2013 Subject Index: Finance

• Accessibility and Housing Price Resilience: Evidence from Limited-Access Roadways
  Abstract: This paper investigates the hypothesis that houses located in proximity to limited-access roadways exhibit a resilience to price decline during and after exogenous market downturns. Using a quasi-experimental design, we look for empirical evidence of price differentials before, during, and after construction and operation of network improvements. Using a spatial-autoregressive difference-in-differences estimator with spatial disturbances, we find evidence of price resilience in the aftermath of the real estate bubble affecting the local and state economy. Single-family homes exhibit a price premium ranging from 4.6 to 5.2 percent over their controls. These premium differentials are realized four to five years after the facilities’ opening and following the U.S. real estate market downturn. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by providing a quasi-experimental approach to select comparable parcels for spatial hedonic regression.
  Authors: Concas, Sisinnio
  Authors: Concas, Sisinnio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 297
  Paper Number: 13-0193
• Financial Evaluation of Mileage-Based User Fee: State of Florida Case Study
  Abstract: Fuel taxes, assessed on a per gallon basis, have been the major source of transportation funding for the past century. Despite increasing travel demand, aging infrastructure, soaring construction, operation and maintenance costs, and improved fleet fuel economy, the federal fuel tax rates have remained unchanged since 1993. It is recognized that the current fuel taxing regime will not be sustainable in the long term. Given the concerns over the future fuel tax revenues and highway funding, a new mileage based user fee (MBUF), based on the actual vehicle miles traveled (VMT) needs to be explored. Successful regional pilot MBUF projects have investigated the technological, institutional, operational and implementation aspects of an MBUF.In light of above stated observations, this study sets out to assess the financial impacts of conversion to an MBUF for the State of Florida. Several strategies including: Time of Day, Area Type, Facility Type, and Congestion Level pricing are financially assessed. An aggregate uni-variant time series model is constructed to forecast the analysis period annual VMT based on the historical data. A robust financial model is designed to estimate the annual net revenues associated with various pricing scenarios.Despite much higher cost of collection and administration, the MBUF (in lieu of the current per gallon taxes) is found to not only generate substantially more revenues, but also could assist in travel demand management by reducing congestion level and environmental impact of urban peak period travel.
  Authors: Al-Deek, Haitham M.; Moradi, Massoud
  Authors: Al-Deek, Haitham M.; Moradi, Massoud
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0332
• Transport Improvement, Agglomeration Effect, and Urban Productivity: Case Study of Chinese Cities
  Abstract: Improvement in the transport sector can increase accessibility to economic activities, which in turn can benefit urban productivity by enabling agglomeration economies which are the major parts of the wider economic impacts of transport. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest on the evaluation of agglomeration effect of transport. However, most of current studies focus attention mainly on the question of improved productivity following an improvement in an intra-city transport system. This paper extends the analysis to look at the issue of inter-city transport improvement and the effects this has on productivity for the case of China using city-level employment and productivity data linked to inter-city transport network data. It is found that depending on the magnitude of the distance decay parameter which represents the conditions of the inter-city transport system, the average agglomeration elasticity for cities in China as a whole can range from a low value of 0.064 to a high value of 0.202, with a middle range value of 0.109 when the distance decay parameter is assumed to be varied from a high value of 1.5 to a low value of 0.5 and with a most commonly used value of 1.0. Agglomeration elasticities are also found to vary across different regions in China.
  Authors: Lin, Tan; Truong, Truong
  Authors: Lin, Tan; Truong, Truong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 691
  Paper Number: 13-0360
• Funding Urban Transport in New York: Revenue Potential of VMT and Carbon Taxes in New York State
  Abstract: One the prime engines of transport financing in the US has been fuel taxes. Yet States with a high proportion of urbanization tend to raise less revenue through that means because of lower fuel use due to the higher mass transit use. Nowhere is this more of an issue than in New York State, home to New York City where half of the transit trips in the US take place. This paper examines options that New York can use to make up for this structural funding problem and achieve desired environmental policy goals as well. VMT and Carbon charges are given special attention. The paper concludes with implications for funding reforms nationwide.
  Authors: Gordon, Cameron Elliott; Peters, Jonathan Richard
  Authors: Gordon, Cameron Elliott; Peters, Jonathan Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0443
• Assessment of Determinants of Financial Innovations in Transportation Infrastructure
  Abstract: Traditional methods of financing infrastructure, which include gas taxation, tax-exempt bonds, and reserve funds, have not been able to meet the growing demand for infrastructure development. Financial innovations such as leaseback agreements, availability payment mechanism, and innovative bonding instruments have emerged to close the gap that exists between the available and needed financing sources. The key to expansion of financial innovations is sustainable policies based on a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the system. Despite their significance for addressing infrastructure challenges around the globe, the determinants of financial innovations have not been systematically explored. The objective of the study presented in this paper is to assess determinants of financial innovations in infrastructure using a System-of-Systems approach, and to demonstrate this approach in the context of the U.S. highway transportation sector. Data obtained from a case-based research approach and a survey deployed to the state Departments of Transportation in the U.S. is utilized in parallel with a network analysis to explore the status quo, key players and interactions, and the drivers of financial innovations for infrastructure. The findings, which include constructs regarding the players, practices, and activities are used to create a conceptual model relating to the drivers of financial innovations. The model along with the constructs provides an analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of financial innovations. Such understanding would lead to expansion of the creation and diffusion of financial innovation practices in the highway transportation infrastructure globally.
  Authors: Mostafavi, Ali; Abraham, Dulcy Mary; Lee, Joung
  Authors: Mostafavi, Ali; Abraham, Dulcy Mary; Lee, Joung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-0662
• Assessment of Social Dimensions of Sustainable Innovative Financing in Transportation Infrastructure Projects
  Abstract: While traditional financing approaches such as federal and state grants funded by taxation are insufficient to address the existing need, innovative financing such as novel public private partnership models, credit enhancement tools, and new bonding instruments has emerged to expand the fiscal space of public agencies for infrastructure development. Formulating innovative financing approaches is one of the challenges of policymakers to address the ever growing need for restoring the close to failing civil infrastructure in the U.S. Public support/opposition is one of the major drivers/disruptors of innovative financing. Since, public response to innovative financing of infrastructure is affected by the social attitudes, such as public knowledge, awareness, and perception, the assessment of social attitudes is a major component towards developing sustainable infrastructure financing policies. However, there are a few priori studies related to social attitudes regarding innovative financing of infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to assess social attitudes and their implications in policy making related to innovative financing of civil infrastructure. The effects of: (a) economic factors (economic production and unemployment), (b) infrastructure conditions (such as structural condition of infrastructure facilities) and (c) personal characteristics (such as income, gender and education) on the knowledge, awareness, perceptions, and attitudes of the public regarding infrastructure development and financing are assessed. Binary probit and ordered probit models are developed using data collected from 50 states in the U.S. The significant variables affecting the dimensions of social attitudes of the public regarding infrastructure development and financing are identified through this study. The findings of the study revealed that the probability of public support of innovative financing will increase if: (i) the need for infrastructure is significant; (ii) projects are delivered without time and cost overruns; (iii) the benefits of innovative financing are linked with protection against natural disasters; and (iv) the public is informed about the success of innovative financing in other states and in other developed countries. Infrastructure sponsor organizations could benefit from the findings of this study to take the following proactive measures: (1) educating the public to enhance the public knowledge and awareness; and (2) designing financing structures that are consistent with the social attitudes of the public. Conducting these proactive measures by public agencies could ultimately enhance the creation and diffusion of innovative financing to address the need for restoring the infrastructure systems. The study presented in this paper is novel with respect to systemic exploration of the impacts of economic factors, infrastructure conditions, project characteristics, and personal characteristics on the public knowledge, awareness, perception, and attitude towards infrastructure financing.
  Authors: Mostafavi, Ali; Abraham, Dulcy Mary; Vives, Antonio
  Authors: Mostafavi, Ali; Abraham, Dulcy Mary; Vives, Antonio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0664
• Private Investment and Road Pricing: The Investment Public-Private Partnership
  Abstract: Private infrastructure investment is often viewed as providing an alternative financing method given a revenue stream from a transportation facility rather than providing additional revenue. However, private investment in the form of upfront concession lease payments for newly priced roads can be used to reduce political resistance to pricing, thus generating additional facility-specific revenue. We suggest preserving a portion of the wealth generated by road pricing in perpetuity through a permanent fund, which is one type of public trust fund. Permanent funds are currently in use in Alaska, Texas, and Norway to preserve wealth originating from natural resources. Following Alaska, we propose that investment income from the fund be used to provide an annual dividend payment to all households within the area that is priced. This has several advantages relative to current proposals to reduce opposition to road pricing. In particular, it ameliorates the agency problem between citizens and elected representatives created by the free cash flows road pricing generates. It also creates direct citizen-stakeholdership in transportation infrastructure which increases public support for road pricing. The Alaskan experience suggests that this approach can also reduce income inequality, create higher personal income, and mitigate recessions.
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond Richard; Nentchev, Dimitar
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond Richard; Nentchev, Dimitar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-1087
• Transportation Infrastructure Funding with an Electrified Fleet
  Abstract: Transportation infrastructure funding has long relied on user fees assessed on gasoline consumption. These fees have lost purchasing power as they have not tracked inflationary pressures and increasing numbers of fuel efficient vehicles further erodes the vital source of revenue. The emergence of alternative fueled vehicles powered with new energy sources will exacerbate the long term trend of limited funding for critical infrastructure maintenance.Electric vehicles (EVs) are a type of alternative fueled vehicle offering the potential for enhanced environmental and economic well-being through reduced air emissions, lower energy costs, and increased energy security. EVs can be easily charged at home to meet most daily travel needs and are starting to gain in number on our nation’s highways. Current impediments of high initial purchase prices and shorter ranges of operation are expected to decrease as incremental improvements to the underlying technologies drive down costs and increase range.This paper reviews the history of the most important current transportation user fee, the motor fuels tax, and considers criteria for funding mechanisms applicable to alternative fuel vehicles, such as Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) user fees. Electric utility tariffs on EV electric use are proposed as an acceptable transition from the gas tax to regulated utility rates for EV contributions to infrastructure funding.Vermont’s transportation system is used as an example of how EV related transportation funding prospects could be implemented at the state level.
  Authors: Roberts, David
  Authors: Roberts, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0682
• Comparative Analysis of Road Financing Approaches in Europe and the United States
  Abstract: Road infrastructure has a remarkable economic and social impact on society. This is the reason why road financing has always drawn the attention of policy makers, especially when resources available for government spending become scarce. Nations exhibit differing approaches toward dealing with road transportation financing. In the United States, the current system of road financing has been called into question, for some regard it as insufficient to meet the necessary amounts required for road expenditure. By contrast, in most European countries, road charges are very high, but are not earmarked for the funding of roads. This paper analyzes, the balance between charging for the use of, and expenditure on, the road sector in the United States, and compares the American policy with those of several European countries (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Switzerland). To that end, we define a methodology to calculate the annual amount of fee-charges levied on light and heavy vehicles in the selected countries, in order to compare those charges with the annual road expenditure. The results show that road charges in America are noticeably lower than those paid in Europe. Additionally, the research concludes that, in Europe, road-generated revenues exceed road expenditure in all countries studied, so road charges actually subsidize other policies. By contrast, in the United States the public sector subsidizes the road system in order to maintain the current level of expenditure.
  Authors: Gomez, Juan; Vassallo, José Manuel
  Authors: Gomez, Juan; Vassallo, José Manuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1147
• Minimizing the Impacts of Cost and Revenue Uncertainties on Transportation Project Delivery
  Abstract: A process improvement effort is well underway at the Wyoming Department of Transportation to optimize the delivery of highway projects. Specifically, the focus of the effort is to manage the risks of project cost and revenue uncertainties over the long-term, in order to deliver projects on time and as intended. The goal is to maximize the successful delivery of projects that have been planned 6 to 8 years in advance. The results of this work will provide WYDOT and other transportation agencies with great leverage in achieving performance targets, by delivering more projects on time, with the performance benefits anticipated in the initial selection of the projects. The approach considers various funding scenarios, with plausible uncertainties, and examines candidate methods to mitigate the impacts of these. For example, due to mismatches between projected and actual funding in the intended years of delivery, some projects may suffer costly delays due to a lack of funding, or need to be accelerated in order to spend excess revenue. Understanding these potential outcomes has enabled process improvements to be developed. The results of the effort are enabling WYDOT to maximize the performance benefits anticipated in their asset management efforts. The department will now be able to better manage the amount and mix of transportation projects in the project pipeline, with estimated benefits of between 5 and 10%. In summary, this work will provide information that project planners can use to improve on-time project deliveries and maximize their achievement of performance targets over the long-term.
  Authors: Redd, Larry
  Authors: Redd, Larry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1599
• Fuel Tax Refund Policy and Process Review of States
  Abstract: The primary source of funding for transportation infrastructure is a tax imposed on motor fuels. One aspect of fuel tax collections requires consumers to apply for refunds of taxes paid on fuels used for tax-exempt purposes. Fuel tax refund is a complex process and one of the many ways tax evasion occurs. Fuel tax evasion has been the focus of many studies, however, only a few have focused on tax evasion through the refund process. Fuel tax refund policies of states are being updated regularly in order to curb evasion and to make the process efficient. The Montana Department of Transportation has expressed concern over the possibility of fraud, errors, and inefficiencies in the current fuel tax refund process. This paper presents an evaluation of the fuel tax refund process of Montana by comparing it with neighboring states that have a similar fuel tax refund process. The study includes general fuel tax refund process, eligibility of fuel and refund, refund process, and identified tax evasion. Lessons learned such as allowing only one year to submit refund claims, bulk purchase for agriculture, and died diesel for any off-road use will help states to improve their fuel tax refund process and curb fuel tax evasion.
  Authors: Chaudhari, Jaydeepkumar P; McGowen, Patrick Tracy; Booth, Janelle; Church, Brian
  Authors: Chaudhari, Jaydeepkumar P; McGowen, Patrick Tracy; Booth, Janelle; Church, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1354
• Long-Term Motor Fuel Tax Revenue Projections in Georgia
  Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a model built to capture the effect of how demographic, economic, environmental, and technological changes could affect Georgia’s future motor fuel tax revenue. Currently, fuel tax revenue is the major funding source for many transportation agencies; however, in recent years, inflation and fuel economy increases have decreased the revenue generated by fuel taxes. The model was intended to be a tool to allow users to project long-term revenue and observe how adjustments to different pricing and socioeconomic inputs affect future revenue under both Georgia’s current fuel tax structure and alternative revenue mechanisms. The model projects that Georgia’s fuel tax revenue will continue to increase through 2020 but will decline between 2020 and 2030 due mainly to improvements in vehicle technology. To combat these revenue declines, the model also estimates how much revenue would be generated by increasing motor fuel tax rates or adopting alternative funding methodologies such as the VMT fee. These results indicate that Georgia could generate hundreds of millions of annual additional transportation revenue with a minimal impact to household contributions, which illustrates that leaders have options when developing sustainable funding solutions that promote fuel-efficient and livable lifestyles.
  Authors: Cherry, Phillip Warren; Meyer, Michael D.; Bui, Binh
  Authors: Cherry, Phillip Warren; Meyer, Michael D.; Bui, Binh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1383
• Private Finance of Transport Infrastructure: Shifts in Risk Perceptions
  Abstract: Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are about the sharing of risks and risk transfer. The various models are based on respective risk sharing, while responsibilities in financing, business development and governance demonstrate different trends in the various modes. The economic crisis has had an impact on both the transport sector and stakeholder risk assessment. Private finance of public infrastructure has been based on the assumption of ever growing demand and user willingness or ability to pay. Revenue risk was considered comparatively low. Proper allocation of this risk was insignificant. The pertaining economic crisis has highlighted this shortcoming. Risk estimates have shifted. A pilot survey registers this shift. These trends are used to propose key characteristics to be included in PPPs. New financing models may be required. The present research reports on the initial findings of an international survey investigating inter-temporal shifts in the assessment of key risks in Transport sector PPPs and respective impact on the preferred risk allocation strategy prior to and following the financial/economic crisis. The ultimate scope of the survey is to identify the key characteristics of future financing/contractual models and verify the continued interest in the PPP model of transport infrastructure development.Initial evidence shows an increase in the probability of occurrence of demand related risks, as well as an increase in the anticipated impact of the occurrence of political, social and revenue risks. The proposed allocation of risks to financiers and lenders gives the direction of potentially new project finance models.
  Authors: Roumboutsos, Athena
  Authors: Roumboutsos, Athena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-1694
• Auctions for Private Congestible Infrastructures
  Abstract: This paper investigates regulation by auctions of private supply of congestible infrastructures in two networks settings: 1) two serial facilities, where the consumer has to use both in order to consume; and 2) two parallel facilities that are imperfect substitutes. There are four market structures: a monopoly and 3 duopolies that differ in how firms interact. The effects of an auction depend on what the bidders compete. With a bid auction, the bidders compete on how much money they transfer to the government. This auction leads to the same outcome as the unregulated game (for a given market structure), since this gives the maximum profit to transfer. An auction on the capacity of a facility leads to an even lower welfare than no regulation, because firms set very high capacities and usage fees. Conversely, an auction on generalised price or number of users leads to the first-best outcome. Moreover, these two auctions are robust: they attain the first-best regardless of whether the facilities are auctioned off to a single firm or to two firms, and for all market and network structures. On the contrary, the performances (relative to the first-best) of the bid and capacity auctions strongly depend on these considerations.
  Authors: van den Berg, Vincent A.C.
  Authors: van den Berg, Vincent A.C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 816
  Paper Number: 13-1823
• Parking Fare Planning Approach for Special Events Based on Bilevel Programming
  Abstract: During special events, intensive short-term travel leads to serious shortage of parking. Remote parking lots have been planned and preferential policies are implemented to encourage the Parking/Riding (PR) travel for special events. However, how to plan a suitable parking fare strategy and balance trip flow between parking lots is a challenge. In this paper, special events parking fare optimization model is proposed based on the bi-level programming model framework. Parking/Riding and Parking/Walking mode travel mode for private mobile is analyzed. Logit-based utility model, which considering driving time, parking fare, bus fare, travel expenses and other major factors, describes the behavior of travelers¡¯ parking choose; it is an equilibrium traffic assignment problem and considered as the lower model of bi-level programming. The upper level model which established by considering system total travel time, parking fares and parking capacity constraints, describes traffic managers¡¯ consideration. The solutions of the bi-level programming model are based on Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) and Convex Combinations Method (CCM) algorithms. Numerical experimental results indicate that an optimal parking fare plan is able to control parking demands and re-distribute parking flow between different parking lots to release congestion.
  Authors: Nengchao, LV; Yan, Xinping; Wu, Chaozhong; Zhong, Ming; MAO, Shuhua
  Authors: Nengchao, LV; Yan, Xinping; Wu, Chaozhong; Zhong, Ming; MAO, Shuhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-1901
• How New Technologies Can Contribute to Measuring Sustainable Mobility
  Abstract: While much effort has been concentrated on making transportation more sustainable, the measurement of these efforts (through models, evaluation, or scenarios) is not trivial. In fact, not only is the selection of indicators challenging, but efforts made to design useful indicators are often hampered by the presence of data that are erroneous or incomplete. Nevertheless, the significant penetration of new technologies such as smartphones and smart infrastructure could hold the key to developing more relevant and comprehensive indicators. In this paper, we review commonly used indicators and discuss their limitations with respect to the data upon which they are built. We then describe several new technologies that hold promise for the collection of more pertinent and accurate data sets upon with indicators may be built. Finally, we discuss their potential for the future and illustrate a hypothetical scenario by reviewing a one-day GPS traces of one of the authors. While the first and obvious application of new technologies will be to improve much needed accuracy, combining different sources together seem to hold much potential from model calibration to real time operations.
  Authors: Derrible, Sybil; Cottrill, Caitlin D.
  Authors: Derrible, Sybil; Cottrill, Caitlin D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-1953
• Traveler Response to Co-present Multiple Pricing Schemes:Results of an Elaborated Mixture-Amount Experiment
  Abstract: Many academics and transportation planners seem convinced that pricing schemes may be one of the most effective policy instruments to change travelers’ behaviour such to minimize congestion and/or emissions, or optimize system use otherwise. Consequently, a considerable amount of empirical work has been conducted, however primarily with respect to single pricing policies. Travelers’ adaptive behaviour to accumulated transport charges has not yet received much attention. Addressing this under-researched issue, this paper documents the construction, implementation and analysis of a mixture-amount experiment involving three mixtures of pricing schemes: toll road, congestion pricing and parking price and three different travel budget levels per day. Basic mixed-amount design applications are extended to include an attribute associated with each pricing policy to capture different levels of travel time savings. Using seven mixtures of the simplex lattice design, we estimate a second-degree polynomial model to predict choice of amount and mixture of expenditures to different pricing schemes, capturing the trade-off with level of travel time savings. To collect the data for the model, a total of 304 respondents participated in an Internet-based stated choice experiment, conducted in February 2012 in The Netherlands. A mixed logit model (ML) is estimated to model behavioral response. Results indicate the negative attitude of the sample towards their willingness to pay for pricing policies. Respondents seem more sensitive to congestion pricing than to the two other policies. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of socio-demographic variables on choice probabilities. Income and public transport accessibility for conducting the rush-hour trip were recognized as the most effective variables on respondents’ preference. Keywords: Transportation Demand Management (TDM), accumulated pricing policies, mixture-amount design, Mixed Logit (ML)
  Authors: Khademi, Elaheh; Timmermans, Harry J.P.; Borgers, Aloys
  Authors: Khademi, Elaheh; Timmermans, Harry J.P.; Borgers, Aloys
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 387
  Paper Number: 13-1966
• Sustainable Transportation Policy Development Using System Dynamics and World Cities Data
  Abstract: In the study reported herein, a system dynamic model was developed, using pertinent data for a large of number world cities, in order to analyze and appraise urban transportation sustainability. The objective was to determine efficacious policies for sustainable transportation. The study database was developed based on few global urban transportation databases covering numerous cities for 4 decades in period of 1960 to 2001: MCD, MCDST and ISADC. Based on the study database, 9 sustainable transportation indicators were developed, 3 indicators for presenting each key group of environmental, economic and social urban sustainability. A composite index was also suggested for combining the developed indicators. To develop the pertinent urban dynamic model, urban transportation causal loops were conceptualized and the dynamic relations between urban transportation variables were created. Trip generation, trip distance, modal share and vehicle occupancy were the key modules of the model. Economic, social and environmental indicators were the key outputs of the model. The dynamic model inputs were urban characteristics relevant to transportation. The dynamic model testing and evaluation were found satisfactory using time-series data. For the city of Isfahan, as a case study, by monitoring the sustainable transportation indicators using different development scenarios, efficacious transportation policies were determined and evaluated. The model deployment reflected that policy makers are expected to develop policies pertinent to public and non-motorized transportation infrastructure integration.
  Authors: Haghshenas, Hossein; Vaziri, Manouchehr
  Authors: Haghshenas, Hossein; Vaziri, Manouchehr
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2026
• Dynamic Feedback-Control Toll Pricing Methodology for Revenue Maximization: Case Study on I-95 Managed Lanes
  Abstract: Recently, congestion pricing emerged as a cost-effective and efficient strategy to mitigate the congestion problem on freeways. This study develops a dynamic toll strategy based on feedback control rules and compares its performance to that of the current strategy deployed on Interstate 95 express lanes. The proposed strategy aims to maximize the toll revenue while maintaining a minimum desired level of service on the managed lanes. The performance was examined for low and high traffic demand. A detailed numerical example is provided to explain how the proposed strategy works, and an external module is developed to execute the strategy in real time during VISSIM runtime. The impact of the value of time and level of income is also examined. Three values ranging from 60% to 120% of the mean hourly income are used. The results show that for high demand, an increase in the probability of choosing managed lanes is obvious, with the highest increase observed for the case of 120%. Also, during high demand, high income groups exhibit higher probabilities of choosing the managed lanes as a result of the increase in travel time savings and despite the increase in toll rate. When compared to the currently adopted toll pricing strategy on I-95, the proposed strategy shows a steadier toll rate profile, while keeping the speed at 45 mph or more and producing larger toll revenue.
  Authors: Cheng, Danhong; Ishak, Sherif
  Authors: Cheng, Danhong; Ishak, Sherif
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2045
• Transit-Oriented Development and Household Transportation Costs: Household-Level Analysis
  Abstract: Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a comprehensive approach to sustainable community and regional planning that integrates critical environmental, economic, and social issues. This study focuses on a fundamental question for end users, i.e., travelers: whether TOD as a planning concept can serve people’s needs and expectations as well as translate into tangible expenditure savings. The role of TOD as a distinct planning strategy in affecting household transportation costs is specified within a sample selection regression model which controls for residential self-selection bias. Using a sample of 6,526 households in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2000 the regression results indicate that TOD has a dominant influence on household transportation costs. However, it makes only a moderately positive contribution to reducing household expenditures on transportation. The regression results also indicate that the self-selection effect accounts for about 21 percent of the total influence of TOD.
  Authors: Zhou, Xin; Zolnik, Edmund J.
  Authors: Zhou, Xin; Zolnik, Edmund J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 790
  Paper Number: 13-2197
• Evaluation Framework for High-Occupancy-Toll Lanes
  Abstract: A high-occupancy/toll (HOT) lane is an increasingly popular form of traffic management which reserves a set of freeway lanes for HOVs and transit users, while allowing low-occupancy vehicles (LOV) to enter for a fee. In turn HOT lanes must maintain a minimal level of service which is accomplished by regulating the volume of entering LOVs. Modeling the choice process which dictates the volume of LOVs that choose to pay and take the HOT lane is integral in the toll setting process, and the focus of this paper. Two simple formulations (an all-or-nothing assignment and an additive logit model) are compared with a formulation based on the population VOT distribution which is shown to be superior through numerical analysis. Both static and dynamic toll setting algorithms are developed based on the proposed lane choice model, and their performance is compared (under deterministic traffic behavior) in regards to the performance of an HOT facility.
  Authors: Gardner, Lauren; Bar-Gera, Hillel; Boyles, Stephen
  Authors: Gardner, Lauren; Bar-Gera, Hillel; Boyles, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2368
• Global Optimization Method for Robust Pricing of Transportation Networks Under Uncertain Demand
  Abstract: We extend the existing toll pricing studies with fixed demand to stochastic demand. A new and practical second-best pricing problem with uncertain demand is proposed and formulated as a stochastic mathematical program with equilibrium constraints. In view of the problem structure, we develop a tailored global optimization algorithm. This algorithm incorporates a sample average approximation scheme, a relaxation-strengthening method, and a linearization approach. The proposed global optimization algorithm is applied to three networks: a two-link network, a seven-eleven network and the Sioux-Falls. The results demonstrate that using a single fixed estimation of future demand may overestimate the future system performance, which is consistent with previous studies. Moreover, the optimal toll obtained by using the mean demand value may not be optimal considering demand uncertainty. The proposed global optimization algorithm explicitly captures demand uncertainty and yields solutions that outperform those without considering demand uncertainty.
  Authors: Wang, Shuaian; Gardner, Lauren; Waller, S. Travis
  Authors: Wang, Shuaian; Gardner, Lauren; Waller, S. Travis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-1961
• Influence of Psychological Factors on Acceptability of Congestion Charging in China
  Abstract: This paper investigated the psychological factors influencing the acceptability of an assumed congestion charge scenario in Nanjing. To analyze factors important for the acceptability, we proposed a two-stage hierarchical model. A questionnaire study was conducted among 897 car users. Results showed that perceived effectiveness and fair were the determinants of congestion charge acceptability, which confirmed previous findings and supported transferability of results. In contrast to previous studies, personal norm was not significantly related to the acceptability, but willing to reduce car use had a positive association with acceptability. The lesson for policy makers was that when implementing congestion pricing, it was important to propagandize the effectiveness of the measure in solving perceived urgent problems and to guarantee people feel to be treated just in comparison to others.
  Authors: Sun, Xianglong
  Authors: Sun, Xianglong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2530
• Roadmap to Plan and Deploy Transportation Infrastructure ProjectsUsing Public-Private Partnerships
  Abstract: Traditionally, in many developing countries, the provision of infrastructure facilities as “public goods” has been the responsibility of the public sector and the government. With rapidly changing economic conditions, communication methods, increased economic pressure, and competition for investment opportunities, the “government owned” notion is facing challenges and undergoing changes. In many countries infrastructure investment needs cannot be financed by the public sector alone. To meet these needs, governments are attempting to encourage private sector involvement in investment in infrastructure projects as an additional option they cannot afford to ignore. Private sector can play a vital and efficient role in accelerating and providing the needed infrastructure system that is essential in facilitating the communication and movement of people and goods while minimizing impacts on sustainable development. Public Private Partnerships “PPP” involvement in infrastructure development has gone through several evolutions. There are several attempts and a few good examples that describe such collaborations. However, they differ widely in their physical, political, financial, and technical conditions. There is limited discussion and documentation on the subject of PPP involvement as a collaboration model in transportation infrastructure and technology. To date, not a single set of rules to be followed exists that would make successful implementation likely. This paper argues that a systematic approach could be adopted by the public sector to engage the private sector in forming a collaborative “PPP” model. This paper’s scope is to document, analyze and provide lessons learned and guiding principles and to present a roadmap of how to establish partnerships between public (government) and private sectors. It documents partnering challenges and opportunities and how to encourage cooperation and private sector initiatives. Also, to provide an overview of current policies, processes and challenges to private sector involvement in public transportation infrastructure and ITS technology projects. The paper focuses on how to provide strategies and a systematic approach that allows the government to engage the private sector in forming PPPs and to work together on transportation infrastructure projects (roads, bridges, and technology deployment). Given limited resources, PPPs can be an effective tool to provide transportation infrastructure to development locations. The paper is evaluating several case studies of urban and rural regions in Northern California, Northwestern Nevada and Southern Oregon, applicable experiences, and suggested solutions that could be transferred and adopted successfully in other countries and settings. Finally, a roadmap will be presented for private sector engagement suggesting how to use the PPP collaboration model.
  Authors: Elhamshary, Osama
  Authors: Elhamshary, Osama
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-2779
• Livability Literature Review: Synthesis of Current Practice
  Abstract: In 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collaborated to form the Partnership for Sustainable Communities. The Partnership developed six livability principles to improve access to affordable housing, provide more transportation options, and lower transportation costs, while protecting the environment in communities nationwide. Using the Partnership’s livability principles as guidance, NARC conducted an extensive review of local and regional comprehensive and master plans, reports and policy documents. The literature revealed difficulty in creating livability consensus concepts, livability and sustainability used as interchangeable terms, and ten trending topics used by practitioners to achieve livability goals. While the ten trending topics are not exhaustive, it serves as a starting point to further understand livability tactics and mechanisms that can be replicated on local, state and regional levels. This paper examines each trending topic as it relates to the livability principles to enhance the understanding, knowledge and implementation of livability.
  Authors: Young, Erika; Hermanson, Valerie
  Authors: Young, Erika; Hermanson, Valerie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2940
• The P3 Potential
  Abstract: For well over two decades public/private partnerships (P3s) have been promoted as a means for leveraging scarce public resources for transportation infrastructure investments. Although the number of P3s has greatly increased since the 1980s, they still constitute a tiny portion of all US transportation infrastructure investments. What are the barriers to P3s, and how might they be overcome? What strategies might states and municipalities employ to expand the use of P3s? This paper presents a summary of findings from a comprehensive study of P3s in California. We present our summary in the form of lessons learned. We find that strong market demand, broad support, and institutional capacity are key factors in effective P3s.
  Authors: Giuliano, Genevieve; Holliday, Kevin Thomas; Elgart, Zachary
  Authors: Giuliano, Genevieve; Holliday, Kevin Thomas; Elgart, Zachary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-2971
• Feedback Loop Dynamics in Financial Stress Testing ofToll Road Projects
  Abstract: Large infrastructure development often requires public-private partnerships between a government agency (e.g. a DOT) that seeks to meet a public need and a profit-maximizing private developer. Different and sometimes divergent objectives of the partners can create challenges in designing and managing these projects. This paper describes a dynamic feedback simulation model of a public-private partnership to finance, design, build, and operate a toll road, in particular, a financing stress testing model that can be used by lenders to evaluate the effects of typical project characteristics on the occurrence of tipping point dynamics driving the project rapidly to either success or failure. This stress testing uses a mental model where lenders have no risk and developers have to continuously refinance the project based on the current level or risk. The model is then used to investigate the risks associated with different levels of project characteristics including government subsidies. Results illustrate the need to understand and exploit project feedback loops in public-private partnerships projects.
  Authors: Damnjanovic, Ivan D.; Ford, David; Scott, Johnson
  Authors: Damnjanovic, Ivan D.; Ford, David; Scott, Johnson
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3029
• Key Considerations for States Seeking to Implement Public-Private Partnerships for New Highway Capacity
  Abstract: Implementing a Public-Private Partnership (P3) for new highway capacity within a public agency involves issues from enabling legislation through identification, evaluation, negotiation and management of P3 projects. Public agencies will need:•A legal framework to establish and enforce long term P3 agreements;•Policies, processes, and tools to guide policy decisions;•Technical skills to identify, develop and evaluate P3 projects and to negotiate agreements; and•Skilled staff to manage and oversee projects over the long-term.This paper explores key considerations involved in implementing a P3 project at a State DOT or other public agency. Public agencies seeking to facilitate the delivery and stewardship of P3 projects may consider whether to establish a P3 program or develop P3 projects on a project-by-project basis. P3 programs establish policies and processes that enable the fair and efficient evaluation, procurement, and oversight of P3 projects. Those policies and processes include: planning and procurement processes that facilitate the selection of appropriate projects as potential P3s; evaluation processes that assist decisionmakers in structuring commercially viable P3 agreements that achieve policy goals, optimally allocate risks, and bring value to the investment; fair and competitive procurement processes that allow the public agency to select the best partner and negotiate a final agreement that is transparent and protects the public interest; and management of a new role as a performance-based contract manager.
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick T.; Mayer, Jennifer R.; Jette, Aaron; Buxbaum, Jeffrey N.
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick T.; Mayer, Jennifer R.; Jette, Aaron; Buxbaum, Jeffrey N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-3030
• Comparing Public-Private Partnerships with Traditional Procurement: Incorporating Considerations from Benefit-Cost Analysis
  Abstract: Value for Money (VfM) analysis processes have been used in evaluating various approaches to procure a highway project, to help government officials determine whether, from the perspective of the public agency’s financial balance sheet, a public-private partnership (P3) is likely to be preferable compared to traditional approaches to procuring the same highway project. VfM is an analysis tool that primarily focuses on the financial impacts of different procurement models from the perspective of the agency sponsoring a project. Non-financial impacts such as benefits to users or non-users of a facility are not generally considered, or are relegated to a qualitative evaluation. Quantitative VfM analysis has normally been conducted once an agency has decided to undertake a project and wishes to evaluate how to deliver it in a way that has the least financial impact on its balance sheet. Benefit-cost analysis (BCA), on the other hand, has been used by public agencies earlier in planning and project development phases to determine whether an investment is worth making. BCA is a more comprehensive tool which is capable of quantifying and monetizing non-financial impacts, such as benefits to users or non-users that may accrue from earlier delivery of a project. This paper discusses how BCA considerations may be incorporated in a more analytically comprehensive approach to comparing P3s with traditional procurement, by using some of the results from VfM analysis and adding new items that are consistent with a BCA approach. The paper illustrates the use of the approach using a hypothetical project.
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick T.; Lee, Douglass B.; Timothy, Darren; Mayer, Jennifer R.
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick T.; Lee, Douglass B.; Timothy, Darren; Mayer, Jennifer R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-3014
• Optimal Dynamic Pricing for Parking Management with Occupancy Information
  Abstract: Downtown parking is a challenging issue for both travelers and transportation planners. The objective of this paper is to maximize the benefits of parking management by optimal pricing and sensing. A generic parking model is presented for a set of sequential parking lots. Provided with the real-time parking occupancy information pricing information, travelers make parking location choices to minimize their generalized travel cost. We consider a general parking searching time function with respect to the occupancy. When the time-varying travel demand is fixed, we show that the system optimum (SO) pricing solution is not unique. The non-uniqueness indeed offers much flexibility to set different dynamic pricing schemes for a variety of parking management goals. Two special parking management strategies are discussed here, flow proportionality and least-square minimum congestion. The model can be implemented in practice by utilizing parking sensors to set optimal on-line parking prices. It is found that the parking pricing and the provision of occupancy information jointly serve as effective ways of managing traffic.
  Authors: Qian, Zhen; Rajagopal, Ram
  Authors: Qian, Zhen; Rajagopal, Ram
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3049
• Knowledge Management and Public-Private Partnerships:How State Transportation Agencies Manage Knowledge for Designing and Implementing PPPs
  Abstract: This paper reports findings from case studies of two state-level departments of transportation, to provide best practices for how transportation agencies can improve their approaches to managing public-private partnerships (PPP) for surface transportation projects. The findings reported in this paper draw from two separate case studies of the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) and the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), and were analyzed in respect to a theoretical framework. The qualitative research behind this paper involved a review of more than 120 peer-reviewed articles on knowledge management and organizational learning and reports produced by government and industry; content analysis of interviews with twenty-four public and private sector experts through the software application Atlas.ti; and a review of more than 100 government documents on PPPs in Virginia and Texas.Findings suggest that while public sector organizations are often at a skill-disadvantage compared to the private sector on PPPs, public sector capacity can be improved. Four core domains of learning were identified by interviewees as supporting knowledge development for PPPs, including assessing & assigning employees; deciphering & integrating external knowledge, discussing & documenting lessons from direct experience, and designing and evaluating performance standards. Findings also suggest that developing a clear strategy for a PPP program, centered around public interest objectives, is central to improving the government position in negotiating and overseeing PPPs. Furthermore, cultivating a climate where employees feel comfortable reporting on their own personal failures and challenging superiors was seen as particularly important for identifying and acting upon lessons from the implementation of PPPs. Overall conclusions suggest that goal-oriented learning is central to improving the government approach to managing PPPs, and that a clear strategy centered on public interest objectives can drive the process.
  Authors: Boyer, Eric
  Authors: Boyer, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-3141
• Performance-Based Framework to Include Air Quality in Mileage-Based User Fees: Framework Structure
  Abstract: The main objective of the work described in this paper was to develop an approach to utilize mileage vehicle fees to address air quality problems. To achieve this goal, a system of performance measures was created that would allow fee rates to be set based on vehicle and driver performance in a systematic manner. Two sets of performance measures were used to quantify aspects of the transportation system for the purposes of determining an MBUF rate: individual vehicle performance and behavior indicators and system-wide performance indicators. In this way, the eventual fee system reflects how well the individual performed in light of overall system needs.
  Authors: Farzaneh, Mohamadreza; Novak, Kristen; Baker, Richard Tremain; Burris, Mark W.
  Authors: Farzaneh, Mohamadreza; Novak, Kristen; Baker, Richard Tremain; Burris, Mark W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3236
• Positive Model of Departure Time Choice Under Road Pricing and Uncertainty
  Abstract: This paper develops an innovative theoretical framework for modeling departure time choice under road pricing and uncertainty at the individual level, and analyzes the consequent system-level dynamic properties. The proposed modeling framework avoids assumptions of substantial rationality, and focuses on how individuals actually make decisions. Learning, knowledge updating, searching, and decision-making under uncertainty are modeled in the framework. Then, the time-dependent departure patterns along with other system performances are investigated in a series of agent-based simulation experiments. How individuals actually choose departure time under various supply- and demand-side uncertainty scenarios are explored, as well as their effect on system performance and its dynamic properties.
  Authors: Xiong, Chenfeng; Zhang, Lei
  Authors: Xiong, Chenfeng; Zhang, Lei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 387
  Paper Number: 13-3421
• Framework to Analyze Vehicle Miles Travelled Fee Implementation
  Abstract: This paper proposes a framework for a successful implementation of the vehicle miles travelled (VMT) fee. The VMT fee is looked on as an alternative to supplement the current road infrastructure financing system based mainly on the fuel-tax. The decision context for the implementation of the VMT fee projection is discussed, identifying the factors that will affect a successful implementation. This study offers the VMT fee differentiated into three categories of vehicles and three emission classes, following a trend from the European Union that motivates fleet renewal and lowers emissions. A simple case study with three scenarios based on the current fuel tax revenues illustrates the application of this VMT fee projection. Findings from this case study point out that there is a potential for VMT fees.
  Authors: Vavrova, Marketa; Chang Albitres, Carlos M.; Bína, Ladislav
  Authors: Vavrova, Marketa; Chang Albitres, Carlos M.; Bína, Ladislav
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-2915
• Effects of Dubai Metro on Residential Property Values
  Abstract: This paper has analysed the effects of the newly operated Dubai Metro on residential property values for three types of datasets: sale transaction, sale listing and rent listing values. Repeated cross-sectional data were obtained for a year before and two years after the metro started operations. As genuine panel data were not available, a pseudo panel data dataset was constructed by grouping observations into cohorts. A cohort is formed by grouping individuals to either the land parcel ID or the building in which the property is in. The impact of the metro on property values was estimated using both difference-in-differences (DID) methods and hedonic price models. While the results suggest no significant impact on sale transaction values for properties within 2km distance to a station, estimations show a clear positive effect of the metro on sale listing values of residential properties. In addition, we find that there is a significant enhancement in values of residential properties listed for rent due to the operation of the metro.
  Authors: Graham, Daniel; Mohammad, Sara Ishaq; Melo, Patricia C.
  Authors: Graham, Daniel; Mohammad, Sara Ishaq; Melo, Patricia C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 790
  Paper Number: 13-3005
• Local Funding Options for Public Transportation
  Abstract: This paper describes the results of a study that identified and evaluated potential local funding options to help finance public transit improvements. It evaluates seventeen options according to eight criteria. This is a somewhat larger set of funding options and more detailed and systematic evaluation process than most previous studies of this type. This research discovered no new options that are particularly cost effective and easy to implement; each option has disadvantages and constraints. As a result, the overall conclusion of this study is that a variety of funding options should be used to help finance the local share of public transit improvements to insure stability and distribute costs broadly.
  Authors: Litman, Todd Alexander
  Authors: Litman, Todd Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3125
• Sustainable Communities: Challenges in Implementing Standardized Performance Measures
  Abstract: Performance measurement systems for public decision-making processes remain a work in progress for transportation planning, land use planning, and urban and regional planning generally. There is a particular need for performance measures that can guide the development of more sustainable transportation systems. This paper describes an effort to apply standardized performance measures in four different metropolitan and rural regions across the United States. Each pilot community was provided with a “Draft Guidebook for Sustainable Community Performance Measurement”, which lays out data sources and preliminary steps for calculating 17 proposed performance measures. The pilot efforts revealed several consistent challenges to establishing performance measures that can be calculated in a standardized way across multiple geographic regions. First, inconsistencies in data sources across regions, as well as different levels of technical capacity to calculate measures, mean that the accuracy of measures calculated varies from region to region. Second, some of the measures are more appropriate for application in urban areas than in suburban and rural areas. Third, if measures are expected to inform local planning processes, regions understandably want to customize them to reflect their own priorities. Customization results in measures that cannot be compared across regions. Based on these findings, we suggest that comparing sustainable community outcomes and trends in regions across the U.S. requires implementing standardized performance measures in a more centralized manner.
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank; Ramsey, Kevin; Ang-Olson, Jeffrey
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank; Ramsey, Kevin; Ang-Olson, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-3397
• Agent-Based Approach to Pricing Strategy Evaluation: Incorporation of Drivers’ Heterogeneity, Departure Time Shift, and Comprehensive Learning Model
  Abstract: The ability to reasonably model driver behavior in response to various pricing mechanisms is a critical need for transportation planners in order to properly evaluate and design the pricing schemes in a transportation network. By partially focusing on modeling the driver response to the effect of pricing, this paper presents an agent-based traffic assignment framework designed to assist transportation planners to evaluate pricing strategies and support their decision-making process by incorporating driver’s heterogeneity, a route choice and departure time shift model, and a Kalman Filter learning model. The framework is first evaluated on a simple 2-link corridor and on a real world network to demonstrate its functionality in a mesoscopic modeling environment. It is found that the proposed agent-based framework is compatible with conventional (dynamic) traffic assignment models and therefore is ready for implementation in any simulation tool which enables agent-based traffic assignment. A learning model is required in this agent-based framework. Independent learning for each individual agent is highly recommended. This study also assesses the effects of drivers’ value of time (VOT) heterogeneity on pricing strategy evaluation in terms of traffic mobility, revenue collection and equity between driver groups. The incorporation of drivers’ VOT heterogeneity will provide planners with more accurate performance measures and produce several new criteria to facilitate their evaluation and decision-making of the impact of pricing strategies.
  Authors: Jia, Anxi; Zhou, Xuesong; Rouphail, Nagui M.
  Authors: Jia, Anxi; Zhou, Xuesong; Rouphail, Nagui M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-4126
• Dynamic Road Pricing for Revenue Maximization:Modeling Framework and Solution Methodology
  Abstract: This paper presents a modeling framework and solution methodology for the Dynamic Revenue Maximization Toll Problem (DRMTP). The problem requires determining the optimal time-varying toll prices for a multi-gantry toll road facility so that total revenue is maximized subject to agency-mandated constraints on average speed and average traffic volume. The framework extends a real-time traffic network state estimation and prediction system to provide dynamic pricing capabilities. The presented framework overcomes limitations of most existing approaches by considering: a) consistency between the toll value and the drivers' willingness to pay behavior; and b) drivers' route choice dynamics in terms of competition between the toll facility and alternative routes. The paper also presents the results of a set of simulation-based experiments that are conducted to examine the robustness of the proposed prices under several operational scenarios.
  Authors: Hassan, Ahmed; Abdelghany, Khaled F.; Semple, John
  Authors: Hassan, Ahmed; Abdelghany, Khaled F.; Semple, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 816
  Paper Number: 13-4118
• Effects of Freeway Distance-Based Toll Scheme on Short-Range Driver's Route Choice Behavior
  Abstract: The distance-based toll scheme will soon be adopted by Taiwan's freeway system to replace the current toll station-based model. This new policy will increase the travel costs to some of short-range drivers, and they may therefore choose to switch to alternate routes depending on their perceived equity and acceptability of the new toll scheme. This study attempts to utilize structural equations and the discrete choice model to analyze the perceived attitudes of highway users toward distance-based toll scheme, as well as the effects of the perceived attitudes on route choice behaviors. The results show that perceived equity as well as perceived effectiveness and efficiency have positive effects on the acceptability of toll schemes and the utility to highway users, while switching barriers have negative effects on the utility to highway users. In addition, we have established a binary Logit model that incorporates perceived latent variables, and the results of which show that the switching behavior model that has included perceived latent variables contributes to a more reasonable explanation to the actual decision-making behaviors of drivers and enhances the explanatory capability of the model. Finally, the analysis of the route choice model reveals that when the trip length of short-range drivers increases to 30 km or above, all the perceived latent variables don¡¦t appear to have any impact on their decision of route-choice. Although drivers who decide to remain on the freeway will be required to pay the toll, they will also be compensated with improved driving speeds on the freeway.
  Authors: Chen, Dun-Ji; Wen, Yuh-Horng
  Authors: Chen, Dun-Ji; Wen, Yuh-Horng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3436
• Seeking New Revenues to Finance Transportation Investments: Placing Tolls on Untolled Interstates and the Challenges of Estimating Changes in Demand
  Abstract: Tolls have been used as a major source of transportation finance for more than 50 years and with recent innovations in all-electronic tolling technology, tolling interstates is being considered a viable alternative transportation finance approach. A transportation financing approach being considered by State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) involves the collection of tolls on existing interstate highways on which tolls are not presently collected; however, there are challenges associated with estimating demand changes on these roadways. Central to this paper is a case study that focuses on the formulation and preliminary evaluation of a toll based financing approach potentially suitable for consideration along a segment of Interstate 93 in Boston where tolls are not currently charged. The literature and previous work show that elasticity based methods have been used and are an appropriate first step for estimating transportation demand changes. In this case study, the evaluation includes two different analysis approaches of the expected change in demand: one that takes into account the cost of congestion and one that does not. The results in this paper will guide transportation planners and analysts interested in estimating expected demand changes due to the placement of tolls on interstates not currently tolled. Moreover, these results will enhance our knowledge base concerning the analytical challenges associated with estimating demand changes on roadways that are not currently tolled.
  Authors: Berliner, Rosaria; Collura, John; Gao, Song
  Authors: Berliner, Rosaria; Collura, John; Gao, Song
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3700
• Cases in Congestion Resilience: Fostering High-Functioning Regional Economies Despite Gridlock
  Abstract: Congestion alleviation has served as a key surface transportation program objective, but traditional policy portfolios (excluding pricing) have been not yielded significant congestion alleviation benefits. But while the importance of enabling high-functioning places despite congestion is becoming increasingly apparent, existing research provides little guidance. Links are comparatively clearer between capacity building or travel demand management and economic growth, system efficiency outcomes, and individual welfare improvements. But common capacity building and demand management policies have been and unsuccessful at alleviating congestion. Researchers broadly agree that congestion pricing is a necessary precondition for significant congestion alleviation, but pricing remains politically unpalatable. The outlook for transportation policy to meaningfully reduce congestion is poor in the current political climate, yet it remains unclear how transportation policy can contribute to high-functioning regions despite congestion. To identify “better” regional adaptations to congestion, I explore congestion resilience using a metric of economic growth per unit “cost” of congestion growth. Using case studies of high-congestion MSAs, I explore policies distinguishing congestion resilient Los Angeles and Washington, DC from congestion unresilient Chicago and Houston. Case study results suggest that there appear to be important roles for road policy, public transit policy, and urban spatial structure in distinguishing the congestion resilient from congestion unresilient regions
  Authors: Sweet, Matthias
  Authors: Sweet, Matthias
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 297
  Paper Number: 13-3706
• Short-Run Impact of Gas Price Fluctuations on Toll Road Use
  Abstract: The price of gas has fluctuated dramatically since 2008 and travelers’ response to this has been generally as expected. Relatively little change in behavior to begin, but as prices continued to rise we have seen a shift to vehicles with higher fuel efficiencies and a shift to alternative modes (transit and bike/pedestrian). One thing that has not been examined is potential route shifts, to or from toll facilities. Many toll facilities offer an uncongested and more direct route to a traveler’s destination. In theory, as gas prices increase the use of toll facilities would also increase. However, some toll facilities experienced the opposite effect. The cost of gas increased to a point where some travelers refuse to pay any more for their trip, including paying a toll, despite the fact the toll route may offer significant gas savings. This research examined the impact of changing gas prices on travelers’ choice of routes, focusing on toll route usage. Travel demand elasticity estimates for toll routes with respect to gas price were inelastic and mostly negative. Additionally, the average elasticity (-0.09) was smaller than those found in the literature for non-toll facilities (average approximately -0.25). This would indicate that either (a) toll facility users were less impacted by changes in gas price, or more likely, (b) some travelers were switching to toll facilities. Thus, toll facilities were more insulated from downturns in traffic volumes resulting from increases in gas price.
  Authors: Huang, Chao; Burris, Mark W.
  Authors: Huang, Chao; Burris, Mark W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3717
• Mileage-Based User Fees: Proposed Business Model Incorporating a System of Solutions
  Abstract: In the United States, mileage-based user fees (MBUF) are being examined as an alternative funding mechanism for motor fuel taxes due to the declining ability of motor fuel taxes to meet the need for maintaining, improving, and expanding roadway infrastructure. Numerous methodologies for implementing an MBUF program have been proposed, and in some cases tested, in several areas of the United States. Methodologies proposed range from changes in existing practices, such as tying vehicle registration fees to mileage driven, to technology intensive solutions involving global positioning satellite (GPS) system solutions. This paper examines the possibility of implementing an MBUF system by refining existing funding methods to better recognize the differences between urban, suburban, and rural roadway needs as well as the differences between revenue development for routine maintenance, rehabilitation, and expansion of roadways. How existing methodologies such as registration fees and tolling can be combined to encourage efficient use of roadway infrastructure as well as producing needed revenue is examined. In this way, the goals of the move toward MBUF, including those beyond revenue generation, can be met by combining and refining existing funding methods into an overall MBUF business model that targets each funding source to the need or needs they are most appropriate to meet.The paper proposes a business model for MBUF that can result in an overall funding source for roadway infrastructure that meets the nation's needs, is relatively simple to implement, and does not require a complete overhaul of current financing methodologies.
  Authors: Swenson, Chris Robert; Ungemah, David H.
  Authors: Swenson, Chris Robert; Ungemah, David H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4217
• Decision Support System to Assess the Impacts of Placing Tolls Along Interstate Highways
  Abstract: As states continue to consider taking on more responsibility in transportation, a major issue State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) face relates to financing future transportation investments. A financing approach being considered includes the placement of tolls along selected interstate highways where tolls are not currently collected. Questions of interest to state DOT officials and transportation policy makers relate to the potential impacts of such approaches. The objective of this paper is to initiate the development of a decision support system (DSS) to assist State Departments of Transportation in the evaluation of the impacts related to placing tolls on interstate highways. Anticipated impacts include capital and operating costs to implement the required toll collection strategies and technologies; expected changes in existing demand along the interstate and alternate routes; potential toll revenue; and privacy and equity implications. With the aid of this DSS, a decisionmaker would be able to specify different toll system characteristics, add options such as desired levels of privacy and equity, and in a matter of minutes estimate capital and operating costs, forecast revenues, perform net present value and payback period analyses for alternative toll collection systems. The paper also includes an illustrative example to demonstrate the application of the DSS to assess the impacts of alternative toll approaches along a segment of Interstate 93 through Boston. The expectation is that this DSS will be expanded to evaluate other financing approaches including congestion pricing strategies, vehicle miles traveled (VMT) based fees, and innovative fuel tax schemes indexed to inflation.
  Authors: Plotnikov, Michael; Collura, John; Gao, Song; Burleson, Wayne
  Authors: Plotnikov, Michael; Collura, John; Gao, Song; Burleson, Wayne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3959
• Empirical Study on Lane-Changing Behaviors Along Different Types of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes in California
  Abstract: Lane changing is one important aspect of vehicle maneuvers that have significant impacts on freeway operation. Most of the previous research on lane changing has focused on microscopic modeling of lane change movements. Very few studies have investigated lane changing behavior along high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) facilities, especially in the context of comparing between different access types. This paper describes the work that extracted lane change data from videos with high resolution in both time and space, and investigated lane changing behavior on freeways with different types of HOV access configurations. Furthermore, the extracted lane change movements were correlated with lane-by-lane flow and occupancy data from the California’s Freeway Performance Measurement System (PeMS). Based on the analysis results, the limited access HOV facilities are found to have: 1) higher numbers of lane changes, 2) larger clearance distance between the subject vehicle and the lead vehicle, and 3) shorter time gap when the subject vehicle moves out of HOV lane than the continuous access HOV facilities. These results provide insights on lane changing maneuvers along HOV facilities, which can be used to support traffic operation analyses, calibrate driver behavior logics in traffic simulation models, as well as inform the design of lane configurations and access control measures for managed lanes.
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong; Wu, Guoyuan; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Chan, Ching-Yao
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong; Wu, Guoyuan; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Chan, Ching-Yao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3979
• Fine-Tuning Pricing Algorithms for High-Occupancy-Toll Lanes
  Abstract: Pricing algorithms play a significant role in managing high-occupancy/toll (HOT) facilities. Many studies have been conducted to determine pricing strategies for HOT facilities, but many of them consider idealized and hypothetical situations to derive solutions, while others require too many resources to be applied in practice. On the other hand, the methods implemented in the field are heuristic in nature, and involve many parameters to be configured by the tolling agencies. Using the tolling algorithm currently implemented on the 95 Express in South Florida as an example, this paper presents an optimization procedure to fine-tune the configuration of tolling algorithms for HOT lanes.
  Authors: Michalaka, Dimitra; Lu, Jie; Yin, Yafeng
  Authors: Michalaka, Dimitra; Lu, Jie; Yin, Yafeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3992
• Real-World Test of Road User Fees: Evaluating Minnesota’s Mileage-Based User Fee Test
  Abstract: The increasing fuel efficiency of modern vehicles is decreasing the revenue collected by state agencies for use on roadway maintenance. Due to this loss of revenue, there is growing interest among the transportation community in exploring the possibility of implementing mileage-based fees to replace or supplement fuel tax revenues. This study pilot tested the use of a commercial off-the-shelf smartphone device outfitted with custom software to assess mileage-based user fees. A total of 500 participants were involved in test, each participating for a period of 6 months each. To simulate a real world deployment, participants were invoiced for their fees. This paper highlights findings regarding participant perceptions of the fuel tax, mileage-based user fees, the in-vehicle smartphone device, and privacy concerns. This paper focuses on data gathered through surveys and one-on-one interviews. Results from this test indicate that participants believe that revenue generated from the fuel tax benefits them as drivers and they understand the obligation to keep roads in a state of good repair. The majority of participants believed that varying a road fee based on location and time of the day was appropriate; however, participants favored varying the fee based on location. Participant perceptions throughout indicate that as their experience using a mileage-based system increases, so does their understanding and trust of the system and mileage-based user fee concepts. Furthermore, a large percentage of participants indicated they would prefer a mileage-based user fee to the traditional fuel tax.
  Authors: Kehoe, Nicholas Paul; Rephlo, Jennifer A; Miller, Sheryl; Armstrong, Christopher; Johnson, Cory J.
  Authors: Kehoe, Nicholas Paul; Rephlo, Jennifer A; Miller, Sheryl; Armstrong, Christopher; Johnson, Cory J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 387
  Paper Number: 13-4492
• Estimating the Impact on Fuel Tax Revenue fromIncreased Electric Vehicles in the Light-Vehicle Fleet
  Abstract: Advanced fuel economies in both traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have a strong influence on transportation revenue by reducing fuel consumption per vehicle and ultimately drawing down the amount of fuel tax revenue received. It is expected that more electric vehicles, especially gasoline hybrid electric vehicles, with higher fuel economies than ICEs will enter the roadway in coming years, and fuel tax revenues and the Highway Trust Fund will increasingly become more affected. This study estimates the impact that increased sales of EVs will have on future fuel tax revenues by drawing on industry estimates of future EV market shares and anticipates future fleet mix and fuel economy. An estimation process overview is provided and assumptions are described. Fuel tax revenue amounts that would be expected from future light vehicle fleets with increased shares of EVs are compared to equally sized fleets comprised of all ICEs, and future fleet mixes are estimated. Results show that as more electric vehicles enter the light vehicle fleet, greater revenue losses are expected and total losses from years 2011 through 2050 depend on fleet composition and fuel economy. Finally, it is found that the amount of fuel taxes paid by ICE drivers each year remain greater than fuel taxes paid by EV drivers even with advances in the average ICE vehicle fuel economy.
  Authors: Hall, Andrea Lynn; Walton, C. Michael; Jin, Jing
  Authors: Hall, Andrea Lynn; Walton, C. Michael; Jin, Jing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4582
• A Region Divided: Campaign for 2012 Transportation Referendum in Atlanta, Georgia
  Abstract: Following the national trend toward funding transportation with sales tax referendums, the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan region voted on an $8.5 billion proposal in July of 2012. Despite bi-partisan and bi-racial support from the political elites and an $8 million campaign by the business community, the referendum failed with less than 40% of the vote. While just about everyone in the Metropolitan Atlanta region agrees there is a transportation problem, they do not agree on how to define the problem and therefore the solutions. An examination of three competing discourses, congestion, choice, and equity, framing transportation in Atlanta explains why the referendum failed. Polling data, participant observation, and examination of campaign materials are used to describe the interplay between the discourses and their public acceptance. Conclusions are offered on what Atlanta and other regions can do to build consensus around transportation moving forward and what this means for the growing trend of using sales tax referendums to fund transportation.
  Authors: Paget-Seekins, Laurel
  Authors: Paget-Seekins, Laurel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4715
• Rural Highway Expansion and Economic Development: Impacts on Private Earnings and Employment
  Abstract: With the interstate system substantially complete, the majority of new investment in highways is likely to take the form of selective capacity expansion projects in urban areas, along with incremental expansions and upgrades to expressway or freeway standards of existing intercity highway corridors. This paper focuses specifically on the latter type of project, rural highway expansions designed to connect smaller outstate cities and towns, and examines their effects on industry-level private earnings and local employment. We examine three case study projects in rural Minnesota and use panel data on local earnings and employment to estimate the impacts of the improvements. Our results indicate that none of the projects studied generated statistically significant increases in earnings or employment, a finding we attribute to the relatively small time savings associated with the projects and the maturity of the highway network. We suggest that for rural highway expansion projects, as with other types of transportation projects, user benefits should be a primary evaluation criterion rather than employment impacts.
  Authors: Iacono, Michael J.; Levinson, David M.
  Authors: Iacono, Michael J.; Levinson, David M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 691
  Paper Number: 13-4701
• Using the Real Estate Market to Establish Light Rail Station Catchment Areas: Case Study of Attached Residential Property Values in Salt Lake County with Respect to Light Rail Station Distance
  Abstract: Considerable literature reports the price effects of light rail transit accessibility on residential properties built principally for owner-occupants. Few show the relationship between light rail transit and rental apartment building values and those that do evaluated outcomes within narrow distance bands from light rail transit stations. Our paper closes some of this gap in research. We estimate the association between TRAX, the light rail system operated by the Utah Transit Authority serving Salt Lake County, Utah, and the value of rental apartment buildings in one-quarter mile distance-bands from light rail stations out to one and one-half miles. Controlling for structural, neighborhood and location characteristics, we find a positive relationship between TRAX station proximity and rental apartment building values to one and one-quarter miles but not beyond. Implications are offered.
  Authors: Nelson, Arthur C.; Petheram, Susan J.; Miller, Matt; Ewing, Reid
  Authors: Nelson, Arthur C.; Petheram, Susan J.; Miller, Matt; Ewing, Reid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 790
  Paper Number: 13-4771
• Impact of Highway Construction on Land Prices: Case of the Beltway in São Paulo, Brazil
  Abstract: This paper estimates the effect of highways on land prices using the implementation of the west branch of a large beltway around Sao Paulo Metroplitan Area. This is a unique opportunity since the beltway is being implemented by branches. So, it is possible to use the zones surrounding the branches where construction has actually started as a treatment group to be compared with zones surrounding branches for which construction has not started yet. Since we have a proxy for land price data before and after construction, it is possible to estimate the impact by difference-in-difference. The evidence is that there are significant and asymmetrical effects caused by the highway construction. Parcels located close to ramps outbound of the track observed an increase in price faster than similar zones close to other (planned) branches. For parcels located inbound of the beltway, relatively far from the track (between 2.5 km and 5 km), the effects of construction and delivery/operation faced a (relative) decline in land prices. These results have consequences for transportation finance; betterment levies and value capture taxes; and welfare.
  Authors: Maciel, Vladimir Fernandes; Biderman, Ciro
  Authors: Maciel, Vladimir Fernandes; Biderman, Ciro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 297
  Paper Number: 13-4528
• Fuel Tax Evasion via the Fuel Tax Refund Process
  Abstract: Despite data that estimates the amount of fuel tax evasion, little research has examined fuel tax evasion through the fuel tax refund process. This paper presents data analysis indicating that the fuel tax refund process, although susceptible to errors, is not heavily populated with evasion. Motor fuel taxes are excise taxes meant to benefit transportation infrastructure. But some fuel uses occur off of the roadway; for example, a farming tractor expends fuel while plowing a field; well-drilling trucks expend fuel while drilling a well; and, refrigeration units on trucks with a fuel tank separate of the primary fuel tank expend fuel powering a refrigerator pump. Arguably, users should not have to pay an excise tax for fuel used for off-road purposes. For diesel, at least, the federal government created tax-exempt, dyed diesel. But not all users are able to purchase dyed diesel, or they require another type of fuel. The federal government and some state governments provide processes for these off-road users to obtain tax credits or refunds when tax exempt fuel is unavailable, but these processes are susceptible to errors, omissions, and evasion. This paper examines data from a three-year period for three types of refunds from Montana, but the results have implications for all states. The data indicates that mathematical errors and errors relating to the forms most commonly plague the refund process. And yet, the data does not indicate that much evasion is occurring within the fuel tax refund process.
  Authors: Church, Brian V.; McGowen, Patrick Tracy; Abernathy, Craig
  Authors: Church, Brian V.; McGowen, Patrick Tracy; Abernathy, Craig
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4944
• Determining Reasonable Toll Highway Network Scale in China
  Abstract: This research introduces a new methodology for determining the reasonable scale of tollway network in China by which addressing issues of impacts of non-debt investment, agency costs of construction and maintenance, and other cost items, user costs of travel time, debt repayment, and toll revenue on the scale of tollway network. Specifically, the proposed methodology contains a bi-level optimization model where the lower level optimization conducts network traffic assignments using O-D travel demand to obtain traffic volumes on tollway segments and the upper level optimization utilizes assigned traffic volumes as inputs to determine reasonable scale of tollway network. The bi-level model is successfully applied in a computational study to determine the reasonable expressway network scales in provinces of Jiangsu, Hebei, Shaanxi, and Jilin located in the east, north, northeastern, and western economic regions in the country. It was revealed that the current expressway network scales in all four provinces are much higher than the reasonable scales by 22 to 38 percent. All provinces face pressure of extremely high asset-debt risk. With the high asset-debt risk associated with the current national expressway network in place, the issue would become even more extensive and devastating if superimposing additional expressways according to the provincial level expressway network plan that essentially doubles the expressway network scale. It is recommended to seek alternative financial resources to reduce the funding gap and one possible solution would be to attract social capitals entering into the construction and management of expressways.
  Authors: Wang, Jianwei; Mao, Xinhua; Li, Zongzhi; Moore, Adrian T.; Staley, Samuel
  Authors: Wang, Jianwei; Mao, Xinhua; Li, Zongzhi; Moore, Adrian T.; Staley, Samuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4977
• Transit and Access to Jobs in Competitive Clusters
  Abstract: Since the 1990s, the concept of competitive economic clusters, export oriented industries that are geographically clustered and linked to one another through trading or other arrangements that signify regional specialization, has become an important tool of regional economic development. In this study we use the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area to identify its regional competitive clusters and look at the role the current metropolitan transit system plays in providing access to jobs in these sectors. We identify nine clusters for the region and find that the clusters exhibit different location patterns which affects their ability to be served by transit. We argue that understanding the connection between transit systems and regional competitive clusters have critical policy implications for increasing transit ridership, reducing negative consequences associated extensive auto use, strengthening existing economic clusters by expanding the labor force access, and improving the accessibility for those that are transit dependent in the region to jobs in these sectors. To ensure that jobs with different skill requirements are encompassed in our analysis, we use an expanded definition of economic clusters where a range of industrial sectors are linked together through trading relationships. Though these clusters at their center are anchored by the sectors considered the drivers of the regional economy, the related sectors we identify as part of these clusters constitute a range of employers and labor force needs. The framework allows for focusing on the regions strengths and ensuring that people of varying transportation needs can participate in these growing sectors.
  Authors: Tilahun, Nebiyou Yonas; Fan, Yingling
  Authors: Tilahun, Nebiyou Yonas; Fan, Yingling
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 691
  Paper Number: 13-5062
• Evaluation of Different Trip Purpose to Road Pricing Scheme
  Abstract: Cordon pricing is an effective policy to alleviate congestion and manage travel demand in city centres. However, different responses among road users to certain policies are inevitable. This paper presents a study evaluating the possible consequences of cordon and parking pricing on road users with different trip purposes, i.e., workers and non-workers. Different models have been developed and calibrated with data from the central business district of Mashhad, using revealed and stated preference methods. The analysis of the interviewee responses to the hypothetical situations shows that workers comprise the dominant proportion using each mode of travel to Mashhad CBD. The commuters were provided with alternative choices, and their preferences were examined using multinomial logit. The results show that the cost-based policy such as parking and cordon pricing is good to reduce congestion as it affects workers, but the impact is more evident for non-workers traveling to the CBD. Furthermore, the model suggests that workers are more likely to shift mode in response to changes in travel time.
  Authors: Ahmadi Azari, Kian; Arintono, Sulistyo; Atiq O.K. Rahmat, Riza
  Authors: Ahmadi Azari, Kian; Arintono, Sulistyo; Atiq O.K. Rahmat, Riza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy
  Session: ABE25
  Paper Number: 13-5080
• Time on Market and Impact of Mass Rapid Transit System on Residential Property Values: Case of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
  Abstract: The construction of a public transit system in a large metropolitan area can relieve congestion, enhance mobility, and improve air quality. In a well-functioning housing market, these benefits will be reflected in housing prices. In this paper, we analyze transactions of apartments with elevators from 2007 and 2009 in Kaohsiung (Taiwan’s second largest city) to capture the impact of the opening in 2008 of a brand new mass rapid transit (MRT) system. Our data includes time on market information (TOM) so we combine a two stage least square model with a geographically weighted regression model to tackle the joint determination of price and TOM. Our results show that the opening of the MRT had a statistically significant and positive impact on the value of apartments with elevators. Moreover, accounting for TOM has a negligible impact on our results, which suggests that this information may not be necessary to perform hedonic studies of the housing market.
  Authors: Saphores, Jean-Daniel Maurice; Yeh, Chung Cheng
  Authors: Saphores, Jean-Daniel Maurice; Yeh, Chung Cheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 790
  Paper Number: 13-5256
• Seeking Alternative Transportation Financing Approaches in Massachusetts: Vehicle-Miles-Traveled Fee as a Supplement to Fuel Tax
  Abstract: State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) today are seeking financing alternatives so that transportation infrastructure investments can become less dependent on the amount of fuel U.S. drivers consume. Because the fuel tax in its current form is no longer viewed by many as a sustainable and stable option, other financing alternatives are being considered. One such alternative includes the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) fee. Examples of such VMT fee alternatives include: 1) collection using an onboard diagnostic system (OBD); 2) collection at the fuel pump using an OBD in conjunction with GPS technology; and 3) collection at a vehicle inspection station using the OBD. The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate these three VMT fee alternatives in terms of their benefits, challenges, and suitability for consideration in Massachusetts. A major conclusion is that a fuel tax, if increased and indexed to inflation, is a viable short term financing approach and that a VMT fee should be considered further as part of a long term strategy. It is expected that the results of this research will be of interest to State DOT personnel and policy makers seeking new financing approaches and revenue streams to support transportation investments.
  Authors: Costa, Ashley L; Plotnikov, Michael; Collura, John
  Authors: Costa, Ashley L; Plotnikov, Michael; Collura, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4654
• Research Needs for Virginia Transportation Public-Private Partnership Policy
  Abstract: The focus of this study is to address research needs for transportation public-private partnership (P3) policy within the context of Virginia. The discussion begins examining the definition of P3s, an overview of P3 project implementation in the U.S., legislative factors and value for money analysis. Then, the research needs for Virginia transportation P3 policy are reviewed, using the Capital Beltway High Occupancy Toll lane (HOT lane) project as an example case study. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy research needs.
  Authors: Daito, Nobuhiko; Chen, Zhenhua; Gifford, Jonathan L.
  Authors: Daito, Nobuhiko; Chen, Zhenhua; Gifford, Jonathan L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-4898
• Simulating Realistic Shock-Wave Propagation on High-Occupancy-Toll Lanes
  Abstract: High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes are new in the US. The fact that most are still conversions of existing HOV lanes combined with little experience in managing them through dynamic pricing strategies, has hindered their potential. In addition an active debate on the best access design for safety and mobility has produced diametrically opposite examples of HOT lanes in operation. The work described in this paper is part of an active project attempting to formalize a methodology for evaluating shared HOT lane facilities. The proposed methodology uses shockwave activity as surrogate for safety (shockwave length) and mobility (shockwave frequency). This paper focuses on the development and validation of a flexible process for emulating shockwave propagation under realistic HOT lane flows. Headway measurements collected in the field were combined with a dynamic space separation threshold for generating accurate platoon formations at variable densities. Shockwave length distributions were derived from a Monte Carlo sampling methodology taking advantage of a newly proposed kinematic wave propagation model based on one-dimensional kinematic equations. Simulated shockwave length distributions were derived and compared to actual observed shockwave activity with satisfactory results.
  Authors: Stanitsas, Panagiotis D; Hourdos, John
  Authors: Stanitsas, Panagiotis D; Hourdos, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-5090
• Simulating High-Occupancy-Toll Lane Operations
  Abstract: Microscopic simulation is critical for evaluating the operation strategies of managed lanes. However, most existing tools are limited in their ability to simulate dynamic tolling strategies of managed lanes, particularly with multiple segments. Three sets of modeling components are developed in this paper, to demonstrate simulation of HOT lane operations. The first component implements three pricing strategies; including responsive pricing, a closed-loop-control-based algorithm, and time-of-day pricing. The second component mimics drivers’ lane choice behaviors in the presence of tolls, and the third represents different toll structures for multi-segment HOT lane facilities. An enhanced version of CORSIM, which contains these new modeling components, is validated by simulation experiments involving the 95 Express network in South Florida.
  Authors: Michalaka, Dimitra; Yin, Yafeng; Hale, David
  Authors: Michalaka, Dimitra; Yin, Yafeng; Hale, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-0890
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Optimizing Parking Prices Using Agent-Based Approach
  Abstract: Many cities around the globe are haunted by limited supply of parking and inefficient fee schedules, which often result in additional traffic by people cruising for parking. Pricing parking in an optimal way both from the municipality’s and user’s perspective in order to balance demand and supply is essential to solve this problem. We propose an agent-based approach to iteratively find such an optimal parking price. A major innovation of our parking model is, that it takes taste heterogeneity of drivers into account. By applying the model to a test scenario in the city of Zurich, we successfully demonstrate, that the model provides key figures, which are essential for supporting decision of policy makers. The paper also discusses some future work, e.g. other applications of the model in the area of parking choice and parking search modeling.
  Authors: Waraich, Rashid A.; Dobler, Christoph; Weis, Claude; Axhausen, Kay W.
  Authors: Waraich, Rashid A.; Dobler, Christoph; Weis, Claude; Axhausen, Kay W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-5304
• Novel Street Parking Fee Collection to Eliminate Unfair Citations
  Abstract: This study surveyed parking citation problems from the perspective of the city that uses them as a source of revenue as well as the users that would like to avoid them. Drivers of all types have received meter parking citations indiscriminately and sometimes unfairly. The parking citation data obtained from the city of Baltimore indicated more than one million tickets for a total amount of revenue of $46 million in 2010. Parking meter violation ranked first among all types of citations causing disputes and frustrating among citizens. An innovative solution to street parking fee collection is proposed. The solution would streamline the collection process for the city, while drivers would more operatively disburse for the length of stay at the street parking spot. Dynamic parking rates corresponding the demand and length of stay, and substitution of the incremental pricing for time limit enforcement promote this study. The authors believed that the proposed method is among the most effecient plans to mitigate parking congestion externalities.
  Authors: Ardeshiri, Anam; Jeihani, Mansoureh
  Authors: Ardeshiri, Anam; Jeihani, Mansoureh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-5325
• Chicago’s Congestion Parking Tax: Early Evaluation
  Abstract: In recent years, congestion pricing has come to the forefront as a method of traffic mitigation. Chicago implemented a congestion parking tax increase, effective January 2012, on commercial lots and garages above a certain threshold. This study aims to provide a model framework for early impact analyses of congestion charging and parking schemes. A cluster-based system of metrics, focusing on publicly available transportation, economic and public health data for the study area of downtown Chicago, is employed.The “control variables” of employment figures and gas prices show relatively small change, indicating reasonably stable macroeconomic conditions in the region. It is found that municipal parking tax revenues have increased over 20 percent versus a year ago, although consumers are bearing only a small proportion of the tax increase. Arterial speeds downtown have improved, but some expressways passing through downtown have seen decreases in speed, possibly due to higher levels of unaffected through traffic on these roads. The public health variables of pedestrian crash incidents and emission levels have fallen.Chicago’s congestion parking scheme therefore appears to have caused no net negative results and indeed some positive results. These indicate a need for further research to better understand the relationship between the program and component metrics.
  Authors: Lai, Andrew; Newmark, Gregory L.
  Authors: Lai, Andrew; Newmark, Gregory L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-0079
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Feasibility Study for Converting High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes to Managed Lanes in Dallas, Texas
  Abstract: Excess capacity in HOV lanes during peak periods can be made available to other types of vehicles, including single occupancy vehicles (SOV) for a price (toll). Such dual use lanes are typically referred to as Managed Lanes or HOT Lanes. This study utilizes a methodology for equilibrating the demand across the managed and general-purpose lanes to examine the feasibility of such conversions under various toll price strategies. The AM and PM peak period demands are used as the basis for the study. The pricing strategies include charging SOV vehicles at $0.10/mile, $0.25/mile, or $0.50/mile while having no charge for HOVs. For each of the three SOV pricing strategies, quantitative estimates of toll revenues and emissions on managed and general purpose lanes are obtained. Comparisons are made to the current practice of not allowing SOVs in HOV lanes and all HOVs to using the lanes free of charge.
  Authors: Ardekani, Siamak A.; Olyai, Koorosh
  Authors: Ardekani, Siamak A.; Olyai, Koorosh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2022
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• I-35W South Mnpass High-Occupancy-Toll Lanes
  Abstract: The I-35W South MnPASS high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area were a major component of the Minnesota Urban Partnership Agreement (UPA) funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT). The use of the I-35W South HOT lanes is examined in this paper. Information on the number of MnPASS accounts, daily and monthly trips, monthly revenues, average tolls, and maximum tolls is presented. Changes in trip-time savings and trip-time reliability are also discussed. The results from a 2012 survey of I-35W MnPASS customers are summarized. This paper highlights key elements of the national evaluation of the Minnesota UPA related to the I-35W South HOT lanes. The national evaluation is sponsored by the U.S. DOT and conducted by a research team headed by Battelle Memorial Institute. As discussed in this paper, the I-35W South HOT lanes have attracted new MnPASS customers, while maintaining the travel-time savings and trip-time reliability for buses and carpools.
  Authors: Turnbull, Katherine F.; Buckeye, Kenneth; Thompson, Nick
  Authors: Turnbull, Katherine F.; Buckeye, Kenneth; Thompson, Nick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2146
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Public Perceptions and Preferences towards a VMT Fee System in Nevada
  Abstract: A number of barriers are associated with the implementation and deployment of a Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) system, ranging from technology issues to public acceptance. Technologically related barriers are easier to address compared to publicly related barriers. In addition, addressing technological barriers requires explicit consideration of the public attitudes and preferences towards various technological options. This paper studies public perceptions and preferences towards a VMT system in Nevada. A survey questionnaire was developed to capture these perception and preferences. A series of discrete choice models – including ordered, probit, and logit models – were tested to determine the best model to use for evaluating the results of the survey. Multinomial logit models provided the best explanatory power. Modeling assumptions were tested to ensure adequate results. The model provided a number of interesting insights about public perceptions and preferences regarding the VMT system. Based on these insights, some policy recommendations are provided.
  Authors: Nordland, Andrew; Paz, Alexander; Khan, Alauddin
  Authors: Nordland, Andrew; Paz, Alexander; Khan, Alauddin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 387
  Paper Number: 13-2215
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Study on Toll-Pricing Strategies for Managing Transportation Facilities in Design-Build-Finance-Operate Partnerships
  Abstract: In recent years, transportation planning has been challenged by increasing need for infrastructure development, a shortfall of revenue from the public sector, and political trending towards deregulation of transportation infrastructure development. These factors have led to increased interest in the privatization of transportation infrastructure and the development of public-private partnerships, such as Design Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO). Although the overall goal of a transportation infrastructure project is to provide safe, reliable transportation systems for the public, the parties involved in public-private partnerships take different roles and responsibilities. The public sector leads in laying out the terms and standards to regulate the obligations between the State DOTs and private entities. The private sector makes capital investment to provide agreed services as well as to assume various investment risks, including project operational and financial risks. Toll pricing strategies are a key component for the public sector to regulate operation of a PPP facility and for the private sector to control investment risks. This paper investigates the applicability of deterministic dynamic optimization models for determining toll-pricing strategies that can help improve mobility, reduce the overall cost of motorists, and attract the investment from the private sector. A case study of a DBFO project was carried out. The results showed that the proposed model provides a useful tool for both public and private sectors to make more informed decisions, including the study of optimal strategies to seek the investment return and the determination of the predefined contract regulations.
  Authors: Wu, Hui; Zhang, Zhanmin
  Authors: Wu, Hui; Zhang, Zhanmin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 816
  Paper Number: 13-2865
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Do State Public-Private Partnership Enabling Laws Affect Investment in Infrastructure?
  Abstract: A growing number of U.S. states and localities are pursing private investment in transportation infrastructure through public-private partnerships, or PPPs. As of late 2011, thirty states had enacted legislation enabling use of PPPs. This legislation clarifies such issues as the treatment of unsolicited PPP proposals, prior legislative approval of PPP contracts, and the mixing of public and private funds, among others. Using expert-weighting of thirteen key elements of PPP enabling laws, we develop an index reflecting the degree to which a state’s law is encouraging or discouraging of private investment. In previous work, we examined the factors that cause PPP enabling laws to be adopted, and that lead to more enabling laws. In this paper, we examine the effect of PPP enabling laws on the level of private infrastructure investment in a state. We control for a variety of factors in addition to the PPP laws in a state, and find that more favorable PPP enabling laws increases both design-build and more complex non-design build (mostly design-build-finance-operate) type of PPP contracts. We do not, however, find evidence that either more Design-Build projects or non-DB projects reduces traffic congestion as measured by the travel-time index, eliminating a potentially important source of endogeneity.
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond Richard; Wagner, Benjamin L.
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond Richard; Wagner, Benjamin L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-1588
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Equity Evaluation of Fuel Tax per Gallon and VMT Fee
  Abstract: The widely suggested vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) fee is an alternative pricing option to the current state-of-practice, the fuel tax per gallon, that has drawn great attention by researchers and policymakers, particularly regarding its equity performance among various social groups. Using socioeconomic-, geographic-, and vehicle-specific attributes from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey, the authors identified which social subgroups would mostly be affected under each pricing option, via estimation of three-stage least squares (3SLS) models at the national level. The results showed that particular social subgroups, such as households (HHs) located in states with lower fuel taxation, operate vehicles of lower fuel efficiency at the HH level and thus shoulder a larger portion of the fuel tax. On the other hand, HHs such as those that own vehicles of higher fuel efficiency, or have a higher average income, generate more trips annually, and as such would have higher VMT at the HH level. The authors also examined whether the estimated national model may apply to a smaller level of analysis, for the state of Iowa. The results suggested that, despite the similarities, the development of distinct local models was statistically supported.
  Authors: Kastrouni, Eirini; Gkritza, Konstantina; Hallmark, Shauna
  Authors: Kastrouni, Eirini; Gkritza, Konstantina; Hallmark, Shauna
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-2826
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• General Framework for Evaluating Long-Term Leasing of Toll Roads: Case Study of Indiana I-90
  Abstract: One type of public-private partnerships (PPP), the long-term leasing of toll roads, is attracting greater attention of state governments since the two influential cases of Chicago Skyway and Indiana Toll Road in 2005 and 2006 respectively. In order to assist governments make appropriate decisions to enter PPPs that are in the best interest of taxpayers, this paper develops a general framework for evaluating the long-term leasing of toll roads. The two main decision criteria, the economic efficiency of privatization and the protection of public interest, are investigated. Economic efficiency is analyzed using an uncertainty-based Net Present Value (NPV). Further, a case study of the Indiana Toll Road lease is carried out. The NPV calculated using Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that government is not likely to earn as much benefit as the upfront payment lease amount if it continued its in-house management of the toll road. Sensitivity analysis in terms of benefit and cost factors is also conducted. Further, a “break-even” analysis is conducted to examine the conditions under which the government would obtain as much benefit as it did from the privatization. Finally, the actions taken by the Indiana government attempting to protect the interest of Indiana citizens and toll road users are discussed.
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo; Bai, Qiang; Labi, Samuel; Sinha, Kumares C.
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo; Bai, Qiang; Labi, Samuel; Sinha, Kumares C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 816
  Paper Number: 13-4539
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effects of Full-Facility Variable Tolling on Traveler Behavior: Evidence from a Panel Study of the SR-520 Corridor in Seattle
  Abstract: Variable tolling was implemented on the SR-520 Bridge in the Seattle region as part of a federally funded initiative to reduce traffic congestion. SR-520 tolls vary by time of day up to a maximum of $3.50 each way ($5 for non-transponder payments). A nearby parallel facility, Interstate 90, remains as a toll-free alternative across Lake Washington. Tolling was accompanied by investments in public transit and traffic management technologies and by efforts to promote telecommuting. This paper uses a two-stage panel survey approach to analyze the impacts that this tolling program has had on corridor users’ daily travel choices. In each survey wave, over 3,000 respondents from roughly 2,000 households completed a two-day travel diary, with additional detail on trips in the Lake Washington corridor, plus a personal survey on general travel behavior and attitudes.Key survey findings include a marked decrease in respondents’ travel in the corridor after tolling, particularly on SR-520, which experienced a 47% reduction in recorded trips, and significant diversion to I-90. Shifts from SR-520 to I-90 were most pronounced among males, those in lower-income households, and those with less workplace schedule flexibility. There were also increases in transit mode share in the corridor, while carpooling and telecommuting levels were relatively stable. In the post-tolling survey, respondents registered an overall increase in satisfaction with their commutes and less stress associated with driving. Reported satisfaction with the speed and reliability of individual trips on SR-520 also increased substantially, and personal attitudes shifted slightly in favor of tolling.
  Authors: Peirce, Sean; Puckett, Sean; Petrella, Margaret; Minnice, Paul; Lappin, Jane E.
  Authors: Peirce, Sean; Puckett, Sean; Petrella, Margaret; Minnice, Paul; Lappin, Jane E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy
  Session: ABE25
  Paper Number: 13-3798
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Retail Fuel Price Stabilization and Revenue Generation of Dynamic Taxation Policy
  Abstract: Over the past few years, the U.S. Highway Trust Fund (HTF) experienced shortfalls as transportation investments outpaced revenue contributed to the trust fund. Alternative revenue options are necessary to fill the shortfalls from gas tax revenue and keep up with the growing need to finance infrastructure. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), through its Leadership Initiative for Transportation Solvency, recently released a report—Road to Recovery: Transforming America’s Transportation— that proposed a new revenue mechanism to fully fund a reformed transportation program. It recommends that Congress couple a per-barrel oil fee with a variable, countercyclical gas tax. This paper discusses the dynamic impacts of CEIP’s revenue policy on household travel behavior, revenue generation for the federal trust fund, energy consumption, equity, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission/air pollution at the national level from 2008 to 2010. Our analysis develops econometric models, such as multiple VMT regression model and discrete vehicle ownership model. The model assumes no pass-through of the upstream oil security fee, paid by the oil producer or importer, to the consumer. Model results show that the CEIP revenue proposal has the potential to fill the revenue shortfall regardless of the world oil price. During the recent historic study period of 2008-2010, the CEIP policy would collect up to more than double the federal revenue. At the same time, households would increase their vehicle miles travel by as much as 1.8% when oil prices peak, and reduce their vehicle miles travel by up to 8.6% when the crude oil price drops to the lowest point. Over the study period, the policy could counteract the potential of slight regressivity if a portion of the extra revenues raised were reinvested in transit and other auto alternatives or recycled back to lower-income households. We estimate that, without such investments or revenue recycling, lower-income households would experience a 0.45%-0.5% reduction in consumer surplus changes measured as a percentage of income, while higher-income households experience a 0.06% to 0.1% reduction. Finally, the CEIP policy is estimated to reduce air pollution and GHG emission by an average 4% to 4.35% for different pollutant types.
  Authors: Lu, Yijing; Zhang, Lei; Tsay, Shin-pei; Zhu, Yiwen
  Authors: Lu, Yijing; Zhang, Lei; Tsay, Shin-pei; Zhu, Yiwen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy; Economics
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-3158
• Aggregating VMT Within Predefined Geographic Zones by Cellular Assignment: Non-GPS-Based Approach to Mileage-Based Road Use Charging
  Abstract: Currently, most of the costs associated with operating and maintaining the roadway infrastructure are paid for by revenue collected from the motor fuel use tax. As fuel efficiency and the use of alternative fuel vehicles increases, alternatives to this funding method must be considered. One such alternative is to assess mileage based user fees (MBUF) based on the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) aggregated within the predetermined geographic areas, or travel zones, in which the VMT is generated. Most of the systems capable of this use Global Positioning Systems (GPS). However, GPS has issues with public perception, commonly associated with unwanted monitoring or tracking and is thus considered an invasion of privacy.The method proposed here utilizes cellular assignment, which is capable of determining a vehicle’s current travel zone, but is incapable of determining a vehicle’s precise location, thus better preserving user privacy. This is accomplished with a k-nearest neighbors (KNN) machine learning algorithm focused on the boundary of such travel zones.The primary experiment performed evaluates the accuracy of the algorithm at sample boundaries in and around the commercial business district of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The results show that with the training data available, the algorithm can correctly detect when a vehicle crosses a boundary to within ±2 city blocks, or roughly ±200 meters, and is thus capable of assigning the VMT to the appropriate zone. The findings imply that a cellular-based VMT system may successfully aggregate VMT by predetermined geographic travel zones without infringing on the drivers’ privacy.
  Authors: Davis, Brian; Donath, Max
  Authors: Davis, Brian; Donath, Max
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy; Economics
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-3170
• What Do Americans Think About Federal Tax Options to Support Public Transit, Highways, and Local Streets and Roads? Results from Year 3 of a National Survey
  Abstract: This paper summarizes the results of a national random-digit-dial public opinion poll that asked 1,519 respondents if they would support various tax options for raising federal transportation revenues, with a special focus on understanding support for increasing revenues for public transit. Eleven specific tax options tested were variations on raising the federal gas tax rate, creating a new mileage tax, and creating a new federal sales tax. Other questions probed various perceptions related to public transit, including knowledge and opinions about federal taxes to support transit. In addition, the survey collected data on standard socio-demographic factors, travel behavior (public transit usage, annual miles driven, and vehicle fuel efficiency), and attitudinal data about how respondents view the quality of their local transportation system and their priorities for government spending on transportation in their state. All of this information was used to assess support levels for the tax options among different population subgroups.
  Authors: Agrawal, Asha Weinstein; Nixon, Hilary; Murthy, Vinay
  Authors: Agrawal, Asha Weinstein; Nixon, Hilary; Murthy, Vinay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy; Economics
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-4941
• Emerging Strategies to Reduce Costs and Increase Public Acceptance of Mileage-Based User Fees
  Abstract: Inflation and improved fuel economy have undermined revenue from federal and state excise taxes on gasoline and diesel, making it challenging to maintain and expand the nation’s road network. With more stringent federal fuel economy standards and the emergence of alternative fuels threatening to accelerate this problem in future years, policymakers have begun to explore mileage-based user fees as a long-term replacement for fuel taxes. Unaffected by fuel type or fuel economy, mileage fees would provide more sustainable revenue, and the system could be structured to promote more efficient use of the roads, offer value-added motorist services, and collect travel data to support better network planning and operations. Mileage fees will likely cost more to administer than fuel taxes, however, and the concept faces acceptance challenges related to privacy protection and other concerns. These obstacles in turn have spurred great innovation. Drawing on recent studies, trials, and implementation efforts, we review a set of promising mileage-fee design and implementation strategies intended to reduce system costs and foster greater public acceptance.
  Authors: Sorensen, Paul; Ecola, Liisa; Wachs, Martin
  Authors: Sorensen, Paul; Ecola, Liisa; Wachs, Martin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy; Economics
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-1381
• Agglomeration, Accessibility, and Productivity: Evidence for Urbanized Areas in the United States
  Abstract:

  This paper undertakes an empirical analysis with the aim of improving the current understanding of the relationship between labor productivity and urban agglomeration economies across a sample of urbanized areas in the US. Agglomeration economies are represented with driving time measures of employment accessibility to establish a direct account for the link between transport and agglomeration economies. The paper investigates the presence of nonlinearities in the relationship between labor productivity and agglomeration economies, and examines the spatial decay pattern of the effects arising from this relationship. The findings indicate that there is considerable nonlinearity in the relation between productivity and transport induced agglomeration effects, implying that the estimation of country-level aggregate elasticities is likely to misrepresent the actual magnitude of any productivity gains from urban agglomeration. The results also suggest that the magnitude of the productivity-agglomeration effects decays very rapidly with time and is very strong within 20 minutes driving time. This suggests that knowledge spillover externalities are likely to be a very important Marshallian source of agglomeration economies.

  Authors: Melo, Patricia C.; Graham, Daniel; Levinson, David M.; Aarabi, Sarah
  Authors: Melo, Patricia C.; Graham, Daniel; Levinson, David M.; Aarabi, Sarah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 691
  Paper Number: 13-1479
• Agglomeration, Accessibility, and Productivity: Evidence for Urbanized Areas in the United States
  Authors: Melo, Patricia C.
  Authors: Melo, Patricia C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 691
  Paper Number: 13-1479
• Transport Improvement, Agglomeration Effect, and Urban Productivity: Case Study of Chinese Cities
  Authors: Lin, Tan
  Authors: Lin, Tan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 691
  Paper Number: 13-0360
• Assessment of Determinants of Financial Innovations in Transportation Infrastructure
  Authors: Darani, Ali
  Authors: Darani, Ali
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-0662
• Auctions for Private Congestible Infrastructures
  Authors: van den Berg, Vincent
  Authors: van den Berg, Vincent
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 816
  Paper Number: 13-1823
• Transit-Oriented Development and Household Transportation Costs: Household-Level Analysis
  Authors: Zhou, Xin
  Authors: Zhou, Xin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 790
  Paper Number: 13-2197
• Private Investment and Road Pricing: The Investment Public-Private Partnership
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-1087
• Emerging Strategies to Reduce Costs and Increase Public Acceptance of Mileage-Based User Fees
  Authors: Sorensen, Paul
  Authors: Sorensen, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-1381
• Do State Public-Private Partnership Enabling Laws Affect Investment in Infrastructure?
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-1588
• Study on Toll-Pricing Strategies for Managing Transportation Facilities in Design-Build-Finance-Operate Partnerships
  Authors: Wu, Hui
  Authors: Wu, Hui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 816
  Paper Number: 13-2865
• Retail Fuel Price Stabilization and Revenue Generation of Dynamic Taxation Policy
  Authors: Lu, Yijing
  Authors: Lu, Yijing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-3158
• Positive Model of Departure Time Choice Under Road Pricing and Uncertainty
  Authors: Xiong, Chenfeng
  Authors: Xiong, Chenfeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 387
  Paper Number: 13-3421
• Traveler Response to Co-present Multiple Pricing Schemes: Results of an Elaborated Mixture-Amount Experiment
  Authors: Khademi, Elaheh
  Authors: Khademi, Elaheh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 387
  Paper Number: 13-1966
• Aggregating VMT Within Predefined Geographic Zones by Cellular Assignment: Non-GPS-Based Approach to Mileage-Based Road Use Charging
  Authors: Davis, Brian
  Authors: Davis, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-3170
• Effects of Dubai Metro on Residential Property Values
  Authors: Mohammad, Sara
  Authors: Mohammad, Sara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 790
  Paper Number: 13-3005
• Public Perceptions and Preferences towards a VMT Fee System in Nevada
  Authors: Paz, Alexander
  Authors: Paz, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 387
  Paper Number: 13-2215
• Comparing Public-Private Partnerships with Traditional Procurement: Incorporating Considerations from Benefit-Cost Analysis
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-3014
• Dynamic Road Pricing for Revenue Maximization: Modeling Framework and Solution Methodology
  Authors: Abdelghany, Khaled
  Authors: Abdelghany, Khaled
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 816
  Paper Number: 13-4118
• Real-World Test of Road User Fees: Evaluating Minnesota's Mileage-Based User Fee Test
  Authors: Rephlo, Jennifer
  Authors: Rephlo, Jennifer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 387
  Paper Number: 13-4492
• Rural Highway Expansion and Economic Development: Impacts on Private Earnings and Employment
  Authors: Iacono, Michael
  Authors: Iacono, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 691
  Paper Number: 13-4701
• Using the Real Estate Market to Establish Light Rail Station Catchment Areas: Case Study of Attached Residential Property Values in Salt Lake County with Respect to Light Rail Station Distance
  Authors: Petheram, Susan
  Authors: Petheram, Susan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 790
  Paper Number: 13-4771
• What Do Americans Think About Federal Tax Options to Support Public Transit, Highways, and Local Streets and Roads? Results from Year 3 of a National Survey
  Authors: Agrawal, Asha
  Authors: Agrawal, Asha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-4941
• Transit and Access to Jobs in Competitive Clusters
  Authors: Tilahun, Nebiyou
  Authors: Tilahun, Nebiyou
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 691
  Paper Number: 13-5062
• General Framework for Evaluating Long-Term Leasing of Toll Roads: Case Study of Indiana I-90
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 816
  Paper Number: 13-4539
• Effective Investment Decisions Through Organizational Alignment
  Authors: Jackson, Denise
  Authors: Jackson, Denise
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 721
  Paper Number: P13-5098
• Case Studies in Risk Management for Rapid Renewal Projects
  Authors: Molenaar, Keith
  Authors: Molenaar, Keith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 228
  Paper Number: P13-5164
• How to Incorporate Risk Decision Making into Planning and Programming Phase of a Capital Program
  Authors: Milton, John
  Authors: Milton, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 228
  Paper Number: P13-5256
• How to Incorporate Risk Decision Making into Planning and Programming Phase of a Capital Program
  Authors: Morin, Pat
  Authors: Morin, Pat
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 228
  Paper Number: P13-5256
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Smith, Nancy
  Authors: Smith, Nancy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Finance; Law
  Session: 309
  Paper Number: P13-5462
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Patel, Shailendra
  Authors: Patel, Shailendra
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Finance; Law
  Session: 365
  Paper Number: P13-5463
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Milton, John
  Authors: Milton, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Finance; Law
  Session: 309
  Paper Number: P13-5462
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Molenaar, Keith
  Authors: Molenaar, Keith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Finance; Law
  Session: 309
  Paper Number: P13-5462
• Integrating Risk into Investment Decision Making at Minnesota Department of Transportation: Past, Present, and Future
  Authors: Wilson, Ryan
  Authors: Wilson, Ryan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 228
  Paper Number: P13-5398
• Time on Market and Impact of Mass Rapid Transit System on Residential Property Values: Case of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
  Authors: Saphores, Jean-Daniel
  Authors: Saphores, Jean-Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 790
  Paper Number: 13-5256
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Galvin, Daniel
  Authors: Galvin, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Finance; Law
  Session: 309
  Paper Number: P13-5462
• Georgia's Transportation Investment Act
  Authors: Hull, Corey
  Authors: Hull, Corey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 275
  Paper Number: P13-5627
• Georgia's Transportation Investment Act
  Authors: Hayse, Jane
  Authors: Hayse, Jane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 275
  Paper Number: P13-5627
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Schwab, John
  Authors: Schwab, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Finance; Law
  Session: 365
  Paper Number: P13-5463
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Scott, Sid
  Authors: Scott, Sid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Finance; Law
  Session: 365
  Paper Number: P13-5463
• Customer Service Through Organizational Alignment
  Authors: Toth, Jennifer
  Authors: Toth, Jennifer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 721
  Paper Number: P13-5097
• The Arizona Perspective
  Authors: Walker, Marisa
  Authors: Walker, Marisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6909
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection: The Federal Perspective
  Authors: Counihan, Dennis
  Authors: Counihan, Dennis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6910
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: White, Karen
  Authors: White, Karen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 387
  Paper Number: Z13-387
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Bergeron, Nancy
  Authors: Bergeron, Nancy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 816
  Paper Number: Z13-816
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Queiroz, Cesar
  Authors: Queiroz, Cesar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Finance
  Session: 455
  Paper Number: Z13-455
• Florida's Decision-Making Framework: From Plans to Investments
  Authors: Romig, Bob
  Authors: Romig, Bob
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 721
  Paper Number: P13-6868
• Competition Winner – Talking Trade-Offs: Using interactive public involvement techniques to prioritize investment on Minnesota’s state highways
  Authors: Wilson, Ryan
  Authors: Wilson, Ryan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Society
  Session: 589
  Paper Number: P13-6941
• Honorable Mention – Terminus: Transportation Planning in Game Form
  Authors: Weber, Johann
  Authors: Weber, Johann
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Society
  Session: 589
  Paper Number: P13-6945
• Honorable Mention – Terminus: Transportation Planning in Game Form
  Authors: Smith, Denise
  Authors: Smith, Denise
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Society
  Session: 589
  Paper Number: P13-6945
• Worldwide Overview of Public-Private Partnership Financing
  Authors: Irigoyen, Jose Luis
  Authors: Irigoyen, Jose Luis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Finance
  Session: 455
  Paper Number: P13-6718
• Tolling the Mexican/US Border – Can It Be Done?
  Authors: Harknett, Thomas
  Authors: Harknett, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-7060
• Honorable Mention – Fast Forward. Move the Economy. Find a Solution with Transit.
  Authors: Wagner, James
  Authors: Wagner, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Society
  Session: 589
  Paper Number: P13-6946
• Honorable Mention – Communicating Long-Term Transportation Funding Issues
  Authors: Baker, Richard
  Authors: Baker, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Society
  Session: 589
  Paper Number: P13-6947
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Clary, Lowell
  Authors: Clary, Lowell
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Law; MAP-21
  Session: 142
  Paper Number: Z13-142
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Boast, Thomas
  Authors: Boast, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Economics; Finance
  Session: 178
  Paper Number: Z13-178
• Inter-American Development Bank's Experience with Use of P3 Subsidies in Latin America
  Authors: Serebrisky, Tomas
  Authors: Serebrisky, Tomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Finance
  Session: 455
  Paper Number: P13-6359
• P3 Program Design and Decision Making: The Ohio Experience
  Authors: Riley, James
  Authors: Riley, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: P13-6373
• Sourcing Capital Funding with Banks and Bonds: Issues and Considerations in 2012 and 2013
  Authors: Callender, Duane
  Authors: Callender, Duane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Economics; Finance
  Session: 178
  Paper Number: P13-5824
• The Southern California Perspective
  Authors: Casgar, Christina
  Authors: Casgar, Christina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6138
• Greenville-Spartanburg Airport Land Use Planning & Development Study
  Authors: Edwards, David
  Authors: Edwards, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 633
  Paper Number: P13-6336
• Role of Subsidies in PPPs Based on World Bank Experience
  Authors: Flor, Lincoln
  Authors: Flor, Lincoln
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Finance
  Session: 455
  Paper Number: P13-6357
• The Southern California Perspective
  Authors: Arias, Elisa
  Authors: Arias, Elisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6138
• Potential Role of Return on Investment in Aviation System Planning
  Authors: McClellan, Eric
  Authors: McClellan, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 633
  Paper Number: P13-6338
• Competition Winner – How would you invest San Francisco’s transportation dollars: Be the City’s budget czar for a day!
  Authors: Brisson, Liz
  Authors: Brisson, Liz
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Society
  Session: 589
  Paper Number: P13-6940
• CAF's Experience with P3 Subsidies in Latin America
  Authors: Kogan, Jorge
  Authors: Kogan, Jorge
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Finance
  Session: 455
  Paper Number: P13-6355
• Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Aviation System Planning Study: Why It's Worth It
  Authors: Purcell, Arlyn
  Authors: Purcell, Arlyn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Aviation; Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 633
  Paper Number: P13-6337
• Sourcing Capital Funding with Banks and Bonds: Issues and Considerations in 2012 and 2013
  Authors: Fanter, Edward
  Authors: Fanter, Edward
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Economics; Finance
  Session: 178
  Paper Number: P13-5824
• Sourcing Capital Funding with Banks and Bonds: Issues and Considerations in 2012 and 2013
  Authors: Khan, Nasir
  Authors: Khan, Nasir
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Economics; Finance
  Session: 178
  Paper Number: P13-5824
• Sourcing Capital Funding with Banks and Bonds: Issues and Considerations in 2012 and 2013
  Authors: Sutherland, Willem
  Authors: Sutherland, Willem
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Economics; Finance
  Session: 178
  Paper Number: P13-5824
• Sourcing Capital Funding with Banks and Bonds: Issues and Considerations in 2012 and 2013
  Authors: Sheehy, Robert
  Authors: Sheehy, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Economics; Finance
  Session: 178
  Paper Number: P13-5824
• Sourcing Capital Funding with Banks and Bonds: Issues and Considerations in 2012 and 2013
  Authors: O'Brien, Kevin
  Authors: O'Brien, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Economics; Finance
  Session: 178
  Paper Number: P13-5824
• Challenges and Opportunities Under MAP-21
  Authors: Puro, Sarah
  Authors: Puro, Sarah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Law; MAP-21
  Session: 142
  Paper Number: P13-5523
• Florida State Transportation Revenue Study
  Authors: Glassman, Howard
  Authors: Glassman, Howard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 275
  Paper Number: P13-5630
• Challenges and Opportunities Under MAP-21
  Authors: Macek, Nathan
  Authors: Macek, Nathan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Law; MAP-21
  Session: 142
  Paper Number: P13-5523
• State and Regional Innovations
  Authors: Barna, Jim
  Authors: Barna, Jim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Law; MAP-21
  Session: 142
  Paper Number: P13-5528
• Sourcing Capital Funding with Banks and Bonds: Issues and Considerations in 2012 and 2013
  Authors: DiPrinzio, Raymond
  Authors: DiPrinzio, Raymond
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Economics; Finance
  Session: 178
  Paper Number: P13-5824
• Sourcing Capital Funding with Banks and Bonds: Issues and Considerations in 2012 and 2013
  Authors: Mukani, Vinod
  Keywords: Public
  Authors: Mukani, Vinod
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Economics; Finance
  Session: 178
  Paper Number: P13-5824
• Livability Literature Review: Synthesis of Current Practice
  Authors: Hermanson, Valerie
  Authors: Hermanson, Valerie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2940
• San Francisco Bay Area Transportation Improvement Program Investment Analysis
  Authors: Srinivasan, Srikalyani
  Authors: Srinivasan, Srikalyani
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 414
  Paper Number: P13-6330
• Visualization Through the Public Eye: PennDOT's Multimodal Project Management System Interactive Query
  Authors: Honesty, Kenita
  Authors: Honesty, Kenita
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 414
  Paper Number: P13-6334
• State and Regional Innovations
  Authors: Schank, Joshua
  Authors: Schank, Joshua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Law; MAP-21
  Session: 142
  Paper Number: P13-5528
• State and Regional Innovations
  Authors: Lipman, Deborah
  Authors: Lipman, Deborah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Law; MAP-21
  Session: 142
  Paper Number: P13-5528
• Perspective of Investment Banking Industry on Tolled Ports of Entry
  Authors: Muller, Robert
  Authors: Muller, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6140
• Sustainable Communities: Challenges in Implementing Standardized Performance Measures
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-3397
• Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure Investments and Mode Share Changes: A 20-Year Case Study of Boulder, Colorado.
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-4192
• An Innovative Approach to Prioritizing Projects for San Francisco's Countywide Plan
  Authors: Brisson, Liz
  Authors: Brisson, Liz
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 414
  Paper Number: P13-6329
• Financial Evaluation of Mileage-Based User Fee: State of Florida Case Study
  Authors: Al-Deek, Haitham
  Authors: Al-Deek, Haitham
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0332
• Comparative Analysis of Road Financing Approaches in Europe and the United States
  Authors: Gomez, Juan
  Authors: Gomez, Juan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1147
• Minimizing the Impacts of Cost and Revenue Uncertainties on Transportation Project Delivery
  Authors: Redd, Larry
  Authors: Redd, Larry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1599
• Equity Evaluation of Fuel Tax per Gallon and VMT Fee
  Authors: Kastrouni, Eirini
  Authors: Kastrouni, Eirini
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-2826
• Performance-Based Framework to Include Air Quality in Mileage-Based User Fees: Framework Structure
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3236
• A Region Divided: Campaign for 2012 Transportation Referendum in Atlanta, Georgia
  Authors: Paget-Seekins, Laurel
  Authors: Paget-Seekins, Laurel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4715
• Assessment of Social Dimensions of Sustainable Innovative Financing in Transportation Infrastructure Projects
  Authors: Darani, Ali
  Authors: Darani, Ali
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0664
• Transportation Infrastructure Funding with an Electrified Fleet
  Authors: Roberts, David
  Authors: Roberts, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0682
• Seeking New Revenues to Finance Transportation Investments: Placing Tolls on Untolled Interstates and the Challenges of Estimating Changes in Demand
  Authors: Berliner, Rosaria
  Authors: Berliner, Rosaria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3700
• Seeking Alternative Transportation Financing Approaches in Massachusetts: Vehicle-Miles-Traveled Fee as a Supplement to Fuel Tax
  Authors: Costa, Ashley
  Authors: Costa, Ashley
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4654
• Fuel Tax Refund Policy and Process Review of States
  Authors: Chaudhari, Jaydeepkumar
  Authors: Chaudhari, Jaydeepkumar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1354
• Long-Term Motor Fuel Tax Revenue Projections in Georgia
  Authors: Cherry, Phillip
  Authors: Cherry, Phillip
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1383
• Framework to Analyze Vehicle Miles Travelled Fee Implementation
  Authors: Vavrova, Marketa
  Authors: Vavrova, Marketa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-2915
• Funding Urban Transport in New York: Revenue Potential of VMT and Carbon Taxes in New York State
  Authors: Gordon, Cameron
  Authors: Gordon, Cameron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0443
• The P3 Potential
  Authors: Elgart, Zachary
  Authors: Elgart, Zachary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-2971
• Key Considerations for States Seeking to Implement Public-Private Partnerships for New Highway Capacity
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-3030
• General Framework for Evaluating Long-Term Leasing of Toll Roads: Case Study of Indiana I-90
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-5860
• Alaska's Experience with P3 Procurement
  Authors: Zofka, Ewa
  Authors: Zofka, Ewa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-6042
• Accessibility and Housing Price Resilience: Evidence from Limited-Access Roadways
  Authors: Concas, Sisinnio
  Authors: Concas, Sisinnio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 297
  Paper Number: 13-0193
• Cases in Congestion Resilience: Fostering High-Functioning Regional Economies Despite Gridlock
  Authors: Sweet, Matthias
  Authors: Sweet, Matthias
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance
  Session: 297
  Paper Number: 13-3706
• Chicago's Congestion Parking Tax: Early Evaluation
  Authors: Lai, Andrew
  Authors: Lai, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-0079
• Chicago's Congestion Parking Tax: Early Evaluation
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-0079
• Feasibility Study for Converting High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes to Managed Lanes in Dallas, Texas
  Authors: Ardekani, Siamak
  Authors: Ardekani, Siamak
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2022
• Dynamic Feedback-Control Toll Pricing Methodology for Revenue Maximization: Case Study on I-95 Managed Lanes
  Authors: Cheng, Danhong
  Authors: Cheng, Danhong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2045
• Short-Run Impact of Gas Price Fluctuations on Toll Road Use
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3717
• Empirical Study on Lane-Changing Behaviors Along Different Types of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes in California
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3979
• Empirical Study on Lane-Changing Behaviors Along Different Types of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes in California
  Authors: Boriboonsomsin, Kanok
  Authors: Boriboonsomsin, Kanok
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3979
• How Do Travelers Perceive and Value Travel Time Reliability?
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6047
• Priced Dynamic Shoulder Lanes in Minnesota
  Authors: Buckeye, Kenneth
  Authors: Buckeye, Kenneth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6076
• What Do Charlotte Residents Think About Express Toll Lanes?
  Authors: Purnell, Lynn
  Authors: Purnell, Lynn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6077
• Congestion Pricing Alternatives to Investigate Potential of Route Diversion on Toll Facilities Using En Route Guidance
  Authors: Abou-Senna, Hatem
  Authors: Abou-Senna, Hatem
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6063
• Safety and Mobility of the Minnesota HOT Lane Designs
  Authors: Powers, Mark
  Authors: Powers, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6061
• Evaluation of Changes in Person and Vehicle Throughput for I-85 Corridor HOV-to-HOT-Lane Conversion
  Authors: Guensler, Randall
  Authors: Guensler, Randall
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6068
• Modeling Results of Pricing Scenarios for Express Travel Choices Study
  Authors: Oryani, Kazem
  Authors: Oryani, Kazem
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6069
• Impacts of Road Pricing on Traveler Behavior: Evidence from Household Travel Behavior Panel Survey in Atlanta, Georgia
  Authors: Peirce, Sean
  Authors: Peirce, Sean
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6072
• Dynamic Modeling Application for Toll Demand and Price Equilibrium on Toll Facilities
  Authors: Xu, Jinghua
  Authors: Xu, Jinghua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6074
• Let's Talk About It: Probing Citizen Attitudes Toward Congestion Pricing in the National Capital Region
  Authors: Hampton, Benjamin
  Authors: Hampton, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6075
• Spatial and Demographic Changes of Atlanta I-85 Commutershed for the HOV-to-HOT Conversion
  Authors: Khoeini, Sara
  Authors: Khoeini, Sara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6078
• I-70 Dedicated Truck Lane Feasibility Study: Traffic and Revenue Analysis Methodology
  Authors: Davis, Ronald
  Authors: Davis, Ronald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6080
• HOT for Transit
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6059
• First Reversible Managed-Lane System in the State of Georgia: Sustainability, Public Participation, and Lessons Learned
  Authors: McKeen, Kevin
  Authors: McKeen, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6062
• Short-Run Impact of Gas Price Fluctuations on Toll Road Use
  Authors: Huang, Chao
  Authors: Huang, Chao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3717
• Simulating Realistic Shock-Wave Propagation on High-Occupancy-Toll Lanes
  Authors: Stanitsas, Panagiotis
  Authors: Stanitsas, Panagiotis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-5090
• Minnesota's Transportation Economic Development Program: Using the Power of Partnerships to Deliver Job-Supporting Transportation Improvement Projects
  Authors: Shands, Matt
  Authors: Shands, Matt
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-5848
• Surety and the P3 Contract Format
  Authors: Reid, Robena
  Authors: Reid, Robena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-5859
• Private Activity Bonds and P3s
  Authors: Reid, Robena
  Authors: Reid, Robena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-5873
• Updates on Pricing Projects in San Francisco
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6052
• Analysis of Effect of Congestion Pricing on New Expressway Capacity in the Chicago Region
  Authors: Elam, Jesse
  Authors: Elam, Jesse
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6066
• Tolling an Existing Highway: First-Year Report on SR-520
  Authors: Rubstello, Patty
  Authors: Rubstello, Patty
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6081
• SR-237 Express Lanes: Lessons Learned After Nine Months of Operation
  Authors: Emoto, Casey
  Authors: Emoto, Casey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6091
• FHWA's Public-Private Partnership Programs and Roadmap
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-5861
• Tools for Development of Public-Sector Comparator and P3 Shadow Bid for Value for Money Analysis
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-5862
• Risk Assessment Tool for P3 Evaluation
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-5864
• City of Seattle's Performance-Based Pricing Program: Getting the Prices Right
  Authors: Snyder, Mary Catherine
  Authors: Snyder, Mary Catherine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6053
• LA Express Park: "Save Time, Park Smarter"
  Authors: Ghent, Peer
  Authors: Ghent, Peer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6054
• Empirical Study on Lane-Changing Behaviors Along Different Types of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes in California
  Authors: Wu, Guoyuan
  Authors: Wu, Guoyuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3979
• Northbound I-680 Express Lanes and BATA Conversion of HOV Lanes to Express Lanes
  Authors: Stanek, David
  Authors: Stanek, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6084
• Financial Assessment Tool for P3 Evaluation
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-5866
• Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure Investments and Mode Share Changes: A 20-Year Case Study of Boulder, Colorado.
  Abstract:

  This case study examines transportation infrastructure investments along with data revealing mode share in order to highlight correlations between investments in sustainable transportation infrastructure (‘supply’) and patterns of non-automobile mode share (‘demand’). The analysis assesses data from Boulder, Colorado, a city that has made substantial efforts to improve its multi-modal transportation infrastructure and services by investing in pedestrian, bicycle, and transit infrastructure and services. We aim to describe connections between supply and demand by measuring two phenomena: the extent of transportation infrastructure investments supporting pedestrian, bicycle, and transit modes made between 1990 and 2009, and the share of these modes during the same 20-year period. Results illustrate an overall increase in transit and bicycle mode share and a decrease in single occupancy vehicle share, with consistent pedestrian share. We conclude that Boulder’s investments in improving mode choices through new infrastructure and services supporting non-automobile modes are associated with increasing share of non-automobile modes. This is despite national trends which indicate opposite patterns. Regardless of the reasons for the positive trends experienced in Boulder, the presence of robust pedestrian, bicycling, and transit infrastructure has clearly coincided with evolving travel preferences. Boulder therefore serves as an example for other cities desiring to focus on developing policies and infrastructure that expand the availability of non-automobile modes.

  Authors: Henao, Alejandro; Piatkowski, Daniel; Luckey, Kara Showalter; Nordback, Krista; Stonebraker, Eric William; Marshall, Wesley; Krizek, Kevin J.
  Authors: Henao, Alejandro; Piatkowski, Daniel; Luckey, Kara Showalter; Nordback, Krista; Stonebraker, Eric William; Marshall, Wesley; Krizek, Kevin J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-4192
• Minnesota Mileage-Based User Fee Policy Task Force
  Abstract:

  Two national commissions have encouraged the development of a mileage-based charging system as a future alternative to the fuel tax. The State of Oregon has taken the lead in testing and moving toward a limited application of mileage-based user fees, and several other states have initiated demonstrations, surveys and policy studies. This paper presents the findings and recommendations from a 2011 policy task force study in Minnesota and discusses the lessons learned from this effort. The task force concluded that fairness was a primary reason for considering a mileage-based user fee system, not just raising revenue to fund future transportation infrastructure. As vehicles become more fuel-efficient, some vehicles are paying less per mile through the gas tax for transportation services than others, and some are paying nothing at all if they drive electric vehicles.

  Authors: Munnich, Lee W.; Doan, John Q.; Johnson, Cory J.
  Authors: Munnich, Lee W.; Doan, John Q.; Johnson, Cory J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-2753