2013 Subject Index: Maintenance and Preservation

• Holistic Approach to Transportation Infrastructure Maintenance and Preservation
  Abstract: The median age of bridges in the National Bridge Inventory is about 44 years. Many bridges built to design codes that are older and less demanding than current codes will be required to exceed their original design lives. Therefore, state highway agencies will need to expend more resources to prevent deterioration of their bridges, and the most efficient ways of assessing and maintaining the stock of bridges must be found. In addition, new bridges must be designed for durability, and key components must be accessible and capable of being maintained. This paper discusses various deterioration mechanisms, such as fatigue, impacts, scour, concrete deterioration, and corrosion, that can affect current highway bridges; issues concerning durability, maintainability, assessment, and monitoring of bridges; rehabilitation of bridges; and design of new bridges. Training of new engineers and the provision of expertise and allocation of resources by state highway agencies are also discussed. A holistic approach to transportation infrastructure maintenance is viewed as ensuring that all relevant expertise and experience are available to contribute to the design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of new and existing bridges.
  Authors: Broomfield, John Philip
  Authors: Broomfield, John Philip
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: A0000
  Paper Number: 13-0001
• Measurement Bias and Reproducibility of In-Service Sign Retroreflectivity Readings Made with Handheld Instruments
  Abstract: With new requirements to maintain sign retroreflectivity, a number of agencies have selected maintenance programs that involve measuring retroreflectance of traffic signs. The accuracy and precision of handheld retroreflectometers, however, is not regulated, and the bias and reproducibility of handheld retroreflectometers needs to be assessed. This had, until now, not been done for instruments on in-service signs in field conditions.To assess the measurement bias and reproducibility of handheld retroreflectometers, readings of sign retroreflectance were taken during two periods separated by a 3-week interval, each time by two retroreflectometers. The average measurement bias was found to be 1.59 and 20.0 cd/lx/m2 for readings made on beaded and prismatic signs, respectively, and the reproducibility error was found to be 1.66 and 11.9 cd/lx/m2 for readings made on beaded and prismatic signs, respectively. When compared to the total retroreflectance of these signs, these average differences are relatively small. However, the amount of observed variability is enough to conclude that supplemental readings, whether by another instrument or at a different time, may produce markedly different values of retroreflectance.
  Authors: Brimley, Bradford; Carlson, Paul J.; Ye, Fan
  Authors: Brimley, Bradford; Carlson, Paul J.; Ye, Fan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 805
  Paper Number: 13-0032
• Current State of Research on the Long-Term Deterioration of Traffic Signs
  Abstract: The minimum retroreflectivity standard for traffic signs in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices requires that transportation agencies replace signs when they deteriorate beyond a prescribed minimum level of retroreflectivity. There are many sheeting products available with a variety of initial retroreflectivity levels for agencies to choose from when they need to install signs, but one primary concern agencies may have is their expected life. This paper serves as a compilation of studies related to the long-term deterioration of traffic signs to present what research has been completed in this area. The research compiled here shows that some signs may have an unrealistically long expected lifespan, a conclusion resulting from limitations in the study designs and their assumptions. A controlled long-term study of the deterioration of traffic signs with respect to retroreflectivity and color is encouraged to provide agencies the information necessary to select appropriate traffic sign products.
  Authors: Brimley, Bradford; Carlson, Paul J.
  Authors: Brimley, Bradford; Carlson, Paul J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 805
  Paper Number: 13-0033
• Development of Evaluation Criterion for Commercially Available Proximity Warning Systems to Prevent Backing Fatalities in Construction Work Zones
  Abstract: Various sensing technologies, such as radars, video cameras, and tag based systems, have been developed and tested to provide hazard warnings to operators in order to prevent collisions within blind areas of construction equipment. However, due to the various construction equipment characteristics, there is no panacea in terms of technology that will work for all types of construction equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop criteria for selecting proximity warning systems for specific equipment types. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to select construction equipment types which most frequently cause backing accidents in construction work zones; (2) to establish a generic proximity warning systems selection criteria for selected equipment types; and (3) to select appropriate proximity warning systems for selected vehicle types. From accident and blind area data analysis, pickup and dump trucks were selected for our test. In addition, the sensor selection criteria for both pickup and dump trucks were developed based on eight evaluation factors and criteria which were collected from related publications and specifications from commercially available systems. The selection criteria were validated by 20 external experts in the field of construction safety and sensing. As a result, three sensor systems for pickup trucks and one sensor system for dump trucks were selected based on the developed evaluation criteria.
  Authors: Choe, Soo Young; Leite, Fernanda; Seedah, Dan; Caldas, Carlos
  Authors: Choe, Soo Young; Leite, Fernanda; Seedah, Dan; Caldas, Carlos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 400
  Paper Number: 13-0129
• Incorporating Weather Effects in Highway Capacity Manual Reliability Analysis
  Abstract: This study details a methodology for incorporating weather effects in an HCM-based Freeway Reliability analysis. The methodology is capable of estimating historical weather probabilities as well as predicting future year weather probabilities by weather condition from a 10 year historical average probability database. Probabilities for historical analyses are directly calculated from detailed hourly weather reports for the period of time that freeway reliability is reported. The methodology is applied for the 101 largest metropolitan areas in the US to create a probability database for use in a probabilistic scenario generator to incorporate non-recurring effects in HCM freeway operations analysis.In addition to presenting the methodology, sample results are validated at four locations. Probabilities of each weather type are shown with a confidence interval based on the variability of probabilities by year within the 10 year sample. Finally, prediction errors are calculated with multiple sample sizes. The results show that prediction errors stabilize near the 10 year sample size.
  Authors: Chase, R. Thomas; Hajbabaie, Ali; Schroeder, Bastian J.
  Authors: Chase, R. Thomas; Hajbabaie, Ali; Schroeder, Bastian J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 313
  Paper Number: 13-0227
• Dynamic Contracting: Asset Management Tool Controlling Infrastructure Maintenance Activities
  Abstract: Infrastructure road network is a complex system in a fast changing complicated environment and therefore subject to change. The changes refer to demands, requirements, regulations and financial possibilities as well as advanced technologies. Therefore outsourcing maintenance activities are rather difficult. In result, increasing complexity and changes severely affects the asset management strategies of transportation agencies and reduces their ability to control the maintenance activities. In this case, current traditional contracting based on fixed price lack the capability of dealing with changes to provide improved level of services. The main question is how to do outsourcing of the maintenance activities in this context. Implementation of effective and efficient delivery of services could be mentioned as the goal of agencies for their assets. This paper summarizes and explains the key challenges and preliminary findings with respect to performance parameters of changing circumstances within process of controlling the maintenance activities of managing the outsourcing in the Dutch road network system. A framework is introduced to describe the dynamic behavior of the network that enables to support goal controlled dynamic interaction of network assets and changing circumstances.
  Authors: Demirel, Hatice Cigdem; De Ridder, Hennes; Hertogh, Marcel
  Authors: Demirel, Hatice Cigdem; De Ridder, Hennes; Hertogh, Marcel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-0362
• Vehicle Routing of Urban Snow plowing Operations: Case Study for City of Edmonton, Canada
  Abstract: Canadian municipalities spend significant capital for snow plowing to provide safe and reliable mobility for road users. Any improvement in winter snow plowing will not only result in significant capital savings for road agencies, but also improve the safety and mobility of road users. The problem of routing for snow plowing operations is generally considered a network optimization problem in the existing research. However, the formulation and solution approaches can be very different and diverse, since each area has its own unique environmental conditions and operational constraints. Assuming a district and a single depot are given, the problem is to determine a set of routes that will ensure that all road links are serviced, all the operational constraints are satisfied and the total cost is minimized. This study presents a mathematical optimization model based on the Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) to minimize the total travel distance for winter road snow plowing in the City of Edmonton. A metaheuristic algorithm is used to solve this model. The model and algorithm are applied to a road sub-network for the south part of Edmonton, Canada. The results show that the model and algorithm are capable of achieving good solutions. Sensitivity analyses also show that the final results are sensitive to the depot location and number of routes. The proposed model needs to be expanded by considering more operational constraints in the City of Edmonton.
  Authors: Liu, Gang; Ge, Yongfeng; Qiu, Tony Z.; Soleymani, Hamid R.
  Authors: Liu, Gang; Ge, Yongfeng; Qiu, Tony Z.; Soleymani, Hamid R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 548
  Paper Number: 13-0491
• From Strategic Optimization to Tactical Plans: Coordinating Treatments of Road Infrastructure
  Abstract: Infrastructure management is well established around the world. However, its main use is for strategic planning, typically to figure it out levels of funding required to achieve and sustain target levels of service to end users. Translating strategic planning into tactical and operational planning has not been so widely explored. Often there is a disconnection between long term analysis and annual programs of works. This paper explores the mechanisms for translating results from integer programming optimization into tactical programs of works. Space and time criteria along with treatment compatibility, are used to re-allocate treatments to minimize disruptions to users by clustering together neighbor projects to happen at the same time. A corridor of 1km wide along route 1 in New Brunswick was used to illustrate the method. The strategic analysis consisted of 20 years of treatment allocation for pavements, chip-sealed roads and bridges. It was found that treatments for a tactical plan of 15 years were re-allocated into groups at years 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10. Clusters at years 2 and 3 were separated by a distance superior to the maximum space opening criteria specified and therefore were not clustered into one group. Coordinated program of works resulted in suboptimal plans affecting more largely chip-sealed roads (33% away from optimal) and then pavements (17% away), bridges remained less affected with values for total bridge condition much closer (9% away) to optimal uncoordinated values of such objective.
  Authors: Faghih-Imani, Ahmadreza; Amador-Jimenez, Luis
  Authors: Faghih-Imani, Ahmadreza; Amador-Jimenez, Luis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-0632
• Statistical Determination of Agricultural Vehicle-Induced Bridge Distribution Factor Threshold
  Abstract: Most studies to date on live-load distribution factor (DF) determination have focused on the examination of bridges under normal highway-type vehicles. Many bridges are in use on rural roadways where agricultural vehicle travel is common and therefore the impacts of their atypical load types should be explicitly considered. Developing systematic methodologies accounting for their effects are also critical for more reasonable safety assessment of rural bridges. The primary objective of this study is to develop a statistical framework to determine DFs for rural bridges subjected to agricultural vehicles. A sample bridge in a rural area of Iowa was selected for demonstration of the proposed statistical framework. The proposed procedure consists of multiple parts including live load field testing, finite element simulations, and statistical analyses. A network of multiple strain sensors were installed at the critical locations on the bridge to monitor strain time histories resulting from passes of farm vehicles with known characteristics. Strains were utilized to compute field measured DFs and also used to calibrate analytical models. As part of the model simulation, farm vehicles commonly found in the United States were chosen and applied to the model to calculate their DFs. Statistical thresholds for the exterior and interior girders were calculated by performing a statistical analysis of the computed data. The thresholds were compared to the AASHTO code-specified DFs (for both the Standard Specification and the LRFD Specification), indicating the interior girder limit was below yet the exterior limit was above the AASHTO values.
  Authors: Seo, Junwon; Phares, Brent Matthew; Dahlberg, Justin; Wipf, Terry J.; Abu-Hawash, Ahmad
  Authors: Seo, Junwon; Phares, Brent Matthew; Dahlberg, Justin; Wipf, Terry J.; Abu-Hawash, Ahmad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-0633
• Paralleling Influence of Unscheduled and Scheduled Roadwork Characteristics on Traffic Incident Durations
  Abstract: The review of incident data covering freeways in Tennessee shows that approximately 2% of incidents each year are the result of unscheduled roadworks. While the public is always informed about the scheduled roadworks, most of unscheduled roadworks are initially unknown to the road users in general. The impact of unscheduled roadworks to traffic operations and safety are currently not well documented in the literature. While the literature review found many studies related to work zones, very few are focused specifically on unscheduled roadwork incidents. The objective of this study was therefore, to evaluate and compare the impact of unscheduled and scheduled roadworks to the length of incident durations. Both descriptive statistics and statistical modeling utilizing Generalized Ordered Logit Model (GOLM) and Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) were used. The GOLM model was used due to its less restrictive ability in estimation compared to parallel line models like ordinary ordered logit since it does not ignore the category ordering unlike MNL. Among the factors found to impact the incident durations significantly include, number of lanes closed, the type of lane closed, vehicle involvement, queue formation, means of incident notification, day of the week and the time of the day. There were slight variations in the magnitude of variable coefficients between scheduled and unscheduled models but with relatively same signs among these two. Comparing GOLM and MNL, signs of most variable coefficients were almost identical between the models but with different interpretations.
  Authors: Chimba, Deo; Kutela, Boniphace; Kwigizile, Valerian; Sando, Thobias
  Authors: Chimba, Deo; Kutela, Boniphace; Kwigizile, Valerian; Sando, Thobias
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 400
  Paper Number: 13-0637
• Numeric Approach Toward Forming of Optimal Multiperiod Maintenance Policy for Bridge Elements Using Markov Decision Model with Weibull-Distributed Deterioration Probabilities
  Abstract: A numeric approach is proposed towards generation of the optimal time-dependent maintenance policy for bridge elements. The key assumption of the method is that condition states of an element make Markov chain and that deterioration-induced transitions in such chain occur with probabilities quantifiable by the Weibull probability distribution function, whereas the probabilities of transitions caused by remedial actions are assumed to be time-independent. The issue of parameterization of the Weibull function using expert elicitation is discussed. An approach towards achieving given accuracy in calculation of shadow costs of the actions is formulated in detail by separately investigating the cases when the slope parameter of Weibull distribution is greater and less than one. An iterative procedure that solves Markov Decision Model (MDM) with Weibull-distributed deterioration probabilities is outlined, and the issue of its convergence is addressed. Several examples are given to illustrate the major aspects of the suggested method.
  Authors: Gurenich, Dmitry
  Authors: Gurenich, Dmitry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-0654
• Novel Wireless Multisensor Network System for Steel Bridge Fatigue Crack Monitoring
  Abstract: A low cost, low power and reliable bridge structure health monitoring and in-situ inspection system has been developed to detect and track fatigue cracks on steel bridges. It includes a small, low power, multi-channel and multi-sensor data acquisition and processing platform that interfaces with Acoustic Emission (AE), strain gauge and ultrasonic guided wave sensors for damage monitoring on a bridge structure, a miniature gateway node that integrates with IEEE 802.15.4 and Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) radios for wireless data collection and transmission to a remote computer server, and a small solar energy harvesting module for powering the sensor platform and gateway node. The system utilizes (AE) and strain sensors to continuously monitor steel bridge structures for possible damage events such as growth of a fatigue crack, which after initial verification then triggers the ultrasonic guided wave sensors for active inspection of the suspected area. The ultrasonic sensors will also perform scheduled inspections if no triggering event has occurred for a prolonged time interval. Extensive lab and field tests have been conducted on A-36 mild steel Compact-Tension (C-T) coupons for fatigue crack monitoring, and on a concrete deck, multi-beam steel-girder highway bridge for “web gap” types of crack inspection. Data showed that the system can be used to detect and track the growth of the fatigue crack, and the results are consistent, repeatable and reliable. The ultimate objective is to develop a self sufficient, weather proof, and easy for installation and maintenance wireless bridge health monitoring system for long-term bridge integrity assessment at the bridge component level.
  Authors: Zhao, Xiaoliang; Qian, Tao; Qi, Xue; Mei, Gang; Liu, An; Xu, Roger
  Authors: Zhao, Xiaoliang; Qian, Tao; Qi, Xue; Mei, Gang; Liu, An; Xu, Roger
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-0670
• Prevention of Backing Fatalities in Construction Work Zones: Comprehensive Survey of Current Practices and Procedures
  Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive survey of current practices and procedures on the prevention of backing fatalities in construction work zones. A review of fatal backing incidents has been done and indicates that backing fatalities are a real and immediate hazard to most construction work zones. Procedures and policies are reviewed and discussed in detail. First, general work zone safety hazards are reviewed, particularly blind areas are identified. Second, engineering controls currently in use are examined and explained to help understand what steps can be taken to prevent future backing fatalities. The internal traffic control plan (ITCP) is described as one of the most promising engineering solutions to this issue. An ITCP designates the movement of people and equipment through the work zone in an effort to maximize safety by minimizing hazardous situations in the work zone. Third, administrative controls (including signalers, drivers, and workers-on-foot training) are also discussed. These in-house communication educational directives could help workers understand and use safe practices to prevent future backing fatalities. Fourth, existing technology controls are reviewed for use in aiding equipment operators in identifying when pedestrian personnel are in dangerous areas around their equipment (i.e., back-up camera, radar). Finally, a summary of the review is given, and future research directions are discussed.
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Radley, Lee; Carroll, John Clayton; Choe, Soo Young; Leite, Fernanda; Seedah, Dan; Caldas, Carlos
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Radley, Lee; Carroll, John Clayton; Choe, Soo Young; Leite, Fernanda; Seedah, Dan; Caldas, Carlos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 400
  Paper Number: 13-0323
• Laboratory Evaluation and Field Investigation of Asphalt Pavement Crack Seal Band
  Abstract: Crack sealing and filling is one of the most successful treatments for asphalt pavement preventive maintenance. The traditional crack seal materials, such as bituminous sealant or silicone sealant, unfortunately, cannot meet the requirements for open to traffic rapidly because of high volume traffic in China. Thus, a new seal material called seal band began to be applied to crack filling recently. Three test methods include penetration cone, softening point and modified bond were proposed to evaluate seal band. Then, installation configuration and field performance of seal band were investigated. The field studies indicate the treatment does not require melters, pumps or routing cracks for installation, applying seal band is as simple as blowing the pavement making sure the surface is clean and dry, unrolling and applying it to the surface. Failure investigation shows seal band can fail in three modes, included cohesion failure, adhesion failure and pullout. The investigation also discovers seal band shows better field performance than silicone sealant and hot-applied sealant. Properly installed, seal band prevents water intrusion and the deterioration it causes to the pavement.
  Authors: Li, Feng; Shi, Xiaopei; Zeng, Wei; Xu, Jian
  Authors: Li, Feng; Shi, Xiaopei; Zeng, Wei; Xu, Jian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 698
  Paper Number: 13-0396
• Wet Pavement Anti-icing: Proposed Physical Mechanism and Calculation for Minimum Application Rate
  Abstract: A commonly accepted mechanism for anti-icing of wet pavements is freezing point depression. However, not all aspects of anti-icing can satisfactorily be explained with the freezing point depression theory. In this study we tested the hypothesis that brine inclusions weaken the ice such that it does not withstand the loading from traffic. An experimental set-up was developed to freeze thin saline ice layers on pavement surfaces and test their resistance against simulated traffic load. It was found that the ice became too weak to withstand the imposed load when the combination of temperature and concentration resulted in an equilibrium brine fraction less than 0.3.The results from the lab experiments are compared with field measurements performed on wet roads in Norway. It shows that situations can occur where there is too little salt present to prevent freezing, jet traffic still goes as normal and the pavement was not experienced slippery. These measurements provide direct evidence that anti-icing of wet pavements is not solely based on freezing point depression. A new criterion, based on the equilibrium brine fraction, is proposed to determine the minimum amount of salt needed on pavement surfaces. This criterion predicts significantly lower amounts than predicted by the freezing curve. The notion of the weakening effect of anti-icing salts gives also an explanation why a certain amount of traffic is needed on pavements to achieve an effective anti-icing operation.
  Authors: Klein Paste, Alex
  Authors: Klein Paste, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 204
  Paper Number: 13-0547
• Sustainable Pavement Maintenance and Preservation Practices: Review of Current Practice
  Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to report on the state-of-the-practice in sustainable pavement maintenance and preservation. This paper is concerned and directed at understanding how pavement maintenance and preservation practices minimize environmental impacts. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) differentiates between pavement preservation and pavement maintenance and uses this to allocate federal funds accordingly. While Canadian agencies recognize and practice the concepts of pavement preservation, there is no regulatory differentiation between it and maintenance as compared to the United States (U.S). Pavement preservation promotes environmental sustainability by conserving energy, virgin materials, and reducing greehouse gases by keeping good roads good. Therefore, the foundation of a sustainable pavement maintenance program is to commit personnel and resources to pavement preservation. Currently, public agencies in the U.S. and Canada have done very little to extend the knowledge gained from research and practice in sustainable highway project delivery beyond construction completion and into the pavement preservation and maintenance phase of the road's life cycle. Thus, there are many opportunities for future research and enormous potential for agencies to accrue benefits in this area of practice. Treatments identified in this paper are primarily related to preservation and maintenance. However, these are not exclusive to preservation and maintenance and can be used in pavement rehabiliation.
  Authors: Tighe, Susan Louise; Gransberg, Douglas D.
  Authors: Tighe, Susan Louise; Gransberg, Douglas D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 212
  Paper Number: 13-0728
• Evolution of Bridge Damage-Detection Algorithm
  Abstract: This paper describes several of the many steps required to develop one of the many pieces of the structural health monitoring (SHM) system puzzle. This development has undergone a series of steps, iterations, and refinements including initial concepting, alpha-testing, analytical investigation, beta-testing, concept upgrading, and field evaluations. Although not necessarily a “blue-print” for developing such systems, this serves as a case-study for taking an initial concept through multiple steps culminating in a validated approach. As SHM becomes a more widely accepted and adopted bridge evaluation protocol, it will be imperative that developers understand the steps required to develop such systems. This work represents one example of such a process.
  Authors: Phares, Brent Matthew; Lu, Ping; Wipf, Terry J.; Greimann, Lowell; Seo, Junwon
  Authors: Phares, Brent Matthew; Lu, Ping; Wipf, Terry J.; Greimann, Lowell; Seo, Junwon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-0730
• Addressing Homeless Encampments on Department of Transportation Land: Case of Oregon’s Baldock Rest Area
  Abstract: Homelessness is a widespread societal problem—the National Alliance to End Homelessness estimates that 636,071 persons were homeless in January 2011, of whom 243,701 were “unsheltered,” meaning that they lived on the streets or in other places not intended for human habitation (http://www.endhomelessness.org/content/article/detail/4362). Given the scale of the problem, it is not surprising that employees of state and local departments of transportation regularly interact with homeless individuals and households living on DOT rights-of-way and rest areas. Little research exists in the transportation literature on the scale and operational implications of homelessness for these agencies; no literature has addressed what might be considered “best practices” for addressing the problem. This paper presents a case study of the relocation of homeless households from the Baldock Rest Area near Wilsonville in metropolitan Portland, Oregon in 2010-11. Drawing from key informant interviews, archival materials, and two national surveys of DOT/rest area managers, the paper analyzes the approach used in the Baldock relocation, identifies the key actors and processes used to address the problem, and evaluates the outcomes for the public agencies and the homeless individuals themselves. We find that interagency collaboration and the utilization of both push (sanctions) and pulls (incentives) were critical to this successful relocation. Given the emphasis on environmental justice embodied in the Obama Administration’s renewal of Executive Order 12898 of 1997, we suggest that DOT maintenance managers, supervisors and engineers be proactive in adopting procedures and practices that effectively and humanely address homelessness on DOT property.
  Authors: Bassett, Ellen M.; Tremoulet, Andree
  Authors: Bassett, Ellen M.; Tremoulet, Andree
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-0782
• Testing the Accuracy of Infrared Temperature Sensors
  Abstract: Boise State University (BSU) designed and conducted an experiment to test the accuracy of pavement temperature sensors installed at four Road Weather Information System (RWIS) sites in Idaho. A thermistor and four thermocouples were used as the reference instruments. Data was collected around 10 AM during weekdays. At least 30 measurements were made at 3 to 5 minute intervals. The measurement area was shaded in Phase I and unshaded in Phase II of the project. Analysis of the data indicated that the temperatures collected by the RWIS temperature sensors do not statistically match the data collected by the reference instruments in five out of seven cases. Deviations between the RWIS sensors and contact thermometers were found to be larger on days with clear skies. Data was collected during May and June of 2010 in Phase I, and during May 2011 in Phase II. The RWIS sensor data are posted to the vendor’s website throughout the year. Based on the results from this project, temperature data collected during May and June are unreliable and should not be publicized. Since the prediction of road surface conditions is not a trivial task, more research is urgently needed to establish testing procedures for existing sensors, develop acceptable error ranges, and identify the use of other sensors to complement the information obtained from the RWIS sensors
  Authors: Khanal, Mandar
  Authors: Khanal, Mandar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 551
  Paper Number: 13-0766
• Survival Analysis of Thin Overlay and Chip Seal Treatments Using Long-Term Pavement Performance Data
  Abstract: Pavement preservation treatments are widely used to retard future deterioration, and maintain and improve the functional condition of the system, without substantially increasing pavement structural capacity. This paper provides an empirical assessment of the longevity of two commonly used preservation treatments for hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements: thin overlay (0.5 in. to 2 in. in thickness) and chip seal. The data used in this study were extracted from the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database and covered 40 States and eight Canadian Provinces. Failure curves (also called survival curves) and mathematical models were developed for these treatment types to estimate their life expectancies and probability of failure at any given age or carried cumulative traffic loading. To account for the effect of climate on treatment performance, separate failure curves were developed for four climatic zones ? dry freeze, dry non-freeze, wet freeze, and wet non-freeze. The median life expectancy is 7 to 9.5 years for thin overlays and 3.5 to 10 years for chip seals, depending on which climatic zone the treatment is located in. In terms of traffic loading, the median life expectancy is 1,500 to 8,000 cumulative KESALs for thin overlays and 500 to 2,000 cumulative KESALs for chip seals, depending on the climatic zone of the treatment [1 KESALs = 1,000 equivalent single-axle load (ESAL)]. The wide range in treatment life expectancy among the four climatic zones signifies the effect of climate on the performance of thin overlays and chip seals.
  Authors: Liu, Litao; Gharaibeh, Nasir G.
  Authors: Liu, Litao; Gharaibeh, Nasir G.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 212
  Paper Number: 13-0826
• Control Strategy for Rural Variable Speed Limit Corridor
  Abstract: Speed and speed variance among the vehicles are important factors related to safety, especially during the severe weather conditions. A variable speed limit (VSL) system was implemented in 2009 by the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) to change the posted, enforceable speed limits in an effort to improve safety. During the initial years of implementation, decisions regarding the posted speed limit were made by maintenance, highway patrol and traffic management center personnel. This paper discusses the development of a methodology to support speed posting decisions based on the real time observed vehicle speeds and weather variables. The results from this methodology indicate that there could be a significant increase in speed compliance and reduced speed variation with the implementation of an automated control strategy over the current manual protocol.
  Authors: Sabawat, Vijay; Young, Rhonda Kae
  Authors: Sabawat, Vijay; Young, Rhonda Kae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 375
  Paper Number: 13-0874
• Effectiveness of Graphic-Aided Portable Changeable Message Signs in Reducing Vehicle Speeds in Highway Work Zones
  Abstract: Portable changeable message signs (PCMSs) have been employed in highway work zones as a temporary traffic control device for decades in the United States. Results of previous research showed that the traditional text-based PCMS had several limitations, such as having a short range of legibility and being difficult to read by elderly and non-English-speaking drivers. A few simulation studies indicated that using graphic-aided PCMSs could likely overcome these limitations. This paper presents the results of field experiments that were conducted to determine the effectiveness of graphic-aided PCMS in reducing vehicle speeds in the upstream of highway work zones. In field experiment Phase I, a full-matrix PCMS was programmed to display a work zone graphic and a flagger graphic, which were similar to the W21-1 sign and W20-7 sign, respectively, specified by the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. In field experiment Phase II, the PCMS was programmed to display two alternative work zone graphics along with the original work zone graphic. 1,115 and 1,600 valid vehicle speed data were collected during field experiments Phase I and Phase II, respectively. The results of data analysis suggested that graphic-aided PCMSs reduced mean vehicle speeds between 13% and 17% in the upstream of a work zone. This study provided valuable knowledge to government agencies and the transportation industry on how to regulate and implement graphic-aided PCMS in highway work zones.
  Authors: Huang, Yilei; Bai, Yong
  Authors: Huang, Yilei; Bai, Yong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 400
  Paper Number: 13-0971
• Enhancing Work Zone Travel Time Estimation Using Smart Work Zone Data
  Abstract: An increasing number of transportation agencies around the states have considered and/or implemented the smart work zone (SWZ) concept where sensors are deployed upstream of a lane closure to detect queue conditions and provide advanced warning to approaching travelers via portable changeable message sign (PCMS). The travel time monitoring technology such as Bluetooth-based identification matching may also be deployed in conjunction with queue detection system at the SWZ. This paper extends the utility of data collected from SWZ where both queue and travel time monitoring technologies are present to improve the accuracy of travel time estimation and estimate travel delay. The proposed algorithm utilizes historical and real-time traffic conditions collected from SWZ to estimate queue length and travel time when SWZ is active. The algorithm was evaluated and calibrated using a VISSIM simulation test bed for the southbound direction of a 29-mile segment along I-35 corridor from Hillsboro to Waco, Texas. Researchers simulated speed sensors and Bluetooth technology characteristics using VISSIM Vehicle-to-Device (Car2X) technology for the purpose of the algorithm evaluation. The evaluation results indicated that the proposed algorithm, once calibrated with historical data, can provide significant improvement in real-time travel time and delay estimation especially where the volume-to-capacity (v/c) ratio regularly exceeds 1.0 (unsteady queue condition).
  Authors: Songchitruksa, Praprut; Middleton, Dan
  Authors: Songchitruksa, Praprut; Middleton, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-0989
• Snowplow Routing Optimization Under Resource Constraints:Formulation, Algorithm, and Decision-Support System
  Abstract: Snow control is a key component of the winter maintenance responsibilities of many urban and regional agencies, especially in jurisdictions with heavy snowfall. Main activities involve routing snow plow trucks to plow roadways and spreading salt/chemicals via these trucks. In this paper, a mixed integer linear program (MILP) model is proposed to minimize the total operation time of all snow plow trucks needed to complete a given set of snow routes, and to reduce the longest individual truck time. To solve this problem, a set of customized construction and local search methods are developed and applied to an empirical case study. The computational results show that the proposed solution approach is able to solve the problem efficiently. The proposed models and algorithms are incorporated into the development of a state-of-art snow plow routing software that helps planners optimize snow routes and evaluate resource allocation options.
  Authors: Hajibabai, Leila; Nourbakhsh, Seyed Mohammad; Ouyang, Yanfeng; Peng, Fan
  Authors: Hajibabai, Leila; Nourbakhsh, Seyed Mohammad; Ouyang, Yanfeng; Peng, Fan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 548
  Paper Number: 13-0795
• Integrated Approach for Work Zone Planning in Pavement Maintenance of High Traffic Roads
  Abstract: In the context of project level pavement management, planning maintenance and rehabilitation interventions on roads tends to be a complex process, particularly whenever high traffic flows are present. This paper describes a methodology developed in order to support the decision-maker while planning this type of interventions. The methodology relies on two key stages. At first, a computer model generates the set of feasible options concerning working plant layouts and schedules, and combines them in order to include all the options for the intervention’s planning and undertaking. It takes in consideration, besides other elements, the type of maintenance or rehabilitation intervention to be carried out, traffic characterization and site features. There are three different attribute types intended to characterize each alternative of the intervention: agency cost, works’ duration and the delay faced by users. Each intervention can be evaluated in such a way that the decision-maker may obtain a set of feasible and established alternatives. Subsequently, a multiple-criteria decision model is used to compare all the alternatives included in the previously obtained set using to the mentioned criteria (cost, duration and delay) according to the weights that correspond to the decision-maker preferences. The capabilities of the described methodology are illustrated by two case studies corresponding to two freeway stretches located in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area where a standard intervention is considered. The computation of the feasible alternatives set for the intervention allowed the comparison between them, based on the mentioned attributes and, consequently, on the results of the multiple-criteria decision model.
  Authors: Morgado, João; Neves, José
  Authors: Morgado, João; Neves, José
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-1210
• Bridge Failure Rate Analysis
  Abstract: A regional bridge failure database was used to verify the cause and determine the rate and probability of failures. The causes of bridge failure were compared to other research and identified the leading bridge failure cause was hydraulic. The number of bridge failures per year was modeled with a geometric distribution which requires a constant failure rate. Using the NBI bridge counts as the underlying bridge population, the average number of bridge failures based on the sample data was approximately 1/4,700 annually. Based on a validation analysis with bridge failures from two separate DOTs, other regions in the United States are anticipated to have similar bridge failure rates. As a result, the actual probability of bridge failure was quantified as approximately 1/63 in 75 years which is two orders of magnitude higher than calibrated LRFD desired probability of failure of about 1/5,000 in 75 years. Analysis of the failed bridges by year of construction show there is no apparent era of construction that is more susceptible to failure. As such, changes in the bridge design regulations do not appear to significantly reduce bridge failure rates. Based on the data extrapolation, the estimated average annual bridge failure rate in the United States is between 87 and 222.
  Authors: Cook, Wesley; Barr, Paul J.; Halling, Marvin W.
  Authors: Cook, Wesley; Barr, Paul J.; Halling, Marvin W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-1249
• Bridge Weigh-in-Motion on Steel Orthotropic Decks and Application to Bridge Assessment
  Abstract: Bridge weigh-in-motion uses an instrumented bridge as a scale to weigh vehicles. Several types of bridges may be used, if being sensitive to wheel or axle loads. Here some strains of steel orthotropic deck bridges are measured by extensometers and analyzed by software, to calculate axle loads and gross vehicle weights. Between 2009 and 2011, several large scale tests were done on the Millau viaduct (France), the tallest cable stayed bridge in the world. These tests showed that the system meets the accuracy class C(15)/D+(20) of the European WIM Specifications. The data obtained can be used for fatigue checks, because it assesses truck sizes and weights of the traffic and the behaviour of the bridge. We show here that bridge lifetimes under current and possible future traffic loads, after an increase of the GVW limit from 40 tons to 44 tons in France, could be reduced by 20%.
  Authors: Jacob, Bernard A.; Leng, Sio-Song; Schmidt, Franziska
  Authors: Jacob, Bernard A.; Leng, Sio-Song; Schmidt, Franziska
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-1452
• Experimental Study of Snow-Melting Performance of Salt for Snow and Ice Control of Parking Lots
  Abstract: This paper describes an empirical study aimed at quantifying and comparing the performance of road salt for deicing of parking lots and sidewalks under specific weather, site and traffic conditions. Data collected from a series of field tests are used in this analysis, involving measurements on snow cover, friction, weather and pavement conditions, and treatment operations. The paper details performance trends as related to some specific treatment and condition variables, such as, application rate, pavement temperature, precipitation type and amount, and traffic. The test results and findings can be applied for developing quantitative snow melting performance prediction models and thus optimal salt application rates for specific weather and site conditions.
  Authors: Fu, Liping; Omer, Raqib; Hossain, S M Kamal; Jiang, Chaozhe
  Authors: Fu, Liping; Omer, Raqib; Hossain, S M Kamal; Jiang, Chaozhe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 551
  Paper Number: 13-1507
• Extending the Life of Bridges Through Beam End Coatings and Treatments
  Abstract: As the national transportation infrastructure ages and deteriorates, many existing bridges require frequent and costly maintenance and repairs. Therefore, an effort was carried out at the request of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to identify current State DOT specifications and to describe and rank manufacturer products related to the treatment and coating of concrete and steel beam ends. The objective of this work was to synthesize new and existing types of beam end coatings and treatments that have been proven to extend the life of new and existing concrete and steel bridge beams. A comprehensive literature review, along with online surveys and phone interviews of State DOTs and coating manufacturers was conducted to gather information about existing and recently developed technologies. The study revealed that while many promising coatings and treatments are offered on the market, there is a lack of readily available laboratory results that would enable direct comparison of the available methods. This finding applies in terms of the coatings’ durability and the potential for extending the service life of existing bridges. Most of the interviewed State DOTs’ personnel assessed the products listed in respective Qualified Products Lists as performing ‘well’. However, there was significant variability between states in the products used and of the agencies contacted none was able to suggest the most promising or advanced products either for concrete or steel bridge beam end treatments. This suggests that comprehensive laboratory evaluation would be necessary for selecting the best available beam end treatments and coatings.
  Authors: Radlinska, Aleksandra; McCarthy, Leslie Ann; Matzke, James; Nagel, Francis
  Authors: Radlinska, Aleksandra; McCarthy, Leslie Ann; Matzke, James; Nagel, Francis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: AHD45
  Paper Number: 13-1587
• Maintenance and Rehabilitation Program Development for Pavement Assets Under Performance-Based Contracts
  Abstract: Over the last decade, there has been a movement in North America towards Performance Based Contract (PBC) model for maintaining and managing road networks. In traditional method-based contracts, the owner agency specifies techniques, materials, methods, quantities, along with the time period for the contract. In contrast, in PBC, the client agency specifies certain clearly defined minimum performance measures to be met or exceeded during the contract period. PBC is a type of contract in which payments are explicitly linked to the contractor successfully meeting or exceeding certain clearly defined minimum performance indicators. Therefore, the PBC model maintenance and rehabilitation selection differs significantly from that of traditional asset management contract and more complex due to the pavement deterioration process and probability of failure to achieve the specified Level of Service (LOS) for various performance measures along the contract period. This paper presents a novel framework for the selection of maintenance and rehabilitation activities using pavement performance prediction model and linear optimization. A case study using data from the Ministry of Transportation Ontario (MTO) second generation Pavement Management System (PMS2) is presented to illustrate the framework.
  Authors: Alyami, Zaid; Tighe, Susan Louise
  Authors: Alyami, Zaid; Tighe, Susan Louise
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-1725
• Performance Benchmarking of Road Weather Information System Pavement Temperature Forecasts
  Abstract: This paper describes a study focusing on performance evaluation of RWIS pavement temperature forecasts. To identify the factors influencing the accuracy of forecasts, five research hypotheses were constructed that RWIS forecasting accuracy would be affected by climatic patterns (e.g., maritime, continental, and mixed), locational attributes (e.g., geography), seasonal variations (e.g., shoulder months vs. non-shoulder months), time of day (e.g., day vs. night), and forecast horizon. RWIS observations and forecasts data sets provided by four North American provincial transportation agencies were pre-processed and stratified by station, hour, and month, to test the hypotheses and quantify their effects by utilizing two performance metrics, namely mean absolute error (MAE) and percent of acceptable forecasts (PAF). The overall statistics showed that maritime climate group had the highest correspondence and those from mixed climate group had the lowest correspondence, both in terms of their MAEs and PAF. As for the locational attributes, it was found that the forecasting performance of maritime region near coastal areas was found to have a negative correlation with the distance from nearby large water body. It was also found that daytime forecasts were less accurate than the ones generated for night time. Furthermore, the accuracy of forecasts was found to deteriorate quickly as the forecasting horizon increases. Lastly, forecast errors were found to exhibit seasonal variations with forecasts for the shoulder/transitional months tending to be poorer than other months.
  Authors: Kwon, Tae-Jung; Fu, Liping; Perchanok, Max S.
  Authors: Kwon, Tae-Jung; Fu, Liping; Perchanok, Max S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 603
  Paper Number: 13-1764
• Effect of Winter Weather and Road Surface Conditions on Macroscopic Traffic Parameters
  Abstract: This paper presents an empirical study focusing on identifying the main factors that affect the capacity and free-flow-speed (FFS) of urban freeways under inclement winter weather conditions. The weather and road surface condition factors examined include air temperature, wind speed, hourly snow intensity, visibility, snow on ground, and road surface condition describing the road slipperiness caused mainly by snow events. Data on traffic operations, the associated weather and road conditions observed at two freeway locations over the 2010-2012 winter seasons were used in an extensive statistical analysis. Linear regression models were calibrated for both capacity and FFS reductions as related to various weather and road condition variables. It was found that visibility and road surface conditions have a statistically significant effect on both capacity and FFS. Snow intensity was found to be significant only when the visibility factor was excluded, suggesting the presence of confounding of these two factors on capacity and FFS. The modeling results were compared with those recommended by the Highway Capacity Manual 2010, showing that in many cases, HCM could underestimate or overestimate the effects of winter weather conditions and that the proposed models provide more reasonable estimate at a higher level of granularity.
  Authors: Kwon, Tae-Jung; Fu, Liping; Jiang, Chaozhe
  Authors: Kwon, Tae-Jung; Fu, Liping; Jiang, Chaozhe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 375
  Paper Number: 13-1763
• Test on Driving Behavior and Judgement of Appropriate Speed with Different Road Surfaces Conditions in Curve Sections
  Abstract: For safe driving, it is essential that the driver properly recognize road alignment, pavement markings and other traffic control devices. At the same time, road surface conditions vary with weather conditions. In snowy regions, the road surface during winter can be compacted-snow, dry or wet. Under the compacted-snow condition, drivers are not able to see the pavement markings, and on rural highways, control speed according to the linear curve is important for safe. In autumn 2011 and winter 2012, the authors conducted driving tests on driving behavior and selection speed under the dry and compacted-snow conditions in curve section of two-lane highway. Ten drivers participated in a test on a road section in service. An eyes measurement system with vehicle dynamics recorder was installed on a test vehicle that traveled both directions on a 10.5-km test section of two-lane highway in Eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Ten male drivers drove the test vehicle under free-flow condition. The test vehicle was traveling in various curves of test section. The driving behavior in the curve sections recorded using a vehicle dynamics recorder on the rear seat. It was found that the selection speed of driver in the curve section is lower for the compacted-snow condition than for the dry condition, and that the variation in lateral acceleration was lower for the compacted-snow condition than for the dry condition.
  Authors: Munehiro, Kazunori; Kageyama, Hiroyuki; Takahashi, Naoto; Ishida, Tateki; Asano, Motoki
  Authors: Munehiro, Kazunori; Kageyama, Hiroyuki; Takahashi, Naoto; Ishida, Tateki; Asano, Motoki
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 603
  Paper Number: 13-1633
• Modeling the Impact of Energy Trafficon Local Unpaved Roads
  Abstract: Laramie County was selected in accordance with the legislative directive as part of a project to determine the impact of the oil and gas industry on county roads. This paper takes into account the impact gravel roads. With a lacking road and bridge budget, Laramie county is only just keeping up with this impact. In order to receive additional funding from the state legislature, actual impact needs to be assessed. The different distresses and ride quality of all the county gravel roads showed that, on average, the roads were in good condition, no matter the level of impact. However, the cost to keep the impacted roads in this condition came at a much greater price. By modeling the characteristics of the gravel roads in Laramie County, a better understanding of the degradation taking place and the main causes were examined. This was done in hopes that the information from this model will then be used for more efficient maintenance strategies and a more cost effective use of the county’s budget so that the county may continue to keep up with the energy impact. The processed developed in this study is very useful for other local agencies impacted by energy development.
  Authors: Stroud, Nathan; Ksaibati, Khaled
  Authors: Stroud, Nathan; Ksaibati, Khaled
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 240
  Paper Number: 13-1702
• Comparative Analysis of Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Methods of Asphalt and Concrete Pavement Preservation Treatments in Oklahoma
  Abstract: This paper demonstrates the benefit of using the “pavement preservation toolbox” in the selection of asphalt and concrete pavement treatments, the final product developed as a result of a three-year pavement preservation research project. It was designed to furnish Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) pavement managers the required information to make rational engineering decisions based on both physical and financial data for the use of potential pavement preservation tools, evaluated in the field under identical traffic and environmental conditions, over the same period by an impartial investigator. The project built on research done in Australia and New Zealand by conducting a long-term study of 23 methods to restore pavement skid resistance by retexturing the existing surface with either a surface treatment, chemical treatment, or a mechanical process. The paper demonstrates the toolbox methodology using field trial data for selected treatments and provides a comparative analysis of various methods for coupling technical engineering data with economic analysis through use of deterministic, stochastic and performance-based life cycle cost analysis. The paper concludes that although the combination of skid resistance, macrotexture, and financial data is sensitive to the analysis method, it can provide a powerful tool to assist pavement preservation engineers in selecting the appropriate treatment for a given road.
  Authors: Pittenger, Dominique; Gransberg, Douglas D.; Zaman, Musharraf; Riemer, Caleb James
  Authors: Pittenger, Dominique; Gransberg, Douglas D.; Zaman, Musharraf; Riemer, Caleb James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 256
  Paper Number: 13-1704
• A Preliminary Analysis on Determination of Optimum Crack Sealing Time for Asphalt Pavement
  Abstract: Crack is one of the major causes of failure in asphalt pavements, and it also accelerates the severity of other distresses. Crack sealing is one of the main methods of preventive maintenance. However, until now, there has no standard procedure based on rigorous scientific approach to determine the best sealing time of the cracks. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a preliminary crack opening model for northeast region of China. Generally, it is found that the absolute change value for crack width in one year is much higher than that in one day. Therefore the following preliminary crack opening model was built based on the year round observation data for unsealed asphalt pavement. The 20¡Á20 mm square reservoirs for crack sealing was selected to discuss the effect of sealing time on the crack sealing performance. The approximate analysis has shown that the unreasonable sealing time will induce the premature failure for sealant and sealant-crack system. Especially, at low temperature, the sealant needs to have a good ductility to prevent the fracture itself. Finally, a polynomial function was proposed to describe the crack opening distance. The model was then used to preliminary determine the appropriated crack sealing timing of the year. It is recommended that select the average temperature between the two inflexions in polynomial function as the sealing temperature, and the corresponding time as the sealing time. It is also noticed that this time varies for different regions.
  Authors: Yi, Junyan; Feng, Decheng; Yang, Shih-Hsien; Yu, Fei
  Authors: Yi, Junyan; Feng, Decheng; Yang, Shih-Hsien; Yu, Fei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 698
  Paper Number: 13-1336
• Modeling Temperature Distribution in Soil Profile: Impacts of Moisture Transport, Snow Cover, and Soil Freezing
  Abstract: Prediction of soil temperature is important to simulation of pavement, railway and bridge with significant earth contact. A one-dimensional numerical model for heat and moisture transfer in partially frozen soils has been developed and validated. In addition to modeling conduction heat transfer, model variations that include moisture transport, snow accumulation and melting and soil freezing and thawing are investigated. This model was evaluated against measured data at depths of 0.5 and 1.0 m for two locations in the northern United States of America. The results show that the model is capable of providing good simulations of the evolution of temperature all over the year. Comparisons of simulation results with five combinations of modeled phenomena to experimental data demonstrate that both snow cover and freezing and thawing of soil are of important when modeling temperature for soil. However, temperature was not substantially affected by the moisture transport.
  Authors: Xu, Hui-ning; Yiqiu, Tan
  Authors: Xu, Hui-ning; Yiqiu, Tan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 375
  Paper Number: 13-1924
• Experimental Investigation of Chip Seal Adhesion Performance with Modified Binder in Cold Climate
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate chip seal performance with neat and polymer modified bitumen chip seals constructed with different aggregate combinations with emphasis on aggregate retention under in climate using Accelerated Chip Seal Simulation Device (HSKSC). The aggregate retention performances of neat bitumen versus modified were compared with three types of aggregates at low temperatures. Major findings of this research include that polymer modification of neat bitumen improved aggregate retention performance. In addition, the results showed that decrease in temperature causes an increase in aggregate loss.
  Authors: Aktas, Bekir; Karasahin, Mustafa
  Authors: Aktas, Bekir; Karasahin, Mustafa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-1916
• METEOSAFETY: Multiagent System to Support Automated Activation of Traffic Management Plans for Adverse Weather Situations
  Abstract: The dynamism of traffic flows implies the research and new technologies development within traffic management and control strategies to achieve the improvement of traffic flows and road safety. Artificial intelligence could support traffic entities and road operators to manage possible incidents on the road network, especially when the incidents are related to adverse weather conditions. In this case, the probability of road accidents is increased due to the difficulty of driving under bad weather conditions. Thus, when an incident occurs road operators must decide how to cope with it in order to improve traffic safety. In Meteosafety project, a new MultiAgent System (MAS) to support traffic management has been developed. MAS technology helps to deal with the specific characteristics of traffic domain. The proposed MAS is able to work in two ways: a) coordinately, where all the agents work to solve weather problems in large networks and b) locally, where if communications breakdown, a small groups of agents work together to inform road users about weather problems. MAS is based on a rule-based system. This system is able to produce meteorological alarms with a high level of quality by applying specific coherence and correlation rules. So, it improves the road operator confidence in the decisions taken by the expert system. Furthermore it supports road operators proposing the best actions to take when any adverse weather situations with influence in the traffic flow happens.
  Authors: Tomás-López, Vicente R.; Martínez, Juan José; Soriano, Francisco R.; Martínez, Javier
  Authors: Tomás-López, Vicente R.; Martínez, Juan José; Soriano, Francisco R.; Martínez, Javier
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 603
  Paper Number: 13-1980
• Transportation System Performance Under Inclement Winter Weather: Perspectives from Weather-Induced Multiple Hazard Situations and Traveler Information
  Abstract: This study investigated the impacts of weather-induced multiple hazard situations, such as a snow storm accompanies by a major car accident on a highway, on road network performance in urban areas. A dynamic traffic assignment model was built for the study area in Amherst, New York, using the mesoscopic dynamic traffic assignment simulation package DynusT. Various hazard scenarios were simulated, including single events such as a snow storm or a car accident only scenarios and the combination of them. Both network-wide analyses and link-based analyses were conducted to examine the impact of hazard situations on travel time. In addition, different traveler information mitigation strategies were also evaluated based on the weather-induced multiple hazard situation. The results indicate that weather-induced multiple hazard situation affects network performance more significantly than single events. As traveler information dissemination strategies are concerned, both the variable message signs (VMS) and the en-route guidance are effective in mitigating hazard impact. En-route guidance performs better from the system perspective and brings more travel time savings. In comparison, VMS are more beneficial to the vehicles that are subject to both inclement weather and weather-induced incidents. Based on the findings, practical implications were produced to help traffic operation agencies to select appropriate traveler information dissemination strategies and determine the best information coverage rate.
  Authors: Hu, Jinge; Wang, Qian; Sadek, Adel W.; Wang, Zhiyong
  Authors: Hu, Jinge; Wang, Qian; Sadek, Adel W.; Wang, Zhiyong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 603
  Paper Number: 13-2000
• Identifying Optimal Mix of Highway Asset Maintenance Activities Based on Performance Targets or Budget Constraints
  Abstract: The majority of maintenance optimization literature is focused on pavement maintenance related to pavement management systems. The question of how properly to optimize the full range of typical highway maintenance activities based on measurement and prediction of performance is not well covered, and practitioners are only now getting started in this area using software tools to aid in planning non-pavement related maintenance. While much of the optimization work to date focuses on predicting deterioration explicitly over time, this paper presents a method of maintenance optimization, here called maintenance analysis, that assumes a steady state is reached with regard to maintenance activities. The use of this maintenance analysis method allows maintenance managers to use levels of service (LOS) and utility functions to define maintenance indices. It thereby allows the manager to identify and plan the optimal mix of maintenance activities to maximize performance with respect to maintenance performance indices or minimize cost based on user defined budget constraints or LOS targets respectively. The paper presents a simple numerical example to illustrate the method.
  Authors: Pilson, Charles; Galenko, Alexander; Scheinberg, Tonya
  Authors: Pilson, Charles; Galenko, Alexander; Scheinberg, Tonya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 362
  Paper Number: 13-2118
• Bluetooth Vehicle Reidentification for Analysis of Work Zone Diversion
  Abstract: Bluetooth vehicle re-identification technology has potential to improve understanding of driver route choice behavior associated with work zones. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation and the Smart Work Zone Deployment Initiative commissioned work zone diversion studies at four sites: two urban and two rural. Several Bluetooth detectors were deployed in pairs, triples and quadruples to help identify differences in route choice with and without lane closures. In spite of relatively low (and variable) detection rates, comparisons of the number of vehicles using specific routes during closure and non-closure periods revealed differences in driver behavior in urban vs. rural work zones. These techniques provide field data that can supplement conventional methods for estimating work zone diversion. The accuracy of the method can be expected to increase as the number of vehicles with onboard Bluetooth devices rises and Bluetooth detection technology continues to improve.
  Authors: Effinger, Justin; Horowitz, Alan J.; Liu, Yue; Shaw, John
  Authors: Effinger, Justin; Horowitz, Alan J.; Liu, Yue; Shaw, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 400
  Paper Number: 13-2159
• Evaluation of Temporary Ramp Metering for Work Zones
  Abstract: Ramp metering has been successfully implemented in many states to improve traffic operations on freeways. Studies have documented the positive mobility and safety benefits of ramp metering. However, there have been no studies on the use of ramp metering for work zones. This paper reports the results from the first deployment of temporary ramp meters in work zones in the United States. Temporary ramp meters were deployed at seven work zones in Missouri. Safety measures such as driver compliance, merging behavior, speed differentials, lane changing, and braking maneuvers were extracted from video-based field data. Mobility analysis was conducted using a calibrated simulation model and the total delays were obtained for under capacity, at capacity, and over capacity conditions. This evaluation suggests that temporary ramp meters should only be deployed at work zone locations where there is potential for congestion and turned on only during periods of high congestion. The compliance analysis showed that non-compliance could be a major safety issue in the deployment of temporary ramp meters. The use of a three-section instead of a traditional two-section signal head used for ramp metering produced significantly higher compliance rates. Mobility analysis revealed that ramp metering produces delay savings for high traffic volume work zones. For flows below capacity, ramp metering is not recommended since it increases total delays.
  Authors: Sun, Carlos; Edara, Praveen; Zhu, Zhongyuan
  Authors: Sun, Carlos; Edara, Praveen; Zhu, Zhongyuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 625
  Paper Number: 13-2193
• A Deterioration Model for Concrete Bridge Deck Using System Reliability Analysis
  Abstract: Generally, in existing bridge management systems, deterioration is modeled based on visual inspections in which corresponding condition states are assigned to individual elements. Therefore, limited attention is given to the correlation between bridge elements from structural perspective. In this process, the impact of history of deterioration on the reliability of a structure is disregarded which may lead to inappropriate decisions. Improved estimate of service life of a bridge deck may help decision makers enhance the intervention planning and optimize life cycle costs. A reliability-based deterioration model is potentially an appropriate replacement for the existing procedures. The predicted element-level structural conditions for different time intervals are implemented to the non-linear Finite Element model of a bridge structure and the system reliability indices are estimated for different time intervals. The resulting degradation curve could be calibrated and updated based on the outcomes of the visual inspections. The aim of this research is to evaluate the system reliability of conventional bridges which have been designed based on the existing codes. The developed method utilizes the reliability theory and establishes a deterioration model for such bridges based on their failure mechanisms. This method has been applied to a simply supported concrete bridge superstructure designed according to the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC). Based on the reliability estimates, the bridge is found to be in a good condition during the initial stages of its service life. However, its condition degrades faster once corrosion in steel reinforcements is initiated and spalling of concrete occurs.
  Authors: Ghodoosi, Farzad; Bagchi, Ashotush; Zayed, Tarek
  Authors: Ghodoosi, Farzad; Bagchi, Ashotush; Zayed, Tarek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-2192
• Assessment of Pavement Impacts due to Energy Developments in Texas
  Abstract: In recent years, Texas has experienced a boom in energy-related activities, particularly in wind power generation and extraction of oil and natural gas. While energy developments contribute to enhance the state¡¯s ability to produce energy reliably, many short-term and long-term impacts on the state¡¯s transportation infrastructure are not properly documented. Examples include the impact of frequent truckloads on state highway infrastructure such as pavement structures and shoulders, as well as impacts on roadside infrastructure such as driveways and drainage facilities. This paper describes the work to gauge the impact of increased level of energy-related activities on Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) pavements based on developing a geodatabase of energy developments in the state, field visits along with data collection, and assessment of remaining life of energy development impacted corridors that have been identified from this study. From this assessment, recommendations on road maintenance and repair were proposed to mitigate the impact of energy developments on Texas pavements.
  Authors: Oh, Jeong Ho; Fernando, Emmanuel G.; Quiroga, Cesar
  Authors: Oh, Jeong Ho; Fernando, Emmanuel G.; Quiroga, Cesar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 808
  Paper Number: 13-2235
• Instrumentation and Long Term Monitoring of Three Integral Abutment Bridges in Vermont
  Abstract: The Vermont Agency of Transportation has initiated a program of field instrumentation and analysis to evaluate the performance of three Integral Abutment Bridges. The research components are being conducted by the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Three bridges are studied, a straight girder non-skewed bridge with 43.0 m (141.0 ft) span, a straight girder 15 degree skewed bridge with 37.0 m (121.4 ft) span, and a curved girder non-skewed two-span continuous structure with 11.25 degrees of curvature and 68.0 m (221.8 ft) total bridge length. The bridges instrumentation includes strain gages, pressure cells, crack meters, inclinometers, tilt meters and thermistors to monitor long term response to seasonal thermal load. This paper describes the bridge details and instrumentation at these sites and reports on the overall bridge movements and pile moments through the first year of data. The bridges with moderate skew of 15 degrees and curvature of 11.25 degrees exhibited longitudinal abutment deformations similar to what would be expected in a straight girder non-skewed structure. The transverse abutment displacements of these bridges were less than 4 mm (0.15 in.). However, pile restraint of transverse abutment displacements resulted in strong axis pile moments exceeding those about the weak axis. Therefore, for these bridges a two-dimensional analysis captures global deformations, but design would need to account for bi-axial bending in piles.
  Authors: Civjan, Scott Adam; Kalayci, Emre; Brena, Sergio; Allen, Chad
  Authors: Civjan, Scott Adam; Kalayci, Emre; Brena, Sergio; Allen, Chad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-2066
• Work Zone Lighting and Visual Performance: Analysis and Demonstration
  Abstract: In part because of the potential for high levels of glare from work zone illumination, recommendations for light levels from work zone illumination systems are substantially higher than levels used along roadways in non-work-zone locations. In a two part study, requirements for work zone illumination light levels were assessed. First, levels for workers varying in age from 20 to 60 years were evaluated using the relative visual performance model, with and without the presence of visibility-reducing glare. Except for the smallest, lowest-contrast tasks performed by the older age workers, an illuminance of 10 lx resulted in visibility well above the threshold even in the presence of glare, and an illuminance of 30 lx resulted in suprathreshold visibility for these conditions as well. The results of these computational analyses were largely confirmed in a full-scale, outdoor field demonstration attended by transportation agency engineers and highway contractors. Together, the findings suggest that when lighting systems provide sufficient glare control, light levels do not always need to be especially high to ensure adequate visibility by workers.
  Authors: Bullough, John D.; Besenecker, Ute; Snyder, Jeremy D.; Skinner, Nicholas P.
  Authors: Bullough, John D.; Besenecker, Ute; Snyder, Jeremy D.; Skinner, Nicholas P.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 625
  Paper Number: 13-2244
• Revision and Further Validation of Surface-Performance Graded Specification for Surface Treatment Binders
  Abstract: The design and selection of surface treatment binders in service is currently based on specifications that only account for the penetration and ductility of emulsion residues or the penetration and viscosity of hot-applied asphalt cements. These specifications consider neither the entire range of temperatures that the binders may be subjected to during production and in service, nor long-term aging behavior. A surface performance-graded (SPG) specification for the selection of surface treatment binders, which takes into account the physical properties and performance of the binder at the temperature ranges in which the material will be used, was developed as part of previous Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) projects. In the current study, the SPG specification was revised and further validated. This was accomplished by standardizing the emulsion residue recovery method through the evaluation of two warm oven methods, exploring the exclusive use of the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) for determining performance-based properties, and further field validating the thresholds for these properties. The laboratory and field results were used to revise the SPG specification for surface treatment binders in service. Moreover, the results obtained from the multiple stress creep recovery and DSR frequency sweep tests were compared with field performance to evaluate additional criteria for the specification. This study is limited to producing a revised SPG specification for properties that address stiffness and aggregate retention in service; the effects of construction and quality control processes are beyond the scope of this study.
  Authors: Vijaykumar, Aishwarya; Martin, Amy Epps; Arambula, Edith
  Authors: Vijaykumar, Aishwarya; Martin, Amy Epps; Arambula, Edith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2250
• Optimal Routing for Minimum Service Time of Winter Road Maintenance with Truck Capacity and Fleet Size Constraints
  Abstract: To improve road safety under adverse weather (e.g., snow and ice condition), a designated network have to be anti-iced/de-iced before and/or after the arrival of a snow storm or freezing rain. A model is developed to optimize vehicle routing that minimizes the service time needed for anti-icing/anti-icing/de-icing operation, subject to truck capacity and fleet size constraints. With network transformation techniques and the fair workload concept, the study vehicle routing problem can be solved via dynamic programming (DP). The solution approach was tested on a general network with practical operational data. The results are promising and computationally efficient. A sensitivity analysis is conducted by varying the model parameters, including fleet size, truck capacity and operating speed.
  Authors: Chien, I-Jy; Yu, Haifeng
  Authors: Chien, I-Jy; Yu, Haifeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 548
  Paper Number: 13-2287
• Bridge Deck Scanning for Condition Assessment of Bare Concrete and Asphalt-Overlaid Decks
  Abstract: This paper presents technologies used for condition assessment of bare concrete decks and asphalt overlaid decks. The study was funded by the NCHRP-IDEA program. The objective of the research and development was to develop a faster, more accurate technology to determine internal conditions of bridge decks. A Bridge Deck Scanner (BDS) prototype with a pair of transducer wheels was originally developed. Later the BDS system was expanded as part of a SHRP 2 R06 (D) research project for asphalt pavement delamination (NCAT study at Auburn University) so that up to three pairs of transducer wheels could be added to the system for more rapid testing. The BDS system can be set to perform either Impact Echo Scanning on all wheels for condition assessment of bare concrete decks or simultaneously perform Impact Echo Scanning and Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves Scanning for condition assessment of concrete decks underneath overlays such as asphalt. In this paper, two case studies are presented (one from a bare concrete deck and one from an asphalt overlaid deck) in which comparison/ground-truthing techniques (sounding, coring, hydro-blasting, etc.) were employed along with BDS results.
  Authors: Tinkey, Yajai; Miller, Patrick K.; Leonard, Mark; Pott, Andy; Olson, Larry Duane
  Authors: Tinkey, Yajai; Miller, Patrick K.; Leonard, Mark; Pott, Andy; Olson, Larry Duane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-2043
• Improving Welded Joint Fatigue Life Using Shot Peening or Grinding
  Abstract: Steel structures are mainly prone to two types of degradation: corrosion and fatigue particularly in the case of welded structures. The presented work aims at investigating two treatment methods to increase the fatigue life expectancy of welded steel joints in civil engineering structures. It includes both numerical and experimental investigations and is interested in the use of grinding and shot peening. As far as experimental investigations are concerned, for both treatment methods and for untreated samples, the stress concentration coefficients are determined, surface residual stresses are measured using X-ray diffraction and fatigue tests are conducted. The results allow explaining for both methods the observed improvements in fatigue behaviour. As far as numerical investigations are concerned, the presented work concerns the use of a finite element model to simulate welding process. This allows the determination of residual stresses due to welding operation and their comparison with the former experimental measures. Results are satisfactory enough, and, though some improvements regarding the initial stress state and the modelling are still under progress, it should be used in a following study to model treatment operations to get a better understanding of their potentiality and the parameters that affect their efficiency.
  Authors: Chataigner, Sylvain; Dieng, Lamine; Guiot, Kevin; Grasset, Michel
  Authors: Chataigner, Sylvain; Dieng, Lamine; Guiot, Kevin; Grasset, Michel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-2448
• Effect of Common Deicing Chemicals on Ice-Bond Formation in Compacted Snow
  Abstract: Application of chemicals during snowfall in order to to keep the snow plowable is a common road maintenance practice to ensure regularity and improve traffic safety during winter. However use of chemicals has adverse effects on environment and structures. In order to optimize chemical usage for anti-compaction measures, more knowledge is needed on the mechanism behind it. Earlier studies have shown that the presence of a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution in snow reduces the strength of the bonds that form between grains when snow is compressed, and thereby decreases the hardness of compacted snow. It is however not clear whether this is an effect of the introduction of liquid water into the snow or if it is an effect of the solutes present in the solution. By measuring the hardness of compressed snow saturated with solutions of six common deicers, it was shown that the solutes do have an effect on the inter-particle bonds in snow. By comparing the effect of potassium formate (KCOOH) with NaCl solution on snow containing between 5-50 w% solution it becomes clear that the effect of the solutes can be substantial. To achieve the same snow hardness, only half the amount of KCOOH solution was needed compared to the NaCl solution.
  Authors: Wåhlin, Johan; Klein Paste, Alex
  Authors: Wåhlin, Johan; Klein Paste, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 204
  Paper Number: 13-2508
• Measuring Perceived Service Quality in Highway Maintenance
  Abstract: The concept of involving the public in the development of transportation solutions was built into the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, the legislation that authorized the construction of the Interstate Highway System. Better plans, transparent process, and public support are some of the benefits that road managers can obtain by educating and involving the general public. During the last two decades the volume of research performed related to the topic of customer-driven highway maintenance suggests an increasing level of interest in the field. Most research concentrates on gathering information from road users to assess the performance level of highways. However, public opinion can also be collected for measuring the quality of the service delivered by maintenance units. Assessing product and service delivery performance is important for determining the overall performance of highway maintenance programs. The present study examines the relationship between road users' overall perceptions of the quality of highway maintenance services and the variables that define the highway maintenance service quality domain. The results of the study indicate that two service dimensions, Safety and Reliability, explain about half of the variance in overall perceptions of highway maintenance service quality. The procedures developed for the study provide an initial step for further improvement of the highway maintenance perceived service quality measurement.
  Authors: Burde, Adrian; de la Garza, Jesus M.; Van Aken, Eileen M.
  Authors: Burde, Adrian; de la Garza, Jesus M.; Van Aken, Eileen M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 362
  Paper Number: 13-2576
• Investigation of Impact of Severe Winter Weather on Volume of Passenger Cars and Trucks on Primary Highways
  Abstract: Based on large traffic and weather data sets from weigh-in-motion sites, permanent traffic counters and weather stations in Alberta, Canada, an investigation is carried out to study impacts of winter weather on volume of passenger car and truck traffic. Multiple regression models are developed to relate truck and passenger car traffic variations to winter weather conditions. Statistical validity of study results are confirmed by using statistical tests of significance.Considerable reductions in passenger car and truck volumes can be expected with decrease in cold temperatures. Such reductions are higher for passenger cars as compared to trucks. Due to cold and snow interactions, the reduction in car and truck traffic volume due to cold temperature could intensify with a rise in the amount of snowfall. For passenger cars, weekends experience higher traffic reductions as compared to weekdays. However, the impact of weather on truck traffic is generally similar for weekdays and weekends. Interestingly, an increase in truck traffic during severe weather conditions is noticed at one of the study sites. Such phenomenon is found statistically significant. None of the past studies in the literature have presented the possibility of traffic volume increases on highways during adverse weather conditions; which could happen due to shift of traffic from parallel roads with inadequate winter maintenance programs.It is believed that the findings of this study can benefit highway agencies in developing such programs and policies as efficient monitoring of passenger car and truck traffic, and plan for efficient winter roadway maintenance programs.
  Authors: Roh, Hyuk-Jae; Datla, Sandeep; Sharma, Satish
  Authors: Roh, Hyuk-Jae; Datla, Sandeep; Sharma, Satish
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 551
  Paper Number: 13-2679
• Improving Network Condition with Preventive Maintenance: Pavement Management System Case Study in Christiansburg, Virginia
  Abstract: This paper discusses the development of a pavement management system (PMS) for the Town of Christiansburg VA, and the use of pavement management applications to demonstrate the effectiveness of implementing preventive maintenance on their street network. Students at Virginia Tech worked with personnel from the Town of Christiansburg to gather inventory data and past work history on all of the pavements within the town’s network. First, the network was developed by importing existing GIS data into commercially available PMS software. The expected pavement performance was then modeled using age data along with condition information gathered during a survey of the network. The condition data, age data and performance data were all combined to develop several maintenance and rehabilitation scenarios for the pavement network. The effect of different budget scenarios on the weighted average condition of the network over a 20 year analysis period was determined both when preventive maintenance was incorporated and when only major rehabilitation (e.g. overlays) was conducted. The results indicated that implementing a PMS in the Town of Christiansburg can greatly support the town engineers in determining the optimal work types and work scenarios for long-term budgeting and planning. Furthermore, it was found that implementing a preventive maintenance strategy into the work conducted on the network has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of maintaining the network at a high condition rating.
  Authors: Hosten, Akyiaa Makeda; Bryce, James; Priddy, Lucy; Flintsch, Gerardo W.; de León Izeppi, Edgar David; Nelson, Wayne
  Authors: Hosten, Akyiaa Makeda; Bryce, James; Priddy, Lucy; Flintsch, Gerardo W.; de León Izeppi, Edgar David; Nelson, Wayne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 256
  Paper Number: 13-2791
• Using Viscosity at Variable Shear Rates to Evaluate Asphalt Emulsion Sprayability and Drainout Characteristics in Chip Seals
  Abstract: Streaking and drain-out are two common early chip seal failures related to the viscosity of the asphalt emulsion used. An emulsion with a high viscosity at spraying could result in streaking, while another with a low viscosity after spraying could drain off the road surface under gravity. Some emulsions also tend to show reduction in viscosity during handling, thus aggravating the potential for drain-out. The Saybolt-Furol Viscometer (SFV) (ASTM D7496) is currently used to characterize the viscosity of asphalt emulsions. However, the SFV cannot be operated under varying shear rate conditions as experienced by emulsions at different stages. In this paper, a new test procedure for evaluating sprayability, drain-out, and recovery kinetics of emulsions by the use of a rotational viscometer is presented. The test procedure allows for emulsions to be tested at a higher shear rate when evaluating sprayability and low shear rate when evaluating drain-out. Twelve emulsions of different grades and chemistries were tested. The results showed that the proposed test procedure is sensitive to emulsion chemistry, grade and testing temperature. Sprayability, drain-out and recovery kinetics were found to be significantly affected by emulsion chemistry and testing temperature. It is recommended that this variable shear-rate viscosity protocol be used as a basis for replacing the SFV test as a better performance related test method. Specification criteria can be easily developed and implemented since rotational viscometers are widely available in the industry, and there is a wealth of experience with various emulsions in the field.
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina Tutumina; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina Tutumina; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2805
• Evaluating Worst-First and Benefit-Cost Analysis Approaches for Prioritizing Infrastructure Maintenance and Rehabilitation Activities under Various Budgetary Scenarios
  Abstract: Infrastructure maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) projects are commonly prioritized using the worst-first (W-F) and benefit-cost analysis (BCA) approaches. While many acknowledge the inherent disadvantages of the W-F approach over the BCA approach, many transportation and public works agencies still use the W-F approach. This paper compares the W-F and BCA approaches in terms of their impact on network condition (specifically, lane-miles in good condition and backlog) under various budgetary scenarios. These comparisons are motivated by the premise that under certain budget allocation and availability scenarios, the shortcomings of the W-F approach may be abated. The analysis presented in this paper uses highway pavement network data from the Bryan district of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Bryan district is located in east central Texas (wet-warm climate and generally poor subgrade). In 2011, this network consisted of approximately 3,178 centerline miles. The results suggest that when maintenance and rehabilitation share a single combined budget, the W-F approach is dramatically less effective than the BCA approach in improving the network condition and reducing backlog. However, when the M&R budget is divided into two separate budgets (one for maintenance and one for rehabilitation), the disadvantages of the W-F approach diminish.
  Authors: Menendez, Jose Rafael; Zabihi, Salar; Narciso, Paul John Ross; Gharaibeh, Nasir G.
  Authors: Menendez, Jose Rafael; Zabihi, Salar; Narciso, Paul John Ross; Gharaibeh, Nasir G.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 212
  Paper Number: 13-2895
• Effects of Curing and Oxidative Aging on Raveling in Emulsion Chip Seals
  Abstract: Although chip seals have a proven history of performance, several distresses are commonly encountered in the field. The most common distresses in chip seals are flushing or bleeding and aggregate loss from the top layer (i.e., raveling). Raveling is not restricted to the early life of the chip seal, and may continue to occur throughout the service life. The current state of knowledge and testing with regard to the mechanisms governing raveling in chip seals does not sufficiently account for the effects of in-service emulsion-aggregate bond maturation and oxidative aging on chip loss over the expected service life of the chip seal. It is hypothesized that emulsion-aggregate adhesion controls the early raveling process, while the residual asphalt binder rheological properties and aggregate embedment in the emulsion all contribute to later reveling in chip seals. Raveling of chip seals subjected to varying degrees of time-temperature conditioning was evaluated to account for different chemical and physical interactions at the aggregate-asphalt interface. Testing results showed that the rate of in service raveling is dependent on the curing process and subsequent in-service oxidative aging as the adhesive and cohesive forces at the emulsion-aggregate interface change. The initial bond maturation results in a decreased rate of chip loss, while the in-service oxidative aging of the asphalt emulsion leads to a higher aggregate loss as a result of the emulsion’s strain intolerance and inability to relax stresses induced by traffic.
  Authors: Moraes, Raquel; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Authors: Moraes, Raquel; Bahia, Hussain U.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2758
• Application of Impact Echo Scanning for Void Detection on Concrete Test Beams That Replicate Different Surface Finishes
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of the hand-held impact echo scanning system for void detection in concrete structures. Three beams were designed to represent various surface and void conditions including different surface finishes (smooth, broom, and tined), overlays (rapid set, latex, and polymer), and rebar location. Impact echo (IE) testing was performed using the hand-held IE scanner system, which automatically performs an IE test every 1 in (25 mm). The scans were performed perpendicular to the direction of the foam voids. Comparisons of the defect interpretations and the actual design conditions of the beams are presented. It was concluded that while the hand-held IE scanner performed well in applications with relatively smooth surface, it has difficulty with applications with rough surfaces. The rough polymer, tined, and broomed surfaces caused poor quality data. However, the hand-held IE scanner was still able to detect shallow delaminations even from structures with rough surfaces. The scanner’s small size and weight make it ideal for testing smooth surfaces where testing is more difficult, such as vertical or overhead surfaces.
  Authors: Lewis, Kevin G.; Sharp, Stephen R.
  Authors: Lewis, Kevin G.; Sharp, Stephen R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-2832
• Streicker Bridge in Its Early Years: Structural Identification and Damage Characterization
  Abstract: Streicker Bridge on the Princeton University Campus is a new pedestrian bridge completed in 2010. It is equipped with a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system aimed to transform the bridge into an on-site laboratory for research and educational purposes. Its very slender elements, modern materials and daring geometry create a structurally complex system. This on-site laboratory gives an opportunity not only to assess the structural behavior of this particular bridge but also to gain experience, research and develop sensing technologies, as well as to develop and validate data analysis techniques for damage detection and structural identification. Two fiber-optic sensing technologies are currently permanently deployed: discrete long-gage sensing based on Fiber Bragg-Gratings (FBG) and truly distributed sensing based on Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA). The sensors were embedded in the concrete deck during the construction. Several static and dynamic load tests were made and combined with major events such as the removal of the formwork to perform structural identification and damage characterization. An overview of the structural identification of the bridge performed at an early stage of its life is presented in this paper. It includes a description of the monitoring system, the applied monitoring strategies and in particular the global static behavior, characterization of a damaged joint, dynamic behavior and thermal effects. The results show that the selected monitoring strategy was suitable for monitoring this complex bridge, and that the selected monitoring system was able to capture the main features related to the real structural behaviors of the bridge.
  Authors: Sigurdardottir, Dorotea Hoeg; Glisic, Branko; Afonso, Jose Pedro Sousa
  Authors: Sigurdardottir, Dorotea Hoeg; Glisic, Branko; Afonso, Jose Pedro Sousa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-2714
• Recovery and Laboratory Testing of Asphalt Emulsion Residue: Application of Simple Aging Test and 4-mm Dynamic Shear Rheometry
  Abstract: ABSTRACTThis study involves application of two new test methods to the recovery of asphalt emulsion residue, long-term oxidative aging of the residue, and mechanical testing of the unaged and aged residue to determine low and intermediate temperature rheological properties. The two new methods are: (1) the simple aging test (SAT) which is a thin-film (300 µm) oxidative aging test, and (2) a dynamic shear rheometry (DSR) technique (commonly referred to as 4mm DSR) that allows testing to -40°C, requires only ~ 25 mg, and includes a correction for instrument compliance. Three polymer modified emulsions are recovered by two methods: (1) ASTM D7497 - Method B, and (2) using a SAT plate. Both methods use the same evaporative technique to recover the residue (6 hours at 60°C in a forced draft oven). The rheological properties (m-value, G* sin ä, and ductility) of the recovered emulsion residues by both methods are reported as well as the rheological properties of the aged emulsion using the SAT. The rheological properties of the unaged emulsion residues recovered by both methods are roughly equivalent.
  Authors: Farrar, Michael J.; Salmans, Stephen L.; Planche, Jean-Pascal
  Authors: Farrar, Michael J.; Salmans, Stephen L.; Planche, Jean-Pascal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2982
• Nondestructive Evaluation-Based Assessment of Deterioration Progression in Concrete Bridge Decks
  Abstract: Within the framework of the Long Term Bridge Performance (LTBP) program, decks of several bridges throughout the United States are being periodically monitored using a variety of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. This paper discusses the monitoring of deterioration progression by NDE in two bridge decks in the states of Virginia and California over a two-year period, from 2009 to 2011. Given their importance to the state DOT's, three major deterioration types are considered: delamination, reinforcement corrosion, and concrete degradation. The NDE techniques used to detect and characterize the deteriorated areas of the deck include ground penetrating radar (GPR), impact echo (IE), ultrasonic surface waves (USW), half-cell potential (HCP), and electrical resistivity (ER). Deterioration maps for each bridge deck are presented and the damage progression over the two-year period is discussed for each individual deck. A condition rating scheme with respect to each deterioration type is introduced as a quantitative measure of the deck condition. The overall condition rating of a particular deck is calculated as the weighted average of individual condition ratings. Utilizing these condition ratings alongside segmentation of the deck can significantly improve the efficiency of deck rehabilitation prioritization. This study paves the way for developing more objective and realistic performance prediction models for reinforced concrete bridge decks, and for more objective assessment of the effectiveness of various approaches to deck rehabilitation.
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad; Romero, Francisco A.; Imani, Arezoo; Fetrat, Farhad A.
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad; Romero, Francisco A.; Imani, Arezoo; Fetrat, Farhad A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3043
• Cost-Estimate Model for Transportation Management Plan Strategies for Highway Construction Projects
  Abstract: Highway rehabilitation projects frequently cause road congestion and increase safety concerns while limiting access for road users. State Transportation Agencies (STAs) are challenged to find safer and more efficient ways to renew deteriorating roadways in urban areas. To better address the work zone issues, the Federal Highway Administration published updates to the Work Zone Safety and Mobility Rule in 2007. One of the rule¡¯s major elements is to develop and implement Transportation Management Plans (TMPs). TMP cost for a road project is generally considered a high-cost item and, therefore, must be quantified. However, no tools or systematic modeling methods are available to assist agency engineers with TMP cost estimating. The research in this paper included reviewing TMP reports for recent projects regarding TMP practices and inputs from the district TMP traffic engineers in the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). The researchers collected Caltrans highway project data regarding TMP cost estimating. Then, using Construction Analysis for Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies (CA4PRS) software, the researchers performed case studies and proposed a TMP strategy selection and cost estimate (STELCE) model for highway projects. The proposed model was validated through the actual highway projects in California. Although the proposed TMP STELCE model was developed based on Caltrans TMP practices, other STAs may adopt this model in their TMP processes after adequate adjustments reflecting their requirements. Finally, the authors recommended that a more detailed step-by-step TMP strategy selection and cost estimate process be included in the TMP guidelines to improve the accuracy of TMP cost estimates.
  Authors: Kim, Changmo; Lee, Eul-Bum; Pyeon, Jae-Ho; Ellis, Ralph D.; ShakerNia, Akbar
  Authors: Kim, Changmo; Lee, Eul-Bum; Pyeon, Jae-Ho; Ellis, Ralph D.; ShakerNia, Akbar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-3098
• Logistic Regression Model to Select and Prioritize Network-Level Project Sections for Sustainable Pavement Management in Texas
  Abstract: In recent years, the increasing gap between available funding and preservation needs influences district pavement engineers to select and prioritize projects for the effective use of funding. However, the current practice of project selection is often made after an informal assessment, based on local conditions and local district engineers’ experience, in the absence of a statewide systematic process. The primary objective of this study is to determine network-level project sections for effective sustainable pavement management using logistic regression analysis. A huge volume of inventory data documented from pavement management information systems (PMIS) was used to develop the logistic regression (LR) model for selecting candidate sections. The LR model was subsequently validated using a single 50-50 split sample method. The findings of this study will assist the Austin district in selecting and evaluating candidate projects. Furthermore, the study will ultimately contribute to efficiency improvement in project selection and prioritization by reducing not only the amount of time necessary to review the District PMIS data to identify project candidates, but also the potential for human error.
  Authors: Kim, Dae Young; Kim, Moo Yeon; Chi, Seokho; Arellano, Mike; Murphy, Mike
  Authors: Kim, Dae Young; Kim, Moo Yeon; Chi, Seokho; Arellano, Mike; Murphy, Mike
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 256
  Paper Number: 13-3110
• Data Fusion for Multiple-Sensor Nondestructive Evaluation on Concrete Bridge Deck
  Abstract: Corrosion of buried reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks is one of the dominant damage types in terms of overall bridge maintenance costs. Early-stage detection, location and assessment of corrosion can significantly reduce the damage progression and maintenance costs. This study aims to assess and improve the ability of various nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods to detect the early stages of corrosion. This paper presents the techniques to apply data fusion on two NDE methods – ground penetrating radar and half-cell potential. Fusing data from multiple NDE methods may result in better and more accurate evaluation of active corrosion.
  Authors: Cui, Jianhong; Huston, Dryver Roy; Arndt, Ralf
  Authors: Cui, Jianhong; Huston, Dryver Roy; Arndt, Ralf
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-3115
• Estimation of Maintenance Fleet Size for Spreading Operations Considering Road Geometry, Weather, and Traffic
  Abstract: Plowing and salt spreading are the most common counter-measures for snowy and icy pavement surfaces. To help highway maintenance authorities with better planning and allocation of winter highway maintenance resources, this research introduces an analytical model to estimate the required number of spreading trucks to complete the spreading operation within the service time by considering road geometry, weather and traffic. The complexity of the spreading problem lies in dealing with the non-uniform road geometry of each road section, different spreading patterns depending on the road geometry, dynamic traffic speeds under different weather and traffic conditions and the situation with heterogeneous spreading truck capacity for the spreading operations. In this study, a spreading model is developed and applied to a maintenance yard with three road sections in New Jersey. It was found that the developed model is fairly flexible to implement and easy to capture the diverse operational conditions, such as geographical location, climatic and weather conditions, equipment and etc.
  Authors: Chien, I-Jy; Gao, Shengyan; Meegoda, Jay N.; Marhaba, Taha
  Authors: Chien, I-Jy; Gao, Shengyan; Meegoda, Jay N.; Marhaba, Taha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 548
  Paper Number: 13-3119
• Dynamic Lane-Based Signal Merge Control Model for Freeway Work Zone Operations
  Abstract: Traditional merge control strategies cannot yield expected effectiveness under heavy traffic conditions at freeway work zones because inevitable traffic conflicts resulted from complex merging and lane-changing maneuvers could increase the potential of traffic accidents, induce stop-and-go movements, and degrade the operational efficiency. This paper presents a dynamic control model to optimize the signal operations of a new merge system, the lane-based signal merge (LBSM), which uses lane-based signals or variable signs to give drivers in different lanes the right of way to proceed through the open lane(s) in a work zone area. The control objective is to maximize the work zone throughput. Genetic algorithm is employed to solve the model. Results reveal that the proposed method yields promising work zone operational performance under heavy traffic conditions.
  Authors: Liu, Yue; Mao, Jing; Yu, Jie
  Authors: Liu, Yue; Mao, Jing; Yu, Jie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-3219
• Novel Model-Free Algorithm for Monitoring of Weather-Induced Hazards on Road Pavement Using Temperature Data Only
  Abstract: The presence of snow and ice on the pavement are major wintry hazards for roadway safety. Pavement temperature sensors are usually employed as a standard road weather element in many road weather information systems. A novel pattern detection algorithm has been developed to monitor the state changes of moisture on pavement surface (e.g., dry, wet, snow and ice) by solely analyzing the pavement temperature data. The results of both an indoor weather chamber test and a field test under realistic highway in-service traffic conditions show that the change of pavement surface condition, including dry, wet, and snowy and icy states, can be detected using the pattern detection algorithm.
  Authors: Yun, Hae-Bum; Sundaresan, Ganesh; Jung, Youngwoo; Kim, Jong-Woo; Park, Ki Tae
  Authors: Yun, Hae-Bum; Sundaresan, Ganesh; Jung, Youngwoo; Kim, Jong-Woo; Park, Ki Tae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 551
  Paper Number: 13-3301
• Concrete Tunnel Lining Evaluation Using Nondestructive Techniques: Multimethod Case Study at Eisenhower Tunnel, Colorado
  Abstract: An in-depth investigation of tunnel linings is performed at Eisenhower Tunnel 60 miles west of Denver, Colorado, using a combination of four nondestructive testing methods: air- and ground-coupled ground penetrating radar (GPR), ultrasonic echo (US echo), ultrasonic tomography (UST), and impact echo (IE). A robotic frame with pneumatically operated vacuum plates is used to automate GPR, US echo, and IE. UST was performed manually. These techniques are used to identify and locate the reinforcement mesh and structural steel ribs. By analyzing the phase shift from the ultrasonic data, it is also possible to estimate the bond between the concrete and the embedded steel. It is shown that this combination of methods can be used synergistically to provide tunnel owners with the layout and possible condition of tunnel lining reinforcement and structural components.
  Authors: White, Joshua; Wolf, Julia; Shokouhi, Parisa; Hurlebaus, Stefan; Wimsatt, Andrew James
  Authors: White, Joshua; Wolf, Julia; Shokouhi, Parisa; Hurlebaus, Stefan; Wimsatt, Andrew James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3381
• Patch Analysis of Reinforced-Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ground-Penetrating Radar
  Abstract: The common practice of patching decayed or damaged bridge decks introduces unique challenges to non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques when the deck is extensively patched. NDT techniques are useful to gain knowledge of damaged bridge decks, but it is important to know their limitations to correctly assess the condition and remaining life of the structure. Three bridge decks in the New England area were subjected to a suit of testing which included ground penetrating radar, half cell potential, chain drag/hammer sounding, visual inspection and core sampling. Two of the three decks had large patched areas. The data from each of the tests, specifically ground penetrating radar and half-cell potentials, allow for the comparison and the identification of the limitations of each individual test. Using the gained knowledge of the shortcomings of individual tests, it allows the data interpreter to identify ways to compensate for the unique difficulties caused by patched bridge decks. With a better understanding of the data collected from NDTs, higher precision QC/QA can be performed, which can lead to increased savings and higher durability of the bridge decks.
  Authors: Martino, Nicole; Vilbig, Reid; Birken, Ralf; Maser, Kenneth R.
  Authors: Martino, Nicole; Vilbig, Reid; Birken, Ralf; Maser, Kenneth R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 500
  Paper Number: 13-3242
• Impacts of Influential Factors on Vehicle-to-Vehicle Crash Frequency and Severity in Rainy Weather
  Abstract: This study combined vehicle to vehicle crash frequency and severity estimations to examine factor impacts on Wisconsin highway safety in rainy weather. Primary tasks for this study were conducted as follows. Due to data deficiency, real-time rainfall intensity, water film depth, stopping sight distance, deficiency of car-following distance, and vertical curve grade were estimated through available data sources and GIS analysis to capture rainy weather conditions at the crash location and time. For crash frequency, a negative binomial regression model was estimated while ordered logit and multinomial logit models were compared for crash severity estimation.In crash frequency estimation, average annual daily traffic per lane and the interaction between posted speed limit change and off-ramp existence were found to increase the likelihood of vehicle to vehicle crash occurrences under rainfall. However, more average monthly rainfall and a wider left shoulder width were identified as factors that decrease the likelihood of vehicle to vehicle crash occurrences. In crash severity estimation, higher speed limit, driver's lateral lane control, and no use of safety belt were found to increase the likelihood of severe crashes, especially fatal, incapacitating, and non-incapacitating crashes under rainfall in the multinomial logit model that outperformed the ordered logit model. As an exploratory data analysis, this study provide insight into potential strategies for rainy weather highway safety improvement. The following weather sensitive strategies could prove effective: education enhancement, road design, and ITS implementation for driver's safety awareness under rainfall.
  Authors: Jung, Soyoung; Jang, Kitae; Yoon, Yoonjin; Kang, Sanghyeok
  Authors: Jung, Soyoung; Jang, Kitae; Yoon, Yoonjin; Kang, Sanghyeok
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 603
  Paper Number: 13-3308
• Risk-Based Corridor Asset Management: Applying Multiattribute Utility Theory to Manage Multiple Assets
  Abstract: Simultaneous consideration of various types of assets and investment objectives for the purpose of allocating resources more efficiently can improve the system-wide performance of the transportation system. Currently, various studies have been conducted on the development of management systems such as pavements, signs, mobility, safety, or preservation. However, studies that specifically investigate the synergistic effects of these systems on transportation system performance are not as many. This paper develops a multi-attribute utility model that identifies high-risk corridors within a transportation system for prioritization, based on multiple objectives and various assets. Three objectives are used in evaluating the performance of the system: minimizing the number of incidents, maximizing mobility, and improving preservation of assets. The methodology is generally applicable to system-level management of transportation systems. The model is applied to a selected corridor in the state of Georgia. The results illustrate that the developed model can aid transportation agencies in identifying high-risk corridors that degrade the performance of their transportation system. This model can be used in identifying high-risk corridors during program development.
  Authors: Boadi, Richard Sarpong; Amekudzi, Adjo A.
  Authors: Boadi, Richard Sarpong; Amekudzi, Adjo A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 362
  Paper Number: 13-3319
• Evaluating Natural Hazards and Damage on Florida Bridges
  Abstract: With exposure to many natural hazards such as hurricanes, tornadoes, flooding, landslides, wildfires, etc., many bridges in Florida are vulnerable to damage during these hazard events. The state of Florida is developing a risk-based decision support model, specifically for its state-maintained bridges, to handle the occurrence of such natural hazards. This paper first identifies the predominant natural hazards in Florida, before developing prediction models (estimates of likelihoods) for the significant hazards. Historical data of hazard events were collected from Florida, as well as from existing national models for hazards prediction. Assuming the Poisson process for occurrence of natural events, predictions were estimated for annual probability of occurrence and occurrence within 10 years. It was observed that on average the probability of hurricane occurrence at bridge locations decreases with the intensity (category number) and that wildfires have the highest likelihood estimates. With focus on physical damages to bridges, the consequences of the hazard events were also estimated based on historical data within Florida. With the data being available primarily for hurricane events, the damaged bridge components and elements were identified, with the levels of damage assessed as well as the associated repair costs.
  Authors: Sobanjo, John Olusegun; Thompson, Paul D.; Kerr, Richard
  Authors: Sobanjo, John Olusegun; Thompson, Paul D.; Kerr, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-3324
• Cross-Asset Resource Allocation Framework for Achieving Performance Sustainability
  Abstract: The resource allocation across multiple assets in transportation systems has gained significant attention over the past few years. In this context the present paper proposes a framework to help decision makers estimate the optimal resource allocation across multiple assets considering functional, structural, and environmental performance indicators. The CO2-equivalent emissions are considered in the calculations along with condition measures to evaluate the optimal budget allotment scenario that will lead to structural and functional integrity as well as environmental sustainability. The application of the framework is demonstrated in a case study with pavement and bridge assets. The results show that the framework can be used as a supporting tool for decision makers and transportation agencies to estimate the optimal budget to invest on each asset. The paper also evaluates the impact of different parameters on the resource allocation policy with a sensitivity analysis. The findings show that the initial condition of assets, and the priority (weights) assigned to each indicator (functional, structural, and environmental) can change the optimal resource allocation scenarios. It was also found that the relative size of the assets has notable impact on the optimal budget share. Finally, the paper discusses the need for agencies to consider their own data inputs, and provides recommendations for future research.
  Authors: Dehghanisanij, Mohammadsaied; Giustozzi, Filippo; Flintsch, Gerardo W.; Crispino, Maurizio
  Authors: Dehghanisanij, Mohammadsaied; Giustozzi, Filippo; Flintsch, Gerardo W.; Crispino, Maurizio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 362
  Paper Number: 13-4056
• Schedule Optimization for Renewal Projects in Urban Networks
  Abstract: In this paper we develop a mathematical decision model and solution algorithm to schedule work zone constructions in planning. The model is designed to measure the mutual-interacting traffic impact and delay resulted by work zone disruption in the network. Several construction strategies interested by stakeholders are discussed, including daytime and nighttime construction modes, sequencing precedence, seasonal variation effect of demand, etc. The proposed algorithm applies a heuristic to evaluate traffic delay, in which a k-shortest path method is encapsulated to analyze traffic diversion among a set of alternative routes in the network. A numerical example is analyzed on a real-life network, with a conclusion of fairly good solution quality of the proposed methodology.
  Authors: Zheng, Hong; Nava, Eric Joseph; Chiu, Yi-Chang
  Authors: Zheng, Hong; Nava, Eric Joseph; Chiu, Yi-Chang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-4104
• Field Monitoring of Fatigue Crack on Highway Steel I-Girder Bridge
  Abstract: This paper presents a field test program for fatigue crack monitoring on a steel I-girder bridge located in a busy highway route in Maryland. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of an existing fatigue crack on the connection plate was performed using piezoelectric film AE sensor and laser sensor was used to continuously measure the differential deflection between two adjacent girders. The triggered AE signals measured by the piezoelectric film AE sensors are presented and are believed to be associated with fatigue crack related AE events.
  Authors: Zhang, Yunfeng; Zhou, Changjiang; Fu, Chung C.; Zhou, Ed
  Authors: Zhang, Yunfeng; Zhou, Changjiang; Fu, Chung C.; Zhou, Ed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4097
• Rapid Displacement Monitoring Using Wireless Hybrid Sensor on In-Service Highway Bridge
  Abstract: Condition assessment and monitoring of bridges is critical for safe passenger travel, public transportation, and efficient freight. One of the most important parts of a bridge is the expansion joint, which accommodates continuous cyclic thermal expansion of the whole bridge. Conventionally, the displacement of the expansion joints is measured using wired sensors including LVDT, laser displacement transducer, etc. However, implementation of the wired displacement sensors is expensive due to the high cost of the data acquisition system, and time consuming cable installation. To overcome the challenges, a wireless smart sensor network (WSSN) has recently drawn significant attention as an alternative for transportation infrastructure monitoring. The main merits of WSSN are low cost, wireless communication capability, and versatile on-board computation. In this paper, a rapid wireless displacement monitoring system has been developed. This system, named wireless hybrid sensor (WHS), combines a high-resolution analog displacement sensor, a microprocessor, and a wireless multi-scale sensor board for accurate displacement monitoring. The WHS has been calibrated for both static and dynamic displacement measurement in the laboratory environment, and deployed on an in-service highway bridge to demonstrate rapid expansion joint monitoring. The test-bed is a continuous steel girder bridge, the Founders Bridge, in East Hartford, Connecticut. Using the WHS system, the static and dynamic displacement of the expansion joint has been successfully measured. With the WHS system, approximately 6% of the time was spent on installation and 94 % for the measurement.
  Authors: Jang, Shinae; Dahal, Sushil; Li, Jingcheng
  Authors: Jang, Shinae; Dahal, Sushil; Li, Jingcheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4110
• Injury Outcomes and Costs for Work Zone Crashes
  Abstract: The main objective of this research was to quantify the injury outcomes and develop reliable and comprehensive injury costs for work zone crashes based on crash type (rear-end, head-on, etc.) and crash severity (KABCO scale). A three-step methodology was used to quantify the comprehensive crash costs. All crashes in Wisconsin between 2001 and 2010 that were marked with a construction zone flag were identified and used in this analysis. The Wisconsin Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) database provided comprehensive injury costs based on the injury types and severities suffered by participants in study crashes. KABCO and Maximum Abbreviated Injury Score (MAIS) ratings were similar for PDO and Possible Injuries. A vast majority of non-incapacitating and incapacitating injuries sustained minor or moderate injuries only suggesting that use of KABCO needs to be reconsidered. The calculated comprehensive costs for crash types with sufficient sample sizes were found to be up to 105%, 35%, and 50% larger than the default Federal Highway Administration values for incapacitating, nonincapacitating, and possible injury crashes, respectively. Injury crash costs for different crash types varied significantly, indicating that developing crash-specific costs could result in more accurate benefit-cost analysis for the implementation of countermeasures.
  Authors: Coburn, John S.; Bill, Andrea R.; Chitturi, Madhav V.; Noyce, David A.
  Authors: Coburn, John S.; Bill, Andrea R.; Chitturi, Madhav V.; Noyce, David A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-4123
• Evaluation of Bridge Deck Early-Age Cracking
  Abstract: Early age bridge deck cracking is a major problem affecting the durability of the United States Bridges. Many factors can cause early age bridge deck cracking including change in temperature, hydration, plastic shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and drying shrinkage. The presence of cracking may increase the effect of free and thaw cycle and may lead to corrosion of reinforcement which may lead to deterioration of the entire bridge. It is crucial to investigate the issue of early age cracking in bridge decks in order to provide solutions to improve the safety of the United States bridges. The research examines the use of different sealing materials to seal the developed cracks while the performance criteria can be achieved. Also, an analytical study is performed to study the importance of major parameters that may control the transverse deck cracking such as load patterns, load magnitude, span length, number of spans, and continuity. The outcomes of this study identify suitable sealant materials and also identify set of recommendations to limit the cracking problem and hence resulting in longer service life to bridges
  Authors: Elsafty, Adel; Abdel-Mohti, Ahmed
  Authors: Elsafty, Adel; Abdel-Mohti, Ahmed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-3348
• Statistical Identification of Items Important for Evaluating Bridge Conditions
  Abstract: Understanding the relative importance of large number of potential explanatory data items (e.g., deck material, average daily traffic) possibly explaining bridge condition deteriorations will help bridge management agencies better allocate resources for data collection, and simplify the data analysis for more reliable bridge condition evaluation. Previous studies explored how various factors influence bridge deteriorations and prioritize them, but these studies either used data from one geographic region, or used one or two statistical methods for analyzing data from the whole United States (U.S.). Using National Bridge Inventory (NBI) data released in 2010, this paper presents a statistical investigation for better understanding how the relative importance of different explanatory data items vary across regions in U.S. as well as across various bridge condition rating items (e.g., condition ratings of deck and superstructure). Using four statistical methods to rank the relative importance of various explanatory data items recorded in NBI, the authors analyzed the frequencies of these items appear in the top 20 of the generated rankings. The frequency analysis results show substantial variations in the frequencies generated for different bridge condition rating items using data from different regions, while some items are consistently identified as important. In particular, deck material related features of bridges are items not studied in-depth in previous studies while consistently identified as one of the most important data items by all studied statistical methods on data from all studied regions in U.S.
  Authors: Tang, Pingbo; Kannan, Omar; Wang, Junhui; Oh, Jun-Seok; Kwigizile, Valerian
  Authors: Tang, Pingbo; Kannan, Omar; Wang, Junhui; Oh, Jun-Seok; Kwigizile, Valerian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-3442
• Survey of Current State of the Practice for Winter Maintenance of Parking Lots and Sidewalks
  Abstract: This paper describes results from an online survey conducted to investigate and document the current state of practice concerning various aspects of winter maintenance of parking lots and sidewalks within the province of Ontario, Canada. In particular, the use of different materials, maintenance strategies, latest equipment and hurdles to sustainability were explored. The online survey included a total of 30 questions specifically addressing application rates, materials, types of equipment and preferences towards various maintenance strategies.The information obtained from this research represents a unique compilation of the current standard of practice as described by actual field practitioners in the form of answers to carefully designed questions. From a research perspective, the results from the survey are very useful in explaining material usage patterns and exploring potential areas for improvement. Practitioners in the field can compare their practices to those presented in the survey while equipment and material manufacturers can use the results to improve their products and better serve the need of the industry.
  Authors: Omer, Raqib; Fu, Liping; Liaqat, Zara
  Authors: Omer, Raqib; Fu, Liping; Liaqat, Zara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 551
  Paper Number: 13-3448
• Evaluation of Joint Sealant Effectiveness on Moisture Infiltration and Erosion Potential in Concrete Pavement
  Abstract: Effectiveness of sealants to protect jointed concrete pavement against erosion related distresses has been a focus of great interest recently. An experimental program was carried out on the Riverside Campus of Texas A&M University to study the effectiveness of different sealant types to limit infiltration of the joint under different joint openings. The experiments included three main sealant types; silicon, hot-pour and preformed sealants with different joint well and debonding conditions. A movable joint system was employed to simulate joint widening. The results show the importance of having sealants in jointed concrete pavements. The unsealed joints have significantly higher flow rates when compared to damaged sealants. Sealants are less effective when there are extreme joint openings. The preformed sealants showed better performance. Installation quality is discussed as a critical factor in joint sealant effectiveness. Experiments also showed that sealants that are installed on dirty joint walls cannot develop a good bond to the joint well and consequently show poor performance. The effect of joint seal installation and the drainage quality of the pavement system was employed to adjust a faulting prediction model making it more representative of the effect of moisture at the interface on performance. The three main elements of erosion are erodibility of the base/subbase, number of wet days, and traffic are included in the model. The model represents the effect of sealing joints on concrete pavement performance.
  Authors: Neshvadian Bakhsh, Keivan; Zollinger, Dan G.; Jung, Youn-Su
  Authors: Neshvadian Bakhsh, Keivan; Zollinger, Dan G.; Jung, Youn-Su
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 773
  Paper Number: 13-3489
• Optimization Design and Experiment on Plane Layout of Edge Line Marking for Speed Reduction
  Abstract: It is known that the installation of edge line marking can help reduce driving speed.Theoretically, higher edge rate density leads to higher perception speed, so as the effect of speed reduction. However, too high edge rate density may result in progressively reduction of overestimating speed even underestimation, due to critical flicker frequency. To further strengthen the application effect of edge line marking, plane layout of double-row and triple-row of edge line marking were proposed from the essence of critical flicker frequency and mechanism of speed reduction of edge line marking. In simulation experiment, different speed perception under different plane layout was measured. The results showed that double-row edge line marking could overcome the restriction of critical flicker frequency and get higher perceived speed. While participants tended to perceive three adjacent edge line markings as a whole when triple-row edge line marking was adopted, which embodied the law of proximity in Gestalt psychology, and then the overestimation of perceived speed had no significant difference with the one when single-row edge line markingwas used.Based on these, road experiments were carried out on the Hangrui highway in China with optimization of single-row and double-row edge line marking. The result showed that the latter performed better with speed reduction. The average speed, 85% speed and standard deviation of speed respectively dropped 9.26km/h, 10.48km/h and 3.0km/h, with separately reducing range of 9.0%, 9.0% and 38.0%, which got better improvement than that using single-row edge line marking.
  Authors: Liu, Bing; Zhu, Shunying; Wang, Hong; Cheng, Lingzi
  Authors: Liu, Bing; Zhu, Shunying; Wang, Hong; Cheng, Lingzi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: AHD55
  Paper Number: 13-3528
• Development and Evaluation of Snowplow Instrumentation and Data Collection System
  Abstract: Removal of ice and snow from road surfaces is a critical task in the northern tier states of the United States. Most of the research effort in the snow and ice control area is focused on application of chemical and roadway pretreatment techniques. Plowing is the only technique that effectively removes snow from roadways, and it is imperative that this technique should be studied to maximize its efficiency and effectiveness. In this study instrumentation and data collection system for front mounted Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) snow plow truck was developed, the system included twelve strain gauges, twelve control modules, a data acquisition system, a rear view camera, and a front view camera that is capable of recording GPS and truck speed. After being calibrated the strain gauges were installed on an Alaskan snow plow, and the system was evaluated with dry runs on asphalt and concrete pavements and soil-dry runs on concrete pavements. The instrumentation and data collection system was fully functional and distinguished between external field factors: pavement type, blade saver option (on/off), and dry soil plowing. A reduction in stresses developed in the snow plow and the carrier structure was observed for asphalt pavement compared to concrete pavement, and when the blade saver option was on.
  Authors: Mahmoud, Enad; Elhouar, Souhail; Dragoo, Drew; Sugisawa, Cliff; Peters, Tim
  Authors: Mahmoud, Enad; Elhouar, Souhail; Dragoo, Drew; Sugisawa, Cliff; Peters, Tim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 548
  Paper Number: 13-3697
• Experimental Investigation of Multilayer Surfacing System on Orthotropic Steel Bridge with the Five-Point Bending Test
  Abstract: Due to lightweight and flexibility, orthotropic steel deck bridges become popular the last decades but several problems were reported in relation to asphalt surfacing materials such as rutting, cracking, loss of bond between the surfacing system and steel deck. In the Netherlands a surfacing structure for orthotropic steel bridge decks mostly consists of five structural layers: top porous asphalt layer, guss asphalt layer, steel deck and two membrane layers.The five-point bending fatigue test is the standard device in France for asphalt concrete used on steel orthotropic deck bridges to perform the best asphalt mixture having a strong resistance to cracking. For the needs of this paper the 5 PBT was employed in order to evaluate the performance of the whole multilayer structure on steel deck and also to evaluate the mechanical properties of both top and bottom membrane and the influence they have on the structure.For the completion of the experimental investigation two types of specimen have been tested using the 5PBT set up. Displacement sensors have been used in order to detect the initiation of cracks where they are most likely to appear. Strain gauges have been used in order to monitor significant changes in strain on the Guss asphalt layer during the fatigue tests. Shear displacements between the asphalt layers are monitored and presented. It shows that the stiffness and the bonding characteristics of the intermediate membrane sheet as well as the wearing course behaviour seem to have great influence on the mechanical response of multilayer bridge surfacing system.
  Authors: Tzimiris, George
  Authors: Tzimiris, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-3709
• Linking Interstate Pavement Preservation Investment to Performance: Exploratory Aggregate Analysis
  Abstract: The U.S Department of Transportation (USDOT) and the General Accountability Office (GAO) of the United States continue to emphasize the need for regular monitoring of highway system performance vis-à-vis the resources expended on the system. There are people who strongly feel that the allocation of future highway aids should consider relative performance of individual state. There is therefore a need for a framework for the quantification of the relationship between highway system expenditure and the performance in terms of physical condition. In attempting to throw some light on this issue, this paper investigates the impact of interstate highway pavement preservation investments on the physical performance of these facilities. To help remove bias, the analysis incorporated the system size as a normalizing variable and key deterioration factors in each state. Data included system performance, expenditure, extent of truck travel, and climatic severity from 2000–2008. A variety of model specifications were used including lagged panel models. The study outcome not only provides a relationship between preservation resource allocation and performance outcome for pavements, but also presents the relative performance across states while duly accounting for extenuating factors such as climate and traffic. It is hoped that this analysis will help national highway administrators acquire a deeper comprehension of the resource-outcome link, identify and explain the performance differences across states, and foster accountability and communication.
  Authors: Agbelie, Bismark Richard Delaidem Kofi; Labi, Samuel; Sinha, Kumares C.; Noureldin, A. Samy
  Authors: Agbelie, Bismark Richard Delaidem Kofi; Labi, Samuel; Sinha, Kumares C.; Noureldin, A. Samy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 256
  Paper Number: 13-4212
• Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Model for Resource Allocation in Transportation Facility Maintenance
  Abstract: The road network preservation has become a prior work for Transportation Departments of China and a more accountable usage of limited budget and the funding levels available seems to be more and more important. Usually, in the field of transportation facility maintenance, the resource allocation of funds can not be accurate and scientific. A decision making method for transportation facility maintenance is proposed within the constraint of limited amount of conservation funds, thereby seeking the maximal social and economic benefits. This problem can be considered as a resource allocation optimization problem. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method has been proven to be successful for decision-making. The study aims at developing an efficient solution for solving a fund-constrained highway pavement maintenance problem, and thus to introduce the application of the PSO algorithm into the field of resource allocation optimization. And at last in the numerical test, the model achieved good results.
  Authors: Hu, Hao; Xu, Long; Zhang, Jie
  Authors: Hu, Hao; Xu, Long; Zhang, Jie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-4270
• Correlation of Non-Destructive Testing Results to Improve Assessment of Corrosion and Corrosion Damage of a Reinforced Concrete Deck
  Abstract: Periodic monitoring of a 33 year old reinforced concrete bridge deck in Haymarket, Virginia was performed as a part of the Long Term Bridge Performance Program (LTBPP). The bridge carries southbound U.S. Route 15 over Interstate 66. The use of several different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods has allowed monitoring of the progression of corrosion activity and damage over a two year period. The Route 15 bridge was completely surveyed using NDT methods in September of 2009 and again in August 2011. The NDT methods that were utilized for detection of corrosion activity and damage were half-cell potential (HCP), electrical resistivity (ER), ground penetrating radar (GPR), and chain drag (CD)/hammer sounding. Presented are the findings regarding corrosion and deterioration of the deck over time as identified through the use of NDT. Comparison between different NDT methods were made that show relationships between the results of different NDT methods. The comparisons indicated several correlations between methods that identify threshold values and the methods’ ability to identify corrosion at different states of the deterioration process.
  Authors: Pailes, Brian M.; Gucunski, Nenad; Brown, Michael Carey
  Authors: Pailes, Brian M.; Gucunski, Nenad; Brown, Michael Carey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: AHD45
  Paper Number: 13-4277
• Assessment of the Durability of Wet Night Visible Pavement Markings: Retroreflectivity Experiment
  Abstract: This paper encompasses the assessment of the retroreflectivity of wet-reflective pavement markings which were recorded as part of a research effort to establish the durability of pavement markings in an on-road installation. Six marking technologies were installed on a portion of Route 460 in Blacksburg, Virginia. A human factors experiment in natural rain conditions was performed to establish the visibility needs of the driver (discussed in a separate paper). The retroreflectivity of the markings was measured at intervals of 2 to 5 months, with six measurements over the course of 23 months. The numbers of snow plow crossings and chemical treatments were also measured.Although all markings lost a considerable amount of retroreflectivity after the first winter, the markings installed in grooves or in rumble strips were shown to retain more retroreflectivity and receive less damage than markings installed on the surface of the roadway. Twenty-three months after installation, the retroreflectivity for all markings in active rain conditions had dropped below the 150 mcd/m2/lx minimum recommended from previous research. The Wet-Reflective Tape was the closest to maintaining the minimum with a mean retroreflectivity of 137 mcd/m2/lx in 1 in/hr rain. Several other markings maintained a retroreflectivity above 84 mcd/m2/lx; this may still provide a benefit over standard paint.
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald B.; Williams, Brian; Cottrell, Benjamin H.
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald B.; Williams, Brian; Cottrell, Benjamin H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: AHD55
  Paper Number: 13-3799
• Mean Profile Depth Analysis of Field and Laboratory Traffic-Loaded Chip Seal Surface Treatments
  Abstract: This paper presents a laboratory and field study to evaluate the mean profile depth (MPD) parameter that represents the surface texture of chip seal pavements. A three-dimensional laser profiler is used to determine the MPD values from both field pavement sections and field samples that have been tested in the laboratory using the third-scale model mobile loading simulator (MMLS3). Data obtained from five different field-constructed chip seal sections are used to evaluate the effects of different factors on the MPD of chip seal pavements. These factors include aggregate type, emulsion application rate, field versus MMLS3 traffic loading, and traffic volume. The results presented in this paper suggest that: (1) chip seal pavements constructed using lightweight aggregate have larger initial MPD values and faster reduction in MPD as a function of the number of wheel passes than those constructed using granite 78M aggregate; (2) MPD values obtained from a drier section (with drier indicating a lower emulsion-to-aggregate ratio than that of the sections it is being compared against) initially drop quickly and significantly, resulting in a much smaller ultimate MPD value; (3) in general, the MPD values obtained under MMLS3 loading are similar to those obtained from field traffic loading, thus allowing the translation of the laboratory MMLS3 data to the field response data; (4) a short rest period in a high traffic volume road retards the recovery of the binder and therefore leads to more permanent changes in the MPD; and (5) the initial measured MPD value can help predict aggregate loss performance.Keywords: mean profile depth, asphalt surface treatments, chip seal, traffic load
  Authors: Kim, Y. Richard; Adams, Javon Marcell
  Authors: Kim, Y. Richard; Adams, Javon Marcell
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-3884
• Infrared Thermography-Based Inspection Technique for Void Detection in Bridge Stay-Cables
  Abstract: Cable-stayed bridges are being constructed more frequently due to their architectural appeal, ease of construction, and lower cost and environmental footprint in comparison to other bridge types. On some more recent bridges of that type built in the past 10-20 years, the stay-cables are comprised of greased-and-sheathed, stranded steel wires enclosed in high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes with the interstices filled with a cementatious grout. This design is susceptible to voids in the grout, which can possibly promote cracking in the HDPE piping and reduce the ability of the corrosion protection to safeguard the wires. Several non-destructive techniques have been used to detect defects (voids) in stay cables. In this work, voids in stay cables are studied using passive infrared thermography during solar irradiation over days from sunrise to sunset. Effects of stay cable material properties, time of the day, solar orientation and void sizes on the capacity of passive infrared thermography to detect defects were studied using a mockup cable constructed with known void sizes and locations. Field testing of the thermographic method was also performed on the US 231 William Natcher Bridge in western Kentucky to validate the mockup results. Grout voids in the bridge stay cables were successfully detected, the detectability of which was found to be dependent on the cable orientation relative to the solar irradiation and the angle of the cable relative to the ground. The thermographic void findings correlated well with other nondestructive methods (GPR and sounding).
  Authors: Salaimeh, Ahmad
  Authors: Salaimeh, Ahmad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3912
• Thickness Measurements of Structural Concrete Members with Compact Dimensions Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo and Impact-Echo
  Abstract: Thickness measurements are one of the most common applications for acoustic non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for concrete components such as ultrasonic pulse echo and impact-echo. They become relevant whenever components are accessible from only one side and, for example, the design thickness needs to be verified or the geometry of a structure needs to be assessed.While such measurements are relatively easy to conduct on test objects with simple geometries and wide dimensions, they become challenging when the geometry of the test object is more complex or when the dimensions of the test object are rather compact. In this study, measurements have been performed on two test blocks with different geometries. Block A is a solid slab-like block of mostly constant thickness. Block B consists of areas of different thickness. All measurements are conducted using an automated test frame, thus providing dense scan grids and therefore good statistical significance. Two- as well as three-dimensional imaging techniques are applied to the data.Within the thickness range investigated here (169 to 510 mm), ultrasonic pulse-echo has proven to be generally robust even on block B with a rather complex geometry.While impact-echo provides satisfying results on the rather simple slab-like block A, it is severely affected by geometrical effects when measurements are being conducted on a test block B.
  Authors: Algernon, Daniel; Hiltunen, Dennis R.; Ferraro, Christopher C.; Ishee, Charles A.
  Authors: Algernon, Daniel; Hiltunen, Dennis R.; Ferraro, Christopher C.; Ishee, Charles A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3913
• Evaluation of Digital Image Correlation Method as a Structural Damage Assessment and Management Tool
  Abstract: The challenges of deteriorating transportation infrastructure continue to be at the forefront of bridge inspection practices. Effective means of collection and management are of concern to prioritize maintenance procedures for aging infrastructure. The foundations of structural health monitoring attempts to monitor infrastructure condition, assess in-service performance, detect deterioration, and estimate remaining service life. Current practices for condition assessment can often be time consuming and not very cost effective. Digital Image Correlation is an optical technique that consists of correlating pixels in optical images to determine changes in position due to deformation on the material’s surface. This technology enables two dimensional and three dimensional global behavior monitoring of the bridge structure revealing measurements such as displacements and strains. The collection of these measurements can lead to the characterization of structural damage of bridge structures and bridge members. Digital Image Correlation measurements allows for easy flexible data collection and enables an efficient management system for up to date image and record keeping for changes of loading capacity or damage of the structure. Results are given for correlation of a rigid body motion for a plywood panel, flexural testing of a steel beam in the elastic range and flexural testing of an Ultra-High Performance Concrete beam in the non-linear range. This paper discusses the principles of Digital Image Correlation and its effectiveness for evaluating structural behavior with a broader goal of expanding the capabilities to include condition monitoring for damage and load capacity changes for in-service bridges.
  Authors: Oats, Renee C.; Harris, Devin K.; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; de Melo e Silva, Henrique
  Authors: Oats, Renee C.; Harris, Devin K.; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; de Melo e Silva, Henrique
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-3968
• Effects of Emulsion Type on Bending-Beam Rheometer Field-Aged Asphalt Concrete Beams
  Abstract: One of the functions of asphalt emulsions is to rejuvenate the surface of an aged asphalt concrete roadway. However, it is unclear as to the effectiveness of different types of asphalt emulsions, as most current testing is empirical in nature and does not give an indication of the performance of the asphalt emulsion. Using asphalt concrete beams from the surface of a roadway in the Bending Beam Rheometer, however, can give an indication of an asphalt emulsion’s ability to decrease the stiffness and affect the creep rate or change in stiffness (m-value) of the roadway samples. Seven emulsions at three application rates on two roadways were examined to identify the effect of emulsion on the stiffness and m-value of asphalt concrete. There was no easily identified difference between the three application rates for either field section or any of the emulsions. However, the m-value tended to increase with the addition of emulsion and the stiffness tended to decrease. This indicates that the BBR can be used to determine the effect of asphalt emulsion on the creep change and the stiffness of field samples in the Bending Beam Rheometer.
  Authors: Braham, Andrew; Howard, Isaac L.; Barham, Jason
  Authors: Braham, Andrew; Howard, Isaac L.; Barham, Jason
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-4384
• Quantification of Weather Influences on Freeway Bottlenecks
  Abstract: Weather is a major source of non-recurring delay on freeways within the United States. How weather affects areas of daily recurring delay, particularly freeway bottlenecks, has not been thoroughly researched. A type of freeway bottleneck in the form of a lane drop was studied across two winters at a site of daily recurring congestion. This bottleneck was located in Pittsburg, California. Queue discharge flow was compared between rainy days and clear days either one week before or after the rainy event. Discharge flows during rainy events dropped by an average of 11% and this difference was significant to the 95% confidence level. Conclusions could not be made on volume changes to individual lanes during rainy events. With future examination of other bottleneck locations and types, analysts will be able to better predict trip times and agencies will gain knowledge for prioritizing operational improvements.
  Authors: Seeherman, Joshua Lawrence; Skabardonis, Alexander
  Authors: Seeherman, Joshua Lawrence; Skabardonis, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 313
  Paper Number: 13-4355
• Development and Application of Three-Dimensional Optical Bridge Deck Evaluation System
  Abstract: There has been a growing interest in developing remote sensing technologies to quickly assess the condition of bridges while minimizing traffic disruptions and limiting inspection crews' exposure to traffic. Currently, the calculation of the National Bridge Inspection (NBI) Rating for a bridge deck is done by inspectors visually inspecting the bridge deck. 3D optics is an innovative technology that can help assess bridge deck condition while at the same time enhance the ability to preserve the data for future reference and decision making. 3DOBS (the 3D Optical Bridge-evaluation System) was developed to address these issues while at the same time providing data that can be used to understand changes in condition in the future. The system is comprised of standard Digital Single Lens Reflex camera (DSLR) that is mounted to a vehicle, close-range photogrammetry software, and an automated spall detection algorithm. The camera is driven over each lane of the bridge collecting photos with a 60% overlap and then processed in the photogrammetric software. The resulting output is a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the bridge deck. This is then processed through the spall detection algorithm to identify spalls, calculate area and volume of individual spalls, and percent of the total bridge deck that is spalled. This information can be integrated into bridge management systems and decision making processes on bridge preservation.
  Authors: Dobson, Richard; Brooks, Colin Neil; Roussi, Chris; Shuchman, Robert A.; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Dean, David
  Authors: Dobson, Richard; Brooks, Colin Neil; Roussi, Chris; Shuchman, Robert A.; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Dean, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-4451
• Replacing Thermal Sprayed Zinc Anodes on Cathodically Protected Steel Reinforced Concrete Bridges: Experimental and Modeling Studies
  Abstract: This research aimed to address questions underlying the replacement of arc-sprayed zinc anodes on cathodically protected steel reinforced concrete bridges and to develop a protocol to prepare the concrete surface for the new anode through a combination of laboratory test and modeling studies. To achieve strong initial bond strength of new zinc to the existing bridge concrete, the current operating configuration (#8 nozzle with high sand volume) is too aggressive and should be changed to #6 nozzle with low sand volume to achieve target RMS macro-roughness of 1.2-2.1 centi-inches and micro-roughness of 0.014-0.02 centi-inches. It is recommended to adjust the anode removal and surface profiling based on the electrochemical age of the existing concrete. Wherever possible, large aggregates (e.g., diameters ¾ in. and bigger) should be avoided for exposure by surface profiling. For non-electrochemically aged concrete, profile the surface to achieve a RMS macro-roughness of 1.1-1.8 centi-inches and 5-36% exposed aggregates. For existing concrete with relatively high electrochemical age (14 yrs), profile the surface to achieve a RMS macro-roughness of 1.1-1.5 centi-inches and 44-55% exposed aggregates.
  Authors: Shi, Xianming; Li, Yongxin; Cross, Doug; Ewan, Levi; Fortune, Keith; Soltesz, Steven M.; Jungwirth, Scott
  Authors: Shi, Xianming; Li, Yongxin; Cross, Doug; Ewan, Levi; Fortune, Keith; Soltesz, Steven M.; Jungwirth, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4543
• Estimating Maintenance Costs for State Highway Infrastructure
  Abstract: As the highway system in Nevada expands, resources need to be provided to maintain the system. In order to request maintenance funding from the State of Nevada, maintenance costs for labor, materials, equipment, and stockpile need to be estimated. Literature review indicates that most studies on pavement management have been on reconstruction and rehabilitation, but not on maintenance; this includes routine, corrective and preventive maintenance. This study developed linear regression models to estimate the total maintenance cost and component costs for labor, materials, equipment, and stockpile. The data used in the model development were extracted from the pavement and maintenance management systems of the Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT). The life cycle maintenance strategies adopted by NDOT for five maintenance prioritization categories were used as the basis for developing the regression models of this study. These regression models are specified for each stage of life-cycle maintenance strategies. The models indicate that age, traffic flow, elevation, type of maintenance, maintenance schedule, life cycle stage, and the districts where maintenances were performed all are important factors that influence the magnitude of the costs. Because these models have embedded the road conditions into the life-cycle stage and type of maintenance performed, they can be easily integrated into existing pavement management systems for implementation.
  Authors: Teng, Hualiang; Yatheepan, Yathi V.; Sun, Quanxin; Liu, Rengkui
  Authors: Teng, Hualiang; Yatheepan, Yathi V.; Sun, Quanxin; Liu, Rengkui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-4624
• Stress Data and Artificial Neural Network for Evaluating Transverse Connection Integrity of Full-Depth Deck Panels
  Abstract: Prefabricated bridge elements and systems (PBES) are widely used to accelerate bridge construction. The expectation is to develop bridges with service life of 100 years or more. Prefabrication is expected to offer durable components or systems to build bridges with such a long service life. However, field cast connections between PBES are the weakest link in terms of durability. Hence, to develop durable bridges not only the use of durable PBES but also the use of connection details and materials with a record of durable performance and implementation of the best practices in construction, quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), and maintenance are needed. When a bridge that is built using PBES is considered as a structural system, deterioration is going to start at the field cast connections. Hence, it is vital to identify the onset of deterioration at connections before visual signs are developed to initiate maintenance actions to be effective and efficient in arresting further deterioration. When a bridge is considered, the deck is the shelter of the structure which is subjected to severe loads due to exposure and traffic. Hence, detecting the onset of deck connection deterioration is vital to ensure a long service life of a bridge. This paper presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based approach for detecting onset of precast component connection deterioration. As a prototype, a full-depth deck panel system is used. The stress data recorded at a transverse connection is used. The results are promising; however, need further investigations to establish the distress thresholds.
  Authors: Mansiz, Cem; Attanayake, Upul Bandara
  Authors: Mansiz, Cem; Attanayake, Upul Bandara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-4661
• Monitoring and Assessment of Concrete Deck Cracking Potential in Negative Moment Regions
  Abstract: Replacement of concrete decks is usually achieved using staged construction techniques to avoid causing disruption to the traveling public. Trucks traveling in traffic lanes adjacent to fresh concrete pours increase the cracking potential of concrete decks as was observed upon completion of the first stage of construction of a highly skewed continuous span bridge located on the New Jersey Turnpike. The majority of the observed cracks occurred right after construction and was centered in the negative moment region. Many questions were raised to understand the type and causes of these cracks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of the bridge using non-destructive testing and evaluation methods. Strain gauges were embedded in the concrete slab during the pour of the southbound half of the bridge. Material samples were collected to measure the mechanical properties of the concrete slab. A finite element model of the bridge was developed to simulate its overall behavior. The model was validated using a static load test performed on the structure. Thereafter, live load analyses were performed using the 3-D model. It was found that the strength of the concrete mix used was inadequate to support the imposed live load stresses at an early age in addition to shrinkage and temperature strains. Based on FE analysis and simulation, a solution was proposed to modify the High Performance Concrete (HPC) mix to a High Early Strength (HES)-HPC mix that exhibited a reduction in cracking potential of the bridge deck compared to an HPC mix.
  Authors: Nassif, Hani; Adediji, Ope; Su, Dan; Lou, Peng; Johnsen, W. Scott
  Authors: Nassif, Hani; Adediji, Ope; Su, Dan; Lou, Peng; Johnsen, W. Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4665
• Prediction of Coastal Flooding and Evacuation Demand Estimation Considering Climate Change
  Abstract: Climate change consequences such as sea level rise have put residents and transportation systems in the Tri-State coastal regions around New York at a risk for catastrophic flooding events, and it has become urgently needed to develop capabilities to predict the impact of such events. In this paper, we propose an approach to predict coastal flooding and analyze its impact on transportation systems and population in the region. In particular, the three-dimensional coastal ocean model FVCOM is coupled with a two-dimensional shallow water model to simulate hydrodynamic flooding with resolution desired to resolve traffic systems such as streets at an affordable expense. A hydrological method is also proposed to estimate flooding resulting from overland runoff. The hydrodynamic and hydrological methods are combined to determine the entire flooded region. On the basis of the predicted areas of flooding, the demand to be evacuated may be estimated. To demonstrate its capabilities and performance, the proposed approach is applied to flooding along Cape May coastlines in the Delaware Bay under projected sea level and storm conditions. Simulations indicate that sea level rise indeed leads to a substantial increase in the total flooded area. Transportation facilities and local population will be significantly impacted in this region as discussed in the results of the case study.
  Authors: Tang, Hansong; Chien, Steven I-Jy; Marouane, Temimi; Qu, Ke; Zhao, Liuhui; Blain, Cheryl Ann; Kraatz, Simon
  Authors: Tang, Hansong; Chien, Steven I-Jy; Marouane, Temimi; Qu, Ke; Zhao, Liuhui; Blain, Cheryl Ann; Kraatz, Simon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 603
  Paper Number: 13-4729
• Fatigue Testing and Structural Health Monitoring of Retrofitted Steel Highway Bridge Web Stiffeners
  Abstract: Numerous steel highway bridges were built during the construction boom between the late 1950s and late 1970s and are still in use today. Fatigue cracking can be considered as a main source of deterioration for these bridges. It is reported that the largest category of observed fatigue cracks are those caused by out-of-plane distortion. Locations where transverse structural components are framed into longitudinal girders through web stiffeners not attached to the flanges (such as diaphragms or cross-frames) are most susceptible. In the current study, a web stiffener detail is fatigue tested under different cyclic loading conditions. As-welded specimens are tested, along with specimens retrofitted by grinding and rewelding, post-weld treatment (i.e. needle peening), or using adhesively bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) attachments. Direct strain and deflection measurements are compared with finite element (FE) analysis predictions, and local (hot-spot) stresses are compared with hot-spot stress design curves. A time-series based damage detection method is also explored for fatigue crack depth prediction using strain data. The method is validated using small- and large-scale specimen strain data. It is found that damage measures based on strain measurements in the vicinity of the critical hot-spot are closely correlated with the true crack depth.
  Authors: Ghahremani, Kasra; Sadhu, Ayan; Walbridge, Scott; Narasimhan, Sriram
  Authors: Ghahremani, Kasra; Sadhu, Ayan; Walbridge, Scott; Narasimhan, Sriram
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-4720
• Bridge Assessment Methods Using Image Processing and InfraredThermography Technology: On-Site Pilot Application in Florida
  Abstract: Identifying appropriate applications for technology to assess the health and safety of bridges is an importantissue for bridge owners around the world. Traditionally, highway bridge conditions have been monitored byvisual inspection with structural deficiencies being manually identified and classified by qualified engineersand inspectors. With traditional on-site inspections, qualified inspectors are performing close-up visualinspections and sounding tests, often from crane suspended lifting cages or built-in inspection staging;invariably putting inspectors at some safety risk. The need for safer inspection methods calls for newinnovations in bridge inspection technologies. One of the solutions for this issue is leveraging nondestructivetechnologies as well as experimental approaches for a more advanced and efficient inspectionprocess. If we can improve data collection efficiencies and reduce the time required by inspectors in the fieldto make general structure condition assessments, more time will be available for these same inspectors toperform detailed hands-on inspections and/or to apply non-destructive testing technologies for pre-screenedbridge elements in areas requiring close attention. NEXCO-West, one of major toll road operators in Japanhas been working to develop efficient non-destructive highway bridge inspection methods using high qualitydigital image and Infrared (IR) thermography technologies. This paper describes the results of on-siteapplications for a sample bridge in the state of Florida in conjunction with the joint research with Universityof Central Florida.
  Authors: Matsumoto, Masato; Mitani, Koji; Catbas, F. Necati
  Authors: Matsumoto, Masato; Mitani, Koji; Catbas, F. Necati
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-4738
• Use of Variable Rate Spreader Bar to Minimize Wheelpath Bleeding for Asphalt-Rubber Chip Seal Applications
  Abstract: For over thirty five years, the California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) has been placing Asphalt-Rubber Chip Seals (ARCS) as an effective preventative maintenance strategy, for minor and major road projects, where low and high truck traffic and high pavement temperatures have been prevalent. The performance of chip seals is known to be affected by two critical distresses: (1) raveling, and (2) bleeding, particular in the wheel path. In order to avoid these types of distresses it is critical to select proper application rates of binders and aggregates and to implement a clear quality control plan with effective verification of application rates. Due to the inherent differences in traffic loading in the wheel bath and out of the wheel path, it is commonly observed that most bleeding and flushing is observed in the wheel path. This has prompted the need for varying the application rates between the wheel path and non-wheel path areas. This paper includes a review of several field studies in which both uniform and variable application rate were used to construct Asphalt Rubber Binder chip seals in California. Observation of early (after construction) and late (up to 6 years) performances are reported to show the importance of using a Variable Rate Spreader Bar (VRSB) in mitigating premature bleeding in the wheel path. The study also includes development of a field calibration test method recommended as a modification of the CTM 339-2000 and a recommendation to require the use of a VRSB calibrated according to the newly developed procedure
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina Tutumina
  Authors: Johannes, Petrina Tutumina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-4379
• Freeway Work Zone Lane Change Model
  Abstract: Lane changing and merging occurs more frequently in work zones than other roadway conditions due to mandatory and discretionary lane changes. The increased driver workload during lane changing in work zone area can impact the safety of work zones and lead to crashes. Although the configuration of the work zone has a significant impact on the number of lane changes that occur in the work zone, the operational performance of the roadway within the work zone also has an impact. The objective of this research was to develop a lane changing model that estimates the probability of lane changes occurring within a work zone. The research also sought to calibrate the current Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) weaving model to determine the potential use of this model in estimating the number of lane changes in a work zone. Using field data collected by cameras in a work zone area, an ordinal regression model was developed to estimate the probability of lane changes in the work zone. Lane change models were developed for upstream, within and downstream of the work zone. The significant variables are more speed related than flow related variables. The results are useful in understanding how traffic operations can be managed to reduce lane changes and also for use in simulating lane change behavior in work zone conditions.
  Authors: He, Yang; Daniel, Janice R.
  Authors: He, Yang; Daniel, Janice R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-4193
• Individual Driver's Speed Change in Response to Speed Photo Enforcement and Police Patrol Car in Work Zones
  Abstract: Speeds of individual vehicles at two locations in a work zone were matched to determine drivers’ response to the presence of police patrol car (Police), speed radar photo enforcement (SPE), and Base condition with no treatment. . Data collection for matching individual speeds was very laborious but gave much more information, such as direct comparison of a vehicle’s speed at the treatment and downstream location, than averaging data (aggregate data) often used in work zone speed studies. This is the first study using the paired approach.Paired t-tests revealed statistically significant speed increases of 6.1 mph and 5.4 mph between the treatment and downstream locations for Police and SPE, respectively, while the speed change for Base condition was not statistically different than 0 mph. Passenger cars had a higher average speed change than heavy vehicles for Police and SPE but lower for Base. The percentage of speeding vehicles at the Treatment location was 76% for Base, 33% for Police, and 26% for SPE. At the Downstream location, the percentage of speeding vehicles was 77% for the Base while for the Police and SPE it increased to 88% and 76%, respectively. Many more drivers sped up in Police (92%) and SPE (85%) than the 48% who sped up in the Base condition. The percentage of vehicles that were not speeding at the Treatment location but sped up such that they were speeding at the Downstream location was 57% for Police and 54% for SPE compared to only 13% for the Base.
  Authors: Lodes, Michael Robert; Benekohal, Rahim F.
  Authors: Lodes, Michael Robert; Benekohal, Rahim F.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 400
  Paper Number: 13-4339
• Short-Term Kettle and Field Aging Investigation of Hot-Poured Crack Sealants
  Abstract: Hot-poured sealant treatments for cracks in flexible pavements are the most cost effective and commonly used pavement maintenance technique. The performance and longevity of such treatments after installation is heavily dependent on adhesive and cohesive properties of the sealing materials. Crack sealants exhibit significant potential for degradation due to aging that occurs due to heating during installation and due to weathering during their service life. Understanding the effects of aging on the rheological and mechanical properties of sealants is essential for prediction of their field performance. This paper investigates the use of performance-based tests to evaluate the short-term installation and long-term field aging effects. Performance based tests were developed for a sealant grading system similar to Superpave grading system for asphalt binders. Short-term aging was evaluated using samples collected from the kettles at regular intervals. Field aging was evaluated using samples obtained from the field after one year. Eight types of sealants were sampled from a test section where they were exposed to direct weathering effects including solar radiation, temperature variations, and moisture. Field samples include sealant extracted from routed and sealed cracks. The samples were sliced into two fractions in order to investigate differential aging of the sealant. The top 5 mm of sealant is designated as “crust”, while the remaining 15 mm are designated as “bottom”. All samples were subjected to a testing protocol including viscosity, flexural creep, and adhesion tests. Results indicate strong aging gradation from top to bottom in the samples collected from the routs 6-9 months after installation. An equation was proposed to predict average aging properties and estimate degree of field aging. This equation can be used to develop predictive performance models for sealants considering the intensity and gradation of aging on fundamental properties such as stiffness and viscosity.
  Authors: Ozer, Hasan; Al-Qadi, Imad L.; Castro, Guillermo Elizalde; Yousefi, Seyed Saleh
  Authors: Ozer, Hasan; Al-Qadi, Imad L.; Castro, Guillermo Elizalde; Yousefi, Seyed Saleh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 698
  Paper Number: 13-4485
• Comparative Analysis of Current Performance-Based Maintenance Methods to Improve Virginia Highways
  Abstract: This research was completed in two phases; phase one involved a mini-scan study of the highway maintenance industry to identify the current state-of-practice in performance-based maintenance contracting (PBMC). Phase one identified agencies similar to VDOT who are using performance-based maintenance for highways. Phase two involved building and analyzing highway agency timelines to develop recommendations for VDOT’s next step in highway maintenance. The first part of phase two began with a VDOT evolution timeline inclusive of major Virginia procurement law milestones enabling VDOT’s performance-based maintenance program (PPTA 1996). Timelines were then constructed for four other major highway agencies identified during the mini-scan study. Evolution timelines were constructed for: Florida DOT, Main Roads of Western Australia, England’s Highways Agency and New Zealand Transport Agency. The four timelines were subsequently compared to VDOT uncovering similarities in maintenance contracting evolution. Connection links were based on similar procurement legislation and highway contracting milestones (i.e. 1st D-B or PBMC). Connections between VDOT’s history and each of the four agency timelines were rated on strength; mild, strong or very strong. The linkages served as the basis for projecting future recommendations for VDOT’s maintenance program. Five final VDOT recommendations are proposed based on timeline links and procurement laws in Virginia: Use performance-based contracting on secondary roads, use area-wide contracts to cover addition facilities, shift VDOT TAMS focus from lowest-cost to best-value similar to England’s MAC, devise a strategic network of highways to prioritize maintenance, use KPI’s in maintenance contracts to align Maintenance Division objectives with overall VDOT.
  Authors: Arcella, Joseph Louis; de la Garza, Jesus M.
  Authors: Arcella, Joseph Louis; de la Garza, Jesus M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-4922
• Integration of Crash Report Narratives for Identification of Work Zone-Related Crash Classification
  Abstract: The poor state of the United States infrastructure coupled with the backlog of repair and replacement within the National Highway System will result in an unprecedented amount of work zones. Traffic Management Plans and safety in these crash-prone areas will be even more critical moving forward. These ever changing roadway environments are frequently dynamic, mobile and unpredictable for drivers and often jeopardize construction workers and motorists themselves. To preserve highway safety and mitigate traffic congestion, trends of work zone crash factors must be analyzed to provide designers of work better information on how to minimize crashes and improve overall safety. Crash reporting accuracy in regard to proper attribute labeling is crucial in probing the underlying issues of work zone crashes. Varying definitions and inconsistent classification standards may lead to mislabeled crashes and inaccurate datasets of work zone related crashes to analyze. This research assessed the accuracy of work zone crash identification through a comparison of work zone indication fields versus narrative reviews on police crash reports. The results identified both the percentages of crashes that were identified as work zone crashes that may not have been as well as those that were not identified as work zone-related despite occurring in a work zone. As part of the analysis, a model of parameters for automating work zone identification was developed using terminology from crash report narratives.
  Authors: Swansen, Erica; McKinnon, Ian Andrew; Knodler, Michael A.
  Authors: Swansen, Erica; McKinnon, Ian Andrew; Knodler, Michael A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-4919
• Project- and Network-Level Bridge Deck Degradation Models via Neural Networks Trained on Empirical Data
  Abstract: The national bridge inventory (NBI) database offers a wealth of information but its complexity due to non-linear variable relationships, subjectivity from visual inspections, and missing data limit its full utilization for developing performance prediction models. This paper documents how a careful preparation of the NBI database and use of a basic artificial neural network, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP), can be effective for developing bridge deck degradation models. Development of an MLP model for deck surface condition rating and its assessment with statistical metrics are presented, along with its use to create deterioration curves over the life of a deck. An approach for generalizing the neural network model for a population of bridges is also presented. The MLP model had a predictive capability of 83% when allowed a variance equal to bridge inspectors. The generalized MLP degradation curve is more resilient to errors in the data and provides a more detailed degradation profile than Markov models. Simple MLPs can thus allow for an efficient project and network levels degradation modeling of bridge elements based on empirical historical data.
  Authors: Winn, Emily; Burgueño, Rigoberto; Haider, Syed Waqar
  Authors: Winn, Emily; Burgueño, Rigoberto; Haider, Syed Waqar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-4989
• Development of Speed-Flow Curves for Highway Work Zones with Speed Limit of 45 mph and 55 mph
  Abstract: This paper develops speed-flow curves for highway work zones with speed limit of 45 mph and 55 mph. The study used eight data sets with free flow conditions and two data sets with congestion conditions to establish the curves for ideal and non-ideal work zone conditions. Ideal conditions refer to a work zone with ideal geometric characteristics and no other speed reducing factors such as work activity and police presence. The non-ideal speed-flow curves for speed limit of 45 mph and 55 mph are respectively associated with police presence and speed monitoring display in the work zones.It turned out that the shape of the 45-mph curves is different than that of the 55-mph curves. Especially, regression analysis of the eight free flow data sets (three with speed limit of 45 mph and five with speed limit of 55 mph) showed that the slope of the free flow lines is significant for speed limit of 45 mph. On the other hand, a horizontal line can be considered for speed limit of 55 mph since most of the slopes are statistically insignificant. In addition, the paper develops a methodology to estimate capacity and operating speed. The methodology considers the effect of non-ideal conditions as reductions in free flow speed and establishes a curve based on the reduced free flow speed. To establish the curve, one can use the look-up tables provided in this study without going through the curve fitting process. An example problem was solved to show how to use the look-up tables.
  Authors: Ramezani, Hani; Benekohal, Rahim F.; Avrenli, Kivanc A.
  Authors: Ramezani, Hani; Benekohal, Rahim F.; Avrenli, Kivanc A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-5017
• Rheology of Asphalt Emulsion Residues and Its Relationship to Elastic Recovery in AASHTO T301
  Abstract: Several researchers investigated the use of dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) based tests to replace elastic recovery test using a ductility bath for PG graded modified asphalt binders. Some studies reported good correlation between percent recovery of multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test (AASHTO TP70) and elastic recovery of AASHTO T301 using a ductility bath for PG binders. In this study, DSR based rheological tests of 20 different asphalt emulsion residues were performed and its relationships with elastic recovery (AASHTO T301) were investigated. Out of 20 emulsions, 8 are hard pen base asphalt emulsions of which 2 are polymer modified. Out of 12 non-hard pen base asphalt emulsions, 6 are polymer modified. In strain sweep test from 2% to 52%, it was observed that emulsions prepared of hard pen base asphalt have relatively lower strain tolerances. Using frequency sweep data, complex modulus master curves were constructed at 25°C for overall rheological behavior. Temperature sweep of phase angle from 52°C to 94°C showed that maximum phase angle in the range of 75° to 85° may be used as a criterion for polymer identification. Burgers model parameters were obtained through fitting of 1st creep and recovery cycle and two parameters, Maxwell viscosity and Kelvin viscosity were investigated for polymer identification. From multiple stress analyses, it was observed that the relationship between creep stress and percent recovery (MSCR) is negative and logarithmic. Finally, the highest coefficient of determination of linear correlation was obtained between MSCR percent recovery at 10°C and elastic recovery (AASHTO T301) at 58°C. Coefficient of determination, R2 values obtained for 0.1 kPa and 3.2 kPa creep stresses are 0.961 and 0.938, respectively. Therefore, MSCR at 10°C has been recommended as a criterion for polymer identification. At 0.1kPa creep stress, a minimum percent recovery of 25 and at 3.2kPa, a minimum percent recovery of 9 is recommended to identify the presence of polymer.
  Authors: Wasiuddin, Nazimuddin Mohammad; Salehi Ashani, Saeid; Kabir, Md Sharear; Abadie, Christopher David; King, William; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Authors: Wasiuddin, Nazimuddin Mohammad; Salehi Ashani, Saeid; Kabir, Md Sharear; Abadie, Christopher David; King, William; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-5071
• Global Positioning System (GPS)/Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) Use, Challenges, and Cost-Benefit in Operations
  Abstract: Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems are helping DOTs achieve a variety of new efficiencies while improving or maintaining LOS through periods of state budget shortfalls. The trucking, emergency response, and transit communities have used GPS/AVL for years. Now DOTs are realizing new efficiencies with this technology as well. Recent findings on the challenges and cost-benefit advantages DOTs are finding with these technologies are discussed in this paper, summarizing the author’s 2011 and 2012 surveys of DOTs on this topic. For example, in addition to the 10% materials savings that DOTs in the US and Canada have reported, automated data collection associated with GPS/AVL is saving DOT maintenance forces thousands of hours filling out paperwork, boosting morale as well as effectiveness. WSDOT estimated the agency and the public benefit from an additional 10,000 hours per year that maintenance employees are out plowing instead of filling out paperwork, equating to a biennial savings of $700,000 in labor costs. The savings they found were such that WSDOT now aims to have all winter material application records, and material inventory issues recorded automatically, and the agency will begin to use their GPS/AVL equipment to help automate documentation of the maintenance staff performs on the state’s permanent stormwater control structures in the right-of-way, associating hours worked with GPS located stormwater facilities, to better understand life cycle costs, maintenance requirements, and document and communicate maintenance needs to the state legislature, for better funding.
  Authors: Venner, Marie
  Authors: Venner, Marie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: AHD60
  Paper Number: 13-5123
• Proposed Performance Measure for Bridge Management: Contribution to Network Connectivity and Accessibility
  Abstract: The incorporation of bridge contribution to overall network connectivity, for purposes of systemwide performance measurement, assessment of bridge criticality, or measurement of vulnerability from a network perspective, has always been a challenge for bridge managers. In this study, the topological properties of road networks are considered in order to identify critical bridges using connectivity and accessibility measures. Existing methods of network connectivity and accessibility measures are demonstrated using an example network. Relative connectivity index (RCI) and relative accessibility index (RAI) are proposed as performance measures for network connectivity and accessibility. The interstate road network in Marion County, Indiana is used as a case study in order to demonstrate these proposed performance measures. The results show that these indices can be useful in measuring the contributions of individual links towards connectivity and accessibility of their parent networks and thus for identifying critical bridges. The proposed performance measures are easy to implement and can be applied in bridge management systems for assessing the impact of future new bridges on network connectivity and accessibility, and also for the prioritization of existing bridges for investment on the basis of their contributions to network connectivity and accessibility.
  Authors: Woldemariam, Wubeshet B.; Labi, Samuel
  Authors: Woldemariam, Wubeshet B.; Labi, Samuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-5125
• Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Environmental Effects on Chip Seal Performance: Freeze-Thaw and Asphalt Aging
  Abstract: Chip seals generally deteriorate as a result of asphalt oxidation, wear and polishing of aggregate, bleeding, and raveling (loss of aggregates). In this study, two major environmental effects on chip seal performance, freeze-thaw and asphalt aging were investigated based on laboratory tests and field distress survey. For freeze-thaw evaluation, laboratory chip seal samples were prepared for 18 combinations (6 aggregates X 3 asphaltic materials). A simple freeze-thaw protocol was developed. It was observed that freeze-thaw loss is much higher than post freeze-thaw sweep test and control (dry) sweep test. Evaluation of freeze-thaw effect on aggregate types reveals that both the precoated and uncoated expanded shale lightweight performs comparatively very well against freeze-thaw plus sweep test. Evaluation of freeze-thaw effect on asphaltic materials types reveals that CRS-2P performs better than PAC-15 and AC20-5TR. For aging evaluation, asphaltic materials were extracted from 15 (5 aggregates X 3 asphaltic materials) field test sections and increase in stiffness due to aging were determined using a dynamic shear rheometer. For each of the five aggregates, CRS-2P shows the lowest G*/sinä indicating minimum field aging susceptibility among the three asphaltic materials. For each of the aggregates, AC20-5TR shows slightly higher G*/sinä than PAC-15 indicating maximum field aging susceptibility among the three asphaltic materials used in this study. It is evident from this study that precoating of aggregates increased the aging indices. For the field evaluation, fifteen chip seal test sections were prepared with three asphaltic materials and five aggregates in a 9-acre parking lot. Overall field distress ratings of the CRS-2P sections are better than those of PAC-15 sections and overall distress ratings of PAC-15 (sum of distress ratings of all the PAC-15 sections) sections are better than overall distress ratings of AC20-5TR sections which closely reflect the observations in freeze-thaw evaluation and asphalt aging evaluation.
  Authors: Wasiuddin, Nazimuddin Mohammad; Wilson, Kisler; Islam, Mohammad Readul; Parker, Phillip; Abadie, Christopher David; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Authors: Wasiuddin, Nazimuddin Mohammad; Wilson, Kisler; Islam, Mohammad Readul; Parker, Phillip; Abadie, Christopher David; Mohammad, Louay N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-5094
• Simulation-Based Evaluation of Dynamic Queue Warning System Performance
  Abstract: Microscopic traffic simulation was used to evaluate various design alternatives of a dynamic queue warning system at a freeway work zone with lane closure. The objectives were to (1) assess the expected performance and reliability of a dynamic queue warning system deployed at a freeway work zone lane closure, (2) evaluate the sensitivity of the system’s performance on key design parameters; and (3) determine the most appropriate settings for these parameters. Various combinations of the following design parameters were studied using microscopic traffic simulations:• Speed thresholds - for queue detection and warning message selection,• Aggregation interval - for averaging vehicle speeds at each sensor location• Update interval – for updating messages based on PCMS• Detector spacing – distance between speed sensors deployed upstream of the lane closure• PCMS location – defined by their distance to the lane closure.As expected, the queue warning systems with half-mile detector spacing can more accurately detect the end-of-queues than those with 1-mile detector spacing. It was also found that the queue detection and queue length estimation accuracy of the system was not sensitive to the speed thresholds in the 25-35 mph speed range. Therefore, based on safety considerations, 35 mph is recommended as queue detection threshold. The recommended threshold for “slow traffic” messages in freeway applications is 55 mph. The recommended speed aggregation interval is 5 minutes.
  Authors: Pesti, Geza; Chu, Chi-Leung; Charara, Hassan; Ullman, Gerald L.; Balke, Kevin N.
  Authors: Pesti, Geza; Chu, Chi-Leung; Charara, Hassan; Ullman, Gerald L.; Balke, Kevin N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-5086
• Efficiency Measurement of Interstate Highway Pavement Maintenance Using Data Envelopment Analysis
  Abstract: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method is used in this study to explore the development of an objective measurement of Interstate highway pavement maintenance efficiency of state DOTs by taking into account the effects of uncontrollable factors and scale efficiency. Regression models are established to guide the selection of input and output variables for the analysis. On the basis of different data availability of variables, the final output is considered to be the change in Present Serviceability Rating between two consecutive years, and the selected input variables include Interstate maintenance (3R) expenditures, weighted Interstate average daily traffic per lane, heavy-vehicle proportion, annual freeze-thaw cycles and annual average precipitation. DEA efficiency scores are presented for each decision making unit, i.e., each DOT. Reasons for the inefficiencies of some states are explained through studying respective input and output data. Further, the Malmquist Productivity Index model is proposed to calculate both the technical efficiency change (catch-up effect) and the technological change (frontier-shift) to account for individual agency level efficiency change and industry-wide productivity change respectively over the studied time periods. Scale efficiency is also calculated which is expected to decide on possible organizational restructuring. It is anticipated that this research will provide a simple but relatively more objective and comprehensive way of evaluating highway pavement maintenance efficiency.
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo; Arman, Mohammad; Labi, Samuel
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo; Arman, Mohammad; Labi, Samuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-5168
• Dynamic Characterization of a Truss Bridge by Falling-Weight Deflectometer
  Abstract: There are several full-scale testing methods that can be used to characterize and evaluate the global performance and condition of bridges. These global methods mainly consist of static load tests and dynamic testing methods using either controlled or uncontrolled dynamic excitation. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages with respect to experimental and logistical considerations, data analysis requirements, and the scope and utility of the characterization results obtained. This paper presents a global dynamic characterization program based on controlled impact dynamic testing that was applied to a truss bridge. The impact testing was performed using a hand-held impact hammer and a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) as dynamic excitation sources. The objective of the project was to evaluate if the FWD, which can produce a broadband dynamic force, can be effectively used as a tool for quantitatively characterizing the performance and condition of bridges. Many transportation agencies already use FWD devices for their pavement evaluation programs and it follows that if the device can be successfully used for impact dynamic testing of bridges, these agencies could their FWDs to also quantitatively evaluate their bridges. The paper discusses different dynamic testing approaches and presents an impact dynamic testing program executed for the truss bridge. The results obtained using the two dynamic excitation devices are presented and compared with each other, and with the results from an analytical model of the bridge. Finally, several observations and conclusions related to the efficacy of FWD devices for impact dynamic testing of bridges are presented and discussed.
  Authors: Fernstrom, Eric Victor; Carreiro, Jessica L.; Rawn, Jeremy D.; Grimmelsman, Kirk A.
  Authors: Fernstrom, Eric Victor; Carreiro, Jessica L.; Rawn, Jeremy D.; Grimmelsman, Kirk A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-5182
• Crash Frequency Modeling for Highway Construction Zones
  Abstract: Throughout the country, work zone safety issues have received considerable attention in recent years due to increasing work zone crashes along numerous highway renovation and reconstruction projects. In general, previous studies were able to consider limited number of contributing factors mainly due to the limitations in data availability. The main goal of this paper is to remedy this major problem related to data availability and estimate improved models using data from multiple sources. Work zone project drawings, crash database and straight line diagrams are used to create an integrated work zone safety database. Work zone crash data is plotted in time and space to validate, locate and adjust work zone related information. The negative binomial regression approach is used as the appropriate model to predict crash frequency within these work zones. Traffic volume is adjusted for daytime and night time conditions in terms of hourly distribution of daily traffic. The duration-based and period-based models are also developed to address relationship between potential factors and to predict crash frequency on work zones in terms of property damage only (PDO) and injury crashes. Compared with previous frequency models, additional parameters such as number of lanes closed and speed reduction are used. These additional factors identified as significant can help traffic engineers to further improve safety of work zone projects.
  Authors: Ozturk, Ozgur; Ozbay, Kaan; Yang, Hong; Bartin, Bekir
  Authors: Ozturk, Ozgur; Ozbay, Kaan; Yang, Hong; Bartin, Bekir
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 339
  Paper Number: 13-4555
• Evaluation of Supplementary Traffic Control Devices for Surveyor Safety Enhancement
  Abstract: Many DOT employees who conduct geodetic/land surveying work alongside a roadway are constantly exposed to fast-moving traffic. Existing studies on traffic control and safety devices are predominately focused on traditional work zones such as construction and maintenance zones. There are limited studies on using traffic control and safety devices to address the safety issues encountered by surveyors at their unique short-term work sites. Information on traffic control and safety devices that can be used to enhance surveyor safety is greatly needed. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of two traffic control and safety devices for surveyors and other employees whose work cover a large area within predetermined limits. The selected devices are portable rumble strips and warning lights. These devices were tested extensively at actual surveyor work sites in New Jersey. All tests sites were on four-lane two-way urban roadways. The effectiveness of the selected devices was assessed by a set of surrogate safety measures including reduction in mean speed, 85th percentile speed, changes in speed distributions, speed limit compliance, and braking rate. The results show that portable rumble strips overall outperformed the warning lights while both devices positively affected the surrogate safety measures at surveyor work sites. In addition, the combination of the two devices performed more effectively than using them separately. The potential safety benefits and relative ease of use of these devices make them potential traffic control and safety devices for surveyors as well as other employees who work in similar work sites.
  Authors: Yang, Hong; Ozbay, Kaan; Bartin, Bekir; Chien, I-Jy
  Authors: Yang, Hong; Ozbay, Kaan; Bartin, Bekir; Chien, I-Jy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 400
  Paper Number: 13-4921
• Impact of Inclement Winter Weather on Border Crossing Traffic: Findings and Implications from Niagara Frontier Border
  Abstract: This paper focuses on one type of critical infrastructure of transportation systems, i.e., international border crossings, and is intended to assess the impact of inclement winter weather such as snow on border crossing traffic volumes. One of the busiest bridge crossings of the Niagara Frontier border, the Peace Bridge, was chosen as the study case. The daily traffic volume data collected from year 2003 to 2009, combined with weather information in the same period, was used to quantify the impact of snow on border crossing traffic. As found from the regression analysis, the daily snowfall, the ground snow accumulation and the average wind speed are significant in discouraging both auto travels and truck trips, and thus reducing border crossing traffic. In terms of vehicle type, truck trips are more prone to snow effects than auto trips. The marginal volume reduction rates with respect to one-inch snowfall range from 2.4% to 3.0% for trucks, but 1.5% to 2.1% for autos. The findings and quantitative effects can be used by traffic operation agencies to estimate changes of border crossing performance under different snow conditions. Meanwhile, the output of these analyses can facilitate the selection of appropriate mitigation strategies.
  Authors: Wang, Qian; Hu, Jinge
  Authors: Wang, Qian; Hu, Jinge
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 603
  Paper Number: 13-5234
• Condition Evaluation of the Nation’s Bridge Infrastructure Using Indicators Extracted from National Bridge Inventory Source Files
  Abstract: As bridges continue to age and deteriorate, the Nation is facing significant repair, maintenance andreplacement costs, as well as an increase in safety hazards to the motoring public and a decrease inefficiency to the trucking industry. Bridge conditions are of immediate concern to public safety, economyand national security. Compounding the issue is a chronic lack of adequate resources to performrecommended maintenance and repair, a continual increase in the weight and numbers of heavycommercial vehicles, and a dramatic reduction in the number of new bridges built or replaced annuallyover the last decade. Essential to addressing this issue is a simple to use, easily accessible means to assesscurrent conditions and to identify specific historical trends that may contribute to these conditions. For thepast two decades the primary source of publicly available information on the condition of the nation’sbridge infrastructure has been the National Bridge Inventory (NBI) data files compiled and provided bythe Federal Highway Administration. In 2009 the New Mexico Department of Transportation created asoftware application, the SABIS Bridge Information System, that processes publicly available NBI sourcefiles and provides simplified access to this information for use by technical and non-technical end users.This paper presents the results of efforts by the Research Bureau of the New Mexico Department ofTransportation to examine ten specific indicators of the condition of the nation’s bridge inventory usingdata extracted from these source files. These indicators are described in Federal Report No. MH-2009-13,“National Bridge Inspection Program: Assessment of FHWA’s Implementation of Data-Driven, Risk-Based Oversight”, and pertain primarily to the load rating and posting status of the nation’s bridges.
  Authors: Daniell, Keli T
  Authors: Daniell, Keli T
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-0061
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Vulnerability Assessment of Bridges Exposed to Scour
  Abstract: In order to improve funding allocation for transportation infrastructure maintenance and risk mitigation, there is dire need for a simplified yet sufficiently accurate methodology for estimating bridge vulnerability to scour. The methodology should make use of existing data and indicate basic variables needed for vulnerability assessment of bridges in road network located in the southeastern Serbia around the future expressway. In the first part of the paper the identification of possible bridge failure modes due to scouring event which depend on soil, structure and river hydraulic properties is discussed. Here, degradation of soil parameters is assumed as the main cause of bridge failure. The capacity of a bridge to withstand certain amount of structural damage governs both direct and indirect costs as the bridge failure and subsequent work zones related to rehabilitation actions reduce performance of the whole network. In the second part of the paper, the simulation of redistribution of traffic flows has been performed for several different possible scenarios using software VISUM. These scenarios include partial and full closure of road links due to bridge failures. The simulations confirmed that the most significant contribution to indirect costs stems from increase of total travel time for all network users.
  Authors: Tanasic, Nikola Slobodan; Ilic, Vladan Nedjo; Hajdin, Rade
  Authors: Tanasic, Nikola Slobodan; Ilic, Vladan Nedjo; Hajdin, Rade
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-0191
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Structural Health Monitoring for Damage Detection Under Heavy Construction Loading
  Abstract: Significant advancements in sensors and communication capabilities have increased interest in structural health monitoring as a cost effect method to monitor bridge performance and provide for pseudo real time damage detection. The objective of this paper is to present a case study regarding the use of structural health monitoring as part of a cost effective risk based approach to handling large construction loads on an existing bridge where lack of information prevented calculation of the bridge capacity. The bridge involved in this study was constructed in 1968 and provides access to a large privately held facility. As plans for implementation of a 400 million dollar expansion and renovation of the existing facility were about to start, the contractor and owner identified the existing five span bridge providing the only access to this portion of the facility as a potential impediment to the fast pace construction schedule. Limited information was available regarding the reinforcement of the existing AASHTO Type I composite beams. Based upon the available information a bridge rating of HS20-44 could be obtained, but anticipated construction loads would significantly exceed the HS20-44 design vehicle. In order to maintain the construction schedule a pseudo real time structural health monitoring program was successfully implemented to monitor bridge performance under construction loading. The monitoring system consisting of MEMS inclinometers, a data logger, digital camera, and cellular modem allowed for pseudo real time remote monitoring of bridge performance with a built in alarm notification system.
  Authors: Pavelchak, Matthew Adam; Williams, Mark Erik
  Authors: Pavelchak, Matthew Adam; Williams, Mark Erik
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-0210
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Equipment Replacement Decision Making: Challenges and Opportunities
  Abstract: A primary objective for equipment managers is to replace the right equipment at the right time and at the lowest overall cost. To help accomplish this task, a theoretically sound and practically feasible equipment replacement optimization methodology has been developed so that a significant amount of money can potentially be saved. In this paper, the challenges and opportunities associated with equipment replacement decision making are discussed in detail. First, a comprehensive review of the state-of-the art and state-of-the practice literature on the equipment replacement optimization (ERO) problem is conducted. Second, the developed ERO software components and functionalities are presented. Third, several challenges faced by the research team during the ERO software development process are described including statistical modeling (purchase cost forecasting and down time cost estimating), optimization (in terms of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) and ERO under budget constraints), and software implementation (particularly for the SDP approach) challenges. Detailed information as to how such challenges have been overcome and turned into opportunities using the current Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) data is also presented. Fourth, real opportunities and the promising future for ERO decision making tools are discussed and supported by comprehensive numerical results and their implications. Finally, a summary of the information presented and details about future research directions are also given.
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Gemar, Mason David; Machemehl, Randy B.
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Gemar, Mason David; Machemehl, Randy B.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-0326
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Water Spray Endurance Test Investigation: Evaluation of Highway Anti-icer Performance Under Freezing Precipitation
  Abstract: A modified Water Spray Endurance Test (WSET) was adapted from the SAE Standard AS5901B and used to study the anti-icing endurance of a variety of sodium chloride-based highway anti-icer liquids. Freezing precipitation immediately forms rime ice on surfaces with no anti-icer treatment. On surfaces treated with anti-icer, freezing precipitation goes through a series of stages, initially forming a liquid brine layer, then forming non-adherent glaze ice, and finally forming rime ice. The modified WSET test was used to study the effect of a variety of additives in NaCl anti-icing liquids. High molecular weight organic polymer additives were found to strongly inhibit the onset of rime ice formation. The delay in the onset of rime ice formation caused by anti-icers is postulated to be due to an enhancement of surface melting, increasing the size of the quasi-liquid layer at the ice surface and favoring glaze rather than rime ice formation until the anti-icer has been sufficiently diluted. The same surface melting enhancement caused by anti-icer chemicals may also be responsible for the observed effectiveness of low concentrations of anti-icer at preventing ice adhesion to pavement surfaces. In this context, the use of the modified WSET test to evaluate rime ice growth rates is discussed as a possible way to compare the relative precipitation resistance (and therefore “effective lifetime”) of different anti-icer formulas.
  Authors: Koefod, Scott
  Authors: Koefod, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 204
  Paper Number: 13-0517
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Assessing National Bridge Inspection Standard Metrics Using Data Extracted from National Bridge Inventory Source Files
  Abstract: Transportation agencies face significant challenges in the maintenance, repair and operation of the nation’s bridge infrastructure as these structures continue to age and deteriorate. Compounding the issue is a chronic lack of adequate funding to perform recommended improvements, an increase in the frequency and magnitude of oversized commercial vehicles, and a dramatic reduction in the number of bridges built or reconstructed over the last decade. In response to a USDOT audit recommending the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) develop and implement minimum requirements for data-driven, risk-based bridge oversight during FHWA annual National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) compliance reviews improve, and to develop a comprehensive plan to routinely conduct systematic, data-driven analysis to identify nationwide bridge safety risks for remediation in coordination with the States, FHWA identified twenty three (23) specific metrics to assess states compliance with National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) requirements and to identify potentially at-risk structures using a data driven approach. These metrics were implemented in 2011 and revised in 2012. This paper presents the results of efforts by the New Mexico Department of Transportation to refine a prototype bridge information system developed in 2010 to include a simplified means to query data contained in the National Bridge Inventory Database and to provide the means to prepare reports and randomized lists of bridges in categories related to these metrics to assist federal oversight personnel in assessing state compliance levels and recommending follow-up actions.
  Authors: Daniell, Keli T
  Authors: Daniell, Keli T
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-0636
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Development of Test Method for Assessing the Bonding Characteristics of Membrane Layers in Wearing Course Laid on Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks
  Abstract: In order to characterize adequately the adhesive bonding strength of the various membranes with surrounding materials on orthotropic steel decks and collect the necessary parameters for FE modeling, details of the Membrane Adhesion Test (MAT) have been introduced. Analytical constitutive relations of MAT device have been derived on the basis of Williams (10). Furthermore, on the basis of experimental data obtained from MAT, ranking of the bonding characteristics of various membrane products is demonstrated as well as the role of other influencing factors, such as the types of substrate and test temperatures.
  Authors: Liu, Xueyan
  Authors: Liu, Xueyan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 335
  Paper Number: 13-0684
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effect of Weather and Road Surface Conditions on Traffic Speed of Rural Highways
  Abstract: This paper describes a study focusing on the impact of winter weather and road surface conditions on the average vehicle speed of rural highways with the intention of examining the feasibility of using traffic speed from traffic sensors as an indicator of the performance of winter road maintenance (WRM). Detailed data on weather, road surface conditions, and traffic over three winter seasons from two two-lane and two four-lane rural highways in Iowa, US, are used for this investigation. Three modeling techniques are applied and compared for modeling the relationship between traffic speed and various road weather and surface condition factors, including multivariate linear regression, artificial neural network (ANN), and time series analysis. The modeling results have confirmed the statistically strong relationship between traffic speed and road surface conditions, suggesting that speed could potentially be used as an indicator of bare pavement conditions and thus the performance of winter road maintenance operations. The analysis has also confirmed the expected effects of several weather variables including precipitation, visibility, temperature and wind speed. Lastly, the time series model developed could be a valuable tool for predicting real-time traffic conditions based weather forecast and planned maintenance operations.
  Authors: Cao, Luchao; Thakali, Lalita; Fu, Liping; Donaher, Garrett
  Authors: Cao, Luchao; Thakali, Lalita; Fu, Liping; Donaher, Garrett
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 251
  Paper Number: 13-0779
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Factors Potentially Influencing Productivity in Performance-Based Maintenance Contracts: International Study of Roads from Sweden
  Abstract: Measuring productivity of the maintenance contractors is extremely difficult and not practical under existing scenarios. It would be more advantageous to determine what factors potentially influence productivity of the maintenance contractors, especially with Performance-Based Maintenance Contracts (PBMC). Sweden commissioned this study to determine practices in progressive countries involved in PBMC and how productivity can be influenced. The objective was to determine what factors potentially influence the productivity of the maintenance contractors and what actions can clients (agencies) consider. Additionally, it was intended to find potential solutions and investigate better practices that affect or influence productivity.The study approach consisted of a literature review and semi-structured interviews in six different countries consisting of Sweden, Finland, The Netherlands, England, Ontario, Canada, and the Virginia Departments of Transportation, in the USA. Each country responded to questionnaires concerning productivity factors.The results show that no clients included in the study measure the contractor’s productivity in PBMC. Competition for maintenance services is the primary factor to influence productivity and by using a performance based approach in a hybrid-type PBMC. Other factors identified include a more balanced risk approach, longer term agreements, bundling services, optimized service area, and using as much performance requirements as possible. The study showed that productivity of the maintenance contractor’s is complex and difficult to assess, but can be influenced indirectly by various factors. Also, there are options that practitioners can possibly adapt to help improve the productivity and efficiency by seeking solutions elsewhere.
  Authors: Pakkala, Pekka
  Authors: Pakkala, Pekka
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-0844
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Bridge Management Practices in Idaho, Michigan, and Virginia
  Abstract: Bridge management practices of departments of transportation (DOTs) in Idaho, Michigan and Virginia, are reported. These DOTs are examples of the success that is possible for asset management practices applied to bridges and culverts. Idaho, Michigan and Virginia manage their structures by: Identifying structures to be preserved; Measuring performance of structures; Setting goals for performance; Applying work programs that respond to performance measurements; Reporting performance to stakeholders, and; Leveraging State-wide commitment to preservation of assets.
  Authors: Hearn, George; Pan, Shyan-Yung; Casey, Wade F.
  Authors: Hearn, George; Pan, Shyan-Yung; Casey, Wade F.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-0869
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Approach to Optimization of Winter Road Management Operation by Taxi Probe Data
  Abstract: Traffic smoothness must be ensured through winter road management. The average travel speed is a key of indicator that represents traffic smoothness. In this study, we used taxi probe data to obtain average travel speeds in the Sapporo urban area, Japan for a long period of time, and analyzed the relationship between the average travel speed and various winter weather and road surface conditions. Also, we calculated the monetary value of the increase in average travel speed afforded by snow and ice control operations. We had been acquired taxi probe data 6 months from October 1st, 2010 to March 31st, 2011, with the cooperation of a taxi company. Differences in average travel speed between the winter season and the non-winter season have been found to vary depending on weather and road surface conditions. Our survey has found that snow and ice control operations increase the average travel speed of road users. Improved average travel speed increases the benefits for road users. The cost-benefit analysis of snow and ice control operations for national highways in Sapporo found that the estimated benefits of winter road management operations far exceeded the cost of such work operations. This paper proposes an approach to a balance and optimization of winter road management and winter service using the taxi probe data.
  Authors: Munehiro, Kazunori; Kageyama, Hiroyuki; Takahashi, Naoto; Ishida, Tateki; Asano, Motoki
  Authors: Munehiro, Kazunori; Kageyama, Hiroyuki; Takahashi, Naoto; Ishida, Tateki; Asano, Motoki
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 251
  Paper Number: 13-0952
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Approaches and Gaps in Weather-Responsive Traffic Management: U.S. and European Perspectives
  Abstract: Traffic management and operations during adverse weather is a major challenge for transportation agencies around the world. Weather is a common cause of crashes and delays on the highways everywhere, accounting for large number of fatalities and hours of delay every year in the US and Europe. Significant improvements have been made in the development and implementation of weather-responsive traffic management strategies to alleviate the impacts of weather, both in the US and Europe. These include weather and traffic data collection and integration, traffic analysis and modeling, human factors analysis and performance evaluation. This paper will describe the state-of-the practice in weather-responsive traffic management in the US and Europe including the types of strategies, systems and tools being used, their similarities, and their effectiveness in traffic operations. The paper will also describe the relevant research activities being undertaken in both countries and how they can coordinate and benefit from each other’s efforts. Finally, the gaps in current practices and research related to weather-responsive traffic management are identified, and recommendations on how these gaps can be filled are described
  Authors: Alfelor, Roemer; Billot, Romain; El Faouzi, Nour-Eddin; Pisano, Paul A.
  Authors: Alfelor, Roemer; Billot, Romain; El Faouzi, Nour-Eddin; Pisano, Paul A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 313
  Paper Number: 13-1499
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Performance Measures for Bridge Preservation
  Abstract: A study of performance measures for bridge preservation is reported. Performance measures for bridge preservation use National Bridge Inventory (NBI) general condition ratings, element-level condition states, and average costs to identify bridges to preserve, to determine the annual needs in preservation work and resources, and to quantify the impacts of preservation programs on bridge conditions and program costs. Proposed measures of performance for bridge preservation are demonstrated for the inventory of State-owned bridges in Colorado.
  Authors: Hearn, George
  Authors: Hearn, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-1551
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Remote Sensing of Weather and Road Surface Conditions: Is Technology Mature for Reliable ITS Applications?
  Abstract: Advances in road weather sensing technologies have made non-invasive road weather sensors a valuable component in many Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. The current study presents an investigation into the reliability of using one of the aforementioned sensors for a proposed weather-responsive variable speed limit system. The Vaisala surface state and temperature sensors (DSC-111 and DST-111) were selected for the proposed application. The sensors’ ability to provide accurate and reliable data was tested under various conditions in a controlled laboratory environment. Specifically, four outputs of interest from the sensors were tested in this investigation; surface state, snow and ice depth, water depth and grip level. Testing results showed that the sensors determined the surface state (dry, moist, wet, snowy and icy) accurately and reliably. The sensor’s snow depth readings were found to be inaccurate, while the sensor’s ice depth measurements were found to be relatively close to the actual depths. In regards to water depth, only a limited number of readings were close to the actual depths while other readings were highly inaccurate. In an effort to test the potential of the sensor in providing reliable inputs to the proposed ITS application, a calibration was conducted for the sensor water depth measurements using various water depths and sensor installation angles. Calibration results showed that the water depth could be accurately estimated using the calibrated sensor measurements regardless of water depth or sensor installation angle. Sensor estimates of grip level were found highly correlated to the coefficient of static friction for the conditions considered in this study. Keywords: weather sensor, snow, friction, calibration, ITS
  Authors: Ewan, Levi; Al-Kaisy, Ahmed; Veneziano, David A.
  Authors: Ewan, Levi; Al-Kaisy, Ahmed; Veneziano, David A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 251
  Paper Number: 13-1997
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Estimating Statewide Benefits of Winter Maintenance Operations
  Abstract: Winter highway maintenance activities offer direct and indirect benefits to the public. However, the cost of such activities is such a major outlay that it demands close scrutiny. There is a need to better understand and quantitatively estimate the benefits of winter road maintenance. Therefore, the work discussed in this paper was undertaken to quantitatively assess the benefits of winter highway operations at the state level. Methodologies were developed for estimating the major benefits of winter maintenance, including safety improvements, travel time savings and fuel savings. A Minnesota case was used to demonstrate the methodologies and quantify those benefits. Results of the case study showed that the benefits of winter highway maintenance by the Minnesota Department of Transportation to be $227 million per winter season, with $168 million of safety benefits, $11 million of mobility benefits, and $48 million of fuel savings. The benefit-cost ratio of winter highway operations in Minnesota was 6.2, in which material costs were taken into account.
  Authors: Ye, Zhirui; Veneziano, David A.; Shi, Xianming
  Authors: Ye, Zhirui; Veneziano, David A.; Shi, Xianming
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 251
  Paper Number: 13-2148
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• New Procedure for Estimating Cable Force in Cable-Stayed Bridge
  Abstract: In structural health monitoring of the cable-stayed bridges, estimation procedure for the cable tension influences the accuracy of monitoring system. Although some formulas are used in many monitoring systems, the results from these formulas are not accurate because they neglect the initial deflection, the natural frequency changing, and the initial curvature shortening of a oscillating cable. This paper presents a new estimation procedure that considers these neglected effects in the existing formulas and achieves the modified accuracy in estimating the tension force in the cable. Considering the initial deflection of the cable at the static status derives a clear explanation about the natural frequency changing for the change of the slenderness ratio of the cable. And by considering the stretching force induced by the initial curvature shortening, the additional forces acting on the supports of the cable conservatively are also investigated. In this paper, the concept of total tension force is proposed to increase the accuracy in tension force estimation for the cable. The re-estimation for the cable-stayed Alamillo Bridge, Spain shows that the new procedure estimates tension force of the cables more accurately and that this can be used as an alternative procedure in the structural health monitoring system.
  Authors: Choi, Dong-Ho; Park, Wan Soon; Nassif, Hani
  Authors: Choi, Dong-Ho; Park, Wan Soon; Nassif, Hani
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-2407
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Development of Enhanced Alaska Pavement Preservation Program and Strategy Selection Guide
  Abstract: Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF) would like to enhance their existing pavement preservation management program by utilizing effective pavement preservation treatments for cold regions so that pavement life extension can be achieved and the need for more costly rehabilitation deferred. By collaborating with the California Pavement Preservation Center and the Alaska University Transportation Center (AUTC), AKDOT&PF has recently completed a pavement preservation research project to improve its pavement preservation program. The research tasks included (a) conducting an international survey of cold regions on pavement preservation; (b) reviewing literature on cold region pavement preservation treatments; (c) monitoring existing preservation treatments used by Alaska; (d) developing a pavement preservation database; and (e) creating an online treatment selection computer program. The pavement preservation treatment tracking database is a web-based online program which includes the standard types of pavement preservation strategies used in Alaska; pavement construction, traffic, weather, and other performance related information; an integrated Google Map function to show the location of the pavement preservation projects; and multiple pavement condition survey results with supporting documents. The strategy selection program is integrated within the pavement preservation database. It utilizes the results of the survey and other information on Alaska treatments to conduct treatment strategy selection and life cycle cost analysis. Workshops have been given on the preservation treatments used in cold regions and use of the database and the strategy selection process. The tools developed for AKDOT&PF should be very helpful for long term implementation of an effective pavement preservation program. Other agencies could learn from Alaska’s experience.
  Authors: Cheng, DingXin; Hicks, R. Gary; Parsons, Angela; Zubeck, Hannele K.; Liu, Juanyu; Mullins, Anthony
  Authors: Cheng, DingXin; Hicks, R. Gary; Parsons, Angela; Zubeck, Hannele K.; Liu, Juanyu; Mullins, Anthony
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 256
  Paper Number: 13-2432
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Prediction of Typhoon Impact on Transportation Networks with Support Vector Regression
  Abstract: Typhoon (or Pacific tropical cyclones) is one of the major natural disasters in the world. Typhoons affect transportation network, cause serious delay, damage roads, decrease the reliability of infrastructure and threaten our lives. In order to avoid serious delay due to the unexpected damaged roads under typhoons, the prediction of typhoon impact on transportation networks is important to reduce the risk of lives. This research focuses on the prediction of typhoon impact on transportation networks with SVR. Support vector regression (SVR) has been used for regression problems and is capable of dealing with complex systems with small data. The input data in SVR model is the historical cumulative damaged roads and maximum cumulative precipitations under typhoons in the past years. The output data is the cumulative damaged roads in the target year. The calibrated model is then applied to predict possible damages and used to evaluate different traffic management strategies in a realistic simulation environment. The calibration results show that MAPE of SVR prediction model is 9.7%. Traffic strategies can be developed based on the prediction information and can significantly improve the network reliability.
  Authors: Hu, Ta-Yin; Ho, Wei-Ming
  Authors: Hu, Ta-Yin; Ho, Wei-Ming
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 603
  Paper Number: 13-2609
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Methodology to Characterize Agriculture-Related Trucking on Low-Volume Rural Roads to Support Asset Management
  Abstract: This paper develops a methodology to characterize agriculture-related trucking on low-volume rural roads. The methodology considers truck trips from the field to intermediate storage facilities (field-to-storage) and from these facilities to market (storage-to-market). The methodology, which applies the transportation systems analysis approach, leverages knowledge from local producers through in-person interviews to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the transportation supply and demand that generate truck flows. Flow characterization in terms of truck volumes and trip-making characteristics supports asset management decisions, such as maintenance timing and upgrade investments, in addition to providing information for forecasting future demand and infrastructure impacts.The development and application of the methodology contributes in three ways. First, it characterizes truck flows from field-to-storage, a segment of the agricultural supply chain seldom considered by previous research. Second, it demonstrates the extent of information concerning road usage and impacts available from producers. Third, results from the application of the methodology to a study region in Manitoba reveal that: (a) smaller truck types are more commonly used for the shorter field-to-storage trips than storage-to-market trips; (b) actual distance traveled exceeds desired distance traveled, owing mainly to infrastructure-related regulatory constraints; and (c) trip length distributions for the storage-to-market segment exhibit a relationship between trip length and type of truck and commodity. The methodology is transferrable across jurisdictions and scalable for different geographic and temporal scopes. The specific results presented in this paper, however, may not be representative of conditions in other regions.
  Authors: Enns, Garry A.; Reimer, Mark Jonathon; Regehr, Jonathan D.
  Authors: Enns, Garry A.; Reimer, Mark Jonathon; Regehr, Jonathan D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 240
  Paper Number: 13-2666
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Long-Term Maintenance of Culverts
  Abstract: According to the American Society for Civil Engineers more than 1.6 trillion dollars are needed to update the nation's mostly aging infrastructure through various bonds and public funds. However, there was a significant dissatisfaction with the manner the last stimulus funds were spent. This is partially due to unavailability of rational methods to allocate precious resources. There are significant advances in health monitoring and rating of transportation infrastructure including culverts. However, rational connection of the transportation infrastructure to maintenance expenditure is lacking, especially the long-term maintenance expenditure. Any maintenance expenditure should be justified such that net increase in the asset value should be less than the cost of rehabilitation, where the net worth of an asset should be based on performance rather than on book value. Also the justification for rehabilitation or replacement of transportation infrastructure including culverts should occur only if user cost of failure is comparable to the rehabilitation or replacement cost. In order to perform such analysis, the user cost of failure should be incorporated into the above analysis and this analysis should be performed based on the available and accepted rehabilitation technologies. In this manuscript such analysis is performed to develop a methodology for optimum long-term allocation of funds to maintain culverts. This procedure may be used for other transportation infrastructure.
  Authors: Meegoda, Jay N.
  Authors: Meegoda, Jay N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-2818
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Evaluation of Texas Condition Assessment Program and Recommendations for Improvement
  Abstract: The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) uses the Texas Condition Assessment Program (TxCAP) to measure and compare the overall road maintenance conditions among its 25 districts. TxCAP combines data from its three subsystems: the Pavement Management Information System (PMIS), which scores the condition of pavement; the Texas Maintenance Assessment Program (TxMAP), which evaluates roadside conditions; and the Texas Traffic Assessment Program (TxTAP), which assesses the condition of signs, work zones, railroad crossings, and other traffic elements. The scores for each of the subsystems are based on data of different sample sizes, accuracy, and levels of variations. Therefore, whether the use of the current TxCAP system is an effective and consistent means to measure the TxDOT roadway inventory conditions needs to be evaluated. Statistical analyses were carried out to evaluate the system from two aspects: 1) to determine whether the mechanism employed in TxCAP is effective in measuring the maintenance performance of 25 districts statistically, and 2) to determine whether the difference between the TxCAP scores for any two districts is statistically significant in terms of the insufficient sampling of the subsystems. A case study was carried out using sample data collected for the whole state from the year 2008 to 2010. The case study results show that the differences in scores between two districts are statistically significant for some of the districts and insignificant for some other districts. It is therefore recommended that TxDOT either compare the 25 districts by groups/tiers or increase the sample size of the data being collected if it wants to compare the districts as individual ones.
  Authors: Wu, Hui; Zhang, Zhanmin; Qazi, Abdus Shakur
  Authors: Wu, Hui; Zhang, Zhanmin; Qazi, Abdus Shakur
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-2850
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Fuel Consumption and Cost Savings of Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks Powered by Natural Gas
  Abstract: We compare the fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of natural gas and diesel heavy-duty (HD) class 8 trucks under consistent simulated drive cycle conditions. Our study includes both conventional and hybrid HD trucks operating with either natural gas spark ignition (SI) or diesel engines, and we compare results of the simulated fuel efficiencies, fuel costs, and payback periods. While natural gas trucks achieve somewhat lower fuel economy than diesel, their CO2 emissions and costs are significantly less than comparable diesel trucks. Both diesel- and natural gas-powered hybrid trucks have significantly improved fuel economy, reasonable cost savings and payback time, and lower CO2 emissions under city driving conditions. However, under freeway-dominant driving conditions, the overall benefits of hybridization are considerably less. Based on payback period alone, non-hybrid natural gas trucks appear to be the most economic option for both urban and freeway driving environments. Economic considerations of the impact of using natural gas as a fuel for class 8 trucks on future natural gas supply and price are also presented, and the impact of a transition to natural gas use in the trucking sector is expected to be quite limited.
  Authors: Gao, Zhiming; LaClair, Tim; Daw, C. Stuart; Smith, David E.
  Authors: Gao, Zhiming; LaClair, Tim; Daw, C. Stuart; Smith, David E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-2945
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Corridor Management: A Means to Elevate Understanding of Geotechnical Impacts on System Performance
  Abstract: The primary assets of a transportation agency are the transportation corridors that have been established to provide means for moving people and goods safely and efficiently. A corridor’s performance in this regard is only as good as its weakest link. Therefore, the way an agency can manage an asset such as a corridor to a standard for system performance is to consider its components concurrently, not by individual asset classes. A corridor has embankments, slopes, walls, bridges, and pavements, and considering these geotechnical features separately just doesn’t make sense from a system performance perspective. Settlement, slope instability, rockfall, erosion and corrosion are events which can be surprising, or recognized in advance and managed. The corridor concept can bring geotechnical assets into consideration and result in better management for system performance. It also provides a means for rational prioritization that allows for a phased approach to the daunting task of collecting inventory and condition assessment for features that have not previously been managed. Geo-professionals are developing tools and practices for inventorying, assessing performance, predicting life-cycle costs and degradation, and evaluating risk associated with geotechnical features. These tools and practices will contribute to effective corridor management.
  Authors: Anderson, Scott A.; Rivers, Benjamin
  Authors: Anderson, Scott A.; Rivers, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 364
  Paper Number: 13-3018
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Construction Traveler Information Systems for I-35 Widening in Central Texas
  Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the first phase of the construction traveler information system being developed for the widening of Interstate 35 (I-35) by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Nicknamed “Main Street Texas,” the Central Texas portion of I-35 stretches from Salado to Hillsboro through the TxDOT Waco District. More than two-thirds of travel on the corridor is through traffic and approximately forty-five percent of the Texas population lives within fifty miles of I-35. The diverse users of I-35 create substantial demand, with some sections of I-35 seeing over 200,000 vehicles a day. Given this context and the fact that more than 1,000 businesses front I-35 within the District, the challenges of reconstructing 100 miles of interstate from 2 lanes to 3 lanes in each direction are significant. While the final configuration will include an intelligent transportation system (ITS), TxDOT recognized the need for continued traffic monitoring and traveler information during construction. There was a significant challenge of collecting and dissemination comprehensive traveler information across 14 different construction projects spaced over 100 miles The first phase capabilities include a comprehensive lane closure database, public lane closure dissemination, predictive analysis of lane closure impacts, en-route travel time dissemination and social media support. These capabilities are supported by an extensive array of ITS equipment, including Bluetooth readers, volume and classification counters and portable changeable messages signs. The paper identifies critical capabilities of the system and highlights lessons learned from the Phase I deployments and development.
  Authors: Brydia, Robert E; Poe, Christopher M.; Voigt, Anthony; Ullman, Gerald L.
  Authors: Brydia, Robert E; Poe, Christopher M.; Voigt, Anthony; Ullman, Gerald L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 573
  Paper Number: 13-3108
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• If We Clear Them, Will They Come? Study to Identify Determinants of Winter Bicycling in Two Cold Canadian Cities
  Abstract: This paper investigates the determinants of winter cycling in cold North American cities. For this purpose, two online surveys were implemented in the City of Ottawa and Montreal Canada during the winter season 2012. The main outcome of interest is whether the respondent cycles during winter. The variables collected in the survey included socio-demographics (age, gender, occupation, income, etc), as well as perceptions of winter maintenance and weather conditions with regards to willingness to cycle. Using a logistic regression method, the effects of adverse weather conditions, snow/ice on ground and winter maintenance are determined after controlling for socio-demographic factors and trip distance in both cities. From the results in the two cities, it is clear that the improvement of winter maintenance operations on bicycle infrastructure has a positive and significant impact on winter cycling. After controlling for other factors, increased maintenance of bike facilities in the winter months is expected to increase in 20% to 30% the propensity to bike in the winter in the study cities. Operations to produce facilities clear of ice and snow seems to be effective to encourage winter cycling rates in Ottawa and Montreal. Biking on facilities that are not completely free of ice and snow has a negative effect of 20% to 40% (Ottawa) and 30% to 50% (Montreal) in the likelihood to bike in winter. The probability of cycling during the winter is also associated to age, gender, cycling habits and adverse weather conditions.
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Nosal, Thomas; Kho, Christopher
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Nosal, Thomas; Kho, Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 551
  Paper Number: 13-3153
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Impact of Inclement Weather on Hourly Traffic Volumes in Buffalo, New York
  Abstract: Inclement weather conditions (such as rain, snow, fog and ice) can create hazardous driving circumstances, which affect the performance of transportation networks. This study analyzes how inclement weather affects hourly traffic volumes on freeways in Buffalo, New York by examining the impact of weather factors such as visibility, temperature, weather type, precipitation and wind speed. To do so, weather and traffic data was collected and modified to form a base case and an inclement weather case. By comparing the base case and inclement weather case several discoveries were made, including when the greatest volume reduction will occur and which weather factors affect the traffic volume. The modified volume and traffic data was also used to find a regression model that can predict traffic volume based on weather factors. The study shows that volumes for times during which inclement weather occurred were significantly lower than dry weather volumes, and that the difference was greatest during peak hours (7:00 AM to 9:00 AM, and 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM), with the volume reductions ranging from 13.3 to 33.9 percent. The study also demonstrated that among the different weather indicators considered, weather type and cumulative precipitation appear to be the most significant predictors of percent volume reductions.Key Words: Inclement weather impact, snow impact, traffic volume, regression analysis
  Authors: Bartlett, Andrew; Lao, Winnifred; Zhao, Yunjie; Sadek, Adel W.
  Authors: Bartlett, Andrew; Lao, Winnifred; Zhao, Yunjie; Sadek, Adel W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 313
  Paper Number: 13-3240
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Methodology for Determining the Best Use of Road Management Equipment(Case Study: 18 Regional Offices in South Korea)
  Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for determining the best use of road fleet/equipment management. The main purpose of this research is to aid public agencies with road fleet/equipment management within a given budget. In order to demonstrate the value of this approach, a case study using data collected for eighteen regional offices of the South Korean Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs were examined. These offices use a computerized system called KAMIS to monitor both the use and condition of road fleet/equipment systematically. This system records the operational history and monitors the current condition of road fleet/equipment management. Road agencies might also want to know whether they currently have sufficient fleet/equipment to handle their actual work, but KAMIS does not provide that type of information. Thus, a methodology uses operational records for road fleet/equipment management, and two evaluation indicators has been developed. Based on the results of our methodology, fleet/equipment can be classified into several groups: 1) frequently used and important, 2) relatively less used and important, 3) barely used and low importance, and 4) frequently used and low importance. These data can be used by regional offices to effectively lend and borrow fleet/equipment for both long and short term use. Such measures will help save money for the purchase and maintenance of road fleet/equipment. While our study focuses on a specific case study, the decision analysis method can easily be applied by similar decision makers in other countries.
  Authors: Yang, Choong Heon; Regan, Amelia; Kim, In Soo
  Authors: Yang, Choong Heon; Regan, Amelia; Kim, In Soo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-1260
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Guidelines for Thermographic Inspection of Concrete Bridge Components in Shaded Conditions
  Abstract: Infrared thermography has the potential to detect subsurface delamination before spalling develops, and could be used as a tool to enhance the visual inspection of concrete bridges. The technology has traditionally been applied to bridge decks, which are exposed to radiant heating from the sun that helps develop the necessary thermal gradients in the concrete. Thermal gradients can also be developed from the normal diurnal temperature variations that occur. Convective heat transfer occurs to develop the thermal gradients, although thermal gradients are of much lower magnitude than those developed through radiant heating from the sun. This paper presents results of a study to develop thermal imaging for detection of subsurface deterioration in the soffit areas of bridges, which are shaded and therefore not exposed to radiant heating from the sun. Experimental studies and field testing were conducted and are described. This paper reports on Guidelines developed for this application of the technology that address the necessary environmental conditions to enable detection of damage in bridge soffit areas. Specifically, the paper discusses ambient temperature rates of change necessary to ensure subsurface damage can be detected in shaded conditions. The paper also discusses the effect of wind speed on the detectability of subsurface damage in shaded areas of a bridge, and certain camera settings needed to ensure temperature anomalies associated with subsurface damage can be detected by an inspector during the inspection process. A field example is provided to illustrates the application of the technology and highlight the needed camera settings.
  Authors: Washer, Glenn; Fenwick, Richard; Nelson, Seth
  Authors: Washer, Glenn; Fenwick, Richard; Nelson, Seth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-2012
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Accuracy of SOBO-20 in Measurement of Salt on Winter Pavements
  Abstract: The use of chemicals is essential in snow and ice control operations. Sodium chloride (salt) is normally used, as it is efficient, widely available and rather inexpensive. However it is harmful for the environment if encountered in too great quantities, and there is nowadays a great attention placed upon the importance of reducing the usage of salt, while still maintaining road serviceability and safety.Optimizing the use of salt requires to accurately knowing how much salt is on the pavement surface. Unfortunately, there is currently no well-documented method available to determine this quantity. SOBO-20 is one of the most common instruments used by the winter maintenance community to calculate salt amounts, although the reliability of the instrument has not been shown yet. The present work aims to fill this gap by carrying out measurements on brine (dissolved salt), dry salt particles and re-crystallized salt. The presented results support the conclusion that SOBO-20 is an accurate and reliable instrument for measuring brine on asphalt pavements. However, it largely underestimates the amount of dry or re-crystallized salt, and much attention should be paid when using SOBO-20 on dry pavements. Compliance with the manufacturer's recommendations regarding the proportion of acetone in the measuring fluid is also essential for accurate salt readings. These results on the instrument performance should lead to a better understanding of the salt distribution and action time.
  Authors: Lysbakken, Kai Rune; Lalagüe, Anne
  Authors: Lysbakken, Kai Rune; Lalagüe, Anne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 204
  Paper Number: 13-2606
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Twenty-One-Year Field Performance of Joint Resealing Project at Fairchild Air Force Base
  Abstract: In 1989, the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center and Crafco, Incorporated initiated a reearch project effort to develop improved materials and processes for sealing joints in Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. Objectives were to develop specifications for improved hot-applied, jet-fuel-resistant (JFR) and non-jet-fuel-resistant (non-JFR) sealants and to determine the impact of installation configuration on field performance.The laboratory phase identified desired sealant properties, evaluated sealants for those properties, and developed sealants with improved low temperature and aging properties. The field phase was installed in June 1991 at Fairchild Air Force Base to determine performance of developed sealants compared to standard sealants, and to determine if performance could be improved by changing installation geometry. Thirteen different sealants were installed. The field study documented installation and evaluations at 6 and 12 months. After study completion, the installations were monitored several additional times. Detailed papers were prepared at 5 and 10 years. At 10 years, some of the sealants had greater than a 10 year life.In 2011 the installations reached 20 years old. The JFR sections had been replaced, and non-JFR sections were still intact and were evaluated in April 2012. This paper presents the 21 year evaluation results. One silicone sealant and the improved non-JFR sealant achieved a 21 year life. Results show that the flush fill installation geometry increased life of the hot-applied asphalt sealants by over 50% compared to the standard recessed configuration, and should be considered for joint sealant installations.
  Authors: Chehovits, James G.; Lynch, Larry N.; Luders, David G.; Belangie, Michael
  Authors: Chehovits, James G.; Lynch, Larry N.; Luders, David G.; Belangie, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 773
  Paper Number: 13-2691
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Field Evaluation of Automated Flagger Assistance Devices in Work Zones on Two-Lane Roads
  Abstract: Automated flagger assistance devices (AFADs) are designed to be remotely operated by a flagger positioned outside of the travel lane, thereby reducing their exposure to vehicular traffic. There are two types of AFADs. One type uses a remotely controlled stop/slow sign to alternately control the right-of-way. The other type uses remotely controlled red and yellow lenses and a gate arm to alternately control the right-of-way. While AFADs may increase the safety of flaggers, there were concerns that motorists may misunderstand AFADs; thus, increasing the potential for motorists to enter the lane closure under the stop condition. As part of a recent Texas Department of Transportation project, Texas Transportation Institute researchers conducted field studies at lane closures on two-lane, two-way roadways in Texas to assess the operational and safety effectiveness of AFADs relative to the use of flaggers. The research findings show that some motorists may misunderstand the directions provided by AFADs and enter the lane closure under the stop condition. The violation rate for the stop/slow AFAD without a gate arm was the highest and was significantly higher than the violation rate for the red/yellow lens AFAD (which requires a gate arm). Adding a gate arm to the stop/slow AFAD decreased the violation rate such that it was not significantly different from the red/yellow lens AFAD. In addition, alternative supplemental signs increased motorist understanding that the stop sign would change to a slow sign when motorists were allowed to proceed.
  Authors: Finley, Melisa Dayle
  Authors: Finley, Melisa Dayle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 625
  Paper Number: 13-1209
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Modeling the Risk of Advanced Deterioration in Bridge Management Systems
  Abstract: The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has developed a set of risk models for its Bridge Management System, built into its existing Excel-based project level and network level decision support tools as well as intended for eventual use in AASHTO’s Pontis 5.2. One of these new models is an analysis of the risk associated with advanced deterioration. This model extends the reach of Florida’s existing deterioration models to estimate the likelihood, consequences, and impact of allowing a badly deteriorated element to go unrepaired. FDOT maintains data about demolished and replaced bridges as inactive records in its Pontis database. Statistical analysis of the condition and characteristics of the removed bridges was used to explore the reasons for the end of each bridge’s life. Combined with load posting and reconstruction data, a reasonable quantification of the likelihood of service disruption was developed. The best models developed in the research used a combination of linear and lognormal forms, which reflected the buildup of risk caused by repeated Markovian deterioration as well as the typical delay that occurs between observation of deteriorated conditions, and the resulting action to replace or reconstruct the bridge.As a by-product of the research, a linear failure probability model was also developed, which is suitable for earlier Pontis releases up to 4.5. This will be helpful to bridge owners who do not have their own sources of bridge element failure probability estimates.
  Authors: Thompson, Paul D.; Sobanjo, John Olusegun; Kerr, Richard
  Authors: Thompson, Paul D.; Sobanjo, John Olusegun; Kerr, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-3151
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Investigation of Longitudinal Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity and Safety
  Abstract: This research was initiated to determine whether a correlation between pavement marking retroreflectivity and safety can be established. Previous research on this topic has provided mixed results and sometimes counterintuitive findings. Using data from Michigan, the researchers evaluated relationships between crashes and longitudinal pavement marking retroreflectivity. The retroreflectivity data consisted of pavement markings measurements representing white edge lines, white lane lines, yellow edge lines, and yellow center lines. The data included crashes and retroreflectivity measurements from 2002 to 2008. Only nighttime crashes that occurred at nonintersection and noninterchange segments during the nonwinter months (between April and October) were considered (wet crashes were also excluded). The following specific types of crashes were initially identified as target crashes for this study: nighttime, single vehicle nighttime, fatal plus injury nighttime, and single vehicle nighttime fatal plus injury. The findings lend support to the positive safety effects of maintaining retroreflectivity of pavement markings.
  Authors: Carlson, Paul J.; Park, Eun Sug; Kang, Dong Hun
  Authors: Carlson, Paul J.; Park, Eun Sug; Kang, Dong Hun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 774
  Paper Number: 13-2512
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Development of Fog Seal Field Test Methods and Performance Evaluation Using Polymer-Modified Emulsions
  Abstract: One of the most cost-effective pavement preservation treatments used in North Carolina is the bituminous surface treatment, or so-called chip seal. However, the major concern with chip seals is aggregate loss. Fog seals can be used to prevent or at least reduce the occurrence of aggregate loss in chip seals and extend the service life of the pavement. Other benefits of fog seal are low cost, ease of construction, and a desirable black appearance, to name a few. A few disadvantages of fog seals, such as delay in opening to traffic and reduction in skid resistance, also have been reported. In order to achieve a satisfactory fog seal performance, it is necessary to understand the fog seal emulsion properties (e.g., curing time and adhesive behavior). In this study, polymer-modified emulsions (PMEs) are compared to unmodified emulsions as fog seal materials. The study shows that polymer modification can improve certain properties of emulsions, such as an increase in adhesion. The evaporation test and the pneumatic adhesion tension testing instrument (PATTI) test are used to investigate the emulsion curing and adhesive behavior. Also, the rolling ball test and the damping test have been developed as in situ test methods to determine an appropriate traffic opening time for roadways treated with fog seals. Finally, the third-scale model mobile load simulator (MMLS3) is employed to compare the performance properties of the fog seal emulsions. The main findings presented in this paper are that: (1) the use of PMEs improves the emulsion bond strength and lessens the time a road is closed to traffic; (2) PMEs show more effective emulsion curing rates than unmodified emulsions; (3) strong relationships exist between the bond strength and both the rolling distance and the percentage of stained area that are measured from the rolling ball test and damping test, respectively; (4) the field test methods can be used to help determine whether emulsions are fully cured or not; and (5) PMEs exhibit better aggregate retention and bleeding performance properties than unmodified emulsions as a fog seal.Keywords: pavement preservation treatments, fog seal, polymer-modified emulsions (PMEs), curing time, adhesive behavior, field test methods
  Authors: Im, Jeong Hyuk; Kim, Y. Richard
  Authors: Im, Jeong Hyuk; Kim, Y. Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 654
  Paper Number: 13-2996
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Analysis of Sign Damage and Failure: Utah Case Study
  Abstract: Since the establishment of minimum retroreflectivity levels, agencies and researchers have focused on determining the service life of different sheeting type and color combinations. While deterioration curves and measured retroreflectivity are viable methods for maintaining retroreflectivity compliance they do not ensure the ability of the traffic sign to convey its intended message. Retroreflectivity efficiency only ensures visibility but does not properly describe the legibility of the sign. In 2011, a data collection effort was conducted by researchers at Utah State University to assess the performance of traffic signs under the Utah Department of Transportation’s (UDOT) jurisdiction. At its completion, 1,716 traffic signs were recorded. The researchers determined that the sample sign population was 93 percent compliant with the minimum retroreflectivity levels. Even though the majority of traffic signs were performing above the minimum retroreflectivity levels, 28 percent were damaged to the degree that the legibility of the sign could be questioned. Since signs under UDOTs jurisdiction had higher rates of damage than rates of failure, analysis was conducted to determine the contributing factors that lead to increased damage rates. Climate and location data were combined with the known location of each traffic signs using geographic information system software. It was determined that average annual precipitation, elevation, seasonal temperature swing and the exposure of the sign were all contributing factors to higher damage rates.
  Authors: Boggs, Wesley Bill; Heaslip, Kevin; Louisell, William
  Authors: Boggs, Wesley Bill; Heaslip, Kevin; Louisell, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 805
  Paper Number: 13-4054
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Analysis of Texas Superheavy Load Criteria for Bridges
  Abstract: The number of permits for superheavy loads crossing Texas bridges has steadily increased over the years, and, compared with several other states, the criteria that establish superheavy-load status is generous. The result is that many Texas bridges experience routine, high-stress loads that cause accelerated deterioration. In this study, bridge load and rating factors and the validity of the criteria for establishing superheavy load status are evaluated. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate Texas Superheavy load criteria for bridges. To accomplish this, field tests for the response behavior of a bridge subjected to overweight vehicles and parametric study using finite element analysis were utilized to extract bridge criteria triggers. The field calibrated solid model and related parametric study show that the Texas superheavy load criteria are valid for the study bridge type. Bridge rating, using the distribution factors determined in the study, show that the bridge has much reserve capacity, even with short 230 kip and longer 311 kip superheavy loads applied. The parametric study using finite element modeling shows that the criteria adequately protect this bridge type. Because the criteria are based on TxDOT’s prior permitting, a graphical version of the criteria might serve TxDOT and carriers better than does the gross vehicle weight limits alone. Data collected long term of frequency and load level from a relevant bridge would help TxDOT determine what effects stress level variations have on the life of Texas bridges.
  Authors: Chang, Byungik; Bourland, Mark Cleve; Couch, Todd; Zou, Hao
  Authors: Chang, Byungik; Bourland, Mark Cleve; Couch, Todd; Zou, Hao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-4119
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Motorists Understanding of Automated Flagger Assistance Devices in Work Zones
  Abstract: Automated flagger assistance devices (AFADs) are designed to be remotely operated by a flagger positioned outside of the travel lane, thereby reducing their exposure to vehicular traffic. There are two types of AFADs. One type uses a remotely controlled stop/slow sign to alternately control the right-of-way. The other type uses remotely controlled red and yellow lenses and a gate arm to alternately control the right-of-way. While AFADs may increase the safety of flaggers, there were concerns that motorists may misunderstand AFADs; thus, increasing the potential for motorists to enter the lane closure under the stop condition. As part of a recent Texas Department of Transportation project, Texas Transportation Institute researchers conducted surveys to assess motorist understanding of both types of AFADs.For the stop/slow AFAD, a newly designed WAIT ON STOP/GO ON SLOW symbol sign resulted in the highest percentage of participants who understood to stop and remain stopped until the AFAD indicated that it was safe to proceed. However for all of the treatments evaluated, a portion of the participants indicated they would have stopped and then proceeded instead of waiting until the AFAD displayed the slow sign. Thus, researchers recommend that a gate arm be required with stop/slow AFADs. For the red/yellow lens AFAD, participants understood the stop phase. However, there was evidence of a lack of understanding of the difference between the proceed and transition phases. Even so, the use of the gate arm appeared to inform motorists when to proceed and when to stop.
  Authors: Trout, Nada; Finley, Melisa Dayle; Ullman, Brooke R.
  Authors: Trout, Nada; Finley, Melisa Dayle; Ullman, Brooke R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 400
  Paper Number: 13-4225
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Performance of Various Pavement Repairs in Low-Volume Roadways over Expansive Soil
  Abstract: Expansive soil is considered one of the most common causes of pavement distresses. Depending upon the moisture level, expansive soils will experience changes in volume due to moisture fluctuations from seasonal variations. The objective of this research was to evaluate existing repair projects on selected roadways. Those roadways experienced failures in the form of fatigue and rutting in the wheel path, and longitudinal (faulted) cracking including edge cracking. The causes of those failures were mainly linked to high plasticity expansive soil and narrow pavement. The study involved visual survey, field and laboratory testing, surface condition/ride data and structural design calculations for three project sites. The study concluded, from 3-14 years of performance records, that geogrid reinforcement, lime-treated subgrade and cement-treated base were found to be effective treatment options for low-volume roadways where high plasticity expansive soil exists.
  Authors: Dessouky, Samer H; Oh, Jeong Ho; Bourland, Mark Cleve; Ilias, Mohammad; Lee, Sang Ick; Park, Dae-Wook
  Authors: Dessouky, Samer H; Oh, Jeong Ho; Bourland, Mark Cleve; Ilias, Mohammad; Lee, Sang Ick; Park, Dae-Wook
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 808
  Paper Number: 13-4208
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Correlating Laboratory and Field Tests for Evaluation of Deicing and Anti-icing Chemicals: Renewed Perspective
  Abstract: Numerous laboratory and field studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of deicing and anti-icing products and their resulting friction coefficient of treated pavement. However, laboratory results often do not translate to the field performance due to varying temperatures, wind, traffic, etc. in actual field conditions. Also, the existing laboratory tests fail to address all the significant issues in the actual field environment or to provide actual performance of deicers to guide practitioners. This study sheds light on the challenges of developing a laboratory test that correlates the field test based on literature reviews and interviews from various agencies and practitioners. Recommendations for laboratory testing include the use of environmental chamber that can control and monitor air temperature, humidity, air speed and solar radiation. In addition, it is recommended to incorporate a plowing mechanism into the laboratory test to better simulate the field operations. Two friction-measuring devices were recommended that can be used both in laboratory and in field. In addition, it may be preferable to use a friction trailer if the necessary laboratory space can be obtained. For field testing, it is preferable to conduct the research in a controlled field environment. Recommendations from this study may assist in developing a test method that would closely mimic the actual performance.
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 551
  Paper Number: 13-4742
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Winter Season Pavement Patching Materials in Tennessee
  Abstract: Field survey and laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of four patching materials used in winter season pothole repair in Tennessee. The adhesiveness, cohesion, moisture susceptibility and loaded wheel test were conducted to investigate the bonding, freeze-thaw resistance and rutting resistance of the patching materials. Statistical analysis on the six month field survey showed that edge disintegration and missing patch are the mainly distress of “throw and roll” patching in winter season. Severe freeze condition, high traffic level and vehicle speed accelerated the deterioration of patching. Patchings with lower depth and larger size especially longer longitudinal length deteriorated faster. Both field and adhesiveness test showed that the cold dump mix had high potential to edge disintegration and missing patch, which is probably caused by the insufficient binder content or an excessive stiff binder. One cold bag mix showed high potential to deformation and low strength performance, mainly due to its single size gradation and weak aggregate skeleton. Cohesion test conducted at different temperature and compaction times presented consistent ranking of materials. 25°C and 15 blows were recommended to evaluate the cohesion of materials at moderate temperature. Two cold mixes did not withstand the 60°C water bath in the freeze-thaw cycling due to the high air voids and 25°C was suggested instead. Reduced wheel load is recommended to improve the effectiveness of loaded wheel test for cold patching mixtures.
  Authors: Dong, Qiao; Huang, Baoshan; Shu, Xiang
  Authors: Dong, Qiao; Huang, Baoshan; Shu, Xiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 808
  Paper Number: 13-4772
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Validating Spring Weight Restriction Limits on Low-Volume Roads in Manitoba Using Mechanistic-Empirical Failure Prediction Models
  Abstract: This study developed local mechanistic-empirical failure models to predict fatigue and rutting damage on spring weight restricted (SWR) roads in Manitoba. The local models were used to assess the SWR load limits and to validate the current SWR deflection levels that regulate commercial vehicle weights during the spring period. The local model predictions were compared to the Asphalt Institute and Mechanistic Empirical Design Guide (MEPDG) damage models. The results of the damage analysis are presented.
  Authors: Kavanagh, Leonnie N.
  Authors: Kavanagh, Leonnie N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 240
  Paper Number: 13-5140
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Developing Bridge Management Components That Facilitate Decision Making
  Abstract: With limited funds, a greater demand for use, and continuous deterioration, it is crucial that transportation agencies have an effective decision-making process and available tools, such as bridge management systems, to manage their network of bridges. Given the shortcomings of the current bridge management practices, as repeatedly highlighted in literature, it is evident that a decision process that only involves a single rating or index such as the Sufficiency Rating or Bridge Health Index to manage bridges is inadequate. Therefore, there is a clear need to pursue and develop supplemental bridge management practices. The primary contribution of this research is to provide engineers, managers and decision-makers with effective bridge management components that have well-defined goals and related items. Additionally, these components clearly identify and distinguish differences in bridge attributes, which may go unnoticed when using a single criterion. Upon establishing the bridge management components transportation agencies may utilize them in a variety of ways to complement their current bridge management practices, which in turn may better illustrate the performance of their bridges. The specific objectives of this research are (i) to identify the appropriate items that make up each of the aforementioned components and (ii) to determine the relative importance of those items as represented by weighting factors. To achieve these objectives, we conducted this research in two parts, seeking input from key bridge management personnel, industry professionals, and academics. The first part consisted of a survey, while the second part utilized a mathematical method entitled the Analytic Hierarchy Process.
  Authors: Johnson, Joshua; Ozbek, Mehmet Egemen
  Authors: Johnson, Joshua; Ozbek, Mehmet Egemen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-3438
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Assessment of Durability of Wet Night Visible Pavement Markings: Visibility Experiment
  Abstract: This paper encompasses the visibility experiment conducted as part of a research effort to establish the durability of pavement markings in an on-road installation. Six marking technologies were installed on a portion of Route 460 in Blacksburg, Virginia. A human factors experiment in natural rain conditions was performed to establish the visibility needs of the driver. The retroreflectivity of the markings was measured at intervals of 2 to 5 months, with six measurements over the course of 23 months, though this data is discussed in a separate paper.Previous research suggested a minimum retroreflectivity of 150 mcd/m2/lx should be maintained in order to meet the visibility needs of drivers. As part of this research, a human factors experiment was conducted in order to test the validity of this recommendation. The distance at which participants could detect an end of a pavement marking was measured, as well as the retroreflectivity of the marking at those points. The relationship of detection distance and retroreflectivity found in this study suggests that as retroreflectivity increases beyond 150 mcd/m2/lx, there are diminishing returns on detection distance. This suggests that the recommended minimum is appropriate for providing increased visibility for drivers, while keeping retroreflectivity requirements at a reasonable level for marking manufacturers.
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald B.; Williams, Brian; Cottrell, Benjamin H.
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald B.; Williams, Brian; Cottrell, Benjamin H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 774
  Paper Number: 13-3794
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Repeatability and Reproducibility of Mobile Retroreflectivity Units for Measurement of Pavement Markings
  Abstract: The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has historically used a combination of handheld devices and visual surveys to evaluate the retroreflectivity of pavement markings. However, visual surveys have the inherent limitations of operator bias while the use of a handheld device is slow, labor intensive, and presents safety hazards. Many highway agencies have recognized that a Mobile Retroreflectivity Unit (MRU) may be a safer and a more efficient alternative to the handheld retroreflectometers. Since the measurement process relies on the operator-driven instrument, a level of uncertainty is always a concern in evaluating pavement markings with the MRU. This research is aimed at assessing the precision and bias of the MRU while using the handheld retroreflectometer as a reference device. A total of ten 1.0 mile long field sites were selected to include various pavement surface types and pavement marking materials (paints and thermoplastics). The results indicated that, when compared to the handheld retroreflectometers, the MRU demonstrated no statistical differences or bias at a 95 percent confidence level for the retroreflectivity values ranging between 200 and 800 mcd/m^2/lux. In addition, it was determined that the retroreflectivity values from two properly conducted tests using a single MRU on the same pavement marking should not differ by more than 7.8 percent and when different MRUs are used on the same pavement marking, the retroreflectivity values should not differ more than 13.3 percent. This paper presents a description of the testing program, the data collection effort, and the subsequent analyses and findings.
  Authors: Choubane, Bouzid; Sevearance, Joshua; Lee, Hyung Suk; Upshaw, Patrick B; Fletcher, James
  Authors: Choubane, Bouzid; Sevearance, Joshua; Lee, Hyung Suk; Upshaw, Patrick B; Fletcher, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 774
  Paper Number: 13-3812
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Economic Evaluation of Commercial Remote Sensors for Bridge Health Monitoring
  Abstract: The Michigan Tech Transportation Institute (MTTI) and Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI), in cooperation with the Center for Automotive Research (CAR) and the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), have completed research that investigates the use of remote sensing technologies to assess and monitor the condition of bridge infrastructure. This study was funded largely by the USDOT Research and Innovative Technology Administration as part of an effort to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of bridge inspection, repair, and rehabilitation efforts. Remote sensing technologies were correlated with in-place sensors and traditional inspection methods to obtain bridge condition assessment data and evaluate them as part of an integrated decision support environment to move them toward practical use in structural health monitoring. As part of the overall effort, CAR researchers conducted an evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of a broad deployment of remote sensing techniques for bridge condition assessment and a decision support system (DSS) for bridge infrastructure management. After background research, laboratory testing, field demonstration, and interviews with bridge inspection experts, three technologies emerged as having the most potential for cost-effective implementation: 3D Optical Bridge Evaluation System (3DOBS), Thermal Infrared Imagery (ThIR), and Ultra Wide Band Imaging RADAR System (UWBIRS). The researchers conclude that investment in remote sensing technologies for bridge health monitoring can enhance technical performance of bridge inspection and improve the resource allocation decision process for transportation agencies. Use of these technologies can be especially beneficial when combined with a decision support system (DSS), such as that developed by the research team.
  Authors: Hong, Qiang; Wallace, Richard; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Brooks, Colin Neil; Dennis, Eric Paul; Forster, Mike
  Authors: Hong, Qiang; Wallace, Richard; Ahlborn, Theresa M.; Brooks, Colin Neil; Dennis, Eric Paul; Forster, Mike
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 401
  Paper Number: 13-3978
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Deicer Effect on Concrete Bridge Decks: Practitioners' Perspective and a Method of Developing Exposure Maps
  Abstract: This work illustrates a method of developing exposure maps that can be used to better understand the potential effects that deicers and other relevant variables may impart on an agency’s concrete infrastructure. To capture the practitioners’ perspective on the subject, two surveys were conducted with participants from ODOT winter maintenance and bridge management practitioners. Subsequently, the method was established using the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) as a case study and the study involved the collection of relevant data for developing exposure maps for select 12 representative ODOT concrete bridge decks. Through the ODOT case study, issues with data availability and quality were identified and it is recommended that deicer type and application rate, traffic volume, weather condition (air temperature, precipitation, etc.), and bridge mix design data should be documented into an integrated bridge preservation program; or should be added to the existing bridge management systems, for any agency planning to investigate the role of such variables in the durability of its concrete bridge decks.
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 602
  Paper Number: 13-5015
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Formalized Process for Work Zone Transportation Management Plan Performance Assessment in Virginia
  Abstract: The Federal Highway Administration’s Final Rule on Work Zone Safety and Mobility, which is part of the Code of Federal Regulations, requires Transportation Management Plans (TMPs) for all federally-funded roadway construction projects. These plans are a documented combination of traffic control, public relations, and transportation demand operations strategies designed to mitigate the impacts that work zones can have on safety and mobility. A key component in TMPs is monitoring and assessing of traffic impacts to incorporate lessons learned into future TMPs. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) sought to formalize a process to assess individual TMPs and TMPs at an agency-wide level. This paper summarizes the rationale and steps taken to develop this TMP assessment process. This process, which has been developed in the form of VDOT’s new TMP Performance Assessment Guidelines and Post-Construction Report Form, is outlined for various project complexities.
  Authors: Gallo, Anthony; Dougald, Lance Eric; Demetsky, Michael J.
  Authors: Gallo, Anthony; Dougald, Lance Eric; Demetsky, Michael J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 625
  Paper Number: 13-4544
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Public Opinions of Roadway Assets Using a New Method: The Roadway Review
  Abstract: In October 2011, the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) conducted a “Roadway Review” with a randomly recruited sample of North Carolina residents and community leaders. Over 300 people from 61 different communities participated in the surveys which were held in six locations: Asheville, Charlotte, Burlington, Jonesville, Rocky Mount, and Wilmington. The purpose of the roadway review was two-fold: (1) to determine expectations for the condition of North Carolina highways and (2) to identify features that North Carolinians believe are most important on different types of highways. Surveys were completed during both daytime and nighttime hours and covered many roadway maintenance aspects such as pavement, landscaping/mowing practices, signage, retroreflectivity, and shoulders. Regression equations are also provided to predict the overall satisfaction of condition, safety, and appearance by each individual roadway type.
  Authors: Cunningham, Christopher M.; Chang, Jeffrey Chiaming; Findley, Daniel J.; Vaughan, Chris; Martin, James B.; Hekele, Aaron; Tatham, Chris
  Authors: Cunningham, Christopher M.; Chang, Jeffrey Chiaming; Findley, Daniel J.; Vaughan, Chris; Martin, James B.; Hekele, Aaron; Tatham, Chris
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 495
  Paper Number: 13-4644
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Impact of Stormwater Pipe Lining Materials on Water Quality: Field Study and Resulting Specifications
  Abstract: As many stormwater pipes and culverts have reached the end of their service life, their repair or replacement is a large maintenance concern. Many commonly used culvert rehabilitation technologies entail the use of a resin or coating that cures to form a rigid liner within the damaged culvert. However, water quality implications of these trenchless alternatives are not completely understood. A previous evaluation conducted by the Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research discovered that installations of conventional (styrene-based) cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) can impact water quality. These findings led to the development of rigorous specifications by the Virginia Department of Transporation and other agencies to prevent such impacts. The study reported herein included a determination of potential water quality impacts from two unconventional CIPP technologies and two spray-on lining technologies: epoxy-based (styrene-free) CIPP, styrene-based ultraviolet CIPP, a cementitious spray-on liner, and a polyurea spray-on liner. Several field installation sites were monitored and water quality tests were conducted on each newly installed liner. Water samples were analyzed for water quality indicators and product constituents, and sampling results were compared against regulatory standards and published aquatic species toxicity criteria. Results indicate that contaminants were released from each tested liner, but for some liners, water flow, dilution, and volatilization appeared to play an important role in reducing impacts on water quality. Recommendations for specifications include protective controls to prevent exceeding water quality standards or aquatic species toxicity thresholds, particularly in receiving waters with low flow and little dilution potential.
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget; Whelton, Andrew
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget; Whelton, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 533
  Paper Number: 13-4148
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Analysis of Pathogen Destruction and Leachate Constituents in Deer Mortality Static Windrow Composting
  Abstract: Approximately 1.1 million deer-vehicle collisions occur in the United States each year. The predominant methods of disposing of these carcasses (landfill and burial) have several costly disadvantages, including long travel distances to landfills, increasing landfill restrictions, and lack of viable burial areas. Some states have found static compost windrows to be an easy and cost-effective carcass management technique.In this study, deer mortality static compost windrows were monitored for 1 year. Windrows were analyzed for pathogen destruction and the degree to which underlying soil filtered leachate contaminants. In response to high windrow temperatures, indicator pathogens E. coli and Salmonella were reduced by 99.99% the first sampling day (Day 7) and ascarids were deemed non-viable by Day 77. Soil filtration of leachate was effective in reducing concentrations of ammonia, chloride, and total organic carbon. Nitrate, a contaminant of particular regulatory concern, had an estimated mass contaminant loss of 1.9 lb/acre, compared to the estimated 8 to 45 lb/acre loss from fertilizer application on agronomic crops in Virginia. Results of this study indicate that with properly constructed static compost windrows, (1) high temperatures destroy indicator pathogens; (2) the natural filtration of leachate through soil reduces deer mortality contaminant concentrations; and (3) the low volume of leachate from windrows results in nominal losses of nitrate and other contaminants. These results will be useful for compost regulators and entities interested in incorporating this practice into regular operations.
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 533
  Paper Number: 13-1221
• Relative Benefit of Chip Seal in Different Climatic Conditions Based on Initial Pavement Roughness
  Abstract:

  Pavement preservation is the practice of selecting and applying maintenance activities in order to extend pavement life, enhance performance, and ensure cost effectiveness. Pavement preservation methods should be applied before pavements display significant amounts of environmental distress. Optimal timing of pavement preservation means that the given maintenance treatment is applied so that it will extend the life of the roadway for the longest possible period with the minimum cost. This document examines the long-term effectiveness of chip seal treatment in four climatic zones in the United States. The Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database was used to extract roughness and traffic data, as well as the maintenance and rehabilitation histories of treated and untreated sections. The sections were categorized into smooth, medium, and rough pavements, based upon initial condition as indicated by the International Roughness Index (IRI). Pavement performance of treated and untreated sections was collectively modeled using exponential regression analysis. Effectiveness was evaluated in terms of life extension, relative benefit, and benefit-cost ratio. The results of the study verified the assumption that treated sections performed better than untreated sections. The life extension, relative benefit, and benefit cost ratio were highest for sections whose initial condition is smooth at the time of treatment. These same measures of effectiveness are lowest for pavements whose condition is rough at the time of treatment. Chip seal treatment effectiveness showed no correlation to climatic conditions or to traffic levels.

  Authors: Dosa, Matild; Mamlouk, Michael S.
  Authors: Dosa, Matild; Mamlouk, Michael S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 212
  Paper Number: 13-2314
• Hardness, Fouling, Life-Cycle, and Ballast Requirements for High-Speed and Heavy-Haul Railways
  Abstract: Results from tests performed on ballast used in the Greek network, as well as a new method for the estimation of ballast fouling as a function of ballast hardness are presented in the present paper. Stresses that develop under the seating surface of the sleeper and that are transmitted to the ballast, influence maintenance intervals and cost. Ballast hardness influences the fouling and consequently the life-cycle of the material laid at the ballast-bed. This leads to the determination of a minimum quality for the technical specifications in relation to traffic conditions (daily tonnage). The present paper discusses these issues and results from the research programs performed on the Greek railway net-work.
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos; Loizos, Andreas; Plati, Christina
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos; Loizos, Andreas; Plati, Christina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-1523
• Fractal Analysis of Fouled Rail Ballast
  Abstract: A test section of railway was installed in Nebraska, with samples taken over the course of three years (1990 to 1993) for sieve analyses. Single-factor analysis of variance tests were used to determine the relationship of measured parameters to the fouling of ballast. Ballast fouling, as measured by the traditional fouling index, increased over time. Fouling was more prevalent in the lower depths of the ballast layer, as well as in the tamping zones. This is because fouled material migrates downward within the ballast layer, and the tamping process increases fouling. Fragmentation fractal analysis was used as a method of classifying the grain size distribution (GSD) of ballast. The average value of the fragmentation fractal dimension increased over time for the entire GSD curve, but decreased for the part of the curve representing the fouled material. Further analysis indicated that the initial GSD of the ballast may not show fractal geometry because of its manufactured nature, but over time the increase in fouling forces the GSD toward a fractal distribution.
  Authors: Ho, Carlton L.; Lambert, Ryan S.; Hyslip, James P.
  Authors: Ho, Carlton L.; Lambert, Ryan S.; Hyslip, James P.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-3403
• Characterization of Railroad Ballast Behavior Under Repeated Loading Using New Large Triaxial Test Setup
  Abstract: Characterizing railroad ballast behavior under repeated train loading is of significant importance for evaluating field settlement or permanent deformation potentials of unbound aggregate ballast layers. To properly characterize ballast behavior under dynamic loading, a new triaxial test setup was recently developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Capable of accommodating cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 305 mm (12 in.) and a height of 610 mm (24 in.), this closed-loop servo-hydraulic test setup utilizes a load cell and four displacement transducers mounted on the specimen to quantify deformation behavior under loading. Unique features of the test setup are first presented in this paper followed by the procedures adopted for sample preparation and compaction. Preliminary test results evaluating effects of different applied stress states as well as geogrid reinforcement on ballast behavior established the consistency and repeatability of this new test equipment. Next, laboratory findings are presented from an ongoing research study aimed at investigating the effects of different ballast types and field degradation trends on permanent deformation accumulation. The ballast type with the highest Mill Abrasion Value was found to accumulate the highest permanent deformation under repeated load triaxial testing. Permanent deformation trends observed for four other ballast types showed direct correlations to the degrees of particle degradation observed in track sections constructed using these ballast materials and trafficked for approximately 18 months with a total track usage of 320 million gross tons.
  Authors: Mishra, Debakanta; Kazmee, Hasan; Tutumluer, Erol; Pforr, James; Read, David; Gehringer, Eric
  Authors: Mishra, Debakanta; Kazmee, Hasan; Tutumluer, Erol; Pforr, James; Read, David; Gehringer, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-4269
• Investigation of Aggregate Properties Influencing Railroad Ballast Performance
  Abstract: Class I freight railroads nearly exclusively use “premium” high quality ballast aggregates such as granite, trap rock, and quartzite aggregates for their mainline ballast needs. Note that these natural virgin aggregates are crushed stones with certain geologic origins and their properties may vary significantly depending on quarry sources and production techniques. This paper presents findings from a comprehensive laboratory study on ballast aggregates undertaken at the University of Illinois with the objective to investigate differences in engineering behavior of premium railroad ballast materials obtained from thirteen quarries from across the Union Pacific Railroad system. Laboratory research tasks consisted of gradation analysis, quantifications of shape, texture and angularity properties using the University of Illinois Aggregate Image Analyzer (UIAIA), shear strength evaluation via large direct shear (shear box) tests, and ballast degradation and durability analyses through Los Angeles Abrasion (LAA) tests conducted at 400 and 1,000 turns and evaluations of subsequent ballast fouling. As compacted ballast void ratio increased, aggregate strength typically decreased due to lower solid densities obtained from shear box testing. Aggregate shape properties quantified through imaging based shape indices were shown to be linked to the strength properties of different ballast density groups. One of the ballast aggregates with flat and elongated particles but very strong mineralogy had quite high strength properties despite its tendency to break particles during shearing. Higher angularities that generally resulted in higher strength properties could also yield higher fouling and increased breakdown potential of the aggregates.
  Authors: Wnek, Michael A; Tutumluer, Erol; Moaveni, Maziar; Gehringer, Eric
  Authors: Wnek, Michael A; Tutumluer, Erol; Moaveni, Maziar; Gehringer, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-4338
• Measurement Bias and Reproducibility of In-Service Sign Retroreflectivity Readings Made with Handheld Instruments
  Authors: Brimley, Bradford
  Authors: Brimley, Bradford
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 805
  Paper Number: 13-0032
• Structural Health Monitoring for Damage Detection Under Heavy Construction Loading
  Authors: Pavelchak, Matthew
  Authors: Pavelchak, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-0210
• Incorporating Weather Effects in Highway Capacity Manual Reliability Analysis
  Authors: Chase, R.
  Authors: Chase, R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 313
  Paper Number: 13-0227
• Survival Analysis of Thin Overlay and Chip Seal Treatments Using Long-Term Pavement Performance Data
  Authors: Gharaibeh, Nasir
  Authors: Gharaibeh, Nasir
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 212
  Paper Number: 13-0826
• Field Evaluation of Automated Flagger Assistance Devices in Work Zones on Two-Lane Roads
  Authors: Finley, Melisa
  Authors: Finley, Melisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 625
  Paper Number: 13-1209
• Analysis of Pathogen Destruction and Leachate Constituents in Deer Mortality Static Windrow Composting
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 533
  Paper Number: 13-1221
• Bridge Failure Rate Analysis
  Authors: Cook, Wesley
  Authors: Cook, Wesley
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-1249
• Methodology for Determining the Best Use of Road Management Equipment (Case Study: 18 Regional Offices in South Korea)
  Authors: Yang, Choong Heon
  Authors: Yang, Choong Heon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-1260
• Bridge Weigh-in-Motion on Steel Orthotropic Decks and Application to Bridge Assessment
  Authors: Jacob, Bernard
  Authors: Jacob, Bernard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-1452
• Approaches and Gaps in Weather-Responsive Traffic Management: U.S. and European Perspectives
  Authors: Billot, Romain
  Authors: Billot, Romain
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 313
  Paper Number: 13-1499
• Hardness, Fouling, Life-Cycle, and Ballast Requirements for High-Speed and Heavy-Haul Railways
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-1523
• Current State of Research on the Long-Term Deterioration of Traffic Signs
  Authors: Brimley, Bradford
  Authors: Brimley, Bradford
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 805
  Paper Number: 13-0033
• Vulnerability Assessment of Bridges Exposed to Scour
  Authors: Tanasic, Nikola
  Authors: Tanasic, Nikola
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-0191
• Equipment Replacement Decision Making: Challenges and Opportunities
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-0326
• Laboratory Evaluation and Field Investigation of Asphalt Pavement Crack Seal Band
  Authors: Li, Feng
  Authors: Li, Feng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 698
  Paper Number: 13-0396
• Water Spray Endurance Test Investigation: Evaluation of Highway Anti-icer Performance Under Freezing Precipitation
  Authors: Koefod, Scott
  Authors: Koefod, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 204
  Paper Number: 13-0517
• Wet Pavement Anti-icing: Proposed Physical Mechanism and Calculation for Minimum Application Rate
  Authors: Klein Paste, Alex
  Authors: Klein Paste, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 204
  Paper Number: 13-0547
• Novel Wireless Multisensor Network System for Steel Bridge Fatigue Crack Monitoring
  Authors: Zhao, Xiaoliang
  Authors: Zhao, Xiaoliang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-0670
• Sustainable Pavement Maintenance and Preservation Practices: Review of Current Practice
  Authors: Tighe, Susan
  Authors: Tighe, Susan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 212
  Paper Number: 13-0728
• Evolution of Bridge Damage-Detection Algorithm
  Authors: Phares, Brent
  Authors: Phares, Brent
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-0730
• Modeling Temperature Distribution in Soil Profile: Impacts of Moisture Transport, Snow Cover, and Soil Freezing
  Authors: Xu, Hui-ning
  Authors: Xu, Hui-ning
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 375
  Paper Number: 13-1924
• Instrumentation and Long Term Monitoring of Three Integral Abutment Bridges in Vermont
  Authors: Civjan, Scott
  Authors: Civjan, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-2066
• Identifying Optimal Mix of Highway Asset Maintenance Activities Based on Performance Targets or Budget Constraints
  Authors: Pilson, Charles
  Authors: Pilson, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 362
  Paper Number: 13-2118
• Evaluation of Temporary Ramp Metering for Work Zones
  Authors: Zhu, Zhongyuan
  Authors: Zhu, Zhongyuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 625
  Paper Number: 13-2193
• New Procedure for Estimating Cable Force in Cable-Stayed Bridge
  Authors: Choi, Dong-Ho
  Authors: Choi, Dong-Ho
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-2407
• Development of Enhanced Alaska Pavement Preservation Program and Strategy Selection Guide
  Authors: Cheng, DingXin
  Authors: Cheng, DingXin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 256
  Paper Number: 13-2432
• Investigation of Longitudinal Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity and Safety
  Authors: Carlson, Paul
  Authors: Carlson, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 774
  Paper Number: 13-2512
• Effect of Weather and Road Surface Conditions on Traffic Speed of Rural Highways
  Authors: Cao, Luchao
  Authors: Cao, Luchao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 251
  Paper Number: 13-0779
• Control Strategy for Rural Variable Speed Limit Corridor
  Authors: Sabawat, Vijay
  Authors: Sabawat, Vijay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 375
  Paper Number: 13-0874
• Approach to Optimization of Winter Road Management Operation by Taxi Probe Data
  Authors: Munehiro, Kazunori
  Authors: Munehiro, Kazunori
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 251
  Paper Number: 13-0952
• A Preliminary Analysis on Determination of Optimum Crack Sealing Time for Asphalt Pavement
  Authors: Yi, Junyan
  Authors: Yi, Junyan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 698
  Paper Number: 13-1336
• Comparative Analysis of Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Methods of Asphalt and Concrete Pavement Preservation Treatments in Oklahoma
  Authors: Pittenger, Dominique
  Authors: Pittenger, Dominique
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 256
  Paper Number: 13-1704
• Measuring Perceived Service Quality in Highway Maintenance
  Authors: Burde, Adrian
  Authors: Burde, Adrian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 362
  Paper Number: 13-2576
• Improving Network Condition with Preventive Maintenance: Pavement Management System Case Study in Christiansburg, Virginia
  Authors: Bryce, James
  Authors: Bryce, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 256
  Paper Number: 13-2791
• Evaluating Worst-First and Benefit-Cost Analysis Approaches for Prioritizing Infrastructure Maintenance and Rehabilitation Activities under Various Budgetary Scenarios
  Authors: Menendez, Jose
  Authors: Menendez, Jose
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 212
  Paper Number: 13-2895
• Modeling the Risk of Advanced Deterioration in Bridge Management Systems
  Authors: Thompson, Paul
  Authors: Thompson, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-3151
• Risk-Based Corridor Asset Management: Applying Multiattribute Utility Theory to Manage Multiple Assets
  Authors: Boadi, Richard
  Authors: Boadi, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 362
  Paper Number: 13-3319
• Fractal Analysis of Fouled Rail Ballast
  Authors: Ho, Carlton
  Authors: Ho, Carlton
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-3403
• Effect of Winter Weather and Road Surface Conditions on Macroscopic Traffic Parameters
  Authors: Kwon, Tae-Jung
  Authors: Kwon, Tae-Jung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 375
  Paper Number: 13-1763
• Estimating Statewide Benefits of Winter Maintenance Operations
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 251
  Paper Number: 13-2148
• Accuracy of SOBO-20 in Measurement of Salt on Winter Pavements
  Authors: Lalagüe, Anne
  Authors: Lalagüe, Anne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 204
  Paper Number: 13-2606
• Devising and Demonstrating Extreme Weather Risk Indicator for Transportation Systems
  Authors: Leviakangas, Pekka
  Authors: Leviakangas, Pekka
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 375
  Paper Number: 13-1549
• Performance Measures for Bridge Preservation
  Authors: Hearn, George
  Keywords: Bridges; Maintenance; Asset Management; Performance Measures
  Authors: Hearn, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-1551
• Estimating Statewide Benefits of Winter Maintenance Operations
  Authors: Veneziano, David
  Authors: Veneziano, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 251
  Paper Number: 13-2148
• Remote Sensing of Weather and Road Surface Conditions: Is Technology Mature for Reliable ITS Applications?
  Authors: Ewan, Levi
  Authors: Ewan, Levi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 251
  Paper Number: 13-1997
• Guidelines for Thermographic Inspection of Concrete Bridge Components in Shaded Conditions
  Authors: Washer, Glenn
  Authors: Washer, Glenn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-2012
• Impact of Inclement Weather on Hourly Traffic Volumes in Buffalo, New York
  Authors: Bartlett, Andrew
  Authors: Bartlett, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 313
  Paper Number: 13-3240
• Evaluation of Joint Sealant Effectiveness on Moisture Infiltration and Erosion Potential in Concrete Pavement
  Authors: Neshvadian Bakhsh, Keivan
  Authors: Neshvadian Bakhsh, Keivan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 773
  Paper Number: 13-3489
• Evaluation of Joint Sealant Effectiveness on Moisture Infiltration and Erosion Potential in Concrete Pavement
  Authors: Zollinger, Dan
  Authors: Zollinger, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 773
  Paper Number: 13-3489
• Repeatability and Reproducibility of Mobile Retroreflectivity Units for Measurement of Pavement Markings
  Authors: Lee, Hyung
  Authors: Lee, Hyung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 774
  Paper Number: 13-3812
• Relative Benefit of Chip Seal in Different Climatic Conditions Based on Initial Pavement Roughness
  Authors: Mamlouk, Michael
  Authors: Mamlouk, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 212
  Paper Number: 13-2314
• Effect of Common Deicing Chemicals on Ice-Bond Formation in Compacted Snow
  Authors: Klein Paste, Alex
  Authors: Klein Paste, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 204
  Paper Number: 13-2508
• Evaluating Worst-First and Benefit-Cost Analysis Approaches for Prioritizing Infrastructure Maintenance and Rehabilitation Activities under Various Budgetary Scenarios
  Authors: Gharaibeh, Nasir
  Authors: Gharaibeh, Nasir
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 212
  Paper Number: 13-2895
• Fuel Consumption and Cost Savings of Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks Powered by Natural Gas
  Authors: LaClair, Tim
  Authors: LaClair, Tim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-2945
• Construction Traveler Information Systems for I-35 Widening in Central Texas
  Authors: Brydia, Robert
  Authors: Brydia, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 573
  Paper Number: 13-3108
• Impact of Inclement Weather on Hourly Traffic Volumes in Buffalo, New York
  Authors: Sadek, Adel
  Authors: Sadek, Adel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 313
  Paper Number: 13-3240
• Assessment of Pavement Impacts due to Energy Developments in Texas
  Authors: Oh, Jeong Ho
  Authors: Oh, Jeong Ho
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 808
  Paper Number: 13-2235
• Work Zone Lighting and Visual Performance: Analysis and Demonstration
  Authors: Bullough, John
  Authors: Bullough, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 625
  Paper Number: 13-2244
• Twenty-One-Year Field Performance of Joint Resealing Project at Fairchild Air Force Base
  Authors: Chehovits, James
  Authors: Chehovits, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 773
  Paper Number: 13-2691
• Corridor Management: A Means to Elevate Understanding of Geotechnical Impacts on System Performance
  Authors: Anderson, Scott
  Authors: Anderson, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 364
  Paper Number: 13-3018
• Nondestructive Evaluation-Based Assessment of Deterioration Progression in Concrete Bridge Decks
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad
  Authors: Gucunski, Nenad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3043
• Assessment of Durability of Wet Night Visible Pavement Markings: Visibility Experiment
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 774
  Paper Number: 13-3794
• Thickness Measurements of Structural Concrete Members with Compact Dimensions Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo and Impact-Echo
  Authors: Algernon, Daniel
  Authors: Algernon, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3913
• Infrared Thermography-Based Inspection Technique for Void Detection in Bridge Stay-Cables
  Authors: Salaimeh, Ahmad
  Authors: Salaimeh, Ahmad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3912
• Evaluation of Digital Image Correlation Method as a Structural Damage Assessment and Management Tool
  Authors: Oats, Renee
  Authors: Oats, Renee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-3968
• Impact of Stormwater Pipe Lining Materials on Water Quality: Field Study and Resulting Specifications
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Authors: Donaldson, Bridget
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 533
  Paper Number: 13-4148
• Investigation of Aggregate Properties Influencing Railroad Ballast Performance
  Authors: Wnek, Michael
  Authors: Wnek, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-4338
• Short-Term Kettle and Field Aging Investigation of Hot-Poured Crack Sealants
  Authors: Al-Qadi, Imad
  Authors: Al-Qadi, Imad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 698
  Paper Number: 13-4485
• Formalized Process for Work Zone Transportation Management Plan Performance Assessment in Virginia
  Authors: Dougald, Lance
  Authors: Dougald, Lance
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 625
  Paper Number: 13-4544
• Bridge Assessment Methods Using Image Processing and Infrared Thermography Technology: On-Site Pilot Application in Florida
  Authors: Matsumoto, Masato
  Authors: Matsumoto, Masato
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-4738
• Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Winter Season Pavement Patching Materials in Tennessee
  Authors: Huang, Baoshan
  Authors: Huang, Baoshan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 808
  Paper Number: 13-4772
• Dynamic Characterization of a Truss Bridge by Falling-Weight Deflectometer
  Authors: Grimmelsman, Kirk
  Authors: Grimmelsman, Kirk
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 525
  Paper Number: 13-5182
• Concrete Tunnel Lining Evaluation Using Nondestructive Techniques: Multimethod Case Study at Eisenhower Tunnel, Colorado
  Authors: White, Joshua
  Authors: White, Joshua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 269
  Paper Number: 13-3381
• Quantification of Weather Influences on Freeway Bottlenecks
  Authors: Seeherman, Joshua
  Authors: Seeherman, Joshua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 313
  Paper Number: 13-4355
• Development and Application of Three-Dimensional Optical Bridge Deck Evaluation System
  Authors: Dobson, Richard
  Authors: Dobson, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 563
  Paper Number: 13-4451
• Corrosion of Chloride Deicers on Highway Maintenance Equipment: Renewed Perspective and Preliminary Laboratory Investigation
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-3127
• Evaluating Natural Hazards and Damage on Florida Bridges
  Authors: Sobanjo, John
  Authors: Sobanjo, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 462
  Paper Number: 13-3324
• Statistical Identification of Items Important for Evaluating Bridge Conditions
  Authors: Tang, Pingbo
  Authors: Tang, Pingbo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 620
  Paper Number: 13-3442
• Logistic Regression Model to Select and Prioritize Network-Level Project Sections for Sustainable Pavement Management in Texas
  Authors: Kim, Dae Young
  Authors: Kim, Dae Young
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 256
  Paper Number: 13-3110
• Investigation of Possible Chloride Contamination in Posttensioning Grout
  Authors: Kelley, Paul
  Authors: Kelley, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 464
  Paper Number: P13-5034
• Protocols for Inspecting Tendons Embedded in Grout with Potentially Elevated Chlorides
  Authors: Kelley, Paul
  Authors: Kelley, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 464
  Paper Number: P13-5035
• FHWA Chloride-Contaminated Posttension Grout Study
  Authors: Zielske, James
  Authors: Zielske, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 464
  Paper Number: P13-5036
• Proposed Protocols for Condition Assessment and Characterization of Posttensioned Cable Grouts in Bridges
  Authors: Theryo, Teddy
  Authors: Theryo, Teddy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 515
  Paper Number: P13-5038
• Update on Corrosion Failure of Posttensioned Tendons in Florida due to Thixotropic Grout Segregation
  Authors: Paredes, Mario
  Authors: Paredes, Mario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 515
  Paper Number: P13-5039
• Virginia Experience with Posttensioned Grouts
  Authors: Sprinkel, Michael
  Authors: Sprinkel, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 515
  Paper Number: P13-5040
• Detection and Progression of Corrosion Damage over Time in Reinforced Decks Using Nondestructive Evaluation
  Authors: Pailes, Brian
  Authors: Pailes, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 304
  Paper Number: P13-5042
• Assessing Transportation Network Terrorism Risk: Theoretical Approach
  Authors: Murray-Tuite, Pamela
  Authors: Murray-Tuite, Pamela
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5071
• Mapping Flood Risk: Assessment and Mitigation
  Authors: Mayer, Henry
  Authors: Mayer, Henry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5069
• Component-Level Risk Management: Introduction to Available FHWA Course in Assessing and Mitigating Bridge and Tunnel Terrorist Threats
  Authors: Ernst, Steven
  Authors: Ernst, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5072
• Visualizing, Coordinating, and Responding to Major Events: Overview of Situational Awareness, Evacuation Management, and Consensus-Building Tools from Information Visualization and Dissemination Point of View
  Authors: Pack, Michael
  Authors: Pack, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5073
• Maritime Security Risk Analysis Model
  Authors: Burns, Maria
  Authors: Burns, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5075
• Risk Collaboration and Mitigation Planning with Hazus: Bringing Diverse Stakeholder Groups Together
  Authors: Caplan, Jamie
  Authors: Caplan, Jamie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 171
  Paper Number: P13-5077
• Scenario-Based Climate Change Risk Analysis for Transportation Infrastructure Using GIS
  Authors: Wu, Yao-Jan
  Authors: Wu, Yao-Jan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 171
  Paper Number: P13-5081
• Internalizing Extreme Weather Costs to Transport in Cost-Benefit Analysis
  Authors: Leviakangas, Pekka
  Authors: Leviakangas, Pekka
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 141
  Paper Number: P13-5150
• Impact of Climate Change on World Bank's Investment Strategy
  Authors: Kopp, Andreas
  Authors: Kopp, Andreas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 141
  Paper Number: P13-5152
• Post Irene and Sandy: Addressing the Realities of Emerging Weather Trends; Defining Needs for Transportation Departments
  Authors: Kolb (invited), Elisabeth
  Authors: Kolb (invited), Elisabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 141
  Paper Number: P13-5155
• Twenty-Year Retrospective on Washington State Department of Transportation Unstable Slopes Program
  Authors: Badger, Thomas
  Authors: Badger, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 364
  Paper Number: P13-5258
• GEMINI: Concept for Promoting Knowledge Availability of Geotechnical Asset Characteristics and Performance
  Authors: Dasenbrock, Derrick
  Authors: Dasenbrock, Derrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 364
  Paper Number: P13-5259
• Emulsion Task Force Activities Update
  Authors: Franco, Colin
  Authors: Franco, Colin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 837
  Paper Number: P13-5268
• Risk-Based Methods for Management of Geotechnical Features in Transportation Infrastructure
  Authors: Vessely, Mark
  Authors: Vessely, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 364
  Paper Number: P13-5257
• Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Winter Season Pavement Patching Materials in Tennessee
  Authors: Dong, Qiao
  Authors: Dong, Qiao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 808
  Paper Number: 13-4772
• Risk Approach to Service Life Modeling for Infrastructure
  Authors: Berke, Neal
  Authors: Berke, Neal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 304
  Paper Number: P13-5045
• Improving Transportation Infrastructure System Resilience Using Federal Tools and Customized Models
  Authors: Croope, Silvana
  Authors: Croope, Silvana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 171
  Paper Number: P13-5083
• Analysis of Sign Damage and Failure: Utah Case Study
  Authors: Heaslip, Kevin
  Authors: Heaslip, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management
  Session: 805
  Paper Number: 13-4054
• Cross-Asset Resource Allocation Framework for Achieving Performance Sustainability
  Authors: Dehghanisanij, Mohammadsaied
  Authors: Dehghanisanij, Mohammadsaied
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 362
  Paper Number: 13-4056
• Performance of Various Pavement Repairs in Low-Volume Roadways over Expansive Soil
  Authors: Dessouky, Samer
  Authors: Dessouky, Samer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements
  Session: 808
  Paper Number: 13-4208
• Characterization of Railroad Ballast Behavior Under Repeated Loading Using New Large Triaxial Test Setup
  Authors: Mishra, Debakanta
  Authors: Mishra, Debakanta
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-4269
• Service Life Projections for Chloride-Exposed Concrete Reinforced with Black and Corrosion-Resistant Bars
  Authors: Hartt, William
  Authors: Hartt, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 304
  Paper Number: P13-5044
• Galvanic Cathodic Protection: Field Results and Case Studies
  Authors: Whitmore, David
  Authors: Whitmore, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 304
  Paper Number: P13-5043
• Practices, Policies, and Technology Applications of Evacuation and Emergency Transportation Management
  Authors: Wolshon, Brian
  Authors: Wolshon, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 120
  Paper Number: P13-5070
• Field Validation of Emulsion Performance Specifications
  Authors: Martin, Amy
  Authors: Martin, Amy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 837
  Paper Number: P13-5273
• Field Sampling and Testing
  Authors: Farrar, Michael
  Authors: Farrar, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 837
  Paper Number: P13-5274
• Strawman Specification for Emulsion Residue Recovery and Testing
  Authors: Kadrmas, Arlis
  Authors: Kadrmas, Arlis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 837
  Paper Number: P13-5269
• South Dakota Experience in Constructing Alternatives to Paved Surfaces on Local Roads
  Authors: Skorseth, Ken
  Authors: Skorseth, Ken
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 739
  Paper Number: P13-5300
• The Road Ahead: Will It Be a Road Less Traveled?
  Authors: Miller, Susan
  Authors: Miller, Susan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 739
  Paper Number: P13-5301
• Grey Towers Historic Allen Restoration: Life in the Polymer Lane
  Authors: Kestler, Maureen
  Authors: Kestler, Maureen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 739
  Paper Number: P13-5302
• Incorporating Rockfall Hazard Rating into an Asset Management System
  Authors: Kidner, Martin
  Authors: Kidner, Martin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 364
  Paper Number: P13-5306
• Thermographic Bridge Coating Inspection System
  Authors: Fuchs, Paul
  Authors: Fuchs, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 702
  Paper Number: P13-5345
• Fabrication and Placement of Galvanized Weathering Steel Girders
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 702
  Paper Number: P13-5356
• Painted Galvanized Steel Bridges
  Authors: Yermack, Eric
  Authors: Yermack, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 748
  Paper Number: P13-5358
• Vegetation Management Strategies
  Authors: Lee, Donald
  Authors: Lee, Donald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 252
  Paper Number: P13-5355
• Testing of Zinc-Rich Primers for Use on Complex Surfaces
  Authors: Cassidy, Patrick
  Authors: Cassidy, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 748
  Paper Number: P13-5357
• Assessment of Coated Steel Bridges in Virginia
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Authors: Sharp, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 748
  Paper Number: P13-5359
• FHWA 100-Year Coating Study: Follow-up Investigation
  Authors: Lee, Seung-Kyoung
  Authors: Lee, Seung-Kyoung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 748
  Paper Number: P13-5360
• Competencies and Components That Support Innovation
  Authors: Bedford, Denise
  Authors: Bedford, Denise
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Construction; Maintenance and Preservation; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 457
  Paper Number: P13-5502
• Minnesota Department of Transportation's Destination Innovation, Organizational Implementation, and Lessons Learned
  Authors: Wallace, Jean
  Authors: Wallace, Jean
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Construction; Maintenance and Preservation; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 457
  Paper Number: P13-5503
• Winter Maintenance
  Authors: Nixon, Wilfrid
  Authors: Nixon, Wilfrid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 252
  Paper Number: P13-5354
• Short-Term Kettle and Field Aging Investigation of Hot-Poured Crack Sealants
  Authors: Ozer, Hasan
  Authors: Ozer, Hasan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 698
  Paper Number: 13-4485
• Fatigue Testing and Structural Health Monitoring of Retrofitted Steel Highway Bridge Web Stiffeners
  Authors: Ghahremani, Kasra
  Authors: Ghahremani, Kasra
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 508
  Paper Number: 13-4720
• Twenty years of Hazus: Standard Loss Estimation and Damage Assessment Tool of Federal Emergency Management Agency
  Authors: Berman, Eric
  Authors: Berman, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 171
  Paper Number: P13-5076
• Introduction and Update on Long-Term Bridge Performance Program
  Authors: Ghasemi, Hamid
  Authors: Ghasemi, Hamid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Research (about research)
  Session: 838
  Paper Number: P13-5440
• Panel Discussion: Wet Reflective Pavement Marking Materials and Products
  Authors: Davies, Christopher
  Authors: Davies, Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 107
  Paper Number: P13-5632
• Iowa and Illinois Wet Reflective Test Decks
  Authors: Hawkins, Neal
  Authors: Hawkins, Neal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 107
  Paper Number: P13-5625
• Panel Discussion: Wet Reflective Pavement Marking Materials and Products
  Authors: Britt, Jerry
  Authors: Britt, Jerry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 107
  Paper Number: P13-5632
• Quantifying Nitrogen Removal Credits from Reduced Fertilization: Environmental and Maintenance Cost Savings
  Authors: Renna, Rick
  Authors: Renna, Rick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 744
  Paper Number: P13-5647
• Laboratory, Accelerated Pavement Testing, and Field Studies of Full-Depth Reclamation to Refine Guidelines and Project Performance Models
  Authors: Jones, David
  Authors: Jones, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 118
  Paper Number: P13-5726
• Nine-Year Field Investigation on Sealed and Unsealed Test Sections in Minnesota Portland Cement Concrete Joint Sealant Evaluation
  Authors: Johnson, Eddie
  Authors: Johnson, Eddie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements
  Session: 773
  Paper Number: P13-5714
• Properties of Foamed Asphalt Mixtures from Cold-in-Place and Cold Central-Plant Recycling Projects
  Authors: Apeagyei, Alex
  Authors: Apeagyei, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 118
  Paper Number: P13-5727
• Ballast Study on the Western HAL Mega-Site
  Authors: Douglas, Samuel
  Authors: Douglas, Samuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: P13-5772
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Diefenderfer, Brian
  Authors: Diefenderfer, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 118
  Paper Number: Z13-118
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Proctor, Gordon
  Authors: Proctor, Gordon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Safety and Human Factors; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 131
  Paper Number: Z13-131
• Initial Kentucky Transportation Center Accelerated Weathering and Corrosion Tests of Duplex Coating Systems
  Authors: Palle, Sudhir
  Authors: Palle, Sudhir
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 702
  Paper Number: P13-5348
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Loughlin, Peter
  Authors: Loughlin, Peter
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Maintenance and Preservation; MAP-21
  Session: 200
  Paper Number: P13-5351
• Optimized Energy Savings and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Efforts
  Authors: Orcutt, Lawrence
  Authors: Orcutt, Lawrence
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 252
  Paper Number: P13-5352
• Fleet Management Strategies
  Authors: Scheurer, Sonja
  Authors: Scheurer, Sonja
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 252
  Paper Number: P13-5353
• Performance Tests for Emulsion Residues
  Authors: Bahia, Hussain
  Authors: Bahia, Hussain
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 837
  Paper Number: P13-5271
• NCHRP Project 04-36: Update
  Authors: Wen, Haifang
  Authors: Wen, Haifang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 118
  Paper Number: P13-5729
• Ultra-High-Performance Concrete for Bridges: Longer-Lasting Structures
  Authors: Royce, Mathew
  Authors: Royce, Mathew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 744
  Paper Number: P13-5748
• Novel Technologies for Operational and Maintenance Decision Making
  Authors: Catbas, F. Necati
  Authors: Catbas, F. Necati
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 161
  Paper Number: P13-5634
• Automated Flagger Assistance Devices: Saving Lives
  Authors: Odell, Wade
  Authors: Odell, Wade
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation; Operations and Traffic Management; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 744
  Paper Number: P13-5653
• Influencing Hazard Mitigation Through GIS-Based Risk Awareness and Community Engagement
  Authors: Brown, Vincent
  Authors: Brown, Vincent
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 171
  Paper Number: P13-5080
• Mitigating Risk Through Preparedness and PS-Prep
  Authors: Pollock, Marcus
  Authors: Pollock, Marcus
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Environment; Maintenance and Preservation; Planning and Forecasting; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 171
  Paper Number: P13-5082
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Kosnik, David
  Authors: Kosnik, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Bridges and Other Structures; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 161
  Paper Number: Z13-161
• Findings from Cold-in-Place Recycling Research on Optimum Foamed and Emulsified Asphalt Content and Curing Time
  Authors: Lee, David
  Authors: Lee, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 118
  Paper Number: P13-5728
• Need for Performance-Based Emulsion Specifications: FLH Study
  Authors: Voth, Michael
  Authors: Voth, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Construction; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials
  Session: 837
  Paper Number: P13-5267
• Partnerships Are Crucial in Critical Infrastructure Protection
  Authors: Labelle, Mark
  Authors: Labelle, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6852
• FHWA Update on Bridge and Tunnel Security
  Authors: Ernst, Steven
  Authors: Ernst, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6848
• Safety and Security of Bridges and Tunnels on Federal Roads in Germany
  Authors: Kaundinya, Ingo
  Authors: Kaundinya, Ingo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6849
• Swiss Experience in Hazard Analysis, Risk Evaluation, and Intervention Planning
  Authors: Hajdin, Rade
  Authors: Hajdin, Rade
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6850
• Transportation Security Administration and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Evaluate Attack Scenarios for Highway Tunnels and Bridges
  Authors: Walton, Bruce
  Authors: Walton, Bruce
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Bridges and Other Structures; Design; Maintenance and Preservation; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 106
  Paper Number: P13-6853
• Workshop Introduction
  Authors: Venner, Marie
  Authors: Venner, Marie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Prese