accuracy is important because a very small error in the emissions estimation can cause large overall errors when large network sizes and vehicular volumes are analyzed. Approximated emissions functions are developed for pollutant emissions for different vehicle types by running several scenarios of a sample network in MOVES, and integrated into a GIS-based tool, known as Assist-Me (1), that post-processes transportation model output. This allows for quick estimation of pollutant emissions from multiple scenarios or networks without encountering the computation time challenges of MOVES. Additionally, vehicle idling and its effect on air pollution are included in the estimation and analysis, which are found to be a significant component of total vehicular emissions. In this paper, the development of the pollutant estimation approximation functions is described, along with an example applied to two test networks. The results are generated both directly from MOVES runs and the distribution fit analysis tool developed in this study. Results are compared based on the estimated fit functions and are also compared with the previously used MOBILE estimation model. Finally, a discussion is presented on runtime and applicability to more complex networks.
  Authors: Ozguven, Eren Erman; Ozbay, Kaan; Iyer, Shrisan
  Authors: Ozguven, Eren Erman; Ozbay, Kaan; Iyer, Shrisan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4402
• Has Shanghai’s Transportation Demand Passed Its Peak Growth?
  Abstract: Based on four comprehensive transportation surveys in Shanghai, this study examines the latest trends in Shanghai’s travel demand, investigates their social, economic and spatial drivers, and compares the paces of travel demand growth in three periods: I,1980s to early 90s; II, early 90s to mid 2000s; and III, mid 2000s to now. The demand growth is relative slow in Period I, and then speeds up in Period II, before returns to a slower pace in Period III. As for trip purpose, Shanghai’s travel is much more diversified with increasing share of non-commuting trips (from 28% in 1995 to 46% in 2009). Spatially travel demand is dispersed from the central district to peripheral districts because of urban expansion and decentralization, and from Puxi (west of Huangpu River) to Pudong (east of Huangpu River) as a result of the significant economic development of Pudong New Area. Both spatial diffusion and purpose diversification favor the convenience and flexibility of private motor vehicles. Driven by rapid motorization, vehicle travel is growing at a much faster pace than person travel. Overall in terms of percentage growth, travel demand in Shanghai has passed its peak growth since 2004 for both person trips and vehicle trips. In terms of absolute number, person trip growth has peaked but vehicle trip growth has not. In response to the growing demand, especially rapid motorization, the local government has made tremendous investments in road infrastructure and public transit, and attempted to manage demand through vehicle ownership control.
  Authors: Zhao, Zhan; Zhao, Jinhua; Shen, Qing
  Authors: Zhao, Zhan; Zhao, Jinhua; Shen, Qing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4356
• Deep Cuts in Emissions and Petroleum Use in the Transportation Sector: Scenarios, Barriers, and Enablers
  Abstract: Advanced systems and technologies could transform the United States’ transportation system, yielding energy security benefits and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Efficiency and renewables in transportation can reduce oil use and emissions, but face challenges in consumer adoption, infrastructure requirements, and resource constraints. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Transportation Energy Futures (TEF) project reviewed pathways to significant reductions in petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions. Integrating TEF results, diverse strategies are explored: stabilization of transportation energy use, use of electricity and hydrogen from renewable energy, and use of biofuels. Energy efficiency improvements and demand-side approaches could stop the growth in total transportation energy. Energy efficiency technologies could compensate for growing non-light-duty-vehicle demand; light-duty vehicle energy use is already projected to stabilize due to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards. Travel reduction and built environment changes could moderate personal transportation demand. Freight mass reductions and mode switching could slow or stabilize freight demand. Vehicles using electricity or hydrogen would be necessary to access renewable energy resources other than biomass. Fueling infrastructure changes are estimated and challenges in market uptake of advanced vehicles needed for these pathways are explored. Biomass is the renewable resource most readily suited to liquid fueling of the transportation sector; competition for biomass across five markets: electricity, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and bunker fuel, is also explored. Based on the TEF analysis, the technical (not market) potential reduction from full implementation of these strategies could displace all petroleum use in the sector in the long term.
  Authors: Vimmerstedt, Laura; Brown, Austin; Heath, Garvin; Mai, Trieu; Melaina, Marc; Ruth, Mark; Simpkins, Travis; Warner, Ethan; Bertram, Kenneth M.; Plotkin, Steven Edward
  Authors: Vimmerstedt, Laura; Brown, Austin; Heath, Garvin; Mai, Trieu; Melaina, Marc; Ruth, Mark; Simpkins, Travis; Warner, Ethan; Bertram, Kenneth M.; Plotkin, Steven Edward
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4427
• Life-cycle Evaluation of Urban Commercial Electric Vehicles and Their Potential Emission Reduction Impacts
  Abstract: This research quantifies the environmental costs associated with the replacement of diesel trucks with electric vehicles. Lifecycle environmental benefits are quantified both in terms of vehicle manufacturing/salvage and operational emissions reductions using “wells-to-wheels” methodology. The emissions estimation of the two types of vehicles includes CO2, NOx, SO2, PM, CO, and VOCs. Emissions cost breakeven points are identified at which the cost of operating a conventional fleet and electrical fleet are identical. Although there is a wide range of emissions externality costs per ton, the results show that the emissions differences from replacing a conventional delivery truck with an electric truck can be substantial. The effects of electrification of a certain portion of suitable trucks are quantified for the Oregon statewide fleet and the US nationwide fleet.
  Authors: Davis, Brian; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Davis, Brian; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4482
• Direct Ridership Model of Mexico City’s Bus Rapid Transit and Metro Systems
  Abstract: Direct ridership models (DRM) have been introduced in the US context as an alternative to four step travel demand modeling. They can be used to obtain quick, order-of-magnitude estimates of transit patronage, at a fraction of the cost of a full travel demand model, and are also more adept at capturing the effects of smart growth on transit ridership. Their relatively low cost, flexible data requirements and rapidity make them particularly suited to developing world cities. Yet these cities still rely exclusively on full travel demand models to advise investments in new transit infrastructure. In doing so, they often rely on old data and household surveys that are out of date, and do not capture important recent changes in travel patterns. Using Mexico City as a case study, we illustrate the benefits of using DRM models in a developing world context. We develop ridership models for the city’s BRT and Metro networks, studying how land use, service and station attributes impact ridership for each mode, and also how connections between BRT and Metro affect each other’s ridership. We notably found that the two systems are highly complementary, each getting ridership benefits from connecting to the other. We then discuss the implications of our findings for transport policy in Mexico City, as well as some shortcomings of DRM models – in particular their difficulty in accounting for informal transit.
  Authors: Duduta, Nicolae
  Authors: Duduta, Nicolae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4419
• Challenges to Air and Rail Alternatives Analysis in Government Environmental Impact Review Processes
  Abstract: The current institutional process for project-level environmental review, the government-required Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) requires assessment of the proposed project, the no-build alternative, and alternatives to the proposed project. Despite growing academic research to compare the environmental impacts of air and high speed rail (HSR) infrastructure, there are few instances of multimodal alternatives analysis in airport and HSR EIS documents. In this paper, we chronicle examples of EISs for air and HSR capacity-enhancement projects to identify key challenges to completing modal alternative analysis in the EIS: the spatial heterogeneity of the physical infrastructure for air and HSR, the framing of EIS purpose and need statements, and the complicated interpretations of environmental impact significance thresholds. We conclude by proposing strategies to incentivize modal alternative assessments and highlight methodologies that are needed to perform high-quality comparative analysis to inform decision makers, whether in the context of the EIS or in upstream planning processes.
  Authors: Woodburn, Amber; Ryerson, Megan Smirti; Chester, Mikhail
  Authors: Woodburn, Amber; Ryerson, Megan Smirti; Chester, Mikhail
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: AV030
  Paper Number: 13-4641
• Optimal Sustainable Road Plans Using Multiobjective Optimization Approach
  Abstract: In order to construct sustainable road network system, the three dimensions of sustainability, which are economic efficiency, environmental impact and social equity perspectives, should be significantly and simultaneously taken into account in planning stage. Since these dimensions have trade-off relationships among them, we developed a multi-objective optimization model for planning of optimal road capacity improvement strategy. The three indicators for measuring each dimension of sustainability were employed as the objectives of the proposed model. The total travel cost which consists of monetized value of travel time and operating cost was adopted as economic indicator. The total emission cost and the GINI coefficient based on the zonal accessibility were adopted as environmental indicator and equity indicator, respectively. An experimental test was performed with the three model scenarios which were investigated to compare the single- and multi-objective approach methods and different objective functions. We obtained the Pareto optimal solutions by using the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The results show that the proposed model which is based on multi-objective approach and considered all of the three dimensions of sustainability is more suitable to plan sustainable road network design. In addition, we suggested that the frequency rate of a link within Pareto solutions can be utilized for planning priority of capacity improvement strategy for maximizing sustainability on road network.
  Authors: Kim, Jin Hee; Bae, YunKyung; Chung, Jin-Hyuk
  Authors: Kim, Jin Hee; Bae, YunKyung; Chung, Jin-Hyuk
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-4636
• Close Look at Hybrid Vehicle Loyalty and Ownership
  Abstract: In a news release dated April 9, 2012, Polk stated that only 35% of hybrid owners bought a hybrid again when they returned to market in 2011. These findings were based on an internal study conducted by Polk. The study also indicated that if repurchase behavior among the high volume audience of Toyota Prius owners wasn’t factored in; hybrid loyalty would drop to under 25%. This news release has generated a lot of interest and concern by the automobile industry and consumers, since it was published. Most reactions to the 35% hybrid loyalty dealt with concerns of the viability of hybrid technology as part of the solution to address transportation energy challenges.This paper attempts to shed more light on Polk’s hybrid loyalty study as well as explore several information sources concerning hybrid loyalty status. Specifically, major factors that might impact the selection and acquisition of hybrid vehicles are addressed. This includes investigating the associations between hybrid market shares and influencing factors like fuel price and hybrid incentives, as well as the availability of hybrid models and other highly fuel efficient vehicle options. Other emerging technologies that aim at reducing fossil fuel consumption and cleaner alternative fuels, and greenhouse gases emission were also examined.
  Authors: Hwang, Ho-Ling; Chin, Shih-Miao; Wilson, Daniel W.; Oliveira Neto, Francisco Moraes; Taylor, Robert
  Authors: Hwang, Ho-Ling; Chin, Shih-Miao; Wilson, Daniel W.; Oliveira Neto, Francisco Moraes; Taylor, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4667
• Dynamic Ecodriving in Northern California: Study of Survey and Vehicle Operations Data from Ecodriving Feedback Device
  Abstract: Ecodriving describes the behavioral modifications that drivers can make to improve their fuel economy. Dynamic ecodriving comprises the use of real-time feedback information that informs the driver of vehicle performance. This study evaluates the performance of an aftermarket real-time feedback device that reported instantaneous fuel economy to drivers while driving. Study participants (N = 18) drove with the device for two months. During the first month, the device provided no feedback, but collected data on driving activity. During the second month, the device continued to collect data, but also provided the participant with feedback on real-time fuel economy. Participants could then use the information to self-teach how to improve their fuel economy. The participants took two surveys to evaluate their response to the device, and vehicle activity data was analyzed to ascertain the degree to which driving behavior changed. A majority (56%) reported in surveys that the device changed how they drove during the second month. Vehicle activity data showed that different participants modified different behaviors in response to the feedback. Nine participants made some reduction to their acceleration from a stop, and eight made some reduction in the magnitude of their deceleration to a stop. Eleven participants reduced their average highway speeds. Across the broader sample, average highway speeds declined from 65.9 to 65.4 mph. Overall changes observed in fuel efficiency were small across the sample, which when excluding outliers, constituted a 1.4% improvement in fuel economy.
  Authors: Martin, Elliot W.; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Chan, Nelson; Williams, Nigel; Shaheen, Susan A.; Barth, Matthew J.
  Authors: Martin, Elliot W.; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Chan, Nelson; Williams, Nigel; Shaheen, Susan A.; Barth, Matthew J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 714
  Paper Number: 13-4723
• Significance of Zinc Levels in Stormwater Runoff from Permeable Friction Course Pavement Overlays
  Abstract: There is increasing use of tire-rubber in hot-mix asphalt and increasing use of permeable friction course (PFC) or open-graded friction courses (OGFC) as pavement surface layers. The addition of tire-rubber to PFC mixtures seems like a win-win because the properties of the asphalt mixture are improved and the disposal of tires into landfills minimized. However, since tire rubber contains zinc compounds and some laboratory tests have shown tires to leach zinc, the inclusion of tire-rubber may result in higher zinc concentrations in stormwater from pavements with substantial tire-rubber content. Water quality data for roadway sites in California reveal a pattern of rubberized hot mix asphalt surface layers having significantly-higher zinc levels compared to pavements without rubber materials. Additionally, water quality measurements taken on a section of highway in Austin revealed significantly higher zinc concentrations in runoff from PFC with crumb rubber compared to PFC without crumb rubber. These findings reveal how choice of pavement materials could affect stormwater quality.
  Authors: Barrett, Michael; Larsen, Katie A.
  Authors: Barrett, Michael; Larsen, Katie A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 565
  Paper Number: 13-4721
• U.S. Residential Charging Potential for Plug-In Vehicles
  Abstract: Availability of charging infrastructure could be a limiting factor for fleet penetration of plug-in vehicles. We assess existing and potential charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in U.S. households using data from the American Housing Survey (AHS) and a survey from the literature. We estimate that about 48% of U.S. households and 28% of vehicles have access to a dedicated parking spot at home within reach of a Level 1 (standard 120V) outlet sufficient to recharge a small plug-in vehicle battery pack overnight. Access to faster (Level 2, 240V) charging required for vehicles with longer electric range requires infrastructure investment (costing from several hundred dollars up to $10,000 depending on electrical panel and construction requirements). We estimate that 92% of households and 60% of vehicles have access to a dedicated parking spot at home where Level 1 or 2 charging infrastructure could be installed. The percentage of vehicles with access is lower than for households due to multi-vehicle households and limited garage/driveway space. Urban areas have the lowest charging availability, with 25% of vehicles having current access to Level 1 charging and up to 54% of vehicles having dedicated parking. Additionally, 27% of U.S. households (46% in urban areas) are apartments, where regular tenant turnover and split incentives between landlords and tenants create additional barriers to infrastructure investment. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses are discussed in the paper. Future scenarios of plug-in vehicle penetration that ignore limited availability of U.S. residential charging infrastructure opportunities are likely to overestimate.
  Authors: Cherng, TsuWei; Hendrickson, Chris T.; Michalek, Jeremy J.; Traut, Elizabeth
  Authors: Cherng, TsuWei; Hendrickson, Chris T.; Michalek, Jeremy J.; Traut, Elizabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4801
• Development of Integrated Vehicle and Traffic Simulator for Evaluation of Routing Strategies of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  Abstract: The authors detail the development of an integrated simulator, “CUIntegration” that can evaluate routing strategies based on energy and/or traffic measures of effectiveness for any alternative fueled vehicles. The integrated interface was designed to run any vehicle model developed with MATLAB-Simulink, and any roadway network developed with traffic microscopic simulation software VISSIM. The authors discuss the architecture of this simulator and provide a case study in which the simulator is utilized for evaluating a routing strategy for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). The route optimization algorithm was developed to route a PHEV based on a driver’s choice, which includes either minimizing travel time, energy consumption or a combination of both. The integrated simulator was developed in a form of Visual Basic API to simulate the algorithm developed in MATLAB and move vehicles in a VISSIM traffic network according to the algorithm. A section of Interstate 83 in Baltimore, Maryland was modeled, calibrated and validated for use in the simulation. The authors considered a worst-case scenario, in which incidents occurred on the main route blocking all lanes. The PHEVs were represented by integrating the MATLAB-Simulink vehicle model with the traffic simulator. The integrated simulator successfully integrated the vehicle model created in MATLAB-Simulink for supporting PHEV routing strategies. Simulation analysis suggests that routing of PHEVs resulted in a 64.68 percent reduction in travel time cost when optimized for travel time and a 15 percent reduction in energy cost when optimized for energy consumption.
  Authors: Bhavsar, Parth; He, Yiming; Chowdhury, Mashrur A.
  Authors: Bhavsar, Parth; He, Yiming; Chowdhury, Mashrur A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4909
• Deploying Plug-in Electric Cars for Work: Compatibility of Varying Daily Patterns of Use with Four Electric Powertrain Architectures
  Abstract: Vehicles with electrified powertrains such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in HEV (PHEVs) and AEVs (all-electric vehicles using grid supplied battery energy exclusively) are potentially marketable because of low operating costs, but each come with a significant initial cost penalty in comparison to a conventional vehicle (CV) powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE). This paper selects a subset of three car PHEVs and an AEV from a larger set of simulations. Daily travel of vehicles traveling to and from work is isolated from other vehicle travel in the National Household Travel (NHTS) survey; five different daily distance categories are investigated. Three driving cycle runs are used here – the LA92 cycle, World cycle (WLTC), and a selected Kansas City real driving record. Probable patterns of charging for each PHEV and the AEV are investigated for each daily distance category. The possibility of two charges at work, before and after a lunch trip, is considered, as is the possibility of a charge before and after work. The degree of importance of spending a given pool of money on residential vs. workplace charge point upgrades is discussed. Two indicators of effectiveness of battery pack utilization, (1) a charge depleting (CD) effectiveness factor and (2) grid kWh used per day per dollar of incremental vehicle expense, are developed and target markets for cars used for work for each powertrain type are suggested.
  Authors: Santini, Danilo J.; Zhou, Yan; Kim, Namdoo; Gallagher, Kevin; Vyas, Anant D.
  Authors: Santini, Danilo J.; Zhou, Yan; Kim, Namdoo; Gallagher, Kevin; Vyas, Anant D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4925
• Electric Vehicle Shortest-Walk Problem
  Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV) have received much attention in the last few years. Still, they have neither been widely accepted by commuters nor by organizations with service fleets. It is predominately the lack of recharging infrastructure that is inhibiting a wide-scale adoption of EVs. The problem of using EVs is especially apparent in long trips, or inter-city trips. Range anxiety, when the driver is concerned that the vehicle will run out of charge before reaching the destination, is a major hindrance for the market penetration of EVs. To develop a recharging infrastructure, it is important to route vehicles from origins to destination with minimum detouring when battery recharging/exchange facilities are few and far between. This paper defines the EV shortest-walk problem to determine the route from a starting point to a destination with minimum detouring; this route may include cycles for detouring to recharge batteries. Two problem scenarios are studied: one is the problem of traveling from an origin to a destination to minimize the travel distance when any number of battery recharge/exchange stops may be made. The other is to travel from origin to destination when a maximum number of stops is specified. It is shown that both of these problems are polynomially solvable and solution algorithms are provided.
  Authors: Adler, Jonathan; Mirchandani, Pitu B.; Xue, Guoliang; Xia, Minjun
  Authors: Adler, Jonathan; Mirchandani, Pitu B.; Xue, Guoliang; Xia, Minjun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4934
• Urban Core Transit Access to Low-Income Jobs
  Abstract: In many areas around the country, low income jobs have followed patterns of suburbanization, resulting in a spatial mismatch between low income workers residing in dense urban areas and low income jobs located in suburban areas of the outlying urban periphery. This facilitates a need for auto ownership in core urban areas traditionally thought to be rich in transit supply and robust in transit accessibility. Resulting auto dependence is a substantial economic burden for low income households, and detrimental to those who have made residential location choices in an attempt to adopt a public transit lifestyle. This paper seeks to explain varying levels of Low Income and High Car Ownership (LIHCO) households in the urban core by investigating their accessibility to low income job locations. Two transit accessibility metrics geared towards low income populations are derived, and applied. The first score is based on the number of low income jobs accessible by transit from the residential location, and the second is based on late night transit frequency at the residential location. These accessibility scores are then correlated with the magnitude of LIHCO households residing in each spatial unit of analysis. The results suggest a link between transit access to low income jobs, late night transit frequency, and the number of LIHCO households in existence. It is concluded that improving transit access to low income jobs and increasing late night transit frequency may reduce auto ownership among LIHCO households, improving their economic welfare.
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-5046
• Investigation of Effects of Porous Pavement on Traffic Noise and Traffic Noise Prediction
  Abstract: The U.S. DOT / Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Traffic Noise Model® (TNM®) is currently missing the effect of sound absorbing pavements on predicted noise levels, since a single EFR value representing acoustically hard ground is used in the sound propagation/ground reflection algorithms. With acoustically hard ground, most of the sound from vehicles is reflected. For porous pavements (pavements with more 15% interconnected air voids), sound incident on the pavement is partially absorbed, potentially reducing the noise level for receivers along the roadway relative to that for a non-porous surface. Results of the investigations described in this paper indicate that the sound absorption produced by porous pavements will have an effect on both measured and predicted traffic noise levels. The work shows that more accurate TNM-predicted sound levels can be achieved by properly accounting for the sound absorption of pavement, the effect of sound absorbing pavement is not insubstantial, and predictions can be made as to the effect of sound absorbing pavement by using modeling and/or measurement techniques.
  Authors: Rochat, Judith L.; Donavan, Paul
  Authors: Rochat, Judith L.; Donavan, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 785
  Paper Number: 13-5069
• Assessment of Emission Costs due to Maintenance and Rehabilitation to Reduce Pavement Roughness
  Abstract: Asphalt pavements constitute a major portion of the transportation network of the United States and play an important role in the US economy. Poor roadway conditions create user delay costs and additional user costs i.e. fuel, vehicle repair and maintenance, tire wear, depreciation, etc. due to the effects of pavement roughness. A previous investigation showed that pavement rehabilitation resulting in maintaining smoother pavement could result in as much as a 50-to-1 return on investment (ROI); however, the study did not consider the environmental impacts of construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation (CMR) activities. In this study, emissions due to CMR activities and pavement roughness have been quantified in monetary terms using PaLATE and MOVES program. While the environmental impact of CMR activities tends to reduce the ROI, maintaining relatively smooth pavement throughout its service life is still estimated to create an approximate 48-to-1 ROI.
  Authors: Islam, Shahidul; Buttlar, William G.
  Authors: Islam, Shahidul; Buttlar, William G.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 660
  Paper Number: 13-5084
• Methodology for Generating Individual Vehicle Speed Profile for Estimating Freeway Emissions
  Abstract: This study developed a methodology to create detailed vehicle travel information through a vehicle reidentification system (REID) based on inductive vehicle signatures. A novel feature of this study is to utilize point and section measures, which are outputs of REID, for deriving individual vehicle speed profiles that can be further used to estimate vehicle emissions. The proposed methodology consists of three components. First, characteristics of vehicle maneuvers are identified thru clustering techniques. Second, speed profiles are constructed using a genetically optimized autoregressive model. Third, vehicle emissions are estimated using the MOVES emissions model. Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) data collected from the US 101 in Los Angeles, CA was used for model development and performance evaluation. Results revealed that less than 4% error of estimated emissions was achieved by the proposed method, which is promising for field implementation. It is expected that the outcome of this study will be valuable in developing more efficient and useful traffic surveillance systems for vehicle emissions monitoring.
  Authors: Choi, Jinheoun; Ritchie, Stephen G.; Oh, Cheol
  Authors: Choi, Jinheoun; Ritchie, Stephen G.; Oh, Cheol
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5138
• Indicators in the Governance of Sustainable Transport Policies in Japan
  Abstract: The paper addresses the role of indicators to promote transitions towards a more sustainable transportation future in Japan. Existing international literature suggests a potential key role for performance measurement and indicator systems to strengthen such policies. The research explores to what extent governance frameworks associated with ‘new public management’ reforms in Japan also provide an enhanced basis to promote sustainability within transportation. A framework is derived based on the assumption that the effectiveness of such frameworks in this regard depends on the way sustainability is represented, as well as how the framework is integrated with decision making processes. Japan is used as a case, because Japanese transport seems to perform well in certain aspects of ‘sustainability’, while Japanese transportation policy also faces significant management challenges. A range of governance measures have been adopted to assist in managing transport policy challenges, including the application of experimentation, monitoring and evaluation of plans, policies and institutions. The paper looks at two cases of policy management within Japanese transportation: The first is the performance evaluation framework for the road sector used by the Japanese Ministry of Land Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). The second is the so-called ‘Eco-model’ cities program, also undertaken by the MLIT, using the case of Toyama City for illustration. In each case the approach to performance measurement is outlined, the actual application is presented, and the results in terms of how the indicators contribute to promote sustainable transport will be reviewed. A finding is that indicators in both programs seem to have limited positive influence on sustainability, with the most and visible effects in the latter one. The institutional context seems important for the strength of influence.
  Authors: Gudmundsson, Henrik; Fukuda, Daisuke
  Authors: Gudmundsson, Henrik; Fukuda, Daisuke
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-5154
• Charging Infrastructure Planning for Promoting All-Electric Vehicle Market: Activity-Based Assessment Using Multiday Travel Data
  Abstract: This paper proposes an evaluation framework for analyzing the effect of deploying charging infrastructure on promoting all-electric vehicle market and increasing electric miles traveled. An activity-based assessment method is proposed to estimate AEV feasibility for the heterogeneous traveling population in the real world driving context. A genetic algorithm is applied to find (sub)optimal locations for placing electric vehicle chargers. A case study using the GPS-based travel survey data collected in the Seattle metropolitan area shows that electric miles and trips of AEVs could be significantly increased by installing public chargers at popular destinations, with a reasonable infrastructure investment. The impact on the power grid is also evaluated by a 24-hour charging power profile.
  Authors: Dong, Jing; Liu, Changzheng; Lin, Zhenhong
  Authors: Dong, Jing; Liu, Changzheng; Lin, Zhenhong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5176
• Evaluation of CO and NOx Emissions from MOVES and MOBILE6.2 in Southeast Texas Using Source-Oriented CMAQ Model
  Abstract: The MOBILE series emission factor models are replaced by Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) in 2012 as an official tool recommended by US EPA to predict vehicular pollutant emission factors. In this study, on-road vehicle emission inventories of CO and NOx for Southeast Texas generated by MOVES and MOBILE in two versions of the 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI) are studied by comparing predicted CO, NOx and CO/NOx ratios with measurements using the EPA’s Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model incorporated with a source-oriented gas phase chemical mechanism. This source tracing technique allows direct determination of contributions from gasoline and diesel vehicles to CO and NOx concentrations and identification of stations which are impacted by vehicle emissions. At three vehicle-emission influenced stations, MOVES estimates higher NOx and relatively similar CO compared to MOBILE6.2 (version 6.2 of the MOBILE model). Results indicate that MOVES overestimates NOx by 50% compared to 6% based on MOBILE emissions. Even though MOVES does a slightly better job in predicting CO/NOx ratios than MOBILE6.2, this difference is primarily due to inaccurately increasing NOx rather than decreasing CO emissions. This study suggests that the current version of the MOVES model should be improved to reduce NOx to the levels slightly below MOBILE predictions and significantly reduce CO emissions.
  Authors: Kota, Sri Harsha; Ying, Qi; Zhang, Hongliang; Schade, Gunnar W.
  Authors: Kota, Sri Harsha; Ying, Qi; Zhang, Hongliang; Schade, Gunnar W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5187
• Analytical Model for Vehicle Emissions at Signalized Intersection: Integrating Traffic and Microscopic Emissions Models
  Abstract: Numerous studies in recent years have sought to quantify and evaluate the effects of traffic control and demands on vehicular emissions, such as CO2. In this paper, an analytical model has been developed based on kinematic wave theory in order to compute number of stops and the proportion of time spent idling and cruising based on the arrival flows at an isolated signalized intersection. The acceleration, deceleration, cruising, and idling are quantified and related to vehicular emissions. Since the magnitude, duration, and pattern of acceleration and deceleration play an important role in determining traffic emissions, real vehicle trajectories from NGSIM have been extracted in order to calculate typical characteristics of the acceleration and deceleration behavior of real drivers. Finally, EPA’s microscopic emission model, MOVES, has been implemented to estimate emission factors for each of the driving modes as measured from the NGSIM trajectories. By integrating the results with the analytical traffic model, total traffic emissions are easily estimated for a wide range of arriving traffic flows without the need for extensive microsimulations or additional data collection. The method is developed and illustrated with an analysis of CO2 equivalent, but the approach can be applied generally to any pollutant of interest. The results of this research show that as arrival flow increases, the contribution of emissions from vehicle stops dominates the total CO2 emissions on the road segment. The analytic expressions also facilitate other systematic analyses, such as evaluating the effect of residual queues on vehicular emissions along an intersection approach.
  Authors: Shabihkhani, Rooholamin; Gonzales, Eric J.
  Authors: Shabihkhani, Rooholamin; Gonzales, Eric J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5208
• Method and Case Study for Quantifying Local Emissions Impacts of Transportation Improvement Project Involving Road Realignment and Conversion to Multilane Roundabout
  Abstract: Tailpipe emissions significantly contribute to air quality problems at both local and regional scales. The quantity of tailpipe emissions is affected by several factors including vehicle characteristics, driver behavior and prevailing road and traffic conditions. This paper presents a corridor-level methodology to compare tailpipe emissions produced at a site in Raleigh, North Carolina, where a Transportation Improvement Project (TIP) was implemented to convert a traffic signal to a multi-lane roundabout in 2010. An intersection-level analysis is also presented to assess the contribution of the multi-lane roundabout to the emissions impacts of the TIP. It is common in practice to synthesize or forecast traffic activity data and use it to predict the traffic emission impacts and compare changes before and after a TIP. The unique methodology in this paper presents an alternative to forecasting, by utilizing empirical emissions and vehicle activity data collected before and after the TIP, thus grounding it to actual events in the field. Second-by-second tailpipe emissions concentrations were collected via a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS), which was installed in the test vehicles. Emissions factors were obtained and used with vehicle activity before and after the TIP. It was found that at the corridor-level, turning movements from the main street produced higher total emissions while turning movements from the minor street produced lower total emissions after the TIP. The emissions per unit distance were lower for most movements after the TIP. However, these differences were not statistically significant. At the intersection-level, two movements that were made directly at the study intersection showed that vehicles tested after the TIP at the multi-lane roundabout had lower emissions per unit distance. For the right turn from the minor street to the major street, the decrease in emissions per unit distance of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide was significant.
  Authors: Anya, Abseen Rifa; Rouphail, Nagui M.; Frey, H. Christopher; Liu, Bin
  Authors: Anya, Abseen Rifa; Rouphail, Nagui M.; Frey, H. Christopher; Liu, Bin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5243
• New Approach to Modeling Large-Scale Alternative Fuel and Vehicle Transitions
  Abstract: A large-scale transition to alternative fuels and vehicles is a massive undertaking. New modeling approaches are necessary to supplement existing models such as MARKAL. One promising approach is simulation gaming. Simulation gaming has been used extensively in many fields, most conspicuously in military applications, for providing insights into the dynamics of uncertain processes. A large-scale alternative fuel and vehicle transition themed game is developed to explore the potential of the approach. Preliminary results of game play suggest a possible counter-intuitive dynamic in vehicle transitions by which high energy prices discourage wide scale adoption of alternative fueled vehicles due to the fact that the increased fuel costs reduce consumers’ ability to pay for more costly alternative vehicle technologies.
  Authors: Bremson, Joel; Meier, Alan; Lin, C.-Y. Cynthia; Ogden, Joan M.
  Authors: Bremson, Joel; Meier, Alan; Lin, C.-Y. Cynthia; Ogden, Joan M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5210
• Development and Comparison of Driving and Environmental Impact Characteristics of Different Driver Types
  Abstract: The interest of modeling and simulation of driver behavior has been especially expanding with the implementation of several car-following models in commercial simulation software. These models ultimately need to be calibrated to field data before they can be used in real applications. The calibration efforts naturally depend on the purpose of the modeling, the availability of the data, and the available resources. To facilitate the calibration process, some simulation software allows the analyst to specify the number and behavior of several driver types, and the percentage of population that conforms to each one of these types. In this paper, we examine the individual driver behavior in terms of its environmental impact on the overall fleet behavior. We extract trajectory data for individual drivers from the NGSIM database, calculate the corresponding emissions and fuel consumptions outputs for each trajectory using the CMEM software, conducted factor analysis, and cluster all the output by both driving data and environmental data. The clustering procedure results in finding distinct classes of drivers with significant environmental impacts. As a result, we classified 195 vehicles into speed-based drivers group, 294 vehicles into spacing-based driver group, and 1451 vehicles into moderate drivers group. We, also, classified 560 vehicles into high emitters group, and 1492 vehicles into moderate emitters group. Comparative analysis revealed 75% agreement between the two clustering methods. Further analysis revealed that a particular group of drivers, called speed-based in this paper, tend to emit larger amount of emissions, and to consume larger amount of fuel than other groups. Similarly, a “spacing-based” drivers group tends to emit smaller amount of emissions, but to consume lager amount of fuel than other groups.
  Authors: Jung, Heejin; Abbas, Montasir M.; Hobeika, Antoine; Bae, Sanghoon
  Authors: Jung, Heejin; Abbas, Montasir M.; Hobeika, Antoine; Bae, Sanghoon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5211
• How Much on Electric? Looking at PHEV Users' eVMT and How It Might Change--Possible influence of CD Range, Charging Infrastructure, Vehicle Design and Self-selection
  Abstract: Since PHEVs operate in two different energy use modes, establishing how much electric travel is possible with a given CD range is important to properly account for the environmental benefits and petroleum displacement potential of PHEVs. However, given the flexibility of the PHEV drivetrain, a number of factors will shape which vehicles consumers purchase and how the PHEV is used. Current methods for estimating the eVMT potential of a given PHEV focus on assumptions for charging frequency and single day driving diary data. To estimate the potential implications of added workplace, public and DC fast charging infrastructure on the fraction of electric vehicle miles traveled (eVMT) consumer PHEV-conversion usage patterns recorded during a vehicle demonstration project are combined with an energy and infrastructure model. The results show that charging infrastructure can increase the fraction of eVMT driving considerably (up to 15 percentage points) but, the benefit varies considerably by household and vehicle CD range. DC fast charging is shown to provide the most benefit of any away from home charging for PHEVs with 70 or more miles of CD range, but the use of fast charging by PHEV consumers will be sensitive to price and time tradeoff considerations. Further analysis of the UF results shows that household’s EV driving experience will vary considerably from the average, which highlights that using a fleet-wide utility factor to plan optimal PHEV ranges will lead to over and under estimates of CD range and battery size requirements for PHEV consumers.
  Authors: Davies, Jamie
  Authors: Davies, Jamie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5261
• Methodology for Evaluating Life-Cycle Cost and Acoustic Performance of Barriers and Pavement for Highway Noise Reduction
  Abstract: In the recently completed NCHRP 10-76 Project, methodologies were developed and demonstrated for evaluating feasibility, reasonableness, effectiveness, acoustic longevity, and economic features of pavement strategies and barriers proposed for highway noise abatement. The essential elements of the methodologies are the use of an expanded pavement Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) to examine economic features, a modified version of the Federal Highway Administration Traffic Noise Model (TNM) to integrate the noise reducing performance of pavements and barriers, and use of on-board sound intensity data as an input to the prediction model. In this paper, the modifications to LCCA are presented to account for the initial and life cycle costs of both barriers and quieter pavement in the context of a complete highway project. These are then applied to a generic six-lane highway new construction project on a per mile basis. The results of this analysis are then applied to a hypothetical, but plausible project of new construction set along a portion of I-93 in Massachusetts. Barriers, quieter pavement, and combinations of both are then evaluated for feasibility and reasonableness using the policies of three state highway agencies. The new parameter of effectiveness is also advanced and acoustic longevity is considered based on California and Arizona Quieter Pavement Research findings.
  Authors: Donavan, Paul
  Authors: Donavan, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 814
  Paper Number: 13-4670
• The Impact of Traffic Signal Timing on Sidewalk Level Particulate Matter Concentrations
  Abstract: Improving the efficiency of urban traffic operations along arterials is a priority for many agencies because congestion has an impact on the people and goods movement in many cities. Advanced traffic management systems are being implemented to optimize traffic signal timing in congested corridors. Pedestrians and transit users are greatly exposed to vehicle emissions, even more than drivers themselves. However, pedestrian exposure to traffic emissions is typically not a consideration when traffic signal timing decisions are made. The relationship between exposure to air pollution and traffic signal timing has not yet been fully explored or modeled. This research quantifies the factors that contribute to sidewalk level particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration levels at a busy intersection along an urban arterial in Portland, Oregon. This study is the first research effort to combine real-world detailed traffic signal timing data (at 5 second intervals) and air pollutant concentration data. Several types of variables are included in the statistical analysis: traffic signal timing variables, weather related variables, traffic volumes and composition variables, and variables associated to bus presence and characteristics. Statistical results show the importance of signal timing variables, traffic volumes, and queuing.
  Authors: Slavin, Courtney; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Slavin, Courtney; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4687
• Estimating On-Road Fuel Economy of PHEVs from Test and Aggregated Data
  Abstract: When projecting energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) for which limited data are available, assumptions must be made in estimating their on-road fuel and electricity use. If only aggregated data are available, such as the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA’s) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) projections of equivalent fuel economy in miles per gallons of gasoline equivalent (mpgge), additional information/assumptions are needed to disaggregate the mpgge into electricity and fuel use. Furthermore, if only test (lab) values for fuel economy and electricity consumption are available, adjustments must be made to estimate corresponding on-road fuel and electricity consumption. In this paper, methods are examined for estimating the on-road energy consumption (fuel and electricity) of future electric-drive vehicles (e.g., plug-in hybrid electric vehicle [PHEV] and extended-range electric vehicle [EREV]) from city and highway driving cycle fuel economy data or from combined fuel economy data, on the basis of assumptions about driving and charging behavior from previous studies and vehicle simulations.
  Authors: Stephens, Thomas S; Zhou, Yan; Elgowainy, Amgad; Duoba, Michael; Vyas, Anant D.; Rousseau, Aymeric
  Authors: Stephens, Thomas S; Zhou, Yan; Elgowainy, Amgad; Duoba, Michael; Vyas, Anant D.; Rousseau, Aymeric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4755
• Evaluating Private Bus Operators’ Willingness to Participate in Transit Improvements in Mexico
  Abstract: This paper provides valuable inputs for the decision-making process of transit improvements in developing countries. By analyzing private bus operators’ willingness to participate in transit improvements, the political feasibility can be assessed and the likelihood of successful implementation can be increased. Data from 156 surveys conducted in various cities in Mexico are used to develop probabilistic models that quantify the influence of private bus operators’ characteristics, perceptions about business and operating efficiencies as well as their relationship with government on their willingness to participate. Evidence shows that several elements can increase the willingness of private operators to participate in government-led proposals. These include: the level of trust and communication between private bus operators and government authorities; the economic power of private bus operators; and the attachment to the status quo. Several features were shown to limit operators’ willingness to participate, including: the model of operation, the likelihood of lost revenue through taxation and concerns about the potential modifications of their legal rights to operate. An analysis of Mexico City and surrounding areas demonstrates the need to establish a well-defined strategy for engaging private bus operators in transit improvements; failure to do so has resulted in much less trust of government and led to more conflicts in future projects. The paper reveals the importance of analyzing private bus operators’ participative profiles in the assessment of transit improvements. Selected areas for improvements might present challenges for engaging private bus operators in the proposed improvement.
  Authors: Lopez Dodero, Abel; Casello, Jeffrey; Molinero Molinero, Angel R.; Vazquez Cotera, Daniel
  Authors: Lopez Dodero, Abel; Casello, Jeffrey; Molinero Molinero, Angel R.; Vazquez Cotera, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4912
• Multiobjective Traffic Network Design Accounting for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption
  Abstract: In order to exploit the potential of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) as a sustainable form of transport, this novel technology must be integrated into the traditional transport system planning process. This work takes a step in that direction by incorporating PEV energy consumption rates into network design decisions. Not only is energy consumption a proxy for emissions in traditional vehicles, it will also become an essential issue for regional energy providers who will need to adapt to the additional electricity demand created as PEVs become a more ubiquitous form of transport. This work addresses the network design problem (NDP) to minimize both system level energy consumption and total system travel time, independently and as a multi-objective problem. The NDP is formulated and solved for a road network with a high penetration of PEVs using a heuristic approach. For certain design scenarios, minimizing total system travel time and minimizing energy consumption are demonstrated to be conflicting objectives. The trade-off in terms of each system performance measure is quantified. Based on the results it is evident that both objectives must be considered when planning for future networks that will be comprised of some portion of PEVs.
  Authors: Duell, Melissa; Gardner, Lauren; Waller, S. Travis
  Authors: Duell, Melissa; Gardner, Lauren; Waller, S. Travis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5203
• Measure for Measure: Using Energy Utility Model to Standardize Evaluation of Transportation Efficiency Measures
  Abstract: As the environmental and financial costs of conventional gasoline become more apparent, there is growing interest in the concept of transportation efficiency. Broadly, this concept involves using less energy to meet current travel demand and often employs a systems-level approach. The transportation sector has much to learn from the electric and thermal energy sectors, where demand management strategies have used established screening tools to assess the environmental and financial benefits of efficiency measures for years. Adoption of such screening tools may be ideal for the transportation sector as electric vehicles (EVs) bring these two sectors together. We present an example of how the Vermont State efficiency screening tool can be used to evaluate a transportation measure: a switch from a conventional vehicle to an electric vehicle. The screening tool results demonstrate that the estimated cost benefits of electric vehicles varies from -$15,911 to $24,645, depending on the model of EV, miles driven annually, and externalities considered, among other factors. The cost effectiveness of EVs was improved by including avoided health costs due to reduced tailpipe emissions. More broadly, our results show that cost-effectiveness screening tools used within the electric and thermal energy sectors provide a meaningful way to assess potential gains in transportation efficiency and can be used for evaluation of other transportation efficiency measures (such as bicycle and walking infrastructure, transit, etc.). Use of such screening tools will aid in communication and collaboration between the energy and transportation sectors, while facilitating a systems-based approach to transportation planning and demand management.
  Authors: Sears, Justine; Glitman, Karen; Fanslow, Greg
  Authors: Sears, Justine; Glitman, Karen; Fanslow, Greg
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-0214
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Relationship Between Tire-Pavement Interaction Noise and Surface Characteristics in 2009 Pavement Test Track Cycle
  Abstract: The interest in quieter pavements has been driven largely by public awareness that altering the surface can affect traffic noise levels. The objective of this research was to utilize two methods for measuring tire-pavement noise to assess which pavement surface characteristics have the greatest influence on noise generation. The National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) test road, with four different pavement surface family groups, was used to test and analyze noise from tire-pavement interaction. The tire-pavement noise was measured in a novel test approach using a surface microphone from different types of sections in the Test Track. Testing was conducted on four major family groups of superpave fine and coarse graded, open-graded friction course (OGFC) and stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixes from 2009 NCAT Test Track research cycle to evaluate changes over time. The results show that the noise levels vary widely according to pavement surface type. The effects of pavement properties including the air void content, gradation properties, roughness, texture, pavement stiffness and age have been evaluated on one-third octave band noise levels. The evaluation confirmed that macrotexture increases the low frequency noise and higher air void content reduce the high frequency noise level, while other surface characteristics found to have less influence on noise levels. The content of this study should be of immediate interest to pavement engineers and others concerned with pavement design and construction to determine appropriate quieter pavement surface.
  Authors: Sakhaeifar, Maryam; Liao, Gong-yun; Waller, Brian
  Authors: Sakhaeifar, Maryam; Liao, Gong-yun; Waller, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 814
  Paper Number: 13-0328
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-Based Fuel Consumption Model: Model Validation and Calibration Considerations
  Abstract: A power-based vehicle fuel consumption model, entitled the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-based Fuel Consumption Model (VT-CPFM) that was developed in an earlier publication is validated against in-field fuel consumption measurements. The study demonstrates that the VT-CPFMs calibrated using the EPA city and highway fuel economy ratings generally provide reliable fuel consumption estimates with a coefficient of determination in the range of 0.96. More importantly, both estimates and measurements produce very similar behavioral changes depending on engine load conditions. The VT-CPFMs are demonstrated to be easily calibrated using publically available data without the need to gather in-field instantaneous data.
  Authors: Park, Sangjun; Rakha, Hesham; Ahn, Kyoungho; Moran, Kevin
  Authors: Park, Sangjun; Rakha, Hesham; Ahn, Kyoungho; Moran, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0461
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Comparative Analysis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Operating Mode Distribution Generator with Real-World Operating Mode and Emissions Data
  Abstract: In June 2012, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the “Operating Mode Distribution Generator” (OMDG) a tool for developing an operating mode distribution as an input to the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator model (MOVES). The tool converts basic information about traffic operations – idle time, grade, and average speed – into an operating mode distribution. This tool is designed to make project-level analyses for CO and PM hot-spots easier to conduct with basic traffic activity data.This paper compares the operating mode distributions obtained from this tool with those measured on a vehicle instrumented with the Total On-Board Tailpipe Emissions Measurement System (TOTEMS). TOTEMS generates a wealth of data, including a vehicle’s speed, idle time, and link grade – all of the inputs necessary to run the OMDG. The comparison is made for 4 signalized intersections on an urban arterial in Burlington, Vermont. This analysis shows that the OMDG, when compared to 31 test runs of an instrumented vehicle, was more accurate under circumstances of no to low grade and higher congestion (higher stop time). Estimation inaccuracies are most critical for specific operating modes -- for CO under high VSP conditions; for PM10 under braking conditions (i.e. VSP <0). This investigation has developed a method for quantitatively evaluating tools designed to simplify a mobile emissions analysis. Future work will include the development of models for estimating operating modes of a traffic stream using traffic microsimulation and highlighting those parameters that are most critical to calibrate for obtaining an accurate operating mode distribution estimate.
  Authors: Chamberlin, Robert; Holmen, Britt A.; Talbot, Eric; Sentoff, Karen M.
  Authors: Chamberlin, Robert; Holmen, Britt A.; Talbot, Eric; Sentoff, Karen M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0387
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Comparative Analysis of Car-Following Models for Emissions Estimation
  Abstract: Recent studies indicated that the accuracy of the emission estimation in a traffic simulation model can hardly be improved by using the traditional model calibration approaches. Instead, its internal mechanism in depicting the second-by-second vehicle activities needs to be investigated. Since the car-following model is the core component of a traffic simulation model, this paper attempts to conduct a comparative study of car-following models on their effects on the explanatory parameter of vehicle emissions - vehicle specific power (VSP) distribution. OVM, GFM, FVDM, Wiedemann, and Fritzsche car-following models are selected for the analysis. Massive filed car-following trajectories are collected and a numerical simulation method is designed for each car-following model to generate its vehicle trajectories and the speed-specific VSP distributions. By comparing VSP distributions collected from the field and generated by car-following models, it is found that OVM and GFM models generate unrealistic VSP distributions, which will lead to significant emission estimation errors. By adding the variable of positive velocity difference, The FVDM molde can improve the accrucy of the VSP distribution and emission estimation effectively. The VSP distribution of Wiedemann model differs largely from the field data, which overestimates the peak VSP fraction and the fractions in aggressive driving modes. The Fritzsche model produces consistent VSP distributions with the field ones. It is also found that the speed-specific VSP distribution is highly correlated with the acceleration distribution. Therefore, improving the accuracy of speed-specific acceleration distribution is an effective measure to improve the accuracy of the VSP distribution, thus the emission estimation of the car-following models.
  Authors: Song, Guohua; Yu, Lei; Xu, Long
  Authors: Song, Guohua; Yu, Lei; Xu, Long
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-0460
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Quantifying Effects of Land Use and Socioeconomics on Generation of Traffic Emissions and Individual Exposure to Air Pollution
  Abstract: This paper presents a modeling framework developed for the City of Montreal, Canada, and is intended to quantify two indicators that can explain the spatial distribution of traffic-related air pollution at a metropolitan level. The indicators are estimated at the level of the traffic analysis zone (TAZ) and include: (1) the average level of emissions generated per individual, and (2) the level of emissions occurring in a zone as a proxy for air pollution exposure. A regional traffic assignment model is extended with capabilities for emission modeling at an individual trip level while taking into account vehicle (type, age) and trip attributes (road type, speed, volume). We observe that individuals who generate higher emissions from travel tend to reside in areas with lower exposure to traffic emissions while individuals associated with low levels of travel emissions (e.g. travel smaller distances, conduct less trips, use alternative modes) reside in areas with high levels of traffic pollution. A regression analysis of the two indicators against a set of land-use and socio-economic variables shows that generated emissions per individual are positively associated with car ownership and larger vehicles, while being negatively associated with ownership of newer vehicles, and location in dense and walkable neighborhoods with high levels of commercial land-use. Meanwhile, exposure to emissions is positively associated with dense and walkable neighborhoods and negatively associated with car ownership and larger vehicles. These findings indicate major inequities in the generation of and exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
  Authors: Sider, Timothy M.N.; Alam, Ahsan; Zukari, Muhammad; Dugum, Hussam; Goldstein, Nathan; Eluru, Naveen; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Authors: Sider, Timothy M.N.; Alam, Ahsan; Zukari, Muhammad; Dugum, Hussam; Goldstein, Nathan; Eluru, Naveen; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1184
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Airport Pavement Missing Data Management and Imputation Using Stochastic Multiple Imputation Model
  Abstract: In practice, missing data in pavement condition databases has been one of the most prevalent problems in airport pavement management systems. Missing data present problems in pavement performance analysis and uncertainties in pavement management decision making. A number of data imputation approaches are available for handling missing data. This paper examines the limitations of the conventional data imputation methods, and proposed a Stochastic Multiple Imputation approach to overcome the major imitations of the conventional methods. A case study is presented to appraise the effectiveness of the proposed approach against three conventional data imputation methods, namely the substitution by mean method, the substitution by interpolation method, and the substitution by regression method. The roughness and friction data of a 4-km long runway pavement, and roughness data of a 4-km long taxiway were considered. The effectiveness of auxiliary variables in data imputation models is also demonstrated. The proposed stochastic Multiple Imputation method yielded the smallest errors for the roughness as well as friction data. The mean substitution method resulted in imputed values with the highest amount of deviations from the observed values, followed by the regression substitution method and the interpolation method. The analysis showed that the proposed Stochastic Multiple Imputation method out-performed the conventional methods in handling missing pavement condition data for pavement management decision making.
  Authors: Farhan, Javed; Fwa, Tien Fang
  Authors: Farhan, Javed; Fwa, Tien Fang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1301
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Urban Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions and its Link with Urban Form, Transit Accessibility and Emerging Green Technologies: A Montreal case study
  Abstract: This research aims at estimating a GHG emission inventory at the household level using completely disaggregate trip data and taking into account all emitting modes. The impact of urban form (UF) and transit accessibility (TA) characteristics on household level GHG emissions is then quantified and compared to the impact of the introduction of emerging green technologies. Using a large and representative sample of household diaries, trip-level GHG emissions are estimated by combining different sources of data (origin-destination (OD) survey data, vehicle fleet characteristics, transit ridership data, etc.) and by using modeling tools (traffic assignment and GHGs models). Moreover, UF and TA indicators are developed and combined to generate neighborhood typologies. A simultaneous equation modeling framework is then implemented to investigate the link between UF, TA, socio-demographics, and travel GHGs, taking into account the well known “self-selection” issue. The potential impact of land use and transit supply strategies with emerging green technological scenarios is then compared. Our findings are consistent with the literature, more specifically we have found that the built environment (BE) attributes are statistically significant (10% increase in density, transit accessibility and land-use mix, results in 3.5 %, 5.8% and 2.5% reduction in GHG respectively), number of workers and retirees at the household level play an important role in the contribution to GHG emissions (102% increase by adding one worker and 51% decrease by adding a retiree to the household). Moreover, neighborhood types represented by the combined effects of UF and TS have important effects on GHGs. Also it is found that by replacing transit fleet by electric trains and hybrid buses, the share of transit GHGs would decrease by 32%. With respect to the private motor-vehicle fleet, if current trends persist, the constant improvement of car fuel consumption economy would reduce car GHGs by 7%. According to our results, the two most efficient strategies to reduce GHGs at the regional and household level seem to be the continuous fuel-efficiency improvement of the private motor-vehicle fleet and the increase of transit accessibility.
  Authors: Zahabi, Seyed Amir Hossein; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Authors: Zahabi, Seyed Amir Hossein; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: ADC70
  Paper Number: 13-1394
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Global Emissions of Marine Black Carbon: Critical Review and Revised Assessment
  Abstract: Black carbon (BC) emissions from international shipping are significant and contribute to global and regional climate change, particularly in the Arctic. This paper reviews global estimates of international marine BC emissions, identifies differences in inventory methods, and proposes an approach for improving upon existing estimates. A critical review of the literature reveals that more refined, specific marine vessel BC emission factors (EFBC) are not generally accounted for in most global inventories. We find that EFBC are the single most important source of differences in inventories due to poor sensitivity to ship engine type, fuel quality, and engine load, and we propose a weighting framework that better encapsulates such effects. Using fuel consumption estimates from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) 2009 GHG report and updated EFBC, we estimate that shipping was responsible for about 184 thousand tonnes of BC in 2007. This estimate is 42 percent higher than the current IMO estimate, but comparable to recent studies informed by measured EFBC. We estimate that shipping contributed about 2,300 tonnes of BC in the Arctic in 2004, which is 90% higher than prevailing estimates. Our findings suggest that the international marine BC contribution is widely underestimated, and that improvements to major BC inventories can be made to reflect state-of-the-art data on marine EFBC.
  Authors: Wang, Haifeng; Minjares, Ray
  Authors: Wang, Haifeng; Minjares, Ray
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-1503
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Method for Measuring the Ratio of In-Vehicle to Near-Vehicle Exposure Concentrations of Airborne Fine Particles
  Abstract: Human exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is causally linked to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. In-vehicle exposure may account for 10 to 20 percent of daily average exposure. However, exposure models are typically based on area-wide air quality data that poorly predict in-vehicle concentration. A practical method is demonstrated for conducting field measurements to quantify the ratio of in-vehicle to outside vehicle concentration (I/O) for a wide range of conditions that affect intra-vehicle variability in exposure concentration. A field data collection study design is developed based on sources of intra-vehicle variability in I/O, including ventilation air source, window status, fan setting, AC utilization, vehicle speed, road type, travel direction, and time of day. Three replicates of measurements were made for 16 combinations of these factors on 110 miles of roads comprised of eight one-way routes between typical commuter origin/destination pairs. Two portable particle monitors recorded in-vehicle and near-vehicle ambient concentrations on one minute averages for four particle size ranges. The comparability of the monitors was quantified. Near-vehicle concentrations varied with road type, time of day, and traffic conditions. The I/O ratio was approximately independent of near-vehicle concentration, and varied with window status, source of ventilation air (fresh or recirculation), and, for cases with recirculation and closed windows, fan setting and air conditioning use. The study design can be extended to additional vehicles to account for potential sources of inter-vehicle variability. Data such as collected here can be used to improve exposure simulation models.
  Authors: Jiao, Wan; Frey, H. Christopher
  Authors: Jiao, Wan; Frey, H. Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1581
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Role of Heavy-Duty Freight Vehicles in Reducing Emissions on Congested Freeways with Elastic Travel Demand Functions
  Abstract: This paper investigates the relative impact of heavy-duty (HD) vehicles (primarily road freight) on the traffic congestion-emissions relationship. Unlike previous studies, this research explicitly considers the impacts of vehicle class travel demand elasticity on total emissions. Modeling results show that, even as a small share of the traffic volume, HD vehicles can contribute a large share of total pollution emissions, especially for particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. HD vehicle emissions rates are more sensitive to congestion than light-duty (LD) vehicle emissions rates, suggesting greater emissions benefits from congestion mitigation for these vehicles. Potentially lower travel demand elasticity to speed for HD vehicles further indicates vehicle class-specific benefits from congestion mitigation. The LD/HD vehicle differences suggest greater air quality benefits from vehicle class-targeted congestion mitigation or lane/capacity management strategies. HD vehicle travel demand elasticity is a key parameter to predict the net emissions effects of congestion. It is strongly recommended that analysis of emissions effects from congestion mitigation strategies include class-specific volume forecasts. Unfortunately, the estimation of HD vehicle travel demand elasticity values has received scant attention in the literature.
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1607
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Modeling Air Quality Impacts of Feedstock Transportation for Cellulosic Biofuel Production in Tennessee
  Abstract: The efficiency of supply chain system of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) feedstock is crucial to the development of the cellulosic biofuel industry. Moreover, the potential environmental impact of LCB feedstock transportation has also received increasing attention lately. This study first applied a spatial-oriented mixed-integer mathematical programming model linked to a GIS resource model to generate a least-cost solution of a typical feedstock supply chain system for a biorefinery with the capacity of 189.25 kl year-1 of biofuel in east, central and west Tennessee. The EPA’s MOVES model was then used to estimate the baseline emissions for 2010 in the study region and additional emissions generated from hauling feedstock. Results showed that switchgrass is more suitable than energy sorghum for biofuel production in Tennessee based on feedstock plant-gate cost and hauling emissions. Also, the biorefinery with the most economic feedstock cost and the least feedstock hauling emission is suggested to be sited in Robertson County, TN. The emissions of NOx, CO2, PM10, and PM2.5 from feedstock hauling in related counties increased by 0.12%, 0.04%, 0.15%, and 0.18%, respectively, when comparing with the emissions produced by existing overall traffics.
  Authors: Yu, Tun-Hsiang Edward; Larson, James A.; English, Burton C.; Fu, Joshua S.; De La Torre Ugarte, Daniel; Yun, Jeongran; Calcagno, Jimmy; Wilson, Bradly
  Authors: Yu, Tun-Hsiang Edward; Larson, James A.; English, Burton C.; Fu, Joshua S.; De La Torre Ugarte, Daniel; Yun, Jeongran; Calcagno, Jimmy; Wilson, Bradly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1650
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Coherent Approach for Modeling and Nowcasting Hourly Near-Road Black Carbon Concentrations in Seattle, Washington
  Abstract: With growing awareness for near-road air pollution and an increasing population of pedestrians, it is imperative to “nowcast” near-road air quality conditions to the general public, which necessitates the efforts of building hourly predictive models with ease of use and satisfactory accuracy. This study demonstrates a coherent approach to model the hourly near-road Black Carbon (BC) concentrations with on-road factors and meteorological conditions using datasets from two urban sites in Seattle, Washington. With Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method, the optimal set of regressors is determined. Three different model structures are further developed and compared by goodness-of-fit. An innovative approach is proposed to translate wind direction from numerical values to categorical variables with statistical significance. By modeling the autocorrelation within the BC time series using AR(1) component, the developed approach yields a satisfying prediction accuracy. The conditional heteroscedasticity and heavy-tailed distribution within the residuals are successfully identified and modeled by the General Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model, which provides valuable insights to the interpretation of prediction results. The approach demonstrated in this study presents an efficient and valuable solution to selecting and fine-tuning a nowcasting model to be implemented onto online platforms for near-road BC nowcasting. A comparison between the two study sites also reveals the effectiveness of freight regulation for mitigating environmental impacts from the heavy truck fleet.
  Authors: Yu, Runze; Liu, Xiaoyue (Cathy); Wang, Yinhai
  Authors: Yu, Runze; Liu, Xiaoyue (Cathy); Wang, Yinhai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1792
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Comparing Predictions from CAL3QHCR and AERMOD Models for Highway Applications
  Abstract: Presented is a comparison of three modeling procedures – CAL3QHCR, AERMOD area, and AERMOD volume – for predicting pollutant concentrations near highways. All are based on the Gaussian dispersion equations and are evaluated by contrasting the trends in model predictions and comparing predicted versus measured concentrations. Model trends are depicted for a variety of conditions related to atmospheric stability, wind angle with respect to the highway, and near-road downwind distances. The models tested provide widely differing results. Predictions from CAL3QHCR and AERMOD area are compared to a limited number of observed concentrations of particulate matter near a signalized intersection in Sacramento, California. The performance of the models in predicting observed concentrations are highly correlated indicating good precision. Most predictions by the CAL3QHCR model are within a factor of two of observations. The AERMOD model exhibits a tendency to under-predict the distribution of observed concentrations.
  Authors: Claggett, Michael; Bai, Song
  Authors: Claggett, Michael; Bai, Song
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5339
• Finding Green System Optimal Routing Policies Through Multiscale Dynamic Path Flow Assignment Model
  Abstract: This research addresses the problem of finding system optimal eco-routing or green routing flows that minimize total vehicular emission in a network. A mesoscopic dynamic network loading model (DNL) that tightly links Newell¡¦s simplified kinematic wave and car-following models is proposed to facilitate an internally consistent dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) for temporally cross-resolution and spatially multi-scale emission modeling. A gradient projection-based descent direction method is developed to solve the problem. The gradient is determined based on path marginal emissions defined as the change in path emission due to an additional unit of path inflow. We derive a general evaluation method of link marginal emission that encompasses classical marginal delay evaluation as a special case. This paper contributes to the methodology development which enables DTA for a number of emerging transportation sustainability evaluation and optimization applications that require both fine-grained and coarse-grained traffic flow representations.
  Authors: Lu, Chung-Cheng; Zhou, Xuesong
  Authors: Lu, Chung-Cheng; Zhou, Xuesong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5365
• California Statewide Charging Survey: What Do Drivers Want?
  Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of plug-in vehicle owners asking about the current use of charging infrastructure and needed chargers. Consumers are using the full range of the Leaf and 80% of customers have gone to 8% state of charge on their battery. More than 30% charge out of home regularly. For workplace, level 1 is available more often than level 2. For general out of home charging, level 1 is less used comprising 23% of locations identified by respondents. 93% of those commuting in Leafs are within round trip range of work. Correspondingly, there is a high use of workplace charging in the group with long commutes. 40% of Leaf owners have gone farther than the limits of their home territory, requiring charging to complete their tour. For the desire for infrastructure we see several trends. The main desire is for quick charging. Fast chargers are wanted at regional attractors such as downtowns, large malls, airports and other regional services. Quick charging connecting adjacent regions was also indicated by respondents. For Leaf customers, we see a median distance from home to quick chargers of 44 miles. The concept of EV territory was also explored. 40% of respondents more than doubled the area they could access in their EV with their charger choices.
  Authors: Nicholas, Michael Anselm; Tal, Gil; Woodjack, Justin
  Authors: Nicholas, Michael Anselm; Tal, Gil; Woodjack, Justin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-5285
• Scenario-Based Climate Change Risk Analysis for Transportation Infrastructure Using GIS
  Abstract: The potential impacts of climate change on transportation infrastructure have been receiving attention in recent years. Risk analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS) is an especially useful and increasingly common approach to investigating the potential impacts of climate change on infrastructure. This is because climate change effects are likely to occur in conjunction with other, geographic specific, impacts such as storm surge and traffic operations, whose vulnerability can be most effectively quantified using these GIS-based tools. To demonstrate the efficacy of these tools, this paper presents a scenario-based risk analysis approach to investigate the impacts of climate change on transportation infrastructure in Hampton Roads, Virginia. This paper first investigates the climate change effects in the study site to develop representative climate change scenarios. Next, a GIS-based evaluation of transportation infrastructure vulnerability to sea-level rise and storm surge is formed by combining the GIS dataset with the results from the Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model. Last, a GIS-based risk map is generated by the proposed risk model under three developed climate change threat scenarios. The results show the City of Virginia Beach is at high risk in all climate change scenarios due to climate change events, high level of transportation activity, and density of transportation facilities. The risk map—a visualization of the risk model—can assist transportation planners and decision-makers in determining asset priority to allocate their resources with respect to emergency preparation and reaction.
  Authors: Wu, Yao-Jan; Hayat, Md. Tanveer; Clarens, Andres; Smith, Brian Lee
  Authors: Wu, Yao-Jan; Hayat, Md. Tanveer; Clarens, Andres; Smith, Brian Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1832
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Economics Behind Electric Vehicles: Analysis from the Private User’s Perspective in France
  Abstract: A holistic total costs of ownership (TCO) approach compares electric with conventional vehicles (EVs with CVs). The impact of policy measures and market trends throughout time is studied; the inclusion of vehicle user- and vehicle usage-characteristics in the set-up calculation model ensures a disaggregate approach that allows for detailed EV-demand projections in future studies. Each vehicle technology accommodated in the set-up TCO calculation model is represented by specific vehicle models that are currently available on the French market. Their characteristics and costs serve as the basis of TCO calculations. Results show that the underlying plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) model is, from a TCO perspective, not competitive with any other electric or conventional vehicle underlying the analysis. This is valid for all developed scenarios and realistic vehicle usage patterns. Assuming that the here selected vehicle models well represent the vehicle technologies in question, it can be expected that the future demand of PHEVs having long electric ranges will fully rely on the goodwill of selected users. The most competitive electric EV type appears to be the battery electric vehicle with battery hire. The development of ‘financially reasoned’ demand for this vehicle and business model seems therefore realistic. Generally, compact electric vehicles that are to replace petrol vehicles appear to be more competitive with their conventional counterparts than sedan vehicles that are to replace diesel-driven vehicles. All results refer to current and forecasted French framework conditions and are subject to various necessary assumptions.
  Authors: Windisch, Elisabeth
  Authors: Windisch, Elisabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2019
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Past Experience with Green Noise Barriers
  Abstract: A green noise barrier is a noise barrier that utilizes soil and vegetation to mitigate traffic noise. This paper provides an overview of available green noise barriers along with a summary of their advantages and limitations. It addition, it presents case studies documenting the past experience of several highway agencies with green noise barriers. This information was obtained form a questionnaire that was sent out to more than three hundred national and international experts in traffic noise analysis and abatement. This paper also provides a series of conclusions and recommendations regarding the implementation of green noise barriers.
  Authors: Abbas, Ala Rebhi; Frankhouser, Andrew; Cubick, Karel; Liang, Robert; Cardina, John
  Authors: Abbas, Ala Rebhi; Frankhouser, Andrew; Cubick, Karel; Liang, Robert; Cardina, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: ADC40
  Paper Number: 13-2154
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Marine Highway Transport of Toxic Inhalation Hazard Materials
  Abstract: This paper presents highlights of research conducted under Phase 2 of NCFRP 17 North American Marine Highways in order to investigate the possibility of transporting greater volumes of chlorine and anhydrous ammonia via the marine highway system. Currently, there is no coastwise and limited inland waterway activity related to either. The researchers identified the major obstacles to development and expansion and corresponding potential courses of action. Geographical dispersion of producers and consumers works against greater waterborne volumes. Both chemicals are characterized by mature, low-growth markets. Expansion of marine services will require significant capital costs and time to set up new terminals. There is great concern over the condition of the current system of locks and dams. Marine carriers, absent any action by the federal government, face the same economic ramifications from risk of catastrophic accidents faced by rail carriers, necessitating the establishment of a new risk paradigm. The federal government could provide initial funds and expedite the permitting process to allow new marine highway ventures to develop more rapidly. It could also identify and assist potential new import points for both chemicals into the U.S. Finally, the federal government must indicate its commitment to maintain the current inland waterway system. However, there are no measures that can overcome the geographical dispersion of producers and users, the lack of density in any given corridor, and the fact that the markets are mature. Therefore, significant expansion of TIH materials transportation via marine highways is not anticipated.
  Authors: Protopapas, Annie; Kruse, Carl James; Olson, Leslie; Hutson, Nathan; Donelan, Mike
  Authors: Protopapas, Annie; Kruse, Carl James; Olson, Leslie; Hutson, Nathan; Donelan, Mike
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2205
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Feasibility Study of Fuel Consumption Prediction Modelby Integrating Vehicle-Specific Power and Controller Area Network Bus Technology
  Abstract: With the development of automobile technology, it becomes possible to estimate the fuel consumption using the driving parameters from the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and output the calculation results via the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. As a result, it is feasible to design an approach for estimating the fuel consumption by integrating vehicle specific power (VSP) and CAN bus technology because of the accessibility and stability of the CAN bus. In order to determine whether the CAN-based measured data can be used to build the relationship between VSP and fuel consumption to replace the traditional fuel consumption meter, a comparison of fuel consumption data collected from ECU and the fuel consumption meter is conducted in this study. The results show that the relationship between the fuel consumption rate and VSP bin built by the CAN bus data is consistent with the one derived from the fuel consumption meter, which indicates that the CAN bus technology can be used to describe the relationship between vehicle activities and fuel consumption rates for light-duty vehicles. In addition, a comparison of CAN-based measured data with VSP-based predicted data shows that the prediction approach that integrates VSP and CAN bus technology need an aggregation level of 60s or longer, which thus can be used to estimate a long-period of fuel consumption accumulation and fuel consumption factor for various travel speeds and road types.
  Authors: Wu, Yizheng; Yu, Lei; Song, Guohua; Xu, Long
  Authors: Wu, Yizheng; Yu, Lei; Song, Guohua; Xu, Long
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2201
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Traffic Microsimulation Approach to Evaluation of Vehicle Emissions on One-Way Versus Two-Way Streets: Case Study in Downtown Houston, Texas
  Abstract: Vehicles that run on one-way or two-way streets may generate totally different emissions. One-way streets can reduce the amount of conflicts between vehicles going to different directions, but sometimes create circuitous routes which may increase Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) and travel times, thus may increase emissions. Two-way streets can avoid circuitous routes, but create slower traffic due to the existence of more moving conflicts between vehicles, which may lead to increased stop, acceleration-and-deceleration activities, thus may also increase emissions but at a different degree. Further, regularities of such emission increases may be different for peak vs. non-peak hours. This paper intends to evaluate vehicle emissions for one-way and two-way streets for peak vs. non-peak hours to investigate which street configuration produces relatively lower emissions, attempting to help traffic engineers decide whether a conversion between one-way and two-way streets contributes to the improvement of air quality. The micro-traffic simulation model—VISSIM—is utilized to output the second-by-second speed and acceleration data for the purpose of emission estimation. The operating mode binning approach is used to calculate emission factors, and differences of generated emissions are adopted as the measure of effectiveness. The analysis shows that the two-way street network produces lower emissions, thus can better improve the air quality during non-peak hours. However, such improvement will be weakened during peak hours. Further, emissions from the two-way street network may eventually exceed those from the one-way street network when the traffic demand increases to certain level.
  Authors: Wang, Jinghui; Yu, Lei; Qiao, Fengxiang
  Authors: Wang, Jinghui; Yu, Lei; Qiao, Fengxiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2218
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Is Smart Growth Associated with Reductions in CO2 Emissions?
  Abstract: The transportation sector is the second largest contributor to human-generated CO2 emissions. A key goal of the US Department of Transportation is to implement environmentally sustainable policies that can reduce carbon emissions from transportation sources. Smart growth developments are characterized by compact, mixed use, greater network connectivity and alternative mode friendly environments. These features may encourage reductions in vehicle travel and emissions. A better understanding of travel behavior in conventional and smart growth communities is needed to inform policies and make informed decisions. This study analyzes a behavioral dataset to answer whether smart growth developments are associated with lower CO2 emissions. Using a sample of 15,213 households from a recent (2009) travel behavior survey, sample selection models are estimated to capture the conditionality of emissions on the decision to drive or not by household members on an assigned day. The study found that the activity participation needs for 12% of the responding households allow them to either use alternative modes or not travel out-of-home. The rest of the sample traveled in an automobile and hence contributed to CO2 emissions. The study calculates CO2 emissions based on vehicle miles traveled and the fuel efficiency of the vehicle used for specific trips undertaken by household members. The framework developed in this study models whether CO2 emissions are associated with land use, socio-demographics, and preferences for information technology adoption. Tailpipe CO2 emissions are lower for households that reside in more mixed land use neighborhoods with denser roadway networks and better network connections in the neighborhood (on the order of 12%). As a long-term strategy, CO2 emission reductions from smart growth developments can be substantial.
  Authors: Wang, Xin; Khattak, Asad J.; Zhang, Yichi
  Authors: Wang, Xin; Khattak, Asad J.; Zhang, Yichi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: ADC70
  Paper Number: 13-2350
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Abating CO2 and SOx Emissions from Container Shipping: the Articulation Between Deep Sea Shipping and Feedering in Sulfur Emission Control Areas
  Abstract: This paper deals with the impacts on the container shipping markets of two future environmental policies aimed at reducing ship-based emissions: the low-sulfur fuel requirements from MARPOL in Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA) and a European market-based instrument on CO2 emissions. Two regulatory scenarios are defined as well as a cost model for liner services. The paper assesses the cost implications as of 2018 of sulfur and CO2 policies for a typical North Europe-Asia service, and two feeder lines in North Europe, articulated with this transcontinental service through transshipments. The results are examined through a comparative evaluation of the impacts of these policies on deep sea shipping and feedering, depending on the options of compliance to the low-sulfur fuel requirements. A discussion on the possible strategies of reorganization of the container maritime networks to deal with these environmental extra costs leads to the conclusion that avoiding SECAs and CO2 scope for transcontinental routes and extending the feeder route to capitalize on the savings from scrubbing in SECAs might rarely prove cost-effective.
  Authors: Doudnikoff, Marjorie; Lacoste, Romuald
  Authors: Doudnikoff, Marjorie; Lacoste, Romuald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 342
  Paper Number: 13-2435
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Development of Simulated Driving Cycles: Case Study of Waterfront Area in Toronto, Canada
  Abstract: Driving cycles are an important input for state-of-the-art vehicle emission models. Development of a driving cycle requires second-by-second vehicle speed for a representative set of vehicles. Current practice is to use standard driving cycles, like HWFET or SFTP-US06, however, these driving cycles reflect small samples of vehicles, do not reflect varying conditions by time of day, by vehicle type and cannot reflect forecast changes in traffic conditions. This paper introduces a new method to develop driving cycles using simulated data from a calibrated microscopic traffic simulation model in the Toronto Waterfront Area. The simulation method addresses some of the limitations with standard driving cycles. The simulation model is calibrated to reflect road counts, link speeds, and accelerations using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The simulation method is applied to develop AM peak hour freeway driving cycles for light, medium and heavy duty trucks. The demonstration reveals differences in speed, acceleration, and driver aggressiveness between driving cycles for different vehicle types. These driving cycles are compared against a range of available driving cycles, showing different traffic conditions and driving behaviors, and suggesting a need for city-specific driving cycles. Emissions from the simulated driving cycles are also compared with EPA’s Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET) showing higher emission factors for the Toronto Waterfront freeway cycles.
  Authors: Amirjamshidi, Glareh; Roorda, Matthew J.
  Authors: Amirjamshidi, Glareh; Roorda, Matthew J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2648
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Microscopic Simulation of Transit Bus Emissions Under Transit Signal Priority and Alternative Technology
  Abstract: The benefits of public transit in terms of reducing transportation-related greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions is a topic that needs little introduction. The literature swells with studies comparing per-passenger emissions in transit with emissions from single occupancy vehicles, stressing the importance of increasing transit ridership. We argue that increasing transit ridership is not sufficient to achieve meaningful emission reductions at a regional level. In Montreal, transit operations and technology are in dire need for improvement and additional reductions in transit emissions largely depend on the types of fuels used and driving conditions. We microsimulated the operations and emissions of transit buses along a busy transit corridor and quantified the effects of two different fuels (conventional diesel and compressed natural gas) as well as a set of driving conditions on emissions. Results indicate that compressed natural gas (CNG) reduces GHG emissions by 8-12% compared to conventional diesel. However, the benefits of switching from conventional diesel to CNG are less apparent when the road network is uncongested. As congestion levels rise, the emission reductions associated with CNG improve. We also investigated the effects of bus operations on emissions by applying several strategies such as transit signal priority (TSP), queue jumper lanes, and relocations of bus-stops. Results show that TSP alone can reduce emissions by 14% and when combined with improved technology; a reduction of 23% is achieved. The reduction benefits are even more apparent when other transit operational improvements are combined with TSP.
  Authors: Alam, Ahsan; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Authors: Alam, Ahsan; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2676
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Decarbonization of Toll Plazas: Impact Assessment of Toll Collection System Management
  Abstract: Transport climate change impacts have become a worldwide concern. The use of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) could contribute to a more effective use of resources in toll road networks. Management of toll plazas is central to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as it is there that bottlenecks and congestion occur. This study focuses on management strategies aimed at reducing climate change impacts of toll plazas by managing toll collection systems. These strategies are based on the use of different collection system technologies – Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and Open Road Tolling (ORT) – and on queue management. The carbon footprint of various toll plazas is determined by a proposed integrated methodology which estimates the CO2 emissions of the different operational stages at toll plazas (deceleration, service time, acceleration, and queuing) for the different toll collection systems. To validate the methodology, two main-line toll plazas of a Spanish toll highway were evaluated. The findings reveal that the application of new technologies to toll collection systems is an effective management strategy from an environmental point of view. The case studies revealed that ORT systems lead to savings of up to 70% of CO2 emissions, while ETC systems save 20%. Furthermore, queue management can offer a 16% emissions savings when queue time is reduced by 116 seconds. The integrated methodology provides an efficient environmental management tool for toll plazas. The use of new technologies is the future of the decarbonization of toll plazas.
  Authors: Hernandez, Sara; Monzon, Andres; Sobrino, Natalia
  Authors: Hernandez, Sara; Monzon, Andres; Sobrino, Natalia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2687
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• COMPARISONS OF DISCRETIONARY PASSENGER VEHICLE IDLING BEHAVIOR BY SEASON AND TRIP STAGE USING GPS AND OBD DEVICES
  Abstract: This study addresses the topic of discretionary passenger vehicle idling, using field data collected from 20 volunteers in Vermont. Each volunteer participated in two, two-week data collection periods, one in the summer and one in the winter. Overall, 15.6% of vehicle operating time was spent idling, consistent with the limited existing data on this topic. In addition, the paper describes a processing method used with in-vehicle GPS and OBD data that allows discretionary idling at the start and end of trips to be separated from the in-travel idling related to traffic or traffic control. Discretionary idling accounted for more than 6.5% of vehicle operating time. Discretionary winter idling events are found to be longer than summer idling events and, among idling events over 60 seconds, trip-start idling to be longer than trip-end idling. Both of these results re-affirm prior findings suggesting that there are opportunities for behavioral changes to reduce idling. The method used to extract discretionary idling is promising for widespread use and large sample data collection efforts. This method will be critical for the many communities that lack robust idling data when considering the costs and benefits of idling behavior change initiatives.
  Authors: Dowds, Jonathan R.; Sullivan, James; Aultman-Hall, Lisa
  Authors: Dowds, Jonathan R.; Sullivan, James; Aultman-Hall, Lisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2766
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Influencing Sustainable Travel Intention Through Contextualized Presentation Format
  Abstract: Climate change is a global problem and transportation is a major contributor to it. In response to that problem, CO2 information on transport is being provided to the public to aid with informed decision-making. Choice experiments have found that CO2 mass information could influence choice, however, other research suggests that CO2 presented as mass is not fully understood and that the presentation of CO2 information affects interpretation. If a presentation format can affect understanding and interpretation, might it then affect intention (and choice) to perform sustainable travel? It can be argued that without information context, it would be difficult to interpret the appropriateness of CO2 information presented as mass. Information context, associated with alternative presentation formats, can highlight some aspects of the information to influence intention and choice, have it related to a societal goal, and could aid with analytical decision-making. If a format performs better in an analytical task, does it follow that it would have greater impact on influencing behavioral intention? Or might a format that includes emotional context result in stronger behavioral intention? This research examined how people’s behavioral intention responses for car use varied by three different contextualized formats (carbon budget, tree-equivalent, and earth-equivalent) in comparison to the information content format of simply CO2 mass.
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen D.; Avineri, Erel
  Authors: Waygood, E. Owen D.; Avineri, Erel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-2872
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Project Emissions Estimator (Pe-2): Tool to Aid Contractors and Agencies in Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Highway Construction Projects
  Abstract: Motivated by the need to address challenges of global climate change, this study develops and implements a project based life cycle framework that can be used to estimate the carbon footprint for typical construction work-items found in reconstruction, rehabilitation and Capital Preventive Maintenance (CPM) projects. Applying existing life cycle assessment methods and inventories, the proposed framework considers the life cycle emissions of products and processes involved in the raw material acquisition and manufacturing phase, and the pavement construction phase. It also estimates emissions due to vehicular use and maintenance operations during the service life of the pavements. An implementation of the framework is a web-based tool, the Project Emission Estimator (PE-2) that can be used to benchmark the CO2 footprint of highway construction projects. The research suggests ways of implementing PE-2 tool by contractors and state transportation agencies to benchmark and help reduce the CO2 footprint of highway construction projects.
  Authors: Mukherjee, Amlan; Stawowy, Brian
  Authors: Mukherjee, Amlan; Stawowy, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 705
  Paper Number: 13-2855
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Better Understanding of Taxi Emissions in Shenzhen, China, Based on Floating-Car Data
  Abstract: Taxis are a major source of traffic emissions in Chinese urban areas because of their great number and long running time. However, studies on taxi emissions are absent in current literature because of the lack of data on taxis’ running information. This paper takes taxi emissions in Shenzhen, China, as a case study, where detailed taxi operation information is obtained from the floating car data (FCD).The taxi emissions are then estimated using an emission model where emission rates at each speed and acceleration category are obtained from CMEM (Comprehensive Modal Emission Model) The results show that, on average, taxis in Shenzhen annually emitted 682.9 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 475.16 tons of hydrocarbon (HC) and 452.83 tons of nitrogen oxides (NOX), which accounts for around 4% of total CO, 5% of total HC, and 6% of total HC of all cars in Shenzhen. A great part (averagely over 57%) of these emissions is non-service emissions that are emitted during the time when taxis are cruising or idling for new passengers. Hourly non-serving emissions vary significantly depending on the time of day. They are much higher during the wee hours (12 am to 7 am) than at other times. Measures to save taxis’ cruising or idling time would thus be greatly effective for reducing taxi emissions, especially during the wee hours.
  Authors: Yu, Lin-Jun; Peng, Zhong-Ren
  Authors: Yu, Lin-Jun; Peng, Zhong-Ren
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2977
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Spatiotemporal Analysis of Car Distance and Greenhouse Gases and Effect of Built Environment: Latent Class Regression Analysis
  Abstract: This paper has two main objectives: i) to estimate GHG emission inventories at the household level using link-level average speeds for three origin-destination surveys in Montreal, Canada for the years 1998, 2003 and 2008; ii) to estimate the temporal and spatial variations of built environment characteristics and socio-demographics on car distance and GHG emissions at the household level. To estimate emissions, different sources of data are combined including road network, link-level average speeds during different hours, trip-level information and vehicle fleet characteristics. Urban form indicators over time such as population density, land use mix and transit accessibility are generated for each household in each of the three waves. A Latent Class (LC) regression modeling framework is then implemented to investigate the link between built environment, socio-demographics, and GHGs and car distance. The temporal and spatial changes on these two outcomes are determined. The data is divided into 3 classes where for each class a separate model is estimated. We recommend the use of LC regression models when the nature of the dataset has spatial and temporal variation. Our findings on the effect of UF and TA on GHG and car distance travel are consistent with the literature. Also overall, we observe a declining trend in travel-related GHG emissions over time. By keeping everything set to the base case and observing a household across time, we observe that in general this household polluted 15% and 10% more GHG in years 1998 and 2003 than in 2008. This could be due to the better fuel economy of the auto-vehicles over time and increase in transit trips. Employment status also significantly affects household GHGs (with elasticities as high as 51% for each fulltime worker added). As expected, and consistent with the literature, low and medium income households pollute less than high-income households (42% less GHG for low income class compared to high income).
  Authors: Zahabi, Seyed Amir Hossein; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Authors: Zahabi, Seyed Amir Hossein; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2984
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Virginia Quiet Pavement Demonstration Projects: Initial Functional Assessment
  Abstract: This paper describes the first stages of the development of a formal ¡°quiet¡± pavement use guideline for Virginia. It chronicles the selection of lower-noise pavement technologies (i.e., ¡°quiet¡± pavement [QP]); the development and construction of the first season (2011) of QP demonstration projects; and the evaluation tools and analysis being used to compare the performance of the alternative strategies. After one winter of service, the quiet asphalt technologies were measurably (2 decibels or less) less noisy than the control surfaces on average and noticeably (¡Ý 3 dB) more quiet in several specific cases. The quiet concrete technology, the Next Generation Concrete Surface (NGCS), maintained an obvious (5 dB) noise advantage over the control concrete surface.Beyond tire-pavement noise, the QP technologies have a distinct advantage over the control surfaces when it comes to achieved ride quality. The NGCS is very smooth, and contractors earned incentives for ride quality with the quiet asphalt materials, including (and especially with) the materials that were placed at a 1-inch thickness. Although some wheel path consolidation was evident in the texture data for the asphalt technologies, all of the QP surfaces are exhibiting excellent skid resistance and are receiving consistent recognition for good wet-weather service.
  Authors: McGhee, Kevin Kenneth; de León Izeppi, Edgar David; Flintsch, Gerardo W.; Mogrovejo, Daniel
  Authors: McGhee, Kevin Kenneth; de León Izeppi, Edgar David; Flintsch, Gerardo W.; Mogrovejo, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 814
  Paper Number: 13-3150
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Regional Scale Dispersion Modeling and Analysis of Directly Emitted Fine Particulate Matter from Highway Vehicles Using AERMOD
  Abstract: A large and growing body of literature associates proximity to major roads with increased risk of many negative health outcomes and suggests that exposure to fine particulate matter may be an important factor. Directly emitted and non-reactive mobile source air pollutants such as directly emitted fine particulate matter can form large spatial gradients along major roads, causing large spatial variation in air pollutant concentrations within urban areas. Current modeling and regulatory approaches for minimizing exposure have limited spatial resolution and do not fully exploit the available data. We create a novel air dispersion modeling framework using AERMOD with data from a regional travel demand model that can produce a high resolution concentration surface for a large urban area; in our case Los Angeles California. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of such large scale modeling, we find strong seasonal and temporal variation in exposure to fine particulate matter and document large differences in exposure across racial groups and income levels. We conclude by discussing how integrating our modeling framework into the travel demand modeling routinely performed when developing regional transpiration plans can lead to more environmentally and financially sustainable transportation plans. Regional strategies that minimize exposure, rather than inventories, could be identified, environmental justice concerns are easily identified, and projects likely to cause local pollution “hotspots” can be proactively screened out, saving time and money for the transportation agency. The results will also be useful for epidemiology studies and optimizing the location of new air quality monitors.
  Authors: Gould, Gregory; Contreras, Seth
  Authors: Gould, Gregory; Contreras, Seth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3129
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Data Collection and Analysis in a Pan-European Electric Vehicle Fleet
  Abstract: Electric vehicles are expected to replace a significant portion of existing light vehicle fleets around the developed world over the coming decades. The technology offers several benefits both on environmental and user levels when compared to traditional combustion engines. As the cost of fossil fuels continue to rise and the price of electromobility drops, this method of transport will become more prevalent. Analysis of early stage electric vehicle usage will allow stakeholders to plan the policy and infrastructure needed to facilitate and manage large scale roll out of the technology. A large collection of electric vehicle fleets and infrastructure networks operating in several European regions are monitored for analysis. The authors present preliminary results showing charging infrastructure utilisation for a range of vehicle and charge point use cases. This initial analysis shows that the usage levels for public infrastructure are low, while home charging is responsible for the highest levels of charge consumption. Business use cases, both for charge points and vehicles are characterised by high levels of peak time activity. Private use vehicles and household charge points show a concentration of energy usage in the latter part of the day, with a considerable peak in the early evening. All use cases display several hours of inactivity during the night time, both for charge events and travel patterns, confirming the potential for managed charging to take advantage of periods of low demand for electric vehicle charging. The data highlights the need for pricing incentives to regulate charging behaviour.
  Authors: McDonald, Paul; Brady, John Patrick; O'Mahony, Margaret; Sanmarti, Manel; Daly, Mark; McGrath, Senan; Vierheilig, Norbert
  Authors: McDonald, Paul; Brady, John Patrick; O'Mahony, Margaret; Sanmarti, Manel; Daly, Mark; McGrath, Senan; Vierheilig, Norbert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1021
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Cost-Effective Dredging in Mobile Bay: Possibilities for Sustainable Dredged Material Management
  Abstract: This paper describes a study performed at the University of South Alabama to determine the cost-effective method of dredging in Mobile Bay and to explore the possibility of utilizing the dredged materials in an environmentally sustainable way. Historical cost and working time data for hopper dredging and pipeline dredging for Mobile Bay in Alabama from 1991 to present were obtained from the Mobile District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. For comparison, dredging data for Bayou Casotte in Mississippi were also obtained. An analysis of data showed that there was no significant difference in unit costs for pipeline and hopper dredging in Mobile Bay. However, further analysis showed that pipeline dredging was able to output more dredged material daily than hopper dredging. The disposal methods of dredging operations were taken into consideration while interpreting the results. Although the cost was similar, the extended distance that a hopper dredge has to travel to dispose of dredged sediment seems to make pipeline dredging more desirable for Mobile Bay and its channel maintenance needs. Moreover, if future shoreline restoration projects are initiated, pipeline dredging is expected to become the more desirable maintenance dredging method to keep up with the demand for material for shoreline re-nourishment activities. In addition to shoreline re-nourishment, the paper discusses several other possibilities of sustainable utilization of dredged materials, including using desalinated dredged sediments on agricultural lands in Alabama and elsewhere.
  Authors: Islam, Samantha; Parks, Jacqueline
  Authors: Islam, Samantha; Parks, Jacqueline
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-1532
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Study of Emissions Benefits of Commercial Vehicle Lane Management Strategies
  Abstract: Traffic congestion mitigation has been proposed as a strategy to help attain air quality goals. A better understanding of the full impacts of congestion on heavy-duty (HD) vehicles is needed because HD vehicles contribute a large share of on-road emissions and are more sensitive to speed than light-duty (LD) vehicles. This research shows that the estimated emissions effects of congestion mitigation vary greatly by pollutant and are sensitive to the assumed travel demand elasticity, initial congestion level, and lane management strategy. Analysis of four different managed lane scenarios shows that vehicle class-segregated facilities tend to out-perform general-purpose lane strategies in terms of emissions reductions. Although potentially controversial, from an emissions perspective, conversion of a general purpose lane to a truck-only lane may produce more emissions benefits than adding either a truck-only lane or a general purpose lane. Furthermore, the expected emissions benefits from truck-only lane conversion are robust to uncertainty in travel demand elasticity. This research demonstrates the emissions trade-offs inherent in congestion management between emissions rates and travel volumes by vehicle class, and presents a concise methodological framework that can be readily applied in other contexts for sketch-level analysis of emissions impacts from vehicle class-targeted congestion management.
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Bigazzi, Alexander York; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-1608
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Local Collection and Delivery Points for Last-Mile Deliveries
  Abstract: There are increasing concerns regarding the impacts of failed first-time home deliveries on road transport and the environment, due to potentially additional vehicle trips for both carriers and consumers. Local collection-and-delivery points (CDPs) where consumers can collect their failed home deliveries have emerged as a viable solution. Using two databases of households from across Winchester and West Sussex (UK), and responses from nine major carriers, this paper quantifies GHG emissions on carrier and consumer trips related to the conventional delivery method where the carrier makes re-delivery attempts when a delivery fails, and appraises the environmental benefits of using CDP networks for handling delivery failures. The results suggested that the majority of GHG emissions associated with handling failed home deliveries are generated by the carrier. The share of GHG emissions generated from consumers increases as the proportion of failed first-time home deliveries increases. A range of CDPs (supermarkets, railway stations and post offices) were all found to reduce the environmental impacts of failed home deliveries. A CDP network would reduce the overall GHG emissions most effectively when: 1) 30% or more householders who experienced a failed first-time home delivery travel to the carrier¡¯s depot to retrieve goods; 2) The proportion of failed first-time home deliveries is significant; 3) ¡®Local Collect¡¯ post offices are used as CDPs.The study also has practical and managerial implications for retailers and carriers on how to improve home delivery services by identifying consumer home shopping behaviours and promoting more convenient and environmental-friendly delivery strategies.
  Authors: Song, Liying; Cherrett, Tom; Guan, Wei
  Authors: Song, Liying; Cherrett, Tom; Guan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-2498
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Blueprint for Sustainability: One Department of Transportation’s Pursuit of Performance-Based Accountability
  Abstract: An increasing number of transportation agencies in the United States are using sustainability as a framing device for transportation decision making and to demonstrate performance-based accountability. Despite interest in sustainability as an organizing concept for transportation decision making, the practice of using sustainability to frame formal policy development at state departments of transportation is still in its formative stages. This paper presents the approach that has been taken by the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to adopt sustainability as an agency value. Currently in the implementation phase, the Department’s “Blueprint for Sustainability” is not a standalone plan, but rather a set of principles, objectives, performance measures, and strategies that has been integrated into NCDOT’s overall strategic direction and policy framework. The process used to create this product has relied on a combination of internal and external outreach, agency introspection, and conversations with senior leadership to conceptualize sustainability in a way that resonates within the agency’s culture and context. A variety of lessons can be derived from this process, including the importance of flexibility, integration, and strategic coordination with related agency initiatives. Through presentation and evaluation of the NCDOT process, this paper provides transportation practitioners with useful insights for how to integrate sustainability as an agency value and a decision-making framework.
  Authors: Maurer, Lindsay K; Mansfield, Theodore; Lane, Leigh Blackmon; Hunkins, Julie
  Authors: Maurer, Lindsay K; Mansfield, Theodore; Lane, Leigh Blackmon; Hunkins, Julie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-4113
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Historic Streetscape Lighting: Integration of Aesthetic Concerns with Modern Technology
  Abstract: Street lighting can contribute significantly to the visual environment of a historic downtown. Lighting technologies used in modern street lighting systems are very different from those used in street lighting a century ago. The present paper compares the lamps, luminaires and design approaches used for street lighting when it was first introduced to those of the present day. Also provided are some preliminary considerations for the selection of lighting equipment to optimize the benefits of historic streetscape lighting in terms of safety, context sensitivity and historic compatibility, against the costs of street lighting in terms of equipment, energy, maintenance and light pollution concerns. Carefully designed street lighting can be an important component of maintaining historic character as well as contributing to safety in historic downtowns.
  Authors: Bullough, Sloane D.; Bullough, John D.
  Authors: Bullough, Sloane D.; Bullough, John D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 208
  Paper Number: 13-4142
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Generalized Methodology for Establishing CO2 Off-Cycle Credits as Part of Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards
  Abstract: Automobile fuel economy standards in the United States have remained relatively flat for several decades. However, with the recent concern of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG, in particular carbon dioxide CO2), new federal GHG and fuel economy regulations have been proposed and have gone into place starting in 2009. The current standards cover model years 2012-2016, requiring an ultimate 35.5 miles per gallon. Recently, a more aggressive second phase of fuel efficiency goals have been proposed, targeting model years 2017-2025 that requires performance equivalent to 54.5 mpg or 163 grams/mile of CO2 for vehicles by model year 2025. As part of this proposal, regulators will allow for additional “off-cycle” credits for technologies that can reduce CO2 emissions, but the CO2 reductions are not necessarily measurable on standard vehicle fuel economy dynamometer-based test cycle procedures. This is typically the case for technologies that aim to smooth the velocity profile of a vehicle, such as eco-driving and related technologies. To qualify for these off-cycle credits, automobile manufacturers must quantitatively demonstrate CO2 reductions due to their technology. This paper describes a proposed generalized methodology for establishing these off-cycle credits.
  Authors: Barth, Matthew J.; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Todd, Michael; Ishizaka, Tetsuhiro; Williams, Nigel
  Authors: Barth, Matthew J.; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Todd, Michael; Ishizaka, Tetsuhiro; Williams, Nigel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4362
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Green Infrastructure Design for Pavement Systems Subject to Rainfall-Runoff Loadings
  Abstract: Impervious surfaces alter hydrology while impacting the chemical balances of water resources. While historical issues of flooding are still a concern, chemistry, loads and aesthetics are companion concerns. Recently, Total Maximum Daily Loads have been promulgated. Additionally, Florida has promulgated no net load increases for runoff and pollutants and is facing imminent numeric criteria for nutrients. With recent trends towards low impact development (LID) and green infrastructure, hydrologic restoration, reuse and source control are part of urban retrofit design practice. This project demonstrates that hydrologic and pollutant load can be managed with site re-design providing no net increase for long-term loadings. Specifically, the proposed design retrofits an existing surface parking facility with a series of design elements. A biofiltration area reactor (BAR) is clay-lined for water table and denitrification management. A linear infiltration reactor (LIR) of cementitious permeable pavement provides infiltration/evaporation, filtration and adsorption. Pavement sweeping provides source control. Continuous simulations with climate and site data indicate that re-design can achieve a no load increase. Cost estimates demonstrate that re-design is comparable to conventional construction costs while incorporating Florida-friendly landscape. Additionally, design options yield a lower cost per nutrient load treated compared to conventional Florida Best Management Practices (BMPs).
  Authors: Sansalone, John Joseph
  Authors: Sansalone, John Joseph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 565
  Paper Number: 13-4359
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Assessing Public Transportation Agencies’ Climate Change Adaptation Activities and Needs
  Abstract: Climates are changing throughout the world, including on a regional level in North America. It is likely that changes to four aspects of the climate will cause the greatest impacts to transit infrastructure and operations: intense precipitation, very hot days and heat waves, rising sea levels, and storm (e.g., hurricane) intensity. Climate changes will affect the way transportation professionals manage their multimodal transportation infrastructure. A region or city’s ability to adapt their vulnerable transportation infrastructure and operations to climate-related impacts will determine the resilience of that community’s transportation system. Federal agencies have led the way in adapting many transportation modes to climate changes. A literature review and analysis of current activities and a survey of 300 transit agencies found that focus at the transit agency level was on mitigation of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, transit agencies are facing impacts caused by current weather conditions and by future climate change. The review highlights 17 agencies conducting climate adaptation activities, mostly as part of federally-funded pilot projects. The online survey focused on gathering information such as whether the agencies were involved in climate change adaptation activities, which activities they have or are currently engaged in to assess potential impacts of weather and climate change on their facilities and operations and the relative importance of different resources to effectively assess these impacts. The most common barriers to conducting activities seems to be a lack of funding, lack of access to information and tools (including regional-scale data) and lack of organizational priority.
  Authors: MacArthur, John H
  Authors: MacArthur, John H
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-4525
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Influence of Quieter Pavement and Absorptive Barriers on US-101 in Marin County, California
  Abstract: A highway-widening project was recently completed on US 101 near San Rafael in Northern California. The project consisted of adding two high occupancy vehicle lanes each direction, relocating the southbound existing sound wall, and adding a multi-purpose path. As there was an existing sound wall in the northbound direction, additional conventional noise abatement was not considered under feasible under Caltrans and FHWA policy for this Type 1 project. However, two elements were included to improve aspects of the existing noise environment. These included overlaying all lanes of the completed project area with quieter, open graded asphalt and applying absorptive treatments to the traffic side of both barriers. To document any potential benefit of these features, the Transit Authority of Marin commissioned a study of the pre and post project noise levels. These included measurements of wayside noise levels above and behind the northbound sound wall and of tire/pavement noise using the on-board sound intensity method. These measurements indicated that 6 to 7 dB reductions in wayside noise levels both above and behind the barrier could be accounted for by the reduction in tire/pavement noise. As the effectiveness of the added absorption could not be directly isolated in the measurements, the benefit of this feature was assessed through acoustic modeling. The results of this analysis indicated that additional reductions of 3 to 5 dB could occur for receptors elevated above the roadway, shielded from the ongoing traffic, but with view of the opposing sound wall, and at distances of 500 ft or more away. Near the highway, the reduction provided by the absorptive was 1 to 1½ dB or less.
  Authors: Donavan, Paul; Lodico, Dana M.
  Authors: Donavan, Paul; Lodico, Dana M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 785
  Paper Number: 13-4640
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Vehicle Emissions and Near-Road Air Quality Modeling in Shanghai, China, Based on Taxi GPS Data and MOVES Revised Emissions Inventory
  Abstract: In China, motor vehicle emission has been identified as the major source of urban air pollution, thus the estimation of vehicle emission and its impact on air quality is necessary. Vehicle emission has strong regional characteristics, depending on local vehicle operation and emission performance. This paper employs MOVES model released by U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) for Shanghai vehicle emission factors estimation. To achieve a convincing emission result from MOVES, vehicle operation is extracted from massive taxi GPS data in Shanghai, and emission inventory is revised according to China¡¯s motor vehicle emission standards. In addition, deterioration factors are calculated based on vehicle use condition in China. Comprehensive emission factors of Shanghai light-duty vehicles in different average speed level are generated. By 2012, the Environmental Protection Bureau has set 10 monitoring sites in Shanghai and released real-time PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 concentrations to the public. Using the new release of data, a real-world case study of estimating near-road air quality is modeled with MOVES and air dispersion model AERMOD. The result shows that based on taxi GPS data and MOVES¡¯s revised emission inventory, accuracy of near-road NO2 concentration estimation is improved. The result shows potential of providing policy-making reference on near-road land use and vehicle management. The study also explores the extended use of MOVES, offering a procedure of applying MOVES in non-US regions.
  Authors: Liu, Haobing; Wang, Yuqin; Chen, Xiaohong; Han, Shu
  Authors: Liu, Haobing; Wang, Yuqin; Chen, Xiaohong; Han, Shu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4733
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• GIS-Based Expert Systems Model for Predicting Habitat Suitability of Blackside Dace in Southeastern Kentucky
  Abstract: This study presents a GIS-based predictive habitat suitability model for the blackside dace, a federally-listed threatened species of the Upper Cumberland River basin in southeastern Kentucky. The model is a rules-based system which incorporates expert knowledge about habitat preferences for the species. The five habitat factors identified by experts and included in this model are stream gradient, canopy coverage, riparian vegetation type, riparian zone width, and stream order. Using GIS, the five habitat parameters were parameterized and combined across the entire stream network. Combinations were evaluated by blackside dace experts in terms of habitat suitability. The resulting model was tested against known blackside dace occurrences using locational modeling statistics. This analysis demonstrates success at identifying stream areas of both high and low likelihood of occurrences. Model results could be of particular usefulness to transportation planners in identifying sensitive areas in the landscape that may impact transportation planning.
  Authors: Blandford, Benjamin L.; Ripy, John; Grossardt, Theodore H.
  Authors: Blandford, Benjamin L.; Ripy, John; Grossardt, Theodore H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-5059
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Which Is Greener: Idle or Stop and Restart? Comparing Fuel Use and Emissions for Short Passenger-Car Stops
  Abstract: Most advice provided to the public about idle-reduction is handed down as gospel with no8 scientific basis behind it. And the information in the literature is often inconsistent. Argonne9 National Laboratory undertook some simple experiments to provide a preliminary factual basis10 for recommendations on when to keep the engine on, and when to turn it off, for the minimum11 environmental impact.12 Our previous work demonstrated that idling is a very inefficient way to warm up your car13 (your diesel might never warm up if it’s very cold! [1]), and that the catalytic converter cools14 slowly enough that it will still be working when you return to your car after a short stop. The15 argument against parking and going into a business, rather than using a drive-through window,16 has been that the emissions and fuel use associated with restarting your car are greater than those17 incurred by idling for that time. Argonne undertook a series of measurements to determine18 whether this was true by comparing actual idling fuel use and emissions with those for restarting.19 This work seeks to answer the question: Considering both fuel use and emissions, how long can20 you idle in a queue before impacts from idling are greater than they are for restarting? Fuel use21 and carbon dioxide emissions are always greater for idling over 10 seconds; the crossover times22 are found to vary by pollutant.
  Authors: Gaines, Linda; Rask, Eric; Keller, Glenn
  Authors: Gaines, Linda; Rask, Eric; Keller, Glenn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4606
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Assessing Sensitivity of Transportation Assets to Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change
  Abstract: Transportation officials are increasingly faced with challenging decisions regarding how to design, plan, and manage infrastructure to confront changes in climate and extreme weather events. Understanding which impacts affect infrastructure and at what point damage begins to occur is a critical step towards assessing overall vulnerability and risk. However, few resources exist to help managers and designers identify key thresholds and indicators of sensitivity to weather and climate impacts. This paper introduces the Sensitivity Matrix, a tool developed for the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Gulf Coast Phase 2 adaptation pilot project in Mobile, Alabama. The Matrix is an important step toward a more comprehensive understanding of relationships between climate and transportation. Transportation planners can use this Matrix to screen for assets that are particularly sensitive and, therefore, potentially vulnerable to climate change. Where possible, it includes key thresholds at which damage may be observed. This resource can assist the transportation community in conducting climate vulnerability and risk assessments.The Sensitivity Matrix reveals three main conclusions about the sensitivity of the transportation system to climate stressors. First, transportation assets tend to be more sensitive to extreme events than to incremental changes in the mean of climate variables. Second, services, such as maintenance, traffic conveyance, and safety are often more sensitive to climate stressors than physical assets. Finally, an asset is often sensitive to stressors whose occurrence is relatively unlikely in comparison to typical weather variability.
  Authors: Rowan, Emily; Evans, Christopher; Riley-Gilbert, Marybeth; Hyman, Robert C.; Kafalenos, Robert; Beucler, Brian L.; Rodehorst, Beth; Choate, Anne; Schultz, Peter
  Authors: Rowan, Emily; Evans, Christopher; Riley-Gilbert, Marybeth; Hyman, Robert C.; Kafalenos, Robert; Beucler, Brian L.; Rodehorst, Beth; Choate, Anne; Schultz, Peter
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 342
  Paper Number: 13-3165
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Application and Findings: SWOT-Based Framework for Evaluating Transportation Agencies’ Sustainability Approaches
  Abstract: A national survey of State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) indicated that such agencies are engaged in a variety of activities to address sustainability issues associated with transportation planning, design, and operations. These activities range from piecemeal environmental practices like roadside mowing policies to comprehensive planning frameworks. However, state DOTs in general do not have sufficient policies or practices in place to evaluate and prioritize investment options that will promote environmental sustainability and sustainable development. For this research, a mixed-methods design employing an expert panel and case studies of individual State DOTs was used to develop, test, and evaluate a strategic planning tool that can help DOTs evolve more sustainable practices. The self-assessment tool was designed to guide agencies through identifying internal strengths and weaknesses in their planning frameworks and organizational structure and culture, characterizing features of the external environment as opportunities or threats, prioritizing areas for strategy development, and developing strategies that link the internal and external environments. Such a tool can also be used to monitor progress over time. The tool was tested by seven state DOTs, and three prominent themes were revealed: the importance of process in addition to content, integration between sustainability policies and implementation, and internal communication of the need and nature of change. The results of this study and of previous research suggest that DOTs’ sustainability approaches are at various levels of maturity, and the siloing of sustainability within the organizations is characteristic of earlier maturity levels.
  Authors: Barrella, Elise; Amekudzi, Adjo A.; Meyer, Michael
  Authors: Barrella, Elise; Amekudzi, Adjo A.; Meyer, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-3385
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Estimates of Critical Values of Aggressive Acceleration from Viewpoint of Fuel Consumption and Emissions
  Abstract: The speed is a main factor to estimate macro amount of fuel consumption and emission of vehicles. However real time micro variation of fuel consumption and emission becomes important while the eco drive campaign to reduce fuel consumption and emission gets more concern. For this reason, the acceleration is becoming more important factor.Although many studies have shown that acceleration is influencing factor for fuel consumption and emission, there are no consents what ranges of acceleration are defined as an aggressive acceleration in various driving conditions. This study tried to define concept of aggressive acceleration and determine critical values of aggressive acceleration a influencing fuel consumption and emission significantly.The aggressive acceleration is defined where fuel consumption and emission rates increase rapidly while driving. The experiments are conducted on the drive testing site in South Korea using a passenger car fueling liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and equipped with a driving data recorder. Testing vehicle speeds range from 10km/h to 80km/h considering driving patterns in urban areas.To depict fuel consumption and emission from the recorded data, regression models are developed and classification and regression tree(CART) analysis is used to find the critical values of aggressive acceleration. As a result, 1.4705§¾ and 2.2770§¾ are determined as estimates of aggressive acceleration and extreme aggressive acceleration, respectively.
  Authors: Kim, Eungcheol; Choi, Eunjin
  Authors: Kim, Eungcheol; Choi, Eunjin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-3443
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• An Analytical Framework for Forecasting and Evaluating the Emissions Impacts of Transit Oriented Development Strategies
  Abstract: The goal of this paper is to identify how different land use development policies, such as policies that promote Transit Oriented Development (TOD), impact travel demand patterns and change Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. TOD land uses are typically assumed to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and emissions, while also reducing trip lengths and increasing transit and non-motorized walk and bicycle trips. Although increases in transit and non-motorized modes of travel reduce overall emissions, changes to trips made by auto modes may have a differential impact on emissions, as these types of trips may have a higher rate of emissions generation depending on the impacts to auto speeds caused by TOD. Park-and-ride to transit trips, while providing a benefit for shifts from auto to transit travel, also contribute emissions and these trips may not be accounted for in most existing model-derived emission estimates, therefore it is important that TOD strategies determine the impact that these trips have on emissions. The integration of emissions and land use modeling within the framework of a four-step travel demand model provides a method for local planning agencies to estimate detailed GHG emissions, including emissions caused by vehicle types. A case study of this integrated methodology applied to a multimodal transportation corridor plan, the Grand Boulevard corridor in San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties California, is presented. Mixed-use TOD policies, increasing the density of both housing and jobs together as opposed to increasing the density of housing or jobs separately, resulted in the best reduction in emissions relative to base case conditions. While here was overall a decrease in emissions for all scenarios, emissions increased for the truck and park-and-ride vehicle trip markets across virtually all TOD scenarios evaluated. The results from the evaluation of the TOD scenarios provide local planning agencies information for developing policies that consider various transportation and land use strategies and the associated impacts on GHG emissions mitigation.
  Authors: Chen, Chun-Hung Peter; Naylor, George A.
  Authors: Chen, Chun-Hung Peter; Naylor, George A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: ADC70
  Paper Number: 13-3477
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Spatially Disaggregated Domestic Road Transport Energy Demand in Great Britain
  Abstract: Reducing energy consumption is an important objective of policy makers. Road transport accounts for a significant portion of energy consumption in the UK and worldwide. This paper presents a method of highly spatial disaggregation of domestic road transport energy demand in Great Britain using a “home-based” modelling approach. Specifically, a household-based car ownership model was developed using the Living Costs and Food Survey (LCF) data. Car ownership and regional effects are controlled for in this model. The modelling results are combined with census data so as to predict transport energy demand by small census tract (i.e. output area, OA) in Great Britain. The spatial distribution of road transport energy demand is also mapped at the resolution of 1km square grid.It is anticipated that the home-based transport energy demand model developed in this paper is useful and informative for policy makers and planners, for instance plan of electricity supply and energy crops as electric and biofuel cars are increasingly becoming popular.
  Authors: Wang, Chao; Firth, Steven; Taylor, Simon; Quddus, Mohammed A.
  Authors: Wang, Chao; Firth, Steven; Taylor, Simon; Quddus, Mohammed A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-3588
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effect of Air Temperature and Vehicle Speed on Tire/Pavement Noise Measured with On-Board Sound Intensity Methodology
  Abstract: The objective of this paper is to show the variability of tire/pavement noise measured with the On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) method under different environmental conditions and vehicle speeds.Temperatures ranging from 40 to 90°F and speeds in the range in which tire/pavement noise becomes predominant for the overall vehicle noise were tested. The selected speeds were: 35, 45, and 60 mph. The paper presents a brief literature review identifying the gaps of knowledge about the effects of different variables (e.g., environment, vehicle speed) on tire/pavement noise. It presents a summary of different technologies used to determine noise measurements and introduces the OBSI methodology, its standards, and provides an overview of the system and software used for data acquisition. A series of seasonal field tests were conducted on a primary road in Virginia over several months. The results were analyzed to quantify the variation of tire/pavement noise with respect to the test temperature and speed. Findings confirm the previously observed trend that tire/pavement noise slightly decreases as air temperature increases. The model shows a gradient of approximately -0.05 dBA/°F. Regarding the influence of vehicle speed, the results showed that for the surface studied tire/pavement noise increases an average of 2.5 dBA for every 10 mph of increased speed.
  Authors: Mogrovejo, Daniel; Flintsch, Gerardo W.; de León Izeppi, Edgar David; McGhee, Kevin Kenneth
  Authors: Mogrovejo, Daniel; Flintsch, Gerardo W.; de León Izeppi, Edgar David; McGhee, Kevin Kenneth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: ADC40
  Paper Number: 13-3765
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Using MOVES to Conduct Greenhouse Gas Inventory for On-Road Mobile Sources in Northern New Jersey Region
  Abstract: The North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority (NJTPA) is addressing the challenges of climate change through a series of research activities involving both climate change mitigation and adaptation. NJTPA recently initiated an analysis of the effectiveness of transportation strategy options that would reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from on-road mobile sources. The strategy evaluation approach is built from a MOVES-based GHG emissions baseline inventory. The focus of this paper is to detail the process followed, assumptions made, and emission rates generated for the on-road mobile GHG emissions baseline for the 13 counties in northern New Jersey.The method to estimate the on-road mobile GHG emissions includes running MOVES2010a and making a number of post-MOVES adjustments to account for heavy duty and light duty vehicle efficiency standards not included in the MOVES model. MOVES runs were designed to minimize run time by using the same GHG emission rates for different counties where appropriate and by reducing the number of months included in the runs.The results show a significant impact of vehicle efficiency and emission regulations on running GHG emission rates over time with most of the reduction seen by around 2035. Until MOVES 2013 comes out with the final heavy duty vehicle rule included, it is important to include post-MOVES adjustments to account for this rule in a baseline GHG emissions forecast. It is also helpful to include an alternative baseline forecast that incorporate the effects of the proposed 2017 - 2025 light duty vehicle emission standards.
  Authors: Kall, David; Jackson, David; Perlman, Jeffrey
  Authors: Kall, David; Jackson, David; Perlman, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4015
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Evaluating Traveler Preferences and Values for Public Rest Areas
  Abstract: Public rest areas provide a safe and convenient location for travelers in need of basic services. Commercial service facilities provide services that are beyond those found at rest areas, but are generally less convenient due to their location off of the limited access freeway system. In an effort to better understand why travelers choose a public rest area as opposed to an alternative commercial service facility, a comprehensive survey was conducted at public rest areas throughout Michigan. A companion survey was also performed at large commercial travel centers (i.e., truck stops) for comparison purposes. A total of 2,831 survey responses were obtained at the 15 rest areas and traveler information centers, with an additional 656 responses obtained at two truck stops. The results of the survey showed that rest area patrons preferred rest areas when it was necessary to use the restroom or when needing a short break, primarily due to the quick and convenient access from the highway. Patrons at truck stops indicated a general shift in preference towards the use of commercial facilities, although rest areas were preferred for several common services, including: restroom use, short break, pet relief, and taking a break for children. The median value of services provided at a standard rest area was $1.68 compared to $2.21 at traveler information centers. Rest area services were valued highest by older patrons, frequent rest area users, patrons traveling with pets, and motorists who had been on the road for more than 2 hours. Although drivers of commercial vehicles were nearly 7 times more like to use a rest area more than once per week, they tended to be less satisfied and indicated a lower value of services.
  Authors: Todd, Ryan G.; Gates, Timothy J.; Savolainen, Peter Tarmo
  Authors: Todd, Ryan G.; Gates, Timothy J.; Savolainen, Peter Tarmo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Environment; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 208
  Paper Number: 13-4049
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Ecofriendly Navigation System Development for Heavy-Duty Trucks
  Abstract: Heavy-duty trucks are a critical component of the U.S. goods movement system; however, they consume a large amount of fuel and emit significant pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. The trucking industry is always looking for any measure to improve their operations and reduce fuel consumption, including efficient routing. Many existing fleet management and routing systems are based on minimizing total miles traveled which does not necessarily minimize fuel consumption or emissions, particularly under congestion and in areas having significant changes in road grade. In this paper, we describe new Eco-Friendly Navigation (EFNav) algorithms that were developed specifically to minimize fuel consumption and emissions from heavy-duty trucks. An EFNav mesoscale model was developed from a rich set of truck energy and emissions data collected by UC-Riverside’s heavy-duty Mobile Emissions Laboratory (MEL) and a robust data set simulated for a wide range of operating conditions using CE-CERT’s heavy-duty truck energy and emissions model. The mesoscale model is the basis of the EFNav routing algorithm and provides a more accurate projection of fuel use than the standard average speed based estimation by accounting for vehicle mass and road grade. A prototype implementation of the eco-routing system was performed for a heavily loaded class-8 heavy-duty truck. It was shown that the navigation system, with real-time traffic information, was able to estimate projected fuel use to within 7.5% over the test routes and simulation work showed that the variance in fuel use between an empty and fully loaded vehicle was as much as 240% over the selected route.
  Authors: Scora, George; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J.
  Authors: Scora, George; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 714
  Paper Number: 13-4548
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Comparison of Estimation of Emissions Based on Static and Dynamic Traffic Assignment Models
  Abstract: For the estimation of air quality and noise nuisance often the output of static traffic assignment models is used. However, static traffic model have several limitations related to the realism of dealing with saturated traffic conditions, which are important for the estimation of emissions. Static traffic assignment models predict congestion on the wrong locations and can not deal with traffic flow phenomena like blocking back. As a result also air quality or noise bottlenecks can be predicted on wrong locations, which may lead to erroneous policy decisions concerning new infrastructural measures or implementing mitigating measures on wrong locations. Dynamic traffic assignment models can take these traffic flow phenomena into account and are therefore more suitable to estimate emissions and can in the long term replace the use of static traffic assignment models for larger networks. To provide insights in the differences between estimates based on static and dynamic traffic assignment models in realistic cases, a highway case and urban case are used applying the ARTEMIS model (substances) and AR-INTERIM-CM model (noise). The comparison for both cases shows that large differences are found in the estimates for noise (i.e. > 3 dB(A)) and also for the local estimates of substances (e.g. up to 45% for NOx emissions). When an infrastructural measure is taken the comparison shows that not only the location and extent of effect, but also the direction of effect can be different (i.e. increase versus decrease and vice versa).
  Authors: Wismans, Luc J.J.; Van den Brink, Robert; Brederode, Luuk; Zantema, Jacobus; van Berkum, Eric
  Authors: Wismans, Luc J.J.; Van den Brink, Robert; Brederode, Luuk; Zantema, Jacobus; van Berkum, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Aviation
  Session: 683
  Paper Number: 13-0546
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Spatial Analysis of Demand for Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Its Potential Impact on Greenhouse Gases in Montreal and Quebec City, Canada
  Abstract: Personal cars contribute 56% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from passenger transportation. As vehicle ownership increases, a promising solution to reduce emissions is to turn to greener technologies, namely electric and hybrid-electric vehicles. The hybrid vehicle fleet in Quebec has increased dramatically from 339 in 2003 to 7,085 in 2008. People are turning to cleaner technologies as a means to reduce fuel costs. They are also motivated by government incentives in the form of tax rebates. This study explores the link between socio-demographics, travel behavior and market penetration of hybrid vehicles in Montreal and Quebec City using a negative binomial regression. Moreover, the impact on GHG of different hybrid market penetration scenarios is evaluated. The regression shows that population density, post-secondary education and trip distances have the most significant influence on hybrid vehicle ownership. This implies that the market is geared towards households with higher incomes, living in dense neighborhoods with high accessibility to transit and service. Although hybrid vehicles have the potential for great GHG reductions, the spatial market distribution indicates that this technology will have a more modest impact than what is expected. From an optimistic perspective where 25% of the vehicle fleet is converted to hybrid vehicles, there would only be a 10% decrease in GHGs in both cities. This is a daily savings of 390.9 tonnes in Montreal and 297.3 tonnes in Quebec City.
  Authors: Chan, Sabrina; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Authors: Chan, Sabrina; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Patterson, Zachary Rupert; Barla, Philippe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-0889
• Management of Urban Mobility to Control Climate Change in Cities
  Abstract: The need of decarbonization of urban mobility is one of the main priorities for all countries to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets. In general, the transport modes which have experienced the most growth in recent years tend to be the most polluting. Most efforts have been focused on the vehicle efficiency improvements and vehicle fleet renewal; nevertheless more emphasis should be placed on strategies related to the management of urban mobility and modal share. Research of individual travel which analyzes CO2 emissions and car and public transport share in daily mobility will enable better assessments of the potential of urban mobility measures introduced to limit GHG emissions produced by transport in cities. This paper explores the sustainability impacts of daily mobility in Spain using data from two National Travel Surveys (NTSs) (2000 and 2006) and includes a method by which to estimate the CO2 emissions associated with each journey and each surveyed individual. The results demonstrate that in the 2000 to 2006 period, there has been an increase in daily mobility which has led to a 17% increase in CO2 emissions. When separated by transport mode, cars prove to be the main contributor to that increase, followed by public transport. More focus should be directed toward modal shift strategies which not only take the number of journeys into account but also consider distance. The contributions of this paper have potential applications in the assessment of current and future urban transport policies.
  Authors: Sobrino, Natalia; Monzon, Andres
  Authors: Sobrino, Natalia; Monzon, Andres
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-1470
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Do Plug-in Vehicle Buyers Want Green Electricity? Survey of U.S. New-Car Buyers
  Abstract: The environmental benefits of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) increase if the vehicles are powered by electricity from “green” sources such as solar, wind or small hydro. Here we explore the potential to build a market that pairs consumer purchases of PEVs with purchases of green electricity. We implement a web-based survey with three U.S. samples defined by vehicle purchases: conventional new vehicle buyers (n = 1064), hybrid vehicle buyers (n = 364), and PEV buyers (n = 74). Respondents state their interest in a PEV as their next vehicle, interest in purchasing green electricity in one of three ways, i.e., monthly subscription, two-year lease, or purchase, and interest in combining the two products. Pairing a PEV with a green electricity program increased total PEV demand in all three respondent segments—with a 23 percent demand increase among conventional buyers. Demand for both products is generally higher among hybrid and PEV buyers. Respondent’s reported motives for both products and their combination include financial savings (particularly among conventional buyers), concerns about air pollution and the environment, and interest in new technology (particularly among PEV buyers). Results suggest that when the two products are offered together, about one-third of car buyers presently value the combination of a PEV with green electricity; the proportion is much higher among HEV and PEV buyers. Consumers’ reported motivations provide guidance regarding policy and marketing strategies to advance PEVs and green electricity demand.
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S.
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: 13-2301
• Air Quality Regulation in Metros: Benchmarking Approach
  Abstract: This study examined whether air quality regulations designed for other environments were being applied to metros without consideration of the specific attributes of the metro environment. This is a concern because if regulations are overly restrictive metros may incur unnecessary costs and unreasonable regulation, but if regulations are too lax then the health of workers and passengers is at risk. This study therefore benchmarked the air quality regulations being used by metros. A questionnaire revealed that 16 out of 22 responding metros had air quality regulations, all of which were originally intended for non-metro environments. PM10, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide were the most commonly regulated pollutants. Less commonly regulated pollutants included benzene, sulphur dioxide, PM2.5 and ozone. Many metros used World Health Organisation recommendations, but for most pollutants there were outliers at both ends of the scale, indicating that regulation in some metros is too lax whereas in others it is overly strict. A set of metro-specific standards is therefore proposed as an international benchmark for metros to use.
  Authors: Cohen, Judith Michelle; Anderson, Richard; Melo, Patricia C.; Hirsch, Robin Charles d'Aubyn; Graham, Daniel
  Authors: Cohen, Judith Michelle; Anderson, Richard; Melo, Patricia C.; Hirsch, Robin Charles d'Aubyn; Graham, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 585
  Paper Number: 13-2476
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Statistical Study of Variables Associated with Particulate Matter Exposure Levels at Bus Shelters
  Abstract: This study expands upon previous work that examined differences in exposure to particulate matter in and around bus stop shelters for passengers waiting along a busy urban corridor in Portland, OR. An extensive body of literature has demonstrated the negative health effects of exposure to particulate matter. While concentrations of particulate matter are known to be greater near busy roadways, little research has been conducted on exposure in and around bus stop shelters. Two sizes of particulate matter are examined in this study: PM2.5 and ultrafine particles. Pearson association tests are run between particulate concentrations and three categories of independent variables: location, vehicles, and weather. Significant correlations are primarily observed between particulates and weather (temperature and relative humidity). Using one-minute data intervals, a series of log-linear regression models with and without lagged variables are used to estimate the effects of location, traffic, and weather variables on particulate concentrations. The presence of a transit bus stopped at the shelter significantly increases both sizes of particulate matter concentrations. Wind, temperature, and shelter location also have significant impacts on ultrafine and PM2.5 levels. The estimated models for particulate concentrations inside and outside the bus stop shelters are compared to demonstrate differences in particulate behavior. Suggestions are made for shelter configuration given environmental and traffic considerations.
  Authors: Moore, Adam; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Moore, Adam; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 585
  Paper Number: 13-2845
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid, or Electric: What Do Car Buyers Want?
  Abstract: We assess a baseline of consumer interest in electric-drive vehicles using a mixed-mode survey. We compare stated interest in conventional gasoline (CV), hybrid (HEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV) and pure electric vehicles (EV) of varying fuel economies, electric-powered driving ranges, and prices. Data are from 508 households representative of new vehicle buying households in San Diego County, California in early 2011. In addition to household descriptions, the survey collected information about access to vehicle recharge infrastructure at home, three days of driving via a mail-based questionnaire, desired vehicle designs via on-line design games, and information on design motivations (also on-line). Across the higher and lower price games, a majority of consumers designed and selected some form of PHEV (56 to 65 percent), with minorities selecting an HEV (20 to 25 percent) or a conventional vehicle (10 to 16 percent). An EV was designed by only two to four percent of survey respondents. Of those who did not design an EV, the most frequent concerns with EVs were limited range and charger availability, and higher vehicle purchase prices. Positive interest in HEVs, PHEVs and EVs was associated with vehicle images of intelligence, responsibility, and support of the environment and nation. The distribution of vehicle designs suggests that cheaper, smaller battery PHEVs may achieve more short-term market success than larger battery PHEVs or EVs. If consumer motivations change with actual experience of electric-drive, managing those changes may be essential to guiding consumer valuation toward greater vehicle electrification.
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S.
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: 13-3028
• Marketing Around Fuel Economy Regulation of Passenger Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks
  Abstract: America’s vehicle fleet has evolved since the federal government imposed a dual standard for vehicle fuel economy that allowed light-duty trucks heavier fuel use: light-duty trucks in the forms of pickups, sport-utility vehicles (SUVs), and minivans have become common passenger vehicles. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration updated fuel-economy regulations in recent years to address modern challenges. The updated system retains the dual standard but attempts to refine vehicle classification through physical characteristics, but physical characteristics of vehicles are not the sole factor influencing purchasing decisions. People buy vehicles to fit lifestyles and portray self-images; hence people’s purchasing decisions are heavily influenced by how products are represented. The objective of this research is to characterize and evaluate how vehicle marketing material for specific vehicles differs from how those vehicles are represented and counted for fuel-economy compliance. This study addresses this objective with a content analysis of vehicle brochures evaluated through the lens of critical discourse analysis. Statistical analysis of brochure content showed significantly greater focus on passenger themes in brochures for light-duty trucks even though the looser regulatory standards for these trucks were intended to keep costs low for business and freight. The industry intentionally communicates certain values by depicting certain functions the consumer should expect vehicles to perform. This study identifies of how manufacturers do not necessarily market vehicles according to the intent of fuel-economy regulation.
  Authors: Ridout, John Stuart; Dunning, Anne E.
  Authors: Ridout, John Stuart; Dunning, Anne E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-3252
• Analysis of Acceptable Flight Frequency in Presence of Effects of Other People’s Noise Situations
  Abstract: Individual maximum acceptable flight frequency (MAFF) in the evening time from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. was modeled by taking into account the effects of other people’s noise situations. Three classes of low, moderate, and high noise affected zones were designed and used as control variables. Headphone interview system was developed and carried out with 24 Japanese students, all with normal hearing. Information about flight routes and situations of noise-affected zones were given to each subject before answering to the questionnaires. It was found that the individual MAFF will be increased by approximately 1.3 flights if people took into account the situations of high noise affected-zone, all else being held constant. For the moderate noise-affected zone in where individual’s house located, results suggested a reduction of individual MAFF by 2.9 flights. The situation of low noise-affected zone was insignificant. In all, the individual MAFF will be increased by approximately 1.0 flight if people do not consider anyone, ceteris paribus. The methodology used and results from this study may help aviation planner when considering the capacity expansion by which a new flight route is necessarily supplemented.
  Authors: Phun, Veng Kheang; Hirata, Terumitsu; Yai, Tetsuo
  Authors: Phun, Veng Kheang; Hirata, Terumitsu; Yai, Tetsuo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Aviation
  Session: 683
  Paper Number: 13-3407
• Factors Influencing Demand in the Emerging Market for Low-Emission Vehicles
  Abstract: Low Emission Vehicles (LEVs) are being developed and brought to market in order to address the issues surrounding greenhouse gas emissions linked with climate change, high urban pollution levels and concerns linked to energy security. How successful these vehicles are at mitigating these issues depends on their desirability to consumers. This research project takes a new approach to the investigation of consumer response to the introduction of LEVs by specifying a Research Framework which includes components that have received relatively little attention in this field of enquiry. Specifically, measurements relating to symbolic and emotive car meanings have been taken alongside the more traditional functional considerations of LEVs. Additionally, the construct of innovativeness has been measured from an innate and adoptive perspective to examine its influence over LEV preference. Three preference models have been constructed using multiple regression analysis to examine interactions between the Research Framework components. The data has been collected through the application of a self completion household questionnaire distributed over the cities of Dundee and Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the United Kingdom. Initial results indicate that symbolic and emotive meanings as well as individual innovativeness are having statistically significant influence over LEV preference.
  Authors: Morton, Craig; Anable, Jillian; Nelson, John D
  Authors: Morton, Craig; Anable, Jillian; Nelson, John D
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-4319
• Sustainability Trends Measured by Greenroads Rating System
  Abstract: Greenroads, a sustainability rating system for roadway projects, is used to evaluate 105 roadway and bridge projects located in the United States for sustainable design and construction practices at various lifecycle stages. Forty projects are claimed to be “sustainable” and are compared to the remaining 65 “typical” projects, representing conventional practice. The objectives of the investigation are to demonstrate the potential impact that Greenroads might have on the U.S. transportation industry by applying it to a variety of actual roadway projects and to use this information to establish a reference point for future studies. The results identify trends in achievement for current practice, highlight areas for improving current practice, and also may be used to improve how the tool itself measures sustainability performance. The results also show that: 1) some credits and categories are easily achieved, whereas others are more challenging and offer opportunities for improved environmental performance, 2) typical roadway projects tend not to exceed environmental regulations and score lower than sustainable projects, 3) contractors and materials suppliers appear to have unrealized opportunities to contribute, and 4) an early emphasis on the environment during project development appears to differentiate between typical and sustainable projects and manifest as higher Greenroads scores.Greenroads is determined to be a reasonable measurement tool for sustainability in roadway design and construction projects because 1) it can help practitioners quantify and measure sustainability for a roadway project during project development, design and construction, and 2) it can differentiate between typical and sustainable projects.
  Authors: Anderson, Jeralee L.; Muench, Stephen T.
  Authors: Anderson, Jeralee L.; Muench, Stephen T.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Construction; Environment; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 274
  Paper Number: 13-5328
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Systematic Evaluation of Alternative Options for Reduction of Vessel Emissions in Ports
  Abstract: Transport operations are significant contributors to pollutant emissions across the globe. In all transport modes there have been considerable efforts to reduce these environmental impacts through various ways. Technological advances, policies and regulations are the most common ways to tackle this problem. Maritime transportation is responsible for approximately 3% of the global carbon emissions and while a large percentage of that is generated in the seas, local air quality around ports is severely affected by vessel traffic and stationary ships. Ports at the same time are areas of massive energy consumption which translates to further pollutant emitted at the source where the energy is produced. The final component in the environmental footprint of a port’s operation is the generated inland traffic (rail or road) around it for the transportation of goods and people to and from the terminal. There are mitigation techniques and policies that can be used to improve the environmental performance of each of the previous components of the system. This paper presents a framework for examining these impacts with a particular focus on the environmental footprint of ships approaching and berthing at ports, where their emissions impact directly on local air quality and on the exposure of the local population. Speed reduction of approaching ships and cold ironing for berthing ships are examined as potential mitigation techniques, and their scope is assesed per call per ship for the reduction of emissions for CO2, SO2 and NOX .
  Authors: Zis, Thalis; North, Robin J.; Angeloudis, Panagiotis; Bell, Michael G.H.
  Authors: Zis, Thalis; North, Robin J.; Angeloudis, Panagiotis; Bell, Michael G.H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation
  Session: 342
  Paper Number: 13-5346
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Responses, Movements, and Survival of Relocated Box Turtles During Construction of Inter-County Connector Highway in Maryland
  Abstract: We compared the success of different techniques of relocations as a means of mitigating the impacts of the construction of a major highway on Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina) in Maryland. We compared the movement patterns, home range size, and survival of turtles from three treatment groups between 2008-2011; turtles native to the study site and not moved during the study (native turtles), turtles native to the site, but which were moved from the limit of disturbance (LOD) of the highway (on-site relocations), and turtles not native to the site, which were relocated onto the site (off-site relocations). Turtles in the off-site relocation group had larger home ranges and moved longer distances than either on-site or native turtles. However, unlike other studies, off-site relocated turtles did not make directional movements off of the study area nor did they have difficulty finding suitable sites for overwintering. We found no statistically-significant differences in survival between our three treatment groups. However, overall survival rates were <65% over the three years of our study, considerably lower than rates seen in other Box Turtle populations, perhaps due to an emerging pathogen (Ranavirus), which caused numerous deaths of Box Turtles. Our recommendations for “Best Practices” centered on the need for more effective wildlife fences to be constructed and maintained earlier in the construction timeline. Failure to create and maintain such a barrier in our study lead to numerous “trespass” events, where turtles moved onto the LOD and would likely have been killed without our intervention
  Authors: Seigel, Richard A; Farnsworth, Scott D
  Authors: Seigel, Richard A; Farnsworth, Scott D
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 713
  Paper Number: 13-0194
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effect of Reduced Roadside Mowing on Rate of Deer-Vehicle Collisions
  Abstract: The investigation’s objective was to determine if reducing roadside mowing causes measurable change in deer vehicle collision (DVCs) rates. Decreased mowing may change vegetation structure which could affect deer density and/or behavior at the roadside, or motorists’ ability to detect and react to deer entering the roadway. Both these effects would be expected to increase the DVC rate. However, the results of a literature review and survey of current practice conducted for the project indicated that no quantitative evaluation of this concept has been conducted.The number of DVC/year were compared before and after mowing was reduced at six locations in Maryland and four locations in New York to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in DVC rate between the two time periods. Three years of before data were compared to three years of after data, and the predictive relationship of mowing regime on DVC rate was also examined. Five study areas reported more DVC/year after mowing was reduced, four reported more DVC/year before mowing was reduced, and one experienced essentially no change. Results from three New York study areas were marginally significant (p =0.10), but the direction of change was inconsistent. None of the Maryland study area changes were significant. The R2 values between DVC and mowing were significant (p value <0.05) for only one of the ten study areas tested. Small sample sizes were used, and results should be interpreted with care. However, the results do not suggest DVC rates are related to mowing regime.
  Authors: Barnum, Sarah
  Authors: Barnum, Sarah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 713
  Paper Number: 13-5041
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Impact of Stormwater Pipe Lining Materials on Water Quality: Field Study and Resulting Specifications
  Abstract: As many stormwater pipes and culverts have reached the end of their service life, their repair or replacement is a large maintenance concern. Many commonly used culvert rehabilitation technologies entail the use of a resin or coating that cures to form a rigid liner within the damaged culvert. However, water quality implications of these trenchless alternatives are not completely understood. A previous evaluation conducted by the Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research discovered that installations of conventional (styrene-based) cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) can impact water quality. These findings led to the development of rigorous specifications by the Virginia Department of Transporation and other agencies to prevent such impacts. The study reported herein included a determination of potential water quality impacts from two unconventional CIPP technologies and two spray-on lining technologies: epoxy-based (styrene-free) CIPP, styrene-based ultraviolet CIPP, a cementitious spray-on liner, and a polyurea spray-on liner. Several field installation sites were monitored and water quality tests were conducted on each newly installed liner. Water samples were analyzed for water quality indicators and product constituents, and sampling results were compared against regulatory standards and published aquatic species toxicity criteria. Results indicate that contaminants were released from each tested liner, but for some liners, water flow, dilution, and volatilization appeared to play an important role in reducing impacts on water quality. Recommendations for specifications include protective controls to prevent exceeding water quality standards or aquatic species toxicity thresholds, particularly in receiving waters with low flow and little dilution potential.
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget; Whelton, Andrew
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget; Whelton, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 533
  Paper Number: 13-4148
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Idle Monitoring, Real-Time Intervention, and Emission Reductions from School Buses in Cobb County, Georgia
  Abstract: Georgia Tech researchers developed a patent-pending idle detection and warning notification system that features Global Positioning System (GPS)-based real-time tracking and web-based user interface. 480 buses in the Cobb County School District were equipped with the GPS-based idle detection system, and the research team provided bus dispatchers with a web-based system to track vehicle activity and notify idle events exceeding five minutes. The idle detection and warning notification system is able to differentiate idling with engine on from key-on events with engine off, an important capability that sets this system apart from previous studies that only detected key-on events. Idle reductions were monitored and emissions and fuel savings were evaluated using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model. The idle reduction resulted from implementing the system was statistically significant, achieving more than six minutes of idle reduction per bus per day. Greater idle reduction can be achieved with more stringent implementation of the system. Total annual emissions reduced from the anti-idle program were 1.67 tons of criteria pollutants (NOx, PM, HC, CO), 55.5 tons of CO2, and conservation of 6,400 gallons of diesel fuel. Approximately 41,100 children riding these buses or attending schools served by these buses were positively impacted by the idle reduction system.
  Authors: Xu, Yanzhi; Elango, Vetri Venthan; Guensler, Randall; Khoeini, Sara
  Authors: Xu, Yanzhi; Elango, Vetri Venthan; Guensler, Randall; Khoeini, Sara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 585
  Paper Number: 13-4964
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Sensitivity of Airport Noise-Damage Costs
  Abstract: To study the relationship between airports and surrounding communities, analysts can use a Noise Depreciation Index (NDI) to describe the percentage change in housing prices associated with a change in noise level, as measured in decibels or some other metric. This paper illuminates the noise-damage cost analytical pathway by conducting a series of sensitivity analyses to identify how changes to NDIs, ambient-noise reference values, and other model inputs affect the noise-damage costs at one airport. These noise-damage costs are analyzed within the context of other community socio-economic indicators, such as income and housing tenure, in order to provide additional context on of the distributional and environmental-equity impacts of airport growth.
  Authors: Tam, Ryan
  Authors: Tam, Ryan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Aviation
  Session: 683
  Paper Number: 13-5336
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Assessment of Traffic Noise Level Before and After Freeway Widening Using Traffic Microsimulation and a Refined Classic Noise Prediction Method
  Abstract: In this paper, a refined classic noise prediction method based on the VISSIM and FHWA noise prediction model is formulated to analyze the sound level contributed by traffic on the Nanjing Lukou airport connecting freeway before and after widening. The aim of this research is to (i) assess the traffic noise impact on the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA) campus before and after freeway widening, (ii) compare the prediction results with field data to test the accuracy of this method, (iii) analyze the relationship between traffic characteristics and sound level. The results indicate that the mean difference between model predictions and field measurements is acceptable. The traffic composition impact study indicates that buses (including mid-sized trucks) and heavy goods vehicles contribute a significant proportion of total noise power despite their low traffic volume. In addition, speed analysis offers an explanation for the minor differences in noise level across time periods. Future work will aim at reducing model error, by focusing on noise barrier analysis using the FEM/BEM method and modifying the vehicle noise emission equation by conducting field experimentation.
  Authors: He, Jie; Zhang, Chen
  Authors: He, Jie; Zhang, Chen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Aviation
  Session: 683
  Paper Number: 13-2016
• Standardized Emission Calculations Along Supply Chains as Basis for Smart Global Transport Solutions in a “Reality of Less”: Is an Approach Within Reach?
  Abstract: In the internationalized world of commerce, global supply chains are a fundamental element and in a “Reality of Less” the maximization of efficiency and effectiveness of these supply chains is of fundamental importance. This maximization of efficiency and effectiveness of supply chains though requires transparency of energy consumption and of emissions, because resources such as fuel and clean air are getting less available. A global standardization for the calculation of emissions would contribute to such a transparency as it allows comparison of the efficiency and effectiveness with regard to supply chains’ energy consumption. Currently, however, such a standard does not exist and a wide range of different methodologies and tools are applied by the various players: different databases are used, various calculation tools apply different indicators and they are generally not compatible with each other. As a consequence results obtained are incomparable at all levels: at the level of shippers as well as at the level of transport modes, of shipments, carriers or products. Comparisons between different supply chains, or elements within them, are not feasible and also trends over time or implications of changes to chains cannot be established. A global applicable standard – similar to the International Financial Reporting Standards – still needs to be developed and implemented internationally. This research describes, based on the COFRET project which is part-funded by the EU, how currently on-going work and efforts worldwide can lead to a further convergence of existing emission calculation tools, as a basis for better supply chains.
  Authors: Ehrler, Verena Charlotte; Davydenko, Igor Y.; de Ree, Diederik; Ton, Jaurieke; Auvinen, Heidi; Lewis, Alan; Seidel, Saskia; Lischke, Andreas; Maurer, Hedi
  Authors: Ehrler, Verena Charlotte; Davydenko, Igor Y.; de Ree, Diederik; Ton, Jaurieke; Auvinen, Heidi; Lewis, Alan; Seidel, Saskia; Lischke, Andreas; Maurer, Hedi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-3596
• Speeding Behavior and Gasoline Prices Using Hourly Washington State Data
  Abstract: Do drivers adjust speeds to save money when gasoline prices rise? Previous research produced mixed results of this energy saving hypothesis. In this paper, a more robust hourly dataset of Washington State highway speeds finds a modest but statistically significant decline in speeds due to increasing gasoline prices. A one dollar increase in gas prices reduces the average speed by 0.27 mph, changing the average highway speed from 70.82 to 70.55 mph, translating into $1.07 billion gas expenditure savings on all U.S. highways annually. In terms of heterogeneity, the research finds that the fastest drivers reduce speeds under-proportionately, potentially undermining the safety objective of a gasoline tax. Finally, the speed changes are mainly caused by the gasoline price that drivers pay at the pump. The high public media attention given to gas prices had relatively little effect on speeding behavior.
  Authors: Watkins, Kari Edison; Wolff, Hendrik
  Authors: Watkins, Kari Edison; Wolff, Hendrik
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-3671
• Comparative Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment with Parameter Uncertainty
  Abstract: There is a growing interest in green design of pavements as an important contributor to material consumption and environmental emissions. Improving the sustainability of pavements requires a thorough evaluation of environmental impacts within all stages of a pavement’s life. There are different sources of uncertainty associated with the overall life-cycle. A probabilistic approach is required to incorporate uncertainty in environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) in order to capture the range of possible outcomes in the overall footprints of alternative designs. In this paper we present a procedure for quantification and propagation of uncertainty in comparative life cycle assessments of pavements. The statistical fluctuations in parameters that define the material quantities as well as their associated environmental impacts are characterized by probability distributions. The uncertainty associated with the appropriateness of each flow quantity is quantified using the data-quality indicators established by the ecoinvent life cycle inventory database. These probability distributions are incorporated in life cycle analysis and translated into the total variation in the environmental impact using a Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the resulting probabilistic descriptions of overall footprints are compared for two pavement designs to investigate whether the difference in the overall environmental footprints of alternative pavements is statistically significant. Application of this methodology under a variety of scenarios enables decision-makers to comment on environmental sustainability of different alternatives for pavement products with an associated degree of confidence.
  Authors: Wildnauer, Margaret; Noshadravan, Arash; Gregory, Jeremy; Kirchain, Randolph
  Authors: Wildnauer, Margaret; Noshadravan, Arash; Gregory, Jeremy; Kirchain, Randolph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 386
  Paper Number: 13-3829
• Participation and Incentive Choice of Participants in an Early Vehicle Retirement Program in Québec, Canada
  Abstract: Early vehicle retirement programs are designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to improve air quality and traffic safety, and to stimulate the economy by replacing the automobile fleet with less polluting vehicles. Québec’s early vehicle retirement program was additionally designed as a mode shift tool by offering one of six different incentives including transit passes, rebates on bicycles and vehicles, or membership to a car sharing cooperative. This paper assesses the characteristics associated with program participation as well as with the choice of each incentive. Between 2009 and 2011, over 40 000 participants registered to the program and provided their address, choice of incentive, age of vehicle, gender and age. Census data provided measures of the built and social environment near participants’ residence. The determinants of program participation rates were assessed using Tobit regressions. A multinomial logistic regression helped identify the determinants of incentive choice. Higher participation rates were found in lower density areas inside metropolitan regions and in higher density non-metropolitan areas, as well as in areas with low unemployment rates, fewer immigrants and younger population. Transit incentives were more popular in dense, metropolitan centers, with more women, younger people and wealthier participants. Older participants were more likely to choose car rebates and bicycle incentives were associated with younger male participants. Participants from lower income areas were more likely to choose the cash incentive. The addition of incentive options that are feasible in areas with lower density or poorer population should be considered. Alternative transportation incentives are mostly chosen in dense urban environments where a mode shift is more feasible.
  Authors: Lachapelle, Ugo
  Authors: Lachapelle, Ugo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-0736
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Analysis of Pathogen Destruction and Leachate Constituents in Deer Mortality Static Windrow Composting
  Abstract: Approximately 1.1 million deer-vehicle collisions occur in the United States each year. The predominant methods of disposing of these carcasses (landfill and burial) have several costly disadvantages, including long travel distances to landfills, increasing landfill restrictions, and lack of viable burial areas. Some states have found static compost windrows to be an easy and cost-effective carcass management technique.In this study, deer mortality static compost windrows were monitored for 1 year. Windrows were analyzed for pathogen destruction and the degree to which underlying soil filtered leachate contaminants. In response to high windrow temperatures, indicator pathogens E. coli and Salmonella were reduced by 99.99% the first sampling day (Day 7) and ascarids were deemed non-viable by Day 77. Soil filtration of leachate was effective in reducing concentrations of ammonia, chloride, and total organic carbon. Nitrate, a contaminant of particular regulatory concern, had an estimated mass contaminant loss of 1.9 lb/acre, compared to the estimated 8 to 45 lb/acre loss from fertilizer application on agronomic crops in Virginia. Results of this study indicate that with properly constructed static compost windrows, (1) high temperatures destroy indicator pathogens; (2) the natural filtration of leachate through soil reduces deer mortality contaminant concentrations; and (3) the low volume of leachate from windrows results in nominal losses of nitrate and other contaminants. These results will be useful for compost regulators and entities interested in incorporating this practice into regular operations.
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 533
  Paper Number: 13-1221
• Medium-Term Effects of London’s Low-Emission Zone
  Abstract: London’s low emission zone (LEZ) was implemented in a staged process from February to July, 2008 in an attempt to reduce the emissions of air pollutants of direct harm to human health within London. The LEZ was introduced to target the worst polluters, specifically heavy diesel vehicles, buses and coaches by imposing minimum emissions standards on vehicles operating in an area covering most of Greater London. Several years on it remains unclear how successful the LEZ has been in meeting its stated objectives and if any improvements in pollution levels can be attributed to the LEZ. This paper uses registration and enforcement information to assess the impact of the LEZ on vehicle registrations, usage and air pollution. Results suggest the rate of fleet turnover for affected vehicle classes in London increased substantially when the LEZ was first introduced before returning to the national average in subsequent years. Early evidence for light commercial vehicles (LCVs), which became subject to the scheme in early 2012, shows a similar effect is likely. Despite an overall growth in freight vehicles operating in London, the number of pre-Euro III vehicles has dropped and this has been coupled with a switch from rigid vehicles to LCVs and (to a lesser extent) articulated vehicles. Ambient air quality measurements, show concentrations of particulate matter within the LEZ have dropped by 2.46 to 3.07 percent compared to just over one percent for areas just outside the LEZ. However, no discernible differences are found for NOX concentrations.
  Authors: Ellison, Richard B; Greaves, Stephen; Hensher, David A.
  Authors: Ellison, Richard B; Greaves, Stephen; Hensher, David A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Energy
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-4534
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Meta-analysis of Transit Bus Exhaust Emissions
  Abstract: Though many specific studies of bus emissions exist, this paper addresses the need for a comparative analysis of emissions associated with a variety of fuel types, specifically for developing countries. This paper compiles a large data set of in-use transit bus tests for commonly regulated transportation emissions including carbon monoxide, hydro-carbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Carbon dioxide is also included to understand greenhouse gas emissions. A meta-analysis technique was used with 25 studies to find a range of emissions values for different fuel and exhaust after treatment combinations to determine which combinations provide the greatest emissions reduction. The fuels considered for this report are diesel with various concentrations of sulfur, biodiesel (100 percent and 20 percent blend with diesel), compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, and ethanol. The technologies considered are standard internal combustion engines, hybrid ICE-electric and a variety of exhaust after-treatment technologies. The analysis shows that no single fuel is best at reducing all emissions if the appropriate exhaust after-treatment technologies are used. The technologies which show the lowest emissions in important categories, NOx, PM, and CO2 equivalents, are compressed natural gas with a three-way catalyst, 100 percent biodiesel, and ultra-low sulfur diesel with selective catalyst reduction. Other factors explored, such as altitude, drive cycle, and mileage, also have an impact on emissions values. Overall, there is a wide range of emissions values even for the same fuel and technology. These variations and factors should be understood in order to accurately evaluate results from further emissions testing.
  Authors: Cooper, Erin; Arioli, Magdala; Carrigan, Aileen; Jain, Umang
  Authors: Cooper, Erin; Arioli, Magdala; Carrigan, Aileen; Jain, Umang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 585
  Paper Number: 13-4618
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Developing Operating Mode Distribution Inputs for MOVES Using Computer Vision-Based Vehicle Data Collector
  Abstract:

  Acquisition of reliable vehicle activity inputs to MOVES model is necessary to maximize the modeling capacity and help federal and state officials to improve the quality of transportation management. However, there is barely any tool available to rapidly collect the operating mode distribution as well as other traffic activity inputs for the U.S. EPA MOVES model. In this study, a computer vision-based software tool, namely Rapid traffic Emission and Energy Consumption Analysis (REMCAN) system is developed to enable a rapid operating mode distribution profiling for MOVES model. The video based system provides traffic activity inputs includes vehicle speed and acceleration/deceleration rate which are difficult to extract from traditional traffic data source. The system architecture and vehicle parameter extraction methods are presented. The speed measurement, which is the most critical factor for operating mode profiling, is calibrated by a coefficient which converts screen space to real-world space. Afterwards, three case studies with different traffic operation scenarios are performed to demonstrate the capability of REMCAN system. This traffic activity data collection and MOVES operating mode distribution generation process provide time-saving, low-cost and accurate environmental impact results compared to traditional data source for emission estimation analysis.

  Authors: Yao, Zhuo; Wei, Heng; Ma, Tao; Ai, Qingyi; Liu, Hao
  Authors: Yao, Zhuo; Wei, Heng; Ma, Tao; Ai, Qingyi; Liu, Hao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 557
  Paper Number: 13-4899
• Ditch Check Installation Evaluations of Wheat Straw Wattles Used for Velocity Reduction
  Abstract:

  Linear construction typically uses drainage conveyances, such as roadside ditches, to convey stormwater runoff away from construction sites to neighboring water bodies. These may be unstabilized and highly susceptible to erosive shear stresses in high velocity runoff. Therefore, best management practices, such as wattle ditch checks, are used to help reduce channel erosion caused by high velocity flow while propagating sediment deposition within the channel. However, with new technology emerging and limited scientific evaluation available on the in-field performance of wattles, it is difficult to know how effective an installation will be for maximizing runoff control performance. Using the Auburn University Erosion and Sediment Control Testing Facility we have investigated wattle ditch check installation practice performance to help the Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) better maximize wattle ditch check performance. This study concluded that ALDOT’s current installation of only staking a wattle to an unstabilized channel can be improved with the addition of a filter fabric underlay to protect the channel bottom at the installation area from scour and using sod staples in addition to staking to secure the wattle in place while increasing ground contact and reducing undercutting.

  Authors: Donald, Wesley; Zech, Wesley Charles; Fang, Xing; LaMondia, Jeffrey J.
  Authors: Donald, Wesley; Zech, Wesley Charles; Fang, Xing; LaMondia, Jeffrey J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 565
  Paper Number: 13-3268
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Reconsidering the Choice Between Gasoline and Diesel Cars: Modeling Both Demand and Automakers' Reaction
  Abstract:

  Abstract Fuel taxation may be used to cover environmental costs associated with fuel consumption by road vehicles. It also represents a large source of revenue for Governments, especially in Europe, and France in particular. Furthermore, different taxation levels of fuels have often been a way to support an industrial sector. In France for instance, the main fuel tax is lower for diesel fuel than for gasoline. Yet, on the one hand, from an environmental viewpoint, several studies show that gasoline is over-taxed whereas diesel fuel is under-taxed. On the other hand, from users' viewpoint, diesel cars have several appealing characteristics: they are more fuel-efficient and their fuel is cheaper (at least in France and several European countries). They are however more expensive, partly because automakers capture a large part of the expected gains. A change in the taxation levels of fuels is thus expected to have an impact on engine type choice by households and firms, while automakers will in return change their pricing strategies in order to maintain their profits. The expected outcome is thus undetermined. This paper aims at giving insights into this question, by modeling both the demand and the supply sides of the car market using French data. The paper also gives expected outcomes of different taxation schemes at the car fleet level in the long run for France. We show that a 60% increase in the tax on diesel fuel would entail a decrease in the dieselization rate at the fleet level from 65% to 50% between 2011 and 2030, and in overall CO2 emissions of passenger cars by 3.5%.

  Authors: Breteau, Vincent; Weber, Simon
  Authors: Breteau, Vincent; Weber, Simon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment
  Session: 503
  Paper Number: 13-1051
• Responses, Movements, and Survival of Relocated Box Turtles During Construction of Inter-County Connector Highway in Maryland
  Authors: Seigel, Richard
  Authors: Seigel, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment
  Session: 713
  Paper Number: 13-0194
• Ecodrive Application: Algorithmic Development and Preliminary Testing
  Authors: Rakha, Hesham
  Authors: Rakha, Hesham
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 714
  Paper Number: 13-0401
• Urban Environments, Pedestrian Friendliness, and Crossing Decisions
  Authors: Granie, Marie-Axelle
  Authors: Granie, Marie-Axelle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 208
  Paper Number: 13-1143
• Analysis of Pathogen Destruction and Leachate Constituents in Deer Mortality Static Windrow Composting
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 533
  Paper Number: 13-1221
• Risk-Based Adaptation Frameworks for Climate Change Planning in the Transportation Sector: Synthesis of Practice
  Authors: Wall, Thomas
  Authors: Wall, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Design; Environment
  Session: 509
  Paper Number: 13-1418
• Risk-Based Adaptation Frameworks for Climate Change Planning in the Transportation Sector: Synthesis of Practice
  Authors: Meyer, Michael
  Authors: Meyer, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Design; Environment
  Session: 509
  Paper Number: 13-1418
• Analyzing Human Activity Patterns Using Cellular Phone Data: Case Study of Jinhe New Town in Shanghai, China
  Authors: Cheng, Xiaoyun
  Authors: Cheng, Xiaoyun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-1782
• Approach for Integrating Sustainability into Roadway Project Development
  Authors: Davis, Anneke
  Authors: Davis, Anneke
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Environment; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 274
  Paper Number: 13-1772
• Developing a Comprehensive Sustainable Transportation Analysis Framework
  Authors: Dondero, George
  Authors: Dondero, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Environment; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 274
  Paper Number: 13-0348
• Developing a Comprehensive Sustainable Transportation Analysis Framework
  Authors: Hurley, Peter
  Authors: Hurley, Peter
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Environment; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 274
  Paper Number: 13-0348
• Comparison of Estimation of Emissions Based on Static and Dynamic Traffic Assignment Models
  Authors: Wismans, Luc
  Authors: Wismans, Luc
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Environment
  Session: 683
  Paper Number: 13-0546
• Are Ecolanes a Sustainable Option to Reduce Emissions in a Medium-Sized European City?
  Authors: Bandeira, Jorge
  Authors: Bandeira, Jorge
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 714
  Paper Number: 13-0550
• Evaluating the Performance of Doweled and Isolation Joints at National Airport Pavement Testing Facility
  Authors: Mehta, Yusuf
  Authors: Mehta, Yusuf
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-0569
• Environmental Justice Analysis of Minority and Low-Income Populations Adjacent to Goods Movement Corridors in Southern California
  Authors: Seo, Jung
  Authors: Seo, Jung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-0701
• Participation and Incentive Choice of Participants in an Early Vehicle Retirement Program in Québec, Canada
  Authors: Lachapelle, Ugo
  Authors: Lachapelle, Ugo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-0736
• Public-Private Partnership in Traveler Information Provisions: Case Study of a Developing Country
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-2596
• Spatial Analysis of Demand for Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Its Potential Impact on Greenhouse Gases in Montreal and Quebec City, Canada
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-0889
• Identification of Physical Transportation Infrastructure Vulnerable to Sea Level Rise
  Authors: Bloetscher, Frederick
  Authors: Bloetscher, Frederick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Design; Environment
  Session: 509
  Paper Number: 13-0926
• Impact of Cracking on Load Transfer Efficiency of Rigid Airfield Pavements
  Authors: Cunliffe, Charles
  Authors: Cunliffe, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1353
• Cost-Effective Dredging in Mobile Bay: Possibilities for Sustainable Dredged Material Management
  Authors: Islam, Samantha
  Authors: Islam, Samantha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-1532
• Comparison of Locomotive Emissions Measured During Dynamometer Versus Rail Yard Engine Load Tests
  Authors: Graver, Brandon
  Authors: Graver, Brandon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 187
  Paper Number: 13-1415
• Toward People's Cities Through Land Use and Transport Integration: Review of India's National Urban Investment Program
  Authors: Hidalgo, Dario
  Authors: Hidalgo, Dario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-1589
• Airport Pavement Missing Data Management and Imputation Using Stochastic Multiple Imputation Model
  Authors: Fwa, Tien Fang
  Authors: Fwa, Tien Fang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1301
• Impact of Cracking on Load Transfer Efficiency of Rigid Airfield Pavements
  Authors: Mehta, Yusuf
  Authors: Mehta, Yusuf
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Energy; Environment
  Session: 675
  Paper Number: 13-1353
• Management of Urban Mobility to Control Climate Change in Cities
  Authors: Sobrino, Natalia
  Authors: Sobrino, Natalia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-1470
• Low-Mass Urban Microcars for Emerging Market Megacities
  Authors: Cahill, Eric
  Authors: Cahill, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-2844
• Statistical Study of Variables Associated with Particulate Matter Exposure Levels at Bus Shelters
  Authors: Moore, Adam
  Authors: Moore, Adam
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 585
  Paper Number: 13-2845
• Evaluation of Gate Strategies at Marine Container Terminals
  Authors: Golias, Mihalis
  Authors: Golias, Mihalis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2961
• Evaluation of Gate Strategies at Marine Container Terminals
  Authors: Boile, Maria
  Authors: Boile, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2961
• Virginia Quiet Pavement Demonstration Projects: Initial Functional Assessment
  Authors: McGhee, Kevin
  Authors: McGhee, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 814
  Paper Number: 13-3150
• Toward Sustainable Pavement Management: Incorporating Environmental Impacts of Pavement Treatments into Performance-Based Optimization
  Authors: Amador-Jimenez, Luis
  Authors: Amador-Jimenez, Luis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 705
  Paper Number: 13-3154
• Marketing Around Fuel Economy Regulation of Passenger Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks
  Authors: Ridout, John
  Authors: Ridout, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-3252
• Analysis of Acceptable Flight Frequency in Presence of Effects of Other People's Noise Situations
  Authors: Phun, Veng Kheang
  Authors: Phun, Veng Kheang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Environment
  Session: 683
  Paper Number: 13-3407
• Application and Findings: SWOT-Based Framework for Evaluating Transportation Agencies' Sustainability Approaches
  Authors: Barrella, Elise
  Authors: Barrella, Elise
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-3385
• Environmental Analysis of Asphalt Pavement Maintenance Using Modified Binders in Developing Countries: Case Study in Bogota, Colombia
  Authors: Martinez-Arguelles, Gilberto
  Authors: Martinez-Arguelles, Gilberto
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 705
  Paper Number: 13-3475
• Speeding Behavior and Gasoline Prices Using Hourly Washington State Data
  Authors: Watkins, Kari
  Authors: Watkins, Kari
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-3671
• Assessment of Traffic Noise Level Before and After Freeway Widening Using Traffic Microsimulation and a Refined Classic Noise Prediction Method
  Authors: Zhang, Chen
  Authors: Zhang, Chen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Environment
  Session: 683
  Paper Number: 13-2016
• Quality Control of Toll Data for Mobility Performance Measures on Jingshen Expressway in China
  Authors: Qu, Tongbin
  Authors: Qu, Tongbin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-2219
• Marine Highway Transport of Toxic Inhalation Hazard Materials
  Authors: Protopapas, Annie
  Authors: Protopapas, Annie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 217
  Paper Number: 13-2205
• Using Onboard Sound Intensity Measurements to Interpret Traffic Noise Modeling Results
  Authors: Lodico, Dana
  Authors: Lodico, Dana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 814
  Paper Number: 13-3058
• Ditch Check Installation Evaluations of Wheat Straw Wattles Used for Velocity Reduction
  Authors: Donald, Wesley
  Authors: Donald, Wesley
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 565
  Paper Number: 13-3268
• Vehicle Ownership in Middle-Class Indian Households: Mobility in Mumbai
  Authors: Shirgaokar, Manish
  Authors: Shirgaokar, Manish
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 278
  Paper Number: 13-3249
• LESSONS OF BUS RAPID TRANSIT FROM NINE CITIES IN CHINA
  Authors: Liu, Zichang
  Authors: Liu, Zichang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-3350
• Comparative Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment with Parameter Uncertainty
  Authors: Noshadravan, Arash
  Authors: Noshadravan, Arash
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 386
  Paper Number: 13-3829
• Air Quality Regulation in Metros: Benchmarking Approach
  Authors: Cohen, Judith
  Authors: Cohen, Judith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 585
  Paper Number: 13-2476
• Why Do We Tend to Drive Faster and Follow Vehicles Closer Than We Should in an Underground Road?
  Authors: Cai, Yang
  Authors: Cai, Yang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 208
  Paper Number: 13-2582
• Project Emissions Estimator (Pe-2): Tool to Aid Contractors and Agencies in Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Highway Construction Projects
  Authors: Mukherjee, Amlan
  Authors: Mukherjee, Amlan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 705
  Paper Number: 13-2855
• Census of U.S. Near-Roadway Population: Particulate Matter Exposure, Environmental Justice, and Coverage of Air Quality Monitoring Network
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3256
• Evaluating Sustainability of Face Bricks for Road and Airfield Pavements
  Authors: Bell, Haley
  Authors: Bell, Haley
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pavements
  Session: 705
  Paper Number: 13-2905
• Review of Civil Rights Guidance and Equity Analysis Methods for Regional Transportation Plans
  Authors: Karner, Alex
  Authors: Karner, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3420
• Standardized Emission Calculations Along Supply Chains as Basis for Smart Global Transport Solutions in a "Reality of Less": Is an Approach Within Reach?
  Authors: Ehrler, Verena
  Authors: Ehrler, Verena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 758
  Paper Number: 13-3596
• Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid, or Electric: What Do Car Buyers Want?
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn
  Authors: Axsen, Jonn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 395
  Paper Number: 13-3028
• Modeling In-Use Construction Equipment Emissions for Highway Projects: Framework, Methodology, and Case Analysis
  Authors: Bai, Song
  Authors: Bai, Song
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 187
  Paper Number: 13-3044
• Evaluating Traveler Preferences and Values for Public Rest Areas
  Authors: Gates, Timothy
  Authors: Gates, Timothy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 208
  Paper Number: 13-4049
• Effects of Errors on Vehicle Emission Rates from Portable Emissions Measurement Systems
  Authors: Sandhu, Gurdas
  Authors: Sandhu, Gurdas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 187
  Paper Number: 13-4018
• Blueprint for Sustainability: One Department of Transportation's Pursuit of Performance-Based Accountability
  Authors: Maurer, Lindsay
  Authors: Maurer, Lindsay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-4113
• Impact of Stormwater Pipe Lining Materials on Water Quality: Field Study and Resulting Specifications
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 533
  Paper Number: 13-4148
• Historic Streetscape Lighting: Integration of Aesthetic Concerns with Modern Technology
  Authors: Bullough, Sloane
  Authors: Bullough, Sloane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 208
  Paper Number: 13-4142
• Green Infrastructure Design for Pavement Systems Subject to Rainfall-Runoff Loadings
  Authors: Sansalone, John
  Authors: Sansalone, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 565
  Paper Number: 13-4359
• Has Shanghai's Transportation Demand Passed Its Peak Growth?
  Authors: Zhao, Zhan
  Authors: Zhao, Zhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4356
• Direct Ridership Model of Mexico City's Bus Rapid Transit and Metro Systems
  Authors: Duduta, Nicolae
  Authors: Duduta, Nicolae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 831
  Paper Number: 13-4419
• Medium-Term Effects of London's Low-Emission Zone
  Authors: Ellison, Richard
  Authors: Ellison, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment
  Session: 588
  Paper Number: 13-4534
• Meta-analysis of Transit Bus Exhaust Emissions
  Authors: Cooper, Erin
  Authors: Cooper, Erin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 585
  Paper Number: 13-4618
• Dynamic Ecodriving in Northern California: Study of Survey and Vehicle Operations Data from Ecodriving Feedback Device
  Authors: Barth, Matthew
  Authors: Barth, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment
  Session: 714
  Paper Number: 13-4723
• Methodology for Evaluating Life-Cycle Cost and Acoustic Performance of Barriers and Pavement for Highway Noise Reduction
  Authors: Donavan, Paul
  Authors: Donavan, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 814
  Paper Number: 13-4670
• Idle Monitoring, Real-Time Intervention, and Emission Reductions from School Buses in Cobb County, Georgia
  Authors: Xu, Yanzhi
  Authors: Xu, Yanzhi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 585
  Paper Number: 13-4964
• Effect of Reduced Roadside Mowing on Rate of Deer-Vehicle Collisions
  Authors: Barnum, Sarah
  Authors: Barnum, Sarah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment
  Session: 713
  Paper Number: 13-5041
• Mix Design Factors to Reduce Noise in Hot-Mix Asphalt
  Authors: Swiertz, Daniel
  Authors: Swiertz, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Pavements
  Session: 785
  Paper Number: 13-3983
• Significance of Zinc Levels in Stormwater Runoff from Permeable Friction Course Pavement Overlays
  Authors: Larsen, Katie
  Authors: Larsen, Katie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Hydraulics and Hydrology; Pavements
  Session: 565
  Paper Number: 13-4721
• Indicators in the Governance of Sustainable Transport Policies in Japan
  Authors: Gudmundsson, Henrik
  Authors: Gudmundsson, Henrik
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 685
  Paper Number: 13-5154
• Assessing Transportation Network Terrorism Risk: Theoretical Approach
  Authors: Murray-Tuite, Pamela
  Authors: Murray-Tuite, Pamela
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5071
• Mapping Flood Risk: Assessment and Mitigation
  Authors: Mayer, Henry
  Authors: Mayer, Henry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5069
• Component-Level Risk Management: Introduction to Available FHWA Course in Assessing and Mitigating Bridge and Tunnel Terrorist Threats
  Authors: Ernst, Steven
  Authors: Ernst, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5072
• Visualizing, Coordinating, and Responding to Major Events: Overview of Situational Awareness, Evacuation Management, and Consensus-Building Tools from Information Visualization and Dissemination Point of View
  Authors: Pack, Michael
  Authors: Pack, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5073
• Maritime Security Risk Analysis Model
  Authors: Burns, Maria
  Authors: Burns, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5075
• Writing Effective Research Statements
  Authors: Sillick, Sue
  Authors: Sillick, Sue
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Research (about research)
  Session: 128
  Paper Number: P13-5104
• Clean Cities and Overview of Recovery Act's Impact on Alternative-Fuel Vehicles
  Authors: Burnham, Andrew
  Authors: Burnham, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 195
  Paper Nu