2013 Subject Index: Passenger Transportation

• Comparative Analysis of Factors Affecting Transit Bus Crashes and General Traffic Crashes
  Abstract: This paper evaluates different roadway cross-sectional elements and traffic characteristics to crashes involving transit buses and general traffic crashes. The contributing level of each of the elements is compared between the two crash scenarios. One of the elements included in the study is the impact of bus trips per day which haven’t been covered by many previous studies. Zero Inflation Negative Binomial (ZINB) and the standard Negative Binomial (NB) models. The ZINB method was applied to the transit bus crashes analysis due to the presence of many roadway segments with zero crash experiences. As expected, the model results presented a positive coefficient for the number of bus trips which meant that the higher the number of trips per day, the more crashes for that specific roadway segment. Other positive coefficient variables in the bus crashes model include the presence of raised medians, presence of two way left turn lanes (TWLTL), and high posted speed limits. Negative coefficient variables were found to be number of lanes, median width, lane width and shoulder width and the presence of curb and gutter. While most of the variable coefficient signs in ZINB were the same as those in standard NB, their magnitudes and significances varied across these two models. Study findings present safety factors to consider when assigning transit bus routes and scheduling on top of other general traffic safety measures.
  Authors: McCummings, Kiara; Chimba, Deo
  Authors: McCummings, Kiara; Chimba, Deo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0109
• High Load Transit Line Passenger Transmission and Productiveness Efficiencies
  Abstract: Performance of urban transit systems may be quantified and assessed using transit capacity and productive capacity in planning, design and operational management activities. Bunker (4) defines important productive performance measures of an individual transit service and transit line, which are extended in this paper to quantify efficiency and operating fashion of transit services and lines. Comparison of a hypothetical bus line’s operation during a morning peak hour and daytime hour demonstrates the usefulness of productiveness efficiency and passenger transmission efficiency, passenger churn and average proportion line length traveled to the operator in understanding their services’ and lines’ productive performance, operating characteristics, and quality of service. Productiveness efficiency can flag potential pass-up activity under high load conditions, as well as ineffective resource deployment. Proportion line length traveled can directly measure operating fashion. These measures can be used to compare between lines/routes and, within a given line, various operating scenarios and time horizons to target improvements. The next research stage is investigating within-line variation using smart card passenger data and field observation of pass-ups. Insights will be used to further develop practical guidance to operators.
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan Michael
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 422
  Paper Number: 13-0035
• Artificial Neural Network Travel Time Prediction Model for Buses Using Only GPS Data
  Abstract: The provision of real-time and accurate travel time information of transit vehicles is valuable as it allows passengers to plan their trips to minimize waiting times. The objective of this research is to develop a dynamic artificial neural network (ANN) model that can provide accurate prediction of bus travel time to give real-time information at a given downstream bus stop using global positioning system (GPS) data. The developed ANN model is trained offline and yet used to provide real-time travel time information. To achieve this, care has been given in selecting unique set of input-output combination for the prediction purpose yet maintaining the reproducibility of the model. The results obtained from case study are promising and the model can be used to implement an Advanced Public Transport System. The implementation of this system will improve the consistency of the public transport system, thus attracting more travelers to transit vehicles and helping relieve congestion. The performance of the proposed ANN model was compared with a historical average model under two criteria: prediction accuracy and robustness. It was shown that the ANN outperformed the average approach in both aspects. In conclusion, it is possible to provide bus travel time information reasonably using arrival and departure time information at stops even in the absence of traffic-stream data.
  Authors: Gurmu, Zegeye Kebede; Fan, Wei
  Authors: Gurmu, Zegeye Kebede; Fan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0200
• Computation of Bus Delay at Stops in Beijing Through Statistical Analysis
  Abstract: Delays at bus stops have seriously affected the efficiency of bus operation and the improvement of level of services of public transportation and greatly influenced the probability of choosing bus services for passengers. In this paper, analysis on arriving, dwell and leaving process of buses, the method for calculating bus delays at stops are proposed according to survey data from three bus routes in Beijing. Statistical analysis is also adopted respectively to evaluate average times that buses are docking at curbside and bay-style stops. Moreover, different load factors of passengers in buses have significantly influenced the average boarding and alighting time per person. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed methods is illustrated through case studies. This study is crucial and helpful for the engineers and operators to evaluate the efficiency and level of service of urban public transportation.
  Authors: Chen, Shaokuan; Zhou, Rui; Zhou, Yangfan; Mao, Baohua
  Authors: Chen, Shaokuan; Zhou, Rui; Zhou, Yangfan; Mao, Baohua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0245
• Managing Dynamic Vehicle Allocation for Carsharing Systems: Stochastic Programming Approach
  Abstract: Carsharing offers innovative mobility solutions and has been gaining in popularity around the world as an environmentally sustainable, socially responsible and economically feasible mode of transport. It allows members to gain the benefits of private vehicle use without the costs and responsibilities of ownership and provides individuals access to a fleet of shared-use vehicles in a network of locations on a short term as-needed basis. This paper seeks to develop a stochastic optimization framework to address the dynamic vehicle allocation problem for carsharing systems, in which the service operator needs to manage and determine the optimal vehicle allocation in both time and space in order to maximize profits. A multistage stochastic linear programming model with recourse, which can account for system uncertainties such as carsharing demand variation, is formulated and solved. Numerical results are discussed and computational insights are presented based upon a seven-stage experimental network pilot study.
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Xu, Yongneng
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Xu, Yongneng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 818
  Paper Number: 13-0324
• Optimal Bus Scheduling with Dynamic Stochastic Demand: Simulation Framework and Analysis of Results
  Abstract: The paper presents a computer simulation approach into optimum bus scheduling under stochastic dynamic network environment. The primary objective is minimization of total passenger waiting time because headway variability at each bus station is really cumbersome; greatly precluding the passengers’ usage of bus transit and reducing transit operators’ service efficiency. The mean transit demand (Poisson distributed) and travel time (Normally distributed) between neighboring bus stops are taken as given. An example route showing an application of the proposed model is given. A comparison between waiting times under different network scenarios has been made using the example route. The results obtained from the analysis are promising. The method can be implemented as a substitute to real time control strategies as they are relatively expensive. In addition, it will enable transit users to plan their trip in advance so that misleading travel information is reduced.
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Gurmu, Zegeye Kebede; Liu, Yingshun
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Gurmu, Zegeye Kebede; Liu, Yingshun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0325
• Measuring Bus Stop Dwell Time and Time Lost Serving Stop Using London Bus iBus Automated Vehicle Location Data
  Abstract: There is a sizeable amount of research in the literature on the dwell time of buses at bus stops. However there is no agreement in the literature as to the exact definition of what bus stop "dwell time" is. The two common definitions of dwell time are the time the bus is stationary at the bus stop, or the time the doors are open at the bus stop. However these common measures of dwell time fail to take account of the time lost by the bus decelerating and accelerating from a stationary speed to serve the stop.This paper firstly identifies 8 features that are observed when a bus serves a bus stop. It uses these features to propose an exact definition of dwell time. This metric can be used to assess the performance of various ticketing strategies. It then proposes a new metric called "time lost serving stop" which gives the time that would have been saved had the bus stop not been present in the road network. These metrics are then calculated for all bus stops on the route 45 in London using over 50,000 bus stop visit events. It is shown that the time lost arriving (i.e. decelerating) and departing (i.e. accelerating) from the bus stop is typically 11.6 seconds. This is often far more than the time lost with the doors open at the bus stop. It is also shown that buses can lose significant time serving a bus stop even if the doors were never opened.The methods proposed in this paper can be used to allow transit agencies to measure the actual drive time of buses, removing the component of time lost serving the bus stop. This method can also be used to identify bus stops that might need to be re-designed to reduce the time lost arriving and departing from the bus stop.
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0342
• Assessment of “Last Mile” Shuttle Corridors and Users in New Jersey
  Abstract: “Last Mile” shuttles provide access between transit stations and employment sites. This paper provides an assessment of such shuttles in New Jersey by focusing on services funded by diverse entities. The assessment is made regarding the characteristics of the shuttle corridors, the shuttle users, the employers of the shuttle users, and the work sites. The research involved corridor-level analysis with census block group data and analyses of survey data from shuttle users. The study showed that the “Last Mile” shuttles predominantly serve low-income and carless workers who work for large companies located in highly suburban areas that are not conducive to mass transit. Many of the companies that hire the shuttle users are in the blue-collar sectors such as manufacturing and warehousing. The study shows that the shuttle users are highly dependent on the shuttles despite spending disproportionately longer time commuting than average workers in New Jersey. The research indicates that because of the nature of the employers served and the mismatch between the characteristics of the shuttle users and the areas served by shuttles, there will be a constant need for shuttles, but the services cannot be expected to be self-reliant by raising enough farebox revenue.
  Authors: Deka, Devajyoti; DiPetrillo, Stephanie
  Authors: Deka, Devajyoti; DiPetrillo, Stephanie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 722
  Paper Number: 13-0421
• Optimizing Dynamic Ride-Sharing Systems
  Abstract: Internet-enabled technologies are becoming more and more used, so that users are constantly connected to the network in every place and daily activity, and can use transportation related features, such as mobile payment systems and GPS connections, or receive real-time information on public transport timetable, traffic congestion, and so on, being then able to plan their mobility at the best.In this framework, in effect, among the innovative mobility systems implemented and developed using these technologies, the new real-time capabilities of dynamic ride-sharing, which is an extended version of the traditional ride-sharing, can play a key role if the relevant performances are improved. In other words, although ride-sharing is not a new idea, recent technological advances should increase its popularity.In this paper, a ride-sharing system is proposed whose dynamic behavior consists of two levels: the first, disaggregate level takes into account the positions and speeds of all the drivers’ vehicles, as well as the dynamics of the traffic flows in which such vehicles “move”; the second level only considers the interactions of drivers/riders with the system manager, and the interactions between drivers and riders. Then, with the aim of optimizing the performances of the above introduced RS system only the second kind of dynamics is considered, designing a pick-up and delivery optimization model able to allocate an empty seat in a vehicle to a rider through an optimal matching problem is proposed also providing, at a time, the expected performances of the system for each user.In particular, the optimization problem finds the best match and path in the considered transportation network that minimize the difference between the desired departure and arrival times, also providing, by means of suitably defined auxiliary variables, the generalized costs of each trip.The paper is organized as follows. First the ride-sharing model is introduced. Then, after the statement of the optimal matching problem and the discussion on its solution and integration with modal choice models, a simulation model is described. Finally, a real-world based case study is presented and discussed.
  Authors: Di Febbraro, Angela; Gattorna, Enrico; Sacco, Nicola
  Authors: Di Febbraro, Angela; Gattorna, Enrico; Sacco, Nicola
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 452
  Paper Number: 13-0450
• Bus Arrival Headway Reliability: Case Study in Hefei, China
  Abstract: Reliability of transit, as a key measurement in transit operation, is important since it affects the mode choice behavior of both current and prospective riders to a great extent, which imposes direct impacts to transit ridership. Therefore capturing this measurement accurately is a key requirement to successfully evaluate whether the transit system is properly operated. However the traditional method of evaluating reliability based on statistical analysis of bus arrival headway has several shortcomings. Specifically the value of reliability using traditional coefficient of variation (CV) is not between 0 and 1, which makes it difficult to explain, and the value of reliability can decrease with the increase of the transit headway. The traditional method also ignores the fact that buses can arrive at stops as a bunch which means the transit service is not reliable. This means the traditional method cannot represent the real operation condition of transit system. But all these shortcomings can be avoided by using the advanced method presented in this paper. Also this study establishes an evaluation framework to assess the reliability of the transit system from different stratification, including stops, routes and network levels. Then the bus operation data of Hefei City is analyzed as a case study. Comparison is conducted to show the improvement made by using the advanced method. Based on the new evaluation measurements, an example of adding exclusive bus lanes to existing bus route was provided to show how well these advanced method can be used to assess the transit operation and benefit the decision making process.
  Authors: Chen, Qian; Wang, Xin; Li, Wenquan; Deng, Weiping
  Authors: Chen, Qian; Wang, Xin; Li, Wenquan; Deng, Weiping
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 422
  Paper Number: 13-0698
• Using Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System to Improve Bus Schedule Adherence: Predictive Control Strategy and Its Hardware-in-the-Loop Field Tests
  Abstract: The ability of buses to adhere to their advertised schedule is vital to the bus operations. In this paper, an adaptive control strategy is proposed to dynamically adjust bus speed and traffic signal timings along the path of a running bus to improve its schedule adherence. The strategy relies on real-time location and speed information of buses provided by CVIS (cooperative vehicle infrastructure system) and uses key time nodes calculated by back-stepping of planned arrival times to dynamically update signal timing plans to keep the bus running on time. A HIL (hardware-in-the-loop) field test was conducted to evaluate the developed strategy and the results are encouraging.
  Authors: Yin, Wei; TENG, Jing; Yang, Xiaoguang; Zhang, H. Michael
  Authors: Yin, Wei; TENG, Jing; Yang, Xiaoguang; Zhang, H. Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0648
• Environmental Justice Analysis of Minority and Low-Income PopulationsAdjacent to Goods Movement Corridors in Southern California
  Abstract: Southern California is the largest international trade gateway in the U.S., and the region also generates enormous local and domestic goods movement activity. Given the expected growth in international trade and domestic goods movement in the future, significant growth in truck volumes and rail traffic are anticipated in the region to facilitate reliable goods movement and to support economic growth. As goods movement is a major contributor to local and regional environmental issues, such as air pollution and health risk, it is a regional priority not only to mitigate the environmental impacts of the goods movement system, but also to ensure that there is equity in distribution of environmental benefits and burdens from federally funded goods movement programs and projects pursuant to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. Therefore, in order to prevent disproportionately high and adverse environmental effects and health risks on minority and low-income populations from the goods movement system, the Southern California Association of Governments conducted Environmental Justice analyses for the goods movement system included in the Regional Transportation Plan. The objective of this paper is to identify minority and low-income populations, to analyze their spatial distributions along major truck corridors and freight rail corridors, and to address the Environmental Justice implications of the goods movement system in Southern California.
  Authors: Seo, Jung; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Minjares, Javier
  Authors: Seo, Jung; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Minjares, Javier
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-0701
• Assessment of Truck Border Crossing at Imperial County Port of Entry
  Abstract: Cities and municipalities across the United States are faced with the difficult task of planning adequate transportation infrastructure and freight facilities that enhance goods movement in their region. This is particularly challenging for regions with international borders and limited information on true origin-destination patterns and travel times. Successful planning efforts in these areas generally seek to reduce congestion and delay, improve travel time reliability, and/or enhance safety. However, potential shifts of commodity flows and traffic across modes, routes, and ports of entry present significant challenges. Successful infrastructure planning, therefore, hinges on accurate and reliable multimodal freight data gathered and validated through consensus among various transportation and business stakeholders.The Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), the largest metropolitan planning organization in the nation, recently conducted a study to assess the flow of commerce at the California-Baja California border of Imperial County. Data collected would help to develop freight planning strategies to address long term trade and transportation infrastructure needs in the region. This study documents the current commodity flow patterns and associated economic activity in that border region. It also examines the trends and characteristics of international trade that determine the demand for freight activities across the border, focusing on international trade between the U.S. and Mexico. This includes consideration of regional economic integration along the border and an assessment of goods movement activities associated with the maquiladora industry.This paper summarizes some of the key findings of the study in terms of current supply chain structure in the region, data collection using Origin-Destination (O/D) surveys, measurement of crossing times at the border, economic implications, and policy recommendations.
  Authors: Seetharam, Rajeev; Jones, Mike; Nam, Annie; Bekka, Khalid; Gros, Stéphane; Solis, Alejandro
  Authors: Seetharam, Rajeev; Jones, Mike; Nam, Annie; Bekka, Khalid; Gros, Stéphane; Solis, Alejandro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 409
  Paper Number: 13-0833
• An Analytical Approach to Measuring Impacts of Transit Priority
  Abstract: This paper measures the operational performance of a series of transit priority initiatives using an empirical analysis of Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) data on trams in Melbourne, Australia. Very little previous research has modelled factors influencing the performance of priority schemes and none has explored the relative performance of space (or lane) based measures compared to time (or traffic signal) measures.Simple before-after comparison of space and time priority measures identified reduced run time (by 1.6% and 0.5% respectively) and run time variability (by 10.2% and 1.9% respectively). The larger operational impact of space based measures might be as expected given that space based priority measures studied covered 61% of average route section lengths, while time based measures covered on average 25% of all junctions on each route section studied. More sophisticated regression models explained 85.4% of run time and 54.6% of run time variability. Variables found to be significant were route length, scheduled run time, space based priority, weekday, time based priority, direction of travel and rainfall. When the relative scale of the priority measures was taken into account, results suggest space allocation priority measure results in a 28.3% reduction in run time whereas each unit time priority measure yields a 22.5% decrease in run time. Results also suggest space based priority will reduce run time variability by 40.9% and time priority, by 20.5%.This paper discusses finding implications and explores ideas for further advances in analytical approaches to priority impact measurement.
  Authors: Currie, Graham; Goh, Kelvin; Sarvi, Majid
  Authors: Currie, Graham; Goh, Kelvin; Sarvi, Majid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-1001
• A Comparative Analysis of Personal Rapid Transit as an Urban Transportation Mode
  Abstract: Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) is a modern form of transportation that moves people directly from origin to destination. PRT commonly consists of 4 person driverless pods that travel on grade-separate right-of-way at speeds of around 25 mph. Planned PRT systems, with the exception of a system under construction in Amritsar, India, are relatively simple systems that consist of only a few stations on a short route. This paper examines the potential of PRT as a substitute for traditional medium or large-scale urban transit such as bus rapid transit (BRT), light rail (LRT) and modern streetcars. The proposed Purple Line light rail project in the Maryland suburbs of Washington DC is modeled as a PRT system using the BeamEd 1.3.2 simulation tool, although the Purple Line route and station locations are not optimized for PRT. PRT, BRT, and LRT versions of the Purple Line are compared with respect to costs, environmental effects, and system performance. Multiple sensitivity analyses are performed to assess how certain simulation inputs affect PRT system performance. The comparisons between the three alternative modes of the Purple Line favor PRT in terms of total travel times and capital costs, and indicate that PRT could be a viable option as a transportation mode in other urban environments. Risk in implementing a new technology on a grand scale is the largest obstacle hindering wider PRT implementation.
  Authors: Juster, Reuben Morris; Schonfeld, Paul
  Authors: Juster, Reuben Morris; Schonfeld, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 722
  Paper Number: 13-1186
• Dynamic System Optimal Routing In Multimodal Transit Network
  Abstract: The system optimal routing problem has been widely studied for road network while it is less considered for public transit system. Traditional shortest-path-based multimodal itinerary guidance systems may deteriorate the system performance when the assigned lines become congested. For this issue, we formulate the dynamic system optimal routing model for multimodal transit system. The transit system is represented by a multilevel graph to explicitly simulate passenger flow and transit system operations. A solution algorithm based on the cross entropy method is proposed, and its performance is compared with the method of successive averages in static and dynamic cases. Numerical study on a simple multimodal transit network provides the basis for comparing the system optimal routing and user optimal routing under different congestion levels.
  Authors: Ma, Tai-Yu; Lebacque, Jean-Patrick
  Authors: Ma, Tai-Yu; Lebacque, Jean-Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-1247
• Investigating The Road Safety Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit Priority Measures
  Abstract: The provision of bus priority is often a major consideration in on-street Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) design. However, previous research is limited and suggests mixed outcomes.This paper explores the road safety impacts of bus priority treatments through an empirical analysis of accident data on BRT routes in Melbourne, Australia was carried out. This includes an aggregate crash frequency analysis accounting for statistical effects and a disaggregate analysis using a safety audit and review of accident types.Overall bus priority treatments reduce accidents with a statistically significant reduction of 14.0%. Importantly the number of fatal and serious incidents dropped considerably (42 to 29 p.a.). The disaggregate safety audit showed reductions in ‘intolerable’ risks but some concerns in the ‘after’ case for interaction of buses and traffic at bus lane setbacks and increasing pedestrian road crossing distances due to bus lanes. However disaggregate analysis of accident type suggests that bus lanes act as a ‘roadside buffer’ reducing collisions with roadside objects and other vehicles. Removing stopping buses from traffic and into a bus lane was also shown to reduce accidents while bus lanes are thought to increase sight distances at un-signalised intersections acting to reduce side vehicle accidents. Some treatments are also thought to increase traffic density acting to slow traffic creating safety benefits.While these findings are statistically robust they are also quite new and exciting because they suggest an entirely new perspective on planning for and justifying bus priority measures is warranted.
  Authors: Goh, Kelvin; Currie, Graham; Sarvi, Majid; Logan, David
  Authors: Goh, Kelvin; Currie, Graham; Sarvi, Majid; Logan, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-1129
• Dispatching Model for Countering Delay Propagation in Intermodal Logistics Timed-Transfer Systems
  Abstract: Through this work we seek to optimize the dispatching decisions at cargo transfer terminals based on the considerations of delays propagated through the entire networks during the phase of disruption responses, alleviations and management. When service disruptions (e.g. incidents or traffic congestion) occur within a logistics network where schedule coordination is employed, an integrated dispatching control model determines through an optimization process whether each ready outbound vehicle should be dispatched immediately or held to wait for some late incoming vehicles. Decisions should consider potential missed-connection costs that may occur not only at the next transfer terminals but also at hubs located further downstream. A case study and a sensitivity analysis with different slack time settings for attenuating delay propagation are presented.
  Authors: Chen, Cheng-Chieh; Schonfeld, Paul
  Authors: Chen, Cheng-Chieh; Schonfeld, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 409
  Paper Number: 13-1640
• Analytical Procedures for Estimating Capacity of Weaving Sections for Median Exclusive Bus Lanes on an Urban Expressway
  Abstract: The installation of the exclusive bus lane (XBL) on an urban expressway will likely cause multiple turbulences of traffic flow in weaving sections near the exit/entrance, which exhibits more complexities than the configuration without an exclusive bus lane. However, an analytical procedure for estimating the capacity of weaving sections for exclusive bus lanes on an urban expressway is no existent. This paper attempts to present a micro-simulation approach for developing the analytical procedure for the capacity of weaving sections with an exclusive bus lane. First, with a thorough analysis of the operation of weaving sections, three factors that influence the capacity are identified. Then, a VISSIM based micro-simulation framework is developed. The regression analysis of factors influencing the capacity is conducted for the median XBL. Further, simulation experiments are designed. Finally, the analytical model on the Capacity Reduction Factor (CRF) is established, which considers the impact of both roadway allocation from XBL and more complex weaving behavior due to the installation of XBL. A randomly chosen weaving section along the third ring road in Beijing was used to validate the proposed model. Because there has not been an XBL installed on the expressway ring road, a simulation model is developed for this chosen weaving section, in which the median XBL is installed and the capacity is calculated by the proposed model. The results are compared with those from the simulation model, demonstrating that capacities obtained from the proposed model are close to the simulated ones with small relative errors. Thus, the proposed model is shown to provide a reliable capacity estimation for weaving sections of the median exclusive bus lanes on an urban expressway.
  Authors: Chen, Xumei; Yu, Lei; Jia, Xianchao; Gong, Huibo
  Authors: Chen, Xumei; Yu, Lei; Jia, Xianchao; Gong, Huibo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 592
  Paper Number: 13-1752
• Sight Distances for Disabled Pedestrians at Crossings: Methodology Comparison with Other Modes
  Abstract: ABSTRACTWhen crossing at and near intersections and bends with restricted visibility pedestrians, particularly disabled people, need to estimate safe gaps in vehicular traffic -- as typically required when crossing straight highway segments. Restricted visibility crossings occur in urban areas and in rural places such as trail crossings where horizontal and/or vertical alignments reduce sight distances. Pedestrian crossing times in current UK and USA practice are based on crossing speed and crossing distance. But pedestrians also require an initial observation-reaction time, consideration of the crossing unit’s length (up to 2 m) and a safety margin – all totalling 30% or more greater total crossing time. These elements are identified in the paper relative to sight distances, assuming a pedestrian’s perceptions of what determines his or her safety instead of being based on vehicle stopping distance. The conceptual elements of a crossing pedestrian are then examined to draw selected methodological parallels in collision avoidance analysis. Specifically, human factors involved in drivers’ crossing major roads and negotiating railroad crossings provide common features of comparable human factors and physical trajectories. Similarities and differences with a disabled person crossing a road are then highlighted and illustrated in time/space diagrams. The conclusions are that pedestrian observation-reaction time, the crossing unit’s length, and safety margin, all currently not considered, may benefit from further examination in order to accurately determine actual crossing times for design purposes, thereby improving disabled people’s mobility. Current guidance is compared with the findings, lea
  Authors: Schoon, John G.
  Authors: Schoon, John G.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 690
  Paper Number: 13-1478
• Modeling the Practical Capacity of Escalators Using a Rule-Based Microsimulation of Pedestrian Behavior
  Abstract: Escalators are an essential mode of public transportation, enabling people to travel vertically within a facility at a continuous, high flow rate. Despite the importance of these people movers, little systematic analysis of pedestrian capacity on escalators has been conducted within the field of transportation engineering. This study presents a method of calculating the practical capacity of escalators using a simulation based on pedestrian behavioral rules.Traditionally, the capacity of an escalator is defined only as a function of speed using capacity curves defined by manufacturers or in empirical studies. These methods do not consider pedestrian behavioral patterns and preferences like following distance, passing aggressiveness, or other local factors. A rule-based model provides the flexibility to analyze conditions in a variety of public facilities and to answer hypothetical research questions. This study reports three major findings. First, the practical capacity of escalators in casual public facilities like shopping malls is significantly lower than the maximum capacity that would be observed in a commuter facility like a transit station, at only 20-40% of what is generally reported by the manufacturers, in order to provide for freedom of movement and pedestrian comfort. Secondly, the model shows that prohibiting walking on escalators can streamline operations in emergency scenarios because it reduces the variability in the system and increases flow, particularly during peak periods. Finally, contrary to some claims in the literature, uphill flow on escalators operates at a lower capacity than downhill flow due to the presence of a “facial ellipse”.
  Authors: Kauffmann, Peter; Kikuchi, Shinya
  Authors: Kauffmann, Peter; Kikuchi, Shinya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 722
  Paper Number: 13-1586
• Unraveling the Travel Behavior of Carsharing Members from GPS Traces
  Abstract: As carsharing becomes increasingly popular over the world, it is interesting to better understand the underlying characteristics of the trips made by the members when they use the cars. Up to this day, few studies reported on the details of trips. This paper presents a methodology that can be used to analyse three components of a carsharing member journey: the locations of its stops, the attributes of its trips and the characteristics of trip chaining. The method is based on the processing of GPS traces collected aboard carsharing vehicles. It uses a 5-minute stop identification criterion to cut the trip chains into separate trips. The case study is the Communauto system in the Montreal area, Canada. The study shows that carsharing members will make more trips during their trip chains than typical car owners. However, carsharing trips are shorter and often conducted for utilitarian purposes (shopping, visits) and not for work. Members tend to optimize the use of the cars during their rental time (up to 50% of the time in movement for short trip chains, 30% for longer duration).
  Authors: Leclerc, Benoit; Trepanier, Martin; Morency, Catherine
  Authors: Leclerc, Benoit; Trepanier, Martin; Morency, Catherine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 491
  Paper Number: 13-1705
• Optimizing Stop Spacing and Headway for Feeder Bus Route Considering Stochastic Vehicle Arrivals
  Abstract: Stop spacing and headway are key elements in transit service planning. The trade-offs between increasing service accessibility and reducing travel and wait time shall be carefully considered. The objective of this study is to optimize bus stop spacing and headway considering stochastic vehicle arrivals, which yields the minimum total cost. It is found that both of the optimized stop spacing and headway significantly increase compared to the situation without headway variance. A case study considering a bus route in Newark, New Jersey indicates that the optimized total number of stops decreases about 15% when there is 1-min2 headway variance increment per stop. Furthermore, the increase of dispatching headway variance and headway variance increment per stop also leads to decreased stop spacing.
  Authors: Chien, I-Jy; Zhao, Liuhui
  Authors: Chien, I-Jy; Zhao, Liuhui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2091
• Minimizing waiting times at transitional nodes for public bus transportation in Greece
  Abstract: Scheduling of transit networks is one of the most addressed problems at the mathematical optimization science, due to the increase of public transportation in the last decade. Researchers have introduced various formulations to address the problem of timetabling, using different objectives like bus synchronization and passenger demand. In this paper we present two mixed-integer linear programming models with the objective of minimizing passenger waiting times at transitional transfer nodes, taking into consideration high passenger demand that occurs at certain times.
  Authors: Saharidis, Georgios K.D.; Dimitropoulos, Charis; Skordilis, Erotokritos
  Authors: Saharidis, Georgios K.D.; Dimitropoulos, Charis; Skordilis, Erotokritos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2474
• Energy-Efficient Operation of Subway Systems
  Abstract: To reduce the operation cost and then improve the operational efficiency, people are paying more and moreattention to the energy-efficient operation of subway systems. In this paper, we present and compare to twoalgorithms to optimize the energy-efficient speed profile for trains of subway systems, which can reduce theenergy consumption of train operations. Firstly, we formulate a mixed integer linear programming (MILP)model to get the optimal trajectory for trains. Secondly, we present an integrated algorithm for optimizingthe timetable for the entire route together with the speed profiles between successive stations, which is calledas integrated timetable. Finally, we give some numerical examples to illustrate the validity of the algorithmsbased on the data from the Beijing YiZhuang subway line in China.
  Authors: Su, Shuai
  Authors: Su, Shuai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-2451
• Modeling and Estimation of Bus Dwell Time Using Methods Based on Artificial Intelligence
  Abstract: A great proportion of transit travel time contributed by dwell time for passengers boarding and alighting. Accurate estimation of bus dwell time can help to improve the accuracy of bus travel time prediction that could enhance the efficiency and reliability of public transportation system. This paper assesses nine different Artificial Intelligence (AI) based approaches alongside traditional Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method to model and estimate bus dwell time based on data collected from Auckland, New Zealand. The AI based methods include five different Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gene Expression Programming (GEP), Decision Tree (DT) and Tree Boost (TB). These methods are widely used in engineering as well as other disciplines, while they have not been applied for bus dwell time modelling and estimation. These methods have been also used to address deficiencies in MLR models, such as, dealing with multicollinearity, interactions between explanatory variables and violation of the normal random error assumption between dependent and independent variables. The study results revealed strengths and weaknesses of these methods for bus dwell time modelling and estimation. Among them, DT and GEP performed reasonably well to model bus dwell time and to overcome problems of MLR models.
  Authors: rashidi, soroush; Ranjitkar, Prakash; Balemi, Andrew; Hadas, Yuval
  Authors: rashidi, soroush; Ranjitkar, Prakash; Balemi, Andrew; Hadas, Yuval
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2495
• Users’ Experience and Evaluation of New Southern Masha’er Metro Line in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  Abstract: Each year during the 9th month of the Muslim lunar calendar, more than 2 million Muslim pilgrims from around the world travel to the Holy City of Makkah in Saudi Arabia to perform Pilgrimage. A significant milestone in the effort to improve the existing transport system in the Holy City has been the introduction of the Southern Masha’er Rail Line during the 2010 pilgrimage season. In its first year of operation, the line operated at only 35% of its full capacity, before full implementation in the following year when the line operated at full capacity of 72,000 passengers per hour. This paper presents the results of a users’ survey that aimed at assessing the performance of the rail line from the perspective of its users. The analysis revealed that the rail users faced longer access, waiting and egress times compared to regular rail operations standards. However, interestingly enough, the survey results show that the majority of pilgrims found these times to be tolerable. Moreover, the majority of users found the rail line and its stations to be of excellent quality and gave positive recommendations about using the rail line in the future. The analysis also produced some very interesting observations that may be of relevance to rail operation in similar crowded events; these are highlighted throughout the paper.
  Authors: Kaysi, Isam; Alshalalfah, Baha; Shalaby, Amer; Sayegh, Arwa; Sayour, Mounira; Gutub, Adnan
  Authors: Kaysi, Isam; Alshalalfah, Baha; Shalaby, Amer; Sayegh, Arwa; Sayour, Mounira; Gutub, Adnan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 389
  Paper Number: 13-2510
• Carpooling in Switzerland: Public Attitudes and Growth Strategies
  Abstract: A recent study estimated the potential of carpooling in Switzerland. Part of this study was a survey in which the attitudes of the public towards this mode were investigated using both multi-response questions and a stated preference (SP) experiment. This paper reports on the results of the questionnaire. The first contribution of this paper is to give an insight on the reasons that motivate travellers to consider car-pooling as a possible alternative to driving alone with their own private car. Additionally, the questionnaire was the basis for factor and cluster analyses. Four different clusters of attitudes towards car pooling were identified among the population. This analysis is valuable to identify possible strategies to introduce carpooling at a larger scale in Switzerland. The results show that some parts of the population would be ready to embrace this mode of transport, in some cases even enthusiastically. This is true in particular for well educated, relatively affluent people. However, the responses suggest also that in order to exploit this potential, a system is necessary to address some of the typical issues related to carpooling. Safety is important but not the most important issue for potential participants. Practical aspects, like the guarantee of being able to go back home as a passenger if pools are arranged on a one-way basis, are those which worry respondents the most and, therefore, the most critical for carpooling success.
  Authors: Ciari, Francesco; Axhausen, Kay W.
  Authors: Ciari, Francesco; Axhausen, Kay W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 282
  Paper Number: 13-2780
• Missed or Delayed Medical Care Appointments by Older Users of Nonemergency Medical Transportation Services
  Abstract: Non-emergency medical transportation (NEMT) can prevent emergency care as a result of delayed or missed medical appointments. Medicaid provides NEMT for low income individuals who have no other means of transportation and this is a critical component of the health care delivery system. This study examined cancelled trips in Medicaid adults age 65+ to explore whether barriers persist for a growing segment of the population who face particular challenges of age-related declines in health and function. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using transportation brokerage data for Delaware members who intended to travel during 2008-2010, modeling the odds of all cancellations and then these mutually exclusive types: (1) client cancelled; (2) client obtained alternative transportation; and (3) client cancelled due to health. Over half of the cancelled trips were attributed to client reasons. Black race was associated with client canceling (OR=1.4) and canceling due to alternative transportation (OR=1.9). Compared to dialysis, trips for other medical care were more likely to be cancelled for client and health reasons (ORs ranged 1.6-7.9). Higher levels of service increased cancelling for health reasons (OR=2.9 stretcher; OR=1.8 wheelchair). Finally, pre-scheduled or subscription trips were less likely to be cancelled and client factors differed for the cancellation of trips that were not regularly scheduled. The results of this initial study confirm that for this population additional transportation services are often not available and that more support for utilizing NEMT may be needed. Future research should evaluate persistent barriers, service delivery, and long-term outcomes.
  Authors: MacLeod, Kara E.; Ragland, David R.; Prohaska, Thomas R.; Irmiter, Cheryl; Satariano, William; Leary, Mary A.
  Authors: MacLeod, Kara E.; Ragland, David R.; Prohaska, Thomas R.; Irmiter, Cheryl; Satariano, William; Leary, Mary A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 369
  Paper Number: 13-2879
• Intermediate Timepoint Removal on Limited-Stop Routes at New York City Transit
  Abstract: Improving the speed and reliability of high-volume urban bus service is an important transit planning objective. One means of improving speed is to provide a limited-stop service alternative on heavy demand local bus routes. New York City Transit (NYCT) first began operating limited-stop bus service over 35 years ago to address customer complaints about slow travel speed. Customer response to limited-stop service has been overwhelmingly favorable, reflecting in part the reduced travel times and improved reliability on these routes. In an effort to further reduce travel times NYCT began a pilot program in the spring of 2010 to remove intermediate timepoints from the schedule of several limited stop routes. The goal of this pilot was to speed up service and reduce delays for customers already on-board the bus by eliminating holding for scheduled time. In general the pilot was expected to have an overall positive effect; however, one possible downside was the impact on reliability. The purpose of intermediate timepoints is to keep trips on schedule and without these timepoints it was possible that reliability would decrease. This potential negative effect was evaluated in the pilot study. Most previous research on this topic either speculates on or simulates the effects of timepoint removal, while the NYCT pilot program actually removed all timepoints from some limited-stop routes as a real-life experiment. This paper reviews the experience and findings of NYCT with respect to this pilot program using before and after measures of effectiveness, including running time, headway regularity, and customer perceptions. The key findings of this study are that timepoint removal from limited-stop service resulted in some reduction in travel time for most of the case studies, but slight if any changes in reliability, while customer perceptions generally improved.
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey; Wyss, Sarah
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey; Wyss, Sarah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2932
• Personal Rapid Transit Studies in Two Scandinavian Cities
  Abstract: Two city studies are presented for the application of the Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) in the city centre of two Scandinavian cities (Uppsala in Sweden and Trondheim in Norway). The city studies were performed in the EC CityMobil project - a project aiming at achieving a more effective organisation of urban transport by testing four different technologies of automated transport systems in large scale demonstrations, showcases, and city studies - through two different simulation tools: MARS (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator) in Trondheim, and PRTsim in Uppsala. The networks foreseen for the two city studies were similar, with 4-place vehicles circulating with an average speed of about 40 km/h. The results of the simulations were provided in terms of six indicators: total number of daily passengers trips, system modal share, non-car modal share, total number of accidents, capital costs of the system, ratio between benefits and costs due to the PRT introduction. As a summary of the results, PRT is able to have a modal share between 20% and 30% if used as public transport in the city centre of two small/medium cities as Uppsala and Trondheim. Ad hoc measures to push people to leave the use of the private car would allow such modal share to increase. An investment between 70 and 75 millions € is required to implement the systems, which are able to provide benefits covering all the investment and operating costs in few years.
  Authors: Stam, Daniele; Alessandrini, Adriano
  Authors: Stam, Daniele; Alessandrini, Adriano
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 234
  Paper Number: 13-2699
• Hailing in the Rain: Temporal and Weather-Related Variations in Taxi Ridership and Taxi Demand-Supply Equilibrium
  Abstract: The current study investigates temporal and weather-related variation in taxi ridership patterns in NYC from the perspective of demand-supply equilibrium. For this purpose, the study conducted a computationally heavy analysis of a taxi GPS data set with more than 147 million records covering 10 months of activity. It found that there were significant variations in ridership and trip distances for different DOW-TOD-weather condition periods. Drivers, as the actors who determine taxi supply, respond to this variation in a way that maintains their incomes above approximately $20 per hour. The impact of weather is also investigated. Snow conditions do not affect the hourly revenues but when there is rainfall, drivers make more frequent and slightly shorter trips that increase their income. After reaching their income target, drivers may end their shift early, a finding that may explain the perceived taxi shortage during prolonged rain conditions. It was also shown that within existing trip frequency and trip distance patterns, the impact of a proposed taxi fare increase in NYC on hourly revenues would vary among different TOD periods. This suggests that a fare increase has the potential to alter the temporal taxi supply as well as the taxi lease rents (which vary by shift) for certain periods. Based on these findings, the paper provides insights into the temporal and weather-related variation in taxi demand-supply equilibrium. Its findings can assist policymakers who regulate the taxi industry.
  Authors: Kamga, Camille; Yazici, M. Anil; Singhal, Abhishek
  Authors: Kamga, Camille; Yazici, M. Anil; Singhal, Abhishek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 648
  Paper Number: 13-3131
• Census of U.S. Near-Roadway Population: Particulate Matter Exposure, Environmental Justice, and Coverage of Air Quality Monitoring Network
  Abstract: The concentration of particulate matter from motor vehicles is elevated along major roadways and exposure to these emissions is associated with many negative health outcomes. Previous studies also find that lower household income and minority status correspond with greater exposure to traffic and mobile source air pollutants, raising environmental justice concerns. This research presents the first complete U.S. census of the population living near high volume roads, develops a detailed understanding of how demographics vary in relation to roadway proximity and traffic volume, and evaluates the coverage of the national ambient air quality monitoring network. The census is completed using a geographic information system to select all U.S. census blocks, or block portions, along high volume roads indentified from the federal Highway Performance Monitoring System. The results find that in the U.S. 57 million people (20% of the population) live near high volume roads. Nationally, greater traffic volume is associated with larger shares of non-white residents and lower median household incomes. A disaggregate analysis finds that these associations vary across the country, but generally hold in urban areas. Just 16% of counties with some population living near high volume roads also have a co-located air quality monitor. As a result, 17.8 million people live in unmonitored areas near roads where particulate matter may exceed federal standards. In conclusion, protecting a larger share of the U.S. population from exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter and addressing environmental justice concerns requires a more robust near roadway air quality monitoring network.
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3256
• Estimating Transit Route-level OD Flow Matrices from APC Data on Multiple Bus Trips Using the IPF Method with an Iteratively Improved Base
  Abstract: An iterative method is proposed to estimate bus route-level origin-destination (OD) passenger flow matrices from boarding and alighting data for time-of-day periods in the absence of good a priori estimates of the flows. The algorithm is based on the widely used Iterative Proportional Fitting (IPF) method and takes advantage of the large quantities of boarding and alighting data that are routinely collected by transit agencies using Automatic Passenger Counter (APC) technologies. An arbitrarily chosen OD matrix is used as the base matrix required to initialize the algorithm, and the IPF method is applied with trip-level boarding and alighting data and the base matrix to produce an estimate of the OD flow matrix for each trip. The trip level OD flow matrices are then aggregated to produce an estimate of the period-level OD flow matrix, which in turn is used as the base matrix for the following iteration until convergence.Empirical results are conducted on operational bus routes using APC data collected during multiple quarters where directly observed OD passenger flows are available to represent the ground-truth. In all cases where APC data are available for even a reasonably small number of bus trips, the developed method produces better estimates than the traditional application of the IPF method when using the uninformative null matrix as the base without updating. Moreover, the algorithm converges in minimal computational time, and the estimates are seen to be insensitive to the OD flow matrix used to initialize the algorithm.
  Authors: Ji, Yuxiong; Mishalani, Rabi G.; McCord, Mark R.
  Authors: Ji, Yuxiong; Mishalani, Rabi G.; McCord, Mark R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 226
  Paper Number: 13-3375
• Public-Transport Timetabling based on Different Max-Load Points using Multi-Size Vehicles
  Abstract: In public transport (PT) planning accurate demand data is a crucial requirement. Recently more and more bus operators have introduced the usage of smart cards, which replace cash payments and allow users to load money onto their card. The cards are able to be tagged on-and-off onto a reading device on the vehicle and the customer is charged accordingly. This allows the public transport operator to access a vast amount of information on the trips made by the customers. However, not every bus operator has access to this kind of data, but are using ride and point checks or revenue counts to determine the demand and the resulting loads on the vehicles. These checks are costly and time consuming and are more prone to human error. One question that may be asked is how the quality of the resulting timetables differs when using different methods. This work considers the determination of the daily and hourly maximum load points (which can be determined by point checks) as well as individual maximum load points of the vehicles (which either require ride checks or a automated passenger count system). The timetables based on the different maximum load points are created using a multi-objective approach with the two simultaneous objectives: minimizing the expected passenger waiting time and minimizing the discrepancy from a desired occupancy level on the vehicles. The methodology developed is applied to a case study in Auckland, New Zealand. A detailed analysis of the timetables then reveals if one method is superior to the others and at what extend.
  Authors: Hassold, Stephan; Ceder, Avishai
  Authors: Hassold, Stephan; Ceder, Avishai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3379
• Review of Civil Rights Guidance and Equity Analysis Methods for Regional Transportation Plans
  Abstract: Metropolitan planning organizations typically undertake an analysis of regional transportation plan equity to comply with federal anti-discrimination law including Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Executive agency guidance for equity analysis practice is extensive but generally lacks specificity and its provisions are not enforceable. This paper reviews the law, guidance, and academic and agency practice for equity assessment to find that a particular method based on traditional environmental justice analysis is dominant. However, this method designed to assess undesirable land uses is generally not appropriate for the analysis of transportation investment benefits since those benefits are dispersed across wide geographic areas. Four step travel demand models are limited in their ability to disaggregate to finer geography, so the use of this method in combination with those models is potentially sensible. Newer activity-based models are capable of sidestepping this aggregation problem altogether, but agencies have been reluctant to shift from traditional methods, to include race as a demographic variable, and tend to focus unduly on the future year forecast. Analyses that are responsive to stakeholders must include an assessment of both current conditions and race while seeking to mitigate inequities that are discovered. The conclusion anticipates a companion study that assesses the implications described herein using the results of travel demand modeling data generated in the San Francisco Bay Area.
  Authors: Karner, Alex; Niemeier, Debbie
  Authors: Karner, Alex; Niemeier, Debbie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3420
• Bus Rapid Transit Development Strategies in Santa Clara County, California
  Abstract: The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) is planning the deployment of a full-featured Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line for a major travel corridor in Santa Clara County, California. While the original project intended deployment of full BRT characteristics for the entire corridor, based on stakeholder feedback, it is very likely that VTA will not be able to establish exclusive BRT characteristics for over 70 percent of the project corridor. This study modifies the methodology of BRT ridership forecast used in an earlier BRT Strategic Plan and proposes several scenarios including the existing committed short-term scenario and the VTA’s preferred long-term scenario. Ridership forecasts, a marginal boarding analysis, the impact of an exclusive bus lane installation, and transit market analysis have been conducted and the preferred scenario is presented.
  Authors: Chen, Chun-Hung Peter; Naylor, George A.
  Authors: Chen, Chun-Hung Peter; Naylor, George A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3473
• Business Analysis of Online Electric Vehicle Applications forBus Rapid Transit
  Abstract: This paper provides a business analysis of the application of On-Line Electric Vehicle (OLEV) to Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), comparing it with three other vehicle types: compressed natural gas, diesel, and battery-electric. It first develops a model to estimate the total cost of ownership for a nine-year span for each of the vehicle types under different scenarios of cruising speed, station frequency, and vehicle headway. These results indicate that OLEV becomes more attractive the more “BRT-like” the system becomes: smaller vehicle headways, lower station frequency, and higher speeds. In many cases the analysis shows that OLEV is the most cost-effective alternative. This work then combines these quantitative results with more qualitative concerns and external factors to perform a Strengths, Weaknesses Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis to consider external and qualitative concerns, especially pertaining to system location and uncertain future costs and technology capabilities. It concludes that installing OLEV for the proposed BRT route in the new Sejong City area is an attractive option, blending good system characteristics with government and institutional support, and it should act as a necessary stepping-stone to larger scale deployment.
  Authors: Fishelson, James; Suh, In-Soo
  Authors: Fishelson, James; Suh, In-Soo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3491
• Accounting for Systematic Heterogeneity Across Commuters in Response to Multiple TDM Policies: Application to a Megalopolis
  Abstract: Modeling commuters’ choice behavior in response to Transportation Demand Management (TDM) helps to predict the policies’ consequences. Although, research in the choice behavior has evolved to investigate preference heterogeneity in response to factors influencing their choice, none of them considered taste variation across commuters in response to multiple TDM policies. This paper investigates the presence of systematic preference heterogeneity across commuters’ in response to the TDM policies that can be explained by their socio-economic or commuting-related characteristics. The analysis is based on the results of a stated preferences survey developed through the design of experiments approach. Five policies includes increasing parking cost, increasing fuel cost, cordon pricing, transit time reduction, and transit access improvement are assessed in order to study their impact on commuters' consideration of six modes of transportation to travel to work. For the sake of assessing both systematic and random preference heterogeneity across car commuters, an extended form of Mixed Multinomial Logit (MMNL) model was developed for the 366 individuals who regularly commute to their workplace in the center of the city of Tehran, Iran as a developing country. In addition to a number of commuting and contextual variables, the model shows that the taste variations across commuters result in differences in effectiveness of increasing parking cost, transit time reduction, and transit access improvement policies. The analysis includes examining several distributions for random parameters to test the impacts of restricting distributions to allow only normality, confirming the potential to improve model fit with alternative distributions.
  Authors: Habibian, Meeghat; Rezaei, Ali
  Authors: Habibian, Meeghat; Rezaei, Ali
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 282
  Paper Number: 13-3509
• BLIP: Bus Lanes with Intermittent Priority
  Abstract: Exclusive bus lanes provide a very high level of priority for transit operations, especially for Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Express service but these lanes could be under utilized and be a source of extra capacity if they could be shared in an intelligent way. This paper explores the benefits of providing intermittent priority, called Bus lane with intermittent priority (BLIP), of these exclusive bus lanes. Intermittent priority can be implemented by allowing vehicles to use the lane when a BRT or Express bus is not present. Drivers can be alerted when a bus is in the lane using either infrastructure based signs, or in the future using infrastructure-to-vehicle (i2v), or connected vehicle (CV) communications. Some critical operating parameters for implementing BLIP system including clear distance, degree of saturation (volume-to-capacity ratio), CV penetration and bus departure/headway frequency have been investigated in this paper.
  Authors: Wu, Wei; Head, Larry; Ma, Wanjing; Yang, Xiaoguang
  Authors: Wu, Wei; Head, Larry; Ma, Wanjing; Yang, Xiaoguang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3535
• A Methodology for Assessing Regional Economic Impacts of Charging Heavy-Goods Vehicles in Spain: Integrated Approach Through Random Utility-Based Multiregional Input-Output and Road Transportation Network Model
  Abstract: This paper develops an integrated approach composed of a random utility-based multiregional Input-Output model (RUBMRIO) and a road transport network model intended to evaluate the application of a fee-charge to heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) in Spain. For this purpose, a distance-based charge scenario in vehicle-kilometer (€/km) for HGVs is evaluated, taking into account a selected motorway network of Spain. Although the aim of this charging policy is to increase efficiency of transport, the approach strongly indentifies direct and indirect impacts on regional economy. In our paper we estimate the magnitude and extent of indirect effects on aggregated macroeconomic indicators (employment and GDP). We find that the macroeconomic effects of the charging policy will be positive for some regions and negative in other regions.
  Authors: Guzman, Andres Felipe; Vassallo, José Manuel
  Authors: Guzman, Andres Felipe; Vassallo, José Manuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 409
  Paper Number: 13-3536
• Transportation in an Aging Society: Linkage Between Transportation and Quality of Life
  Abstract: This paper explored the effect of transportation factors on older peoples’ (65 years and older) quality of life. The data is drawn from a national telephone survey done by the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). Exploratory Factor Analysis is used to develop a quality of life index based on five survey questions. Linear regression is used to explore the quality of life index’s correlation to transportation as well as various personal, household, and community characteristics.The results show that those with low socio-economic status and a limited social network are linked with lower quality of life. Also, various transportation factors are found to be significant. Lack of transportation in general and especially not driving, are found to be significant factors negatively associated with quality of life. A built environment, which facilities walking, is found to be positively associated. This study found that accessibility to alternative transportation is found to be positively associated with older people’s quality of life. Specifically, information about transportation options and transportation alternatives for those with disabilities and health problems are found to be significant for older people’s quality of life. This indicates that development of transportation alternatives, along with improved accessibility and visibility, is critical for older people’s quality of life in an aging society.
  Authors: Kim, Sungyop; Ulfarsson, Gudmundur Freyr
  Authors: Kim, Sungyop; Ulfarsson, Gudmundur Freyr
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 369
  Paper Number: 13-3619
• Implementation Cost Comparison of Different Types of Electric Vehicle Energy Replenishment Technologies for Public Transit Bus Systems
  Abstract: Several different technologies have been developed in order to improve the usage of electric vehicles. Some of the core technologies are those which regard the replenishment of the energy supply. Essentially different in operation, execution time, and implementation and operation costs, to find a fair comparison between those technologies is not a straightforward task. A model using Petri Nets to calculate the minimum amount of resources required to implement each of the solutions is proposed. The model uses as input the target headway (i.e. the time distance between two consecutive buses) and the components cost, and yields a total system cost to achieve that headway. A case study is presented to illustrate the use of such model.
  Authors: Kemper Filho, Paulo; Suh, In-Soo
  Authors: Kemper Filho, Paulo; Suh, In-Soo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 818
  Paper Number: 13-3632
• Using Structural Equations Modeling to Analyze User Satisfaction in Intermodal Transfer Facilities in Lisbon, Portugal
  Abstract: This research evaluates user satisfaction in intermodal transfer facilities, and the characteristics of these infrastructures that could influence passenger satisfaction, using the Lisbon Metropolitan Area as a case study. For this, a survey in eight major transit interchanges was conducted. Also, an inventory of attributes (e.g. platform identification, litter and/or graffiti, restrooms, seating, lighting, presence of security guards, among others) available in these transit interchanges was made. Using both data sources a structural equations model was built to assess the relations between different specific aspects of reported satisfaction levels. This model included also, variables describing the socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics of the respondents and intermodal transfer facilities attributes. The results obtained suggest that there is a hierarchical structure between different specific aspects of satisfaction and that both transit interchanges attributes and respondent characteristics significantly affect user satisfaction levels. Also it was found that the presence of litter and graffiti’s, as well as the presence of guidance signs influence significantly the levels of satisfaction.
  Authors: de Abreu e Silva, João; Bazrafshan, Hossein
  Authors: de Abreu e Silva, João; Bazrafshan, Hossein
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 389
  Paper Number: 13-3655
• Analysis of Variability of Travel Conditions Along a Transit Line
  Abstract: Measuring and understanding service reliability from the users' point of view is a major issue in transport planning. Indicators describing passengers' transit experiences have been developed but they cannot directly be used in a frequency-based transit assignment software, through generalized cost, because they are always based on timetables. As well, these indicators make little case of onboard congestion. The objective of this paper is to introduce a stochastic model describing passenger travel conditions along a transit line, from the users' perspective and in a frequency-based framework. Inter-arrival times are treated as random variables. The model is based on a simple assumption about successive headways that describe the way irregularity is propagated along the line. It yields analytical formulas for the distribution of passenger loads on all sections. An efficient way of computing congestion costs for passenger is also described. Finally, the model is applied to a portion of a suburban rail line from the Paris region and orders of magnitude of the difference between what operators measures and what passengers experience are derived.
  Authors: Benezech, Vincent; Combes, François; Leurent, Fabien M.
  Authors: Benezech, Vincent; Combes, François; Leurent, Fabien M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 422
  Paper Number: 13-3676
• Case Study Analysis of SkyCabs Monobeam System
  Abstract: The increase in motorcar popularity caused a decline in public transportation patronage. The increase of private cars on the streets of Auckland in New Zealand adds to congestion which costs billions of dollars in wasted time, fuel and increase of road accidents. This study examines the SkyCabs system as a way to alleviate some of the traffic problems of Auckland as a case study. SkyCabs is an elevated two-way monobeam carrying light eight-seater cabs on tracks on each side of the beam, available on demand, providing fast, pollution-free, unimpeded travel above the footpath with panoramic views of the city. The goal of this study is to investigate the attractiveness of implementing the SkyCabs system to and from Auckland central business district (CBD) and Auckland international airport by examining four variables: different routes, different number of stops/stations, different passenger-demand levels, and different number of cabs in the system. The analysis made utilizes GIS and simulation tools for the various scenarios considered. The results show that it is possible to assess the cost-benefit of alternative routes in terms of those four variables and rate of return on investment. That is, the main results attained are CBD-airport optimum routing of 27.7 km and 25-30 minutes journey time with 28-year return period for 5 million demand (minimum level of 2016), 9.5-year for 15 million, and 4.5-year for 30 million. Implementation of such a system is feasible because it has competitive pricing, increases the public transportation use, and has an attractive level of service.
  Authors: Ceder, Avishai; Hadas, Yuval
  Authors: Ceder, Avishai; Hadas, Yuval
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 234
  Paper Number: 13-3733
• Modeling Spatial Effects on Demand Estimation of ADA Paratransit Services
  Abstract: A reliable method for predicting paratransit ridership is important, especially to the efficiency of the services offered. The commonly used aggregate regression model is most accurate when forecasting the total demand for regional areas such as whole counties or cities; however, it is likely to be geographically inaccurate. Thus, in this paper a geographical weight regression (GWR) model was proposed for predicting the demand for the types of paratransit services required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The GWR model better reflects the fact that each area may have its own coefficient for predictors, rather than the same value throughout. The results showed that the larger the population, the higher the percentage of senior citizens as well as the higher the percentage of black/African American riders; and the higher the ratio of people below the poverty line, the greater the ADA trip demand. In addition, we also concluded that the predictive performance of the GWR model was better than that of the normal regression model. The GWR model is of greater value to researchers and practitioners because the predictor variables are readily available from census data, which enables researchers to use the model after calibration.
  Authors: Kuo, Pei-Fen; Shen, Chung-Wei; Quadrifoglio, Luca
  Authors: Kuo, Pei-Fen; Shen, Chung-Wei; Quadrifoglio, Luca
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 354
  Paper Number: 13-4230
• Planning Dial-a-Ride Services: Statistical and Metamodeling Approach
  Abstract: Accessibility of public transit is an important political and social objective for transit agencies across the world. To partially meet this objective, many transit agencies provide a specialized door-to-door transportation service for elderly and disabled which is called Dial-a-Ride (DAR). The annual DAR ridership growth of more than 5% is reported in many cities in the US and this trend is expected to continue due to ever aging population. In response to increasing ridership, the DAR services have become the fastest growing budget fractions of many transit agencies. These trends motivate the development of models that can provide decision support in planning new or expending existing DAR systems. Several statistical models have been developed during the past decade to help determine the required DAR system capacity. These models focused on the peak period analyses and provided good fit when applied to simulated case studies. This paper demonstrates the importance of considering the entire day of operations rather than only the peak period. It identifies several factors that are omitted in the literature and develops comprehensive statistical and metamodels for determining the required DAR system capacity. The performance of two proposed models is assessed on the real-world data from a DAR service. To make the proposed models available to the general public, they are built into a web system that can provide free decision support to practitioners involved in designing DAR systems.
  Authors: Markovic, Nikola; Milinkovic, Sanjin; Schonfeld, Paul; Drobnjak, Zeljko
  Authors: Markovic, Nikola; Milinkovic, Sanjin; Schonfeld, Paul; Drobnjak, Zeljko
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 354
  Paper Number: 13-4205
• Development of Surface Roughness Standards for Pathways Used by Wheelchairs
  Abstract: Over two million people in the United States use a wheelchair for mobility. To maximize their participation in society, these wheelchair users need to have safe and accessible public spaces to maneuver through. Although the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines, established by the Access Board, provide suggestions for public pathways, they are subjective and not measurable. This ambiguity results in public pathways with many bumps and cracks, which lead to harmful whole-body vibrations (WBVs) for wheelchair users. WBVs with an RMS value greater than 1.6 m/s2 for over an hour period may result in muscle fatigue or back and neck pain, which is common among wheelchair users. To help develop a standard for pathway surface roughness, we have gathered subjective and objective information from wheelchair users in an IRB-approved research study. Forty-five subjects were recruited to travel over nine simulated, wooden surfaces with varying roughness; the wooden surfaces were modeled after outdoor surfaces. Using their own wheelchair, subjects traveled over each surface while accelerometers recorded vibrations at the seat, footrest, and backrest. After travelling over each surface, subjects filled out a short questionnaire recording their perceived comfort rating. We calculated the average root mean square (RMS) accelerations and perceived comfort ratings for each surface. As surface roughness increased, RMS accelerations increased and subject surface ratings decreased. Some surfaces generated RMS accelerations above the 1.6 m/s2 threshold, suggesting that some sidewalks may be causing harmful vibrations to wheelchair users if used for over one hour. Our results may be helpful in defining a safe and comfortable roughness threshold for pathway surfaces.
  Authors: Pearlman, Jon; Duvall, Jon; Cooper, Rory; Sinagra, Eric; Stuckey, Dianna; Brown, Josh
  Authors: Pearlman, Jon; Duvall, Jon; Cooper, Rory; Sinagra, Eric; Stuckey, Dianna; Brown, Josh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 690
  Paper Number: 13-4268
• Smart Devices and Travel Time Use by Bus Passengers in Vancouver, Canada
  Abstract: This research investigates bus passengers’ activity patterns and the usage of smart devices at bus stops and on buses. Using both passive observations and self-reported surveys mainly from college students in Vancouver, Canada, it found that the majority of passengers used their time actively instead of doing nothing. Most of the observed active activities are associated with the usage of smart devices. Although the possession of smart devices is prevalent, only a small portion of passengers (less than a third) actually use them during travel. A variety of environmental and trip factors, personal attributes, and past experiences influence the usage of smart devices, but only explain the variation marginally. Research also found that the usage of smart devices encourages multitasking both at bus stops and on buses. Smart phones are the most conducive to multitasking, followed by iPod/MP3 players, and iPads/tablets.
  Authors: Guo, Zhan; Derian, Alexandra; Zhao, Jinhua
  Authors: Guo, Zhan; Derian, Alexandra; Zhao, Jinhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 491
  Paper Number: 13-4274
• Why Do Regulated Jitney Services Often Fail? Evidence from New York City Group Ride Vehicle Project
  Abstract: This research is informed by a policy experiment. In June 2010, the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) reduced or eliminated service on dozens of bus routes in throughout the city. These cuts, coupled with higher transit fares, dramatically reduced transit access for many city residents. Shortly after the service reductions went into effect, the New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission (TLC) announced the Group Ride Vehicle Pilot Project to bring commuter van (jitney) service to five service areas left without regular bus service. The TLC anticipated that the Group Ride Vehicle (GRV) project would mimic the success of existing jitney services and provide transit access for people without any. The pilot project targeted service areas in Brooklyn and Queens and the TLC received commitments from five existing commuter van operators for the project. Once announced, the project was controversial for multiple reasons, including the City’s willingness to privatize transit service with licensed but non-union van service and equity considerations for passengers who had to pay two fares to get into Manhattan. The first GRV licensed vans began service in September 2010, and despite optimism from operators and the TLC, the program was unofficially discontinued after a few months, and the second phase was never implemented.Though the GRV failed to attract riders, it highlighted the overall importance of commuter vans for certain transit dependent populations and suggests many challenges to formalizing informal transit in the United States. Using the TLC Group Ride Vehicle project as our starting point, we explore why informal jitneys in the United States succeed, and whether the conditions under which jitney services prosper are compatible with conventional transit operations. Focus groups with operators, unstructured interviews with drivers and riders and participant observation are used to help explain the challenges facing the formalization of jitney services in a mature city. Our qualitative analysis suggests may reasons the GRV project failed: a lack of subsidy to maintain service and build demand, a two-month gap between the bus service cuts and jitney service implementation, poorly branded service, and confusing language used to describe the program. We argue that some of these reasons are more perceived than real, but all of these reasons reflect the difficulty in transitioning niche jitney service to general purpose transit service.
  Authors: King, David; Goldwyn, Eric
  Authors: King, David; Goldwyn, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 648
  Paper Number: 13-3918
• Dynamic Holding Strategy to Prevent Buses from Bunching
  Abstract: This study proposes a robust dynamic control strategy to regulate bus headways and prevent buses from bunching by holding them at bus stops. The proposed strategy monitors bus locations in real time and estimates the time gaps between consecutive buses at a desired frequency. The holding times of all buses at their respective immediate-downstream stops are determined simultaneously based on the estimated time gaps. A procedure that consists of a discrete quadratic dynamic control program and a quadratic static optimization program is developed to produce a unique dynamic control law of holding times. Numerical investigations on an operational bus route reveal that the proposed strategy produces greater system reliability than some existing control strategies and that the bus system under the control of the proposed strategy recovers promptly from large system disruptions.
  Authors: Ji, Yuxiong; Zhang, H. Michael
  Authors: Ji, Yuxiong; Zhang, H. Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3964
• Passenger Car Flows Across Canada-United States Border: Effect of 9/11 Terrorist Attacks
  Abstract: This paper examines trends in passenger vehicle flows across the Canada-US border over the period from 1972 to 2011. Graphical presentation illustrates a strong declining trend in same day trips over the period from 2001 to 2011, which may be associated with the enhanced security regime at the border in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. However other factors, including a strengthening Canadian dollar and slow economic growth after 2008 may also contribute to this trend. Regression analysis is used to identify factors affecting cross-border flows in both directions for both single day and multi-day trips. A parallel analysis is done for the flows to and from the Province of Ontario only. Results indicate that even after controlling for exchange rates and economic performance, a significant negative impact of 9/11 can be detected. A counterfactual exercise suggests that a quite dramatic reduction in vehicle crossings in both directions may be attributed to 9/11.
  Authors: Anderson, William P.; Maoh, Hanna; Burke, Charles
  Authors: Anderson, William P.; Maoh, Hanna; Burke, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 409
  Paper Number: 13-4052
• Evaluation of Community Café's Utility for Public Transportation Use in a Local Community in Japan
  Abstract: Demographic aging and depopulation are forcing local communities in Japan to confront the dilemma of maintaining public transportation services while reducing public transport costs. As a solution, this study discusses the usefulness of a community café (a non-profit-managed public space for eating, drinking and deepening personal interactions) as a bus waiting place. The idea is that passengers can wait comfortably for a bus at a community café even when financial constraints have caused the waiting time to increase as a result of reductions in transportation service frequency. To analyze the relationship between passenger satisfaction with bus transportation when a community café is used as a bus waiting place, a multiattribute utility function (MUF) and orthogonal arrays were used. A questionnaire survey to collect data for analysis was conducted in Atsuma Town, Southern Hokkaido. The bus transport attributes to which MUF was applied in order to evaluate the passenger satisfaction included waiting time, bus fare, and type of waiting place. The analysis shows that the utility function scores for factor combinations such as community café as a bus waiting place and either longer waiting time, or higher bus fare are higher than those for the combinations of canopied shelter with seats and either shorter waiting time or lower bus fare.Such results indicate that using a community café as a bus waiting place may be able to make up for reductions in public bus transport services due to financial constraints.
  Authors: Kishi, Kunihiro
  Authors: Kishi, Kunihiro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 389
  Paper Number: 13-4157
• Dynamic Transit Service Through Open Mode Integrated Transportation System
  Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the Open Mode Integrated Transportation System (OMITS), introduces its key components and algorithms in the recent development and implementation, and demonstrates the working mechanism of dynamic transit service. The OMITS has been designed to integrate the availability of multiple transit modes into the ridesharing service to provide riders and drivers flexible, efficient, and reliable transportation services, through dynamic matching and routing algorithms and emerging information communication and data mining and fusion technologies. The OMITS App, which is run on a smart phone (iPhone or Android), has been developed for customers to communicate with the OMITS server, detect roadway traffic conditions, and receive driving directions. The travel time for a road section is predicted considering the traffic factors through the historic and real-time traffic data and public transit schedule. Using the multimodal travel system, the OMITS integrates multimodal transit options including the information of time-dependent arc weights, namely travel time, and switching delays and provides the time-dependent multimodal shortest path using the Dijkstra’s algorithm under the FIFO condition. The OMITS system provides an optimized ridesharing and transit service based on spontaneous transportation demands and service availability. A small scale OMITS prototype has been developed and tested in New York City. An example is presented to demonstrate the dynamic transit service algorithm.
  Authors: Yin, Huiming M.; Wang, Liang; Maurin, Paul
  Authors: Yin, Huiming M.; Wang, Liang; Maurin, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 818
  Paper Number: 13-4385
• The Market and Impacts of New Types of Carsharing Systems: Case Study of Greater London
  Abstract: Short-term car rental services known as Carsharing (CS) have grown rapidly from a very small base over the past decade. They are primarily found in dense urban areas in the developed world though they are reaching beyond this comfort zone in several ways. There are now more than a million subscribers worldwide. CS services generally require public sector support, though this is not always the case and may be less so in the future. Some CS systems are publicly-funded, but policymakers are taking note of this mode of transport for several other reasons as well: it affects use of other forms of transportation, it impacts on important outcomes such as emissions and parking needs, and it uses privileged access to publicly-owned on-street space. At the moment policymakers must make decisions on a very limited evidence base, in particular as regards new types of CS systems.To date a small number of studies have attempted to forecast how widespread CS services might become and the likely impacts. This paper presents forecasts prepared with a newly-developed methodology using London, England as a case study. We show that the potential market and impacts of CS systems are highly-dependent on the specific service features.
  Authors: Le Vine, Scott; Sivakumar, Aruna; Lee-Gosselin, Martin E. H.; Polak, John W.
  Authors: Le Vine, Scott; Sivakumar, Aruna; Lee-Gosselin, Martin E. H.; Polak, John W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 491
  Paper Number: 13-4389
• Comparing Optimal Relocation Operations with Simulated Relocation Policies in One-Way Carsharing Systems
  Abstract: One-way carsharing systems allow travelers to pick up a car at one station and return it to a different station, thereby causing vehicle imbalances across the stations. In this paper, realistic ways to mitigate that imbalance by relocating vehicles are discussed. Also presented are a new mathematical model to optimize relocation operations that maximize the profitability of the carsharing service and a simulation model to study different real-time relocation policies. Both methods were applied to networks of stations in Lisbon Portugal. Results show that real-time relocation policies, and these policies when combined with optimization techniques, can produce significant increases in profit. In the case where the carsharing system provides maximum coverage of the city area, imbalances in the network resulted in an operating loss of 1160 €/day when no relocation operations were performed. When relocation policies were applied, however, the simulation results indicate that profits of 854 €/day could be achieved, even with increased costs due to relocations. This improvement was achieved through reductions in the number of vehicles needed to satisfy demand and the number of parking spaces needed at stations. This is a key result that demonstrates the importance of relocation operations for sustainably providing a more comprehensive network of stations in one-way carsharing systems, thus reaching a higher number of users in a city.
  Authors: Jorge, Diana Rita Ramos; Correia, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida; Barnhart, Cynthia
  Authors: Jorge, Diana Rita Ramos; Correia, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida; Barnhart, Cynthia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 818
  Paper Number: 13-4559
• The Adoption of Complete Streets Policies in Transportation-Disadvantaged Communities: Lessons from U.S. Case Studies
  Abstract: In the last ten years, Complete Streets has become a growing policy movement. An increasing number of jurisdictions have passed Complete Streets policies that formalize that community’s intent to plan for, engineer, construct and maintain transportation facilities that serve, automobiles, transit, bicycles, pedestrians and freight. The multimodal infrastructure these policies encourage has the potential to improve the quality of life for groups traditionally underserved by automobile oriented development, also called the transportation disadvantaged. However, very few of these policies directly acknowledge the importance of serving the transportation disadvantaged. This study profiles three communities that have prioritized walking, biking and transit investments that serve these populations: the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, Michigan; the City of Portland, Oregon; and the City of Decatur, GA. The paper addresses shared lessons for other communities looking to effectively include diverse communities in the planning process and create explicit project criteria and plans that address the equitable distribution of transportation infrastructure.
  Authors: Clifton, Kelly J.; Bronstein, Sarah; Morrissey, Sara
  Authors: Clifton, Kelly J.; Bronstein, Sarah; Morrissey, Sara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 369
  Paper Number: 13-4615
• Qualitative Insights on the Travel Behavior Effects of Joining a Carshare
  Abstract: Carsharing organisations (‘carshares’) provide collectively-available vehicles that can be booked for exclusive use on a ‘pay-as-you-go’ basis. Previous research has shown that there are two groups who join carshares: accessors, who do not have a car on joining a carshare and gain access to one; and shedders, who give up a car on joining a carshare. The paper examines the circumstances and motivations for accessors and shedders to join a carshare, changes to their travel behaviour in the short and longer run and how their behaviour might have changed if they had not joined. This is achieved through in-depth interviews of members of a carshare in the city of Bath in the UK. It is found that the carshare attracted those already contemplating giving up their car or triggered to consider giving up their car ownership by life events. Joining a carshare prevents acquisition of cars for some members but some subsequently take opportunities to acquire cars as circumstances change. Once shedders become members it is found they adapt to managing without a personal car and use a variety of transport modes, planning their activity-travel schedules in advance and taking into account costs and convenience of different options. The increasing popularity of new mobility options such as carsharing also has implications for the methods used to analyse and model travel behaviour. The options of joining a carshare and using carshare vehicles should be included in transport models for areas where carshares operate.
  Authors: Chatterjee, Kiron; Andrews, Geoffrey Paul; Ricci, Miriam; Parkhurst, Graham
  Authors: Chatterjee, Kiron; Andrews, Geoffrey Paul; Ricci, Miriam; Parkhurst, Graham
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 491
  Paper Number: 13-4590
• Mobility for Travelers with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities: Challenges and Solutions
  Abstract: The adoption of universal design (UD) in transport planning has reduced the barriers for persons with disabilities. However, those affected by cognitive disorders, most notably Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Learning Disorders (LDs), are still struggling in all three transportation scenarios: be it active, public or private modes due to gaps in current transport provisions. This paper attempts to define the target population of both disorders in order to gain insights on their mobility issues and challenges. The main research method consists of literature review to better understand the target populations and the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders concerned followed by recommended actions. It is found that those affected by ADHD and LDs are prone to take risks, have problems organizing travel information and may even blurt out inappropriate comments when faced with stressors. Therefore, safety and communication problems have been identified as significant issues, among others. Final recommendations include allocating funding for research by all levels of government; modifying the built environment incrementally by increasing and improving signage along with integration of adaptive technologies in transport systems. Sensitization of transport providers and the public on such invisible disorders through education and publicity is needed to enable the affected individuals to travel more safely and independently in a stress-free trip chain.
  Authors: Chan, Hoi Kei Phoebe; Suen, S. Ling
  Authors: Chan, Hoi Kei Phoebe; Suen, S. Ling
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 690
  Paper Number: 13-4646
• Mobility-Enhancing ICT from an Ethical Perspective: Case of a Navigation System for Visually Impaired Persons
  Abstract: The aim of this study is to empirically investigate the case of visually impaired persons and the possible effects of a tailored pedestrian navigation system on their mobility. Interview results indicate that with the provision of detailed information about the built environment and public transportation, positive potential effects include an increased ability to travel alone, to travel in unplanned and unfamiliar situations, and to prioritize public transportation use over the use of special transportation services. In the broader sense, the system may also serve an integrity enhancing function by improving the possibility of leading an independent and autonomous life. On the other hand, as with all ICT with positioning and monitoring capabilities, its use also poses ethical challenges and may negatively impact privacy. Privacy perceptions are highly contextual, but the participants’ responses in this context do not indicate high levels of concern for data misuse or being tracked through their data. This does not, however, translate into an absence of concern over technology’s potential negative impacts on personal integrity. As the participants’ comments illustrate, ICT development does not necessarily result in ethically sound, universally accessible technology. While the participants are generally optimistic about the possibilities of using ICT to enhance their mobility, they also emphasize that ICT is not the magic bullet. As such, this study serves to remind us that a coordinated effort on multiple fronts is vital in addressing users’ needs and meeting broader social goals such as social inclusion and the accessibility of transportation, technology, and information.
  Authors: Sochor, Jana
  Authors: Sochor, Jana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 690
  Paper Number: 13-4637
• Which Is the Biggest Carrot? Comparing Nontraditional Incentives for Demand Management
  Abstract: While congestion charging has been heavily studied, relatively little literature focus on incentives and none is comparing different incentivization schemes. This paper investigates the impact of providing incentives on travelers' choices for their commute to work. In contrast to road pricing, an approach of offering incentives to decongest is gaining interest with field test in Europe, India, the US or Singapore. Many forms of incentives exist and the objective of this study is to analyze the potential of a variety of incentive schemes including offering monetary rewards such as cash, credit towards Apple Store, donations, lottery, or in-kind rewards such as HOV pass, guaranteed parking, free coffee or privileged status. This study analyzes the results of a stated-preference survey conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area. In this survey the participants were presented with hypothetical scenarios where they could change their commute for an incentivized alternative. A nested-logit model was estimated from the SP survey and forecasts were made using the 2000 Bay Area Travel Survey. We found that our subjects are willing to change their commute, exhibiting a range of willingness to be paid $6.95-$18.98 per hour of travel time or $10.60-$28.93 per hour of schedule delay. Apple credit and cash proved to be the more efficient monetary rewards while HOV pass was value at $10.85 by the participants. As predicted by behavioral economics, travelers are much more sensitive to charges than to rewards. While application of the model within a traffic simulator is outside of the scope of this study, more limited forecast explore the direct demand response. Illustrative forecasts show that the main contribution to a shift outside the peak hour relies in an earlier departure time and the use of an alternative road or that the use of incentives to shift people follows a law of increasing returns.
  Authors: Leblanc, Romain; Walker, Joan L.
  Authors: Leblanc, Romain; Walker, Joan L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 282
  Paper Number: 13-5039
• Urban Core Transit Access to Low-Income Jobs
  Abstract: In many areas around the country, low income jobs have followed patterns of suburbanization, resulting in a spatial mismatch between low income workers residing in dense urban areas and low income jobs located in suburban areas of the outlying urban periphery. This facilitates a need for auto ownership in core urban areas traditionally thought to be rich in transit supply and robust in transit accessibility. Resulting auto dependence is a substantial economic burden for low income households, and detrimental to those who have made residential location choices in an attempt to adopt a public transit lifestyle. This paper seeks to explain varying levels of Low Income and High Car Ownership (LIHCO) households in the urban core by investigating their accessibility to low income job locations. Two transit accessibility metrics geared towards low income populations are derived, and applied. The first score is based on the number of low income jobs accessible by transit from the residential location, and the second is based on late night transit frequency at the residential location. These accessibility scores are then correlated with the magnitude of LIHCO households residing in each spatial unit of analysis. The results suggest a link between transit access to low income jobs, late night transit frequency, and the number of LIHCO households in existence. It is concluded that improving transit access to low income jobs and increasing late night transit frequency may reduce auto ownership among LIHCO households, improving their economic welfare.
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-5046
• Bus Route Performance and Service Change Guidelines for Fairfax Connector
  Abstract: Evaluation and improvement methods of bus transit system performance are an ongoing area of study and refinement within the transit industry. Capturing the full scope of system performance through differing metrics gives transit providers a clear picture of where the system is excelling, and where improvement is needed. Current performance metrics in use provide transit planners and managers with data in the areas of ridership, on-time performance, and cost. These measures are used in the industry to make necessary adjustments to bus service, including service levels and routing alignment; based on performance data. However, the current performance measures and methods used by transit managers to evaluate and change bus service, do not provide the full scope of bus system or route level performance. Advanced analytical methods for evaluating transit performance and performing route alignment modifications presented by various researchers of the transit industry provide a comprehensive system for measuring and altering bus service. This research applies advanced analytical methods to transit performance measure and route modification, to demonstrate their potential for application in the industry.
  Authors: Crooks, Matthew; Lee, Young-Jae; Jeihani, Mansoureh
  Authors: Crooks, Matthew; Lee, Young-Jae; Jeihani, Mansoureh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-5274
• Bus Operator Perceptions of Safety Risks
  Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of TriMet bus operators addressing safety risks in their work. Surveyed risk factors were organized into five categories: vehicle design and condition; route layout; operating conditions; fatigue; and stress. Operators perceived fatigue and stress to be the greatest sources of safety risk, with split shifts, schedule pressures, passenger distractions, and negligence of other roadway users being the primary contributors to these conditions. Operators were also surveyed on the frequency and nature of “close calls,” with two-thirds of the operators indicating that such incidents occurred at least weekly and most often involved being cut off by other roadway users. Operators endorsed high visibility enforcement initiatives to improve safety, focusing primarily on negligent behavior. Other operator-recommended changes addressed scheduling practices and the need for more public information and outreach on safety risks.
  Authors: Strathman, James; Callas, Steve; Kwon, Sung Moon
  Authors: Strathman, James; Callas, Steve; Kwon, Sung Moon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 712
  Paper Number: 13-0564
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Benefits of Real-Time Transit Information and Impacts of Data Accuracy on Rider Experience
  Abstract: When presented in a practical format, real-time transit information can improve sustainable travel methods by enhancing the transit experience. This paper identifies the positive shift realized by the continued development of the OneBusAway set of real-time transit information tools. In addition, the paper analyzes real-time prediction errors and their effects on the rider experience. Three years after the development of location-aware mobile applications, a survey of current OneBusAway users was conducted in 2012 in order to compare the results to the previous 2009 study. The results show significant positive shifts in satisfaction with transit, perceptions of safety and ridership frequency as a result of the increased use of real-time arrival information. However, this paper also provides a perspective of the margin of error riders come to expect and the negative effects resulting from inaccuracies with the real-time data. While riders on average will ride less when they have experienced errors, a robust issue-reporting system as well as the resolution of the error can mitigate the initial negative effects. With this understanding, the paper provides transit agencies and developers with guidance to realize the full potential of real-time information and error-reporting systems.
  Authors: Gooze, Aaron; Watkins, Kari Edison; Borning, Alan
  Authors: Gooze, Aaron; Watkins, Kari Edison; Borning, Alan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-0785
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• A Multicriteria Approach for Analyzing Railway Service Quality
  Abstract: The objective of this work is to propose a tool for decision makers useful for verifying transit service quality and establishing the best transit service. Specifically, multiple criteria decision methods are proposed to evaluate a number of rail routes, on the basis of a set of variables describing the quality of the service, and by considering users opinions. The criteria adopted in the analysis represent some service quality attributes such as safety, cleanliness, passenger comfort, regularity and punctuality of the runs, and passenger information. We analyse the services offered by rail operators in the Northern Italy; specifically, 11 regional lines connecting the city of Milan to other towns of the hinterland are analysed. To apply the analysis, data collected in a survey conducted in June 2011 and addressed to a sample of more than 16,000 passengers are used. We obtained interesting results from the application of two different methods of multi-criteria analysis.
  Authors: Eboli, Laura; Mazzulla, Gabriella
  Authors: Eboli, Laura; Mazzulla, Gabriella
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-0853
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Simulation Study of Dedicated Bus Lanes on Jingtong Expressway in Beijing
  Abstract: Traffic congestion on urban roads is forcing city authorities to look at innovative transportation solutions. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems are internationally recognized as an effective means to deal with the urban traffic congestion problems. The authors have undertaken a simulation study to pre-evaluate the effectiveness of a BRT plan on the Jingtong Expressway to ensure the effectiveness of traffic organization scheme. The simulation results showed that the dedicated bus lanes can greatly improve the carrying capacity and buses¡¯ operating speed though there may have some negative impact on the private vehicles. The comparison of the implementation effect was carried out between the pre-evaluated data (simulated data) and the field data after the implementation of dedicated bus lanes on Jingtong Expressway at May 24th, 2011. There is a good agreement between the pre-evaluated data and the field data. The results should encourage cities to consider dedicated bus lanes as one of the strategies to implement BRT service.
  Authors: Du, Yiman; Wu, Jianping; Zhou, Yang
  Authors: Du, Yiman; Wu, Jianping; Zhou, Yang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-1293
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Designing Bus Rapid Transit Facilities for Constrained Urban Arterials: A Case Study of the Webster Avenue SBS Running Way Design Selection Process
  Abstract: Providing Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) service on urban arterials can be a challenge for transportation agencies as they look to provide transit benefits within existing street infrastructure. Projects must provide high quality transit service while also supporting other important street needs such as pedestrian activity, traffic flow, on-street parking, and crash safety. Transportation agencies must make tradeoffs across different designs in ways that achieve a project’s goals but do not mire the early planning for the project in unneeded costs and delays. This paper describes the New York City Department of Transportation and MTA New York City Transit’s selection of the most appropriate on-street BRT running way design for Webster Avenue (US 1), a key north-south arterial in the central Bronx, based on a balanced, multi-modal set of criteria. Three BRT running way design alternatives - curbside, offset, and median bus lanes - were considered for Webster Avenue’s 70-foot wide right-of-way during the screening process. The four primary screening categories were transit operations, traffic operations, on-street parking / delivery curb space supply, and pedestrian benefits. Each design alternative was evaluated at two sample intersections that represented typical corridor conditions and the results were then expanded to provide a complete corridor evaluation. The evaluation found that the offset bus lane alternative most effectively balanced the transit and traffic needs along the Webster Avenue corridor while maintaining on-street parking and supporting pedestrian activity, making it the preferred corridor design.
  Authors: Beaton, Eric; Orosz, Theodore; Ernhofer, Oliver J.; Yuratovac, Donald; Reiss, Taylor; Bialostozky, Evan
  Authors: Beaton, Eric; Orosz, Theodore; Ernhofer, Oliver J.; Yuratovac, Donald; Reiss, Taylor; Bialostozky, Evan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 226
  Paper Number: 13-1346
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Exploring the performance limit of a single lane per direction Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRT)
  Abstract: Despite its booming growth, the BRT industry is still far from reaching maturity. As trial-and-error and empirical techniques were largely used as insights for innovations in design, some BRT systems achieved great successes in terms of performance and became world-class flagships. Other systems would be most properly classified as busway systems requiring major improvements. In this paper we explore the performance of a single lane per direction no-overtaking BRT corridor, in terms of capacity and operating speed, by conducting a series of experiments that comprised the simulation of 324 alternative scenarios. In the simulation runs we varied demand levels, boarding and alighting rates, spacing of stations, vehicle loadings, quantity of berths per station, and traffic signal positioning in relation to stations. The qualitative analysis reveals that such a BRT system can achieve a capacity around 15,000 pass/h/dir along its critical section with an operating speed of 20 km/h. Preliminary statistical analysis enabled the estimation of a regression model representing the impact of BRT design elements on the operating speed. Our findings provide useful insights for designers of high-performance BRT corridors.
  Authors: Lindau, Luis Antonio; Pereira, Brenda Medeiros; Castilho, Rodrigo Alberto; Diogenes, Mara Chagas; Herrera, Juan Carlos
  Authors: Lindau, Luis Antonio; Pereira, Brenda Medeiros; Castilho, Rodrigo Alberto; Diogenes, Mara Chagas; Herrera, Juan Carlos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-1412
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effects on Service Quality Following Regulatory Reforms in Public Transport in Malta
  Abstract: This paper presents the results of a qualitative study on bus and car users in order to analyse the effects of a major reform in the public transport system on service quality. The case study of Malta is used following the decision by Government to implement a major reform which saw the islands’ monopolistic regime being replaced by competitive tendering. In this process Government introduced new service level requirements and obligations on the new operator, which started operations in July 2011. The study uses mixed methods to collect information about perceived quality of public transport services from non and infrequent bus users using a structured approach and perception of service quality from bus users using an exploratory approach. In both cases there are signs of improved service quality following the reform, however much needs to be done in areas related to punctuality, frequency, waiting time and trip duration. Through this study bus users were also able to identify the key factors of service quality. This study is intended to help operators to understand better the factors affecting bus use, the perception of bus service performance over a period of time and the need for necessary actions to support existing customers and attract new ones. This study highlights the importance of understanding the expectations of service level and the need for policies and measures that are mostly going to motivate those willing to change and reduce their use of the car.
  Authors: Attard, Maria
  Authors: Attard, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-1473
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Operations of a Taxi Fleet for Advance Reservations Using Electric Vehicles and Charging Stations
  Abstract: This research studies the operations of a taxi fleet that uses electric vehicles to cater solely for trips with advance reservations. The idea is for a dispatch system to chain multiple trips to form a route and offers it to a taxi driver. We describe this unique problem as the Singapore Taxi Advance Reservation with Electric vehicles (STARE) problem. As electric vehicles have limited running time before recharging, the problem of minimizing number of taxis used is formulated as a customized Paired Pick-up and Delivery Problem with Time Window and Charging Station (PPDPTWCS). A two-phase heuristic approach has been proposed to solve the PPDPTWCS. Numerical experiments have been performed to compare three initial solution approaches (namely nearest neighbor, sweep and earliest time insertion heuristics), effect of different recharging plans and different number of Charging Stations (CSs), using the simulated Central Business District (CBD) network in Singapore. The results show that (i) the earliest time insertion heuristic produces the best initial solutions; (ii) longer maximum running time before recharging results in a smaller fleet of taxi used, fewer visits to the CSs, longer running time per taxi and higher average revenue per driver; and (iii) changing the number of CSs has little effect on the system’s performance measures.
  Authors: Wang, Hao; Cheu, Ruey Long
  Authors: Wang, Hao; Cheu, Ruey Long
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 648
  Paper Number: 13-1717
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Design and Modeling of Real-Time Shared-Taxi Dispatch Algorithms
  Abstract: Taxi is certainly the most popular type of on-demand transportation service in urban areas because taxi dispatching systems offer more and better services in terms of shorter wait times and travel convenience. However, a shortage of taxicabs has always been critical in many urban contexts especially during peak hours and taxi has great potential to maximize its efficiency by employing shared-ride concept. There are recent successes in real-time ridesharing projects that are expected to bring substantial benefits on energy consumption and operation efficiency, and thus it is essential to develop advanced vehicle dispatch algorithms to maximize occupancy and minimize travel times in real-time. This paper investigates how taxi services can be improved by proposing shared-taxi algorithms and what type of objective functions and constraints could be employed to prevent excessive passenger detours. Hybrid Simulated Annealing (HSA) is applied to dynamically assign passenger requests efficiently and a series of simulations are conducted with two different taxi operation strategies. The simulation results reveal that allowing ride-sharing for taxicabs increases productivity over the various demand levels and HSA can be considered as a suitable solution to maximize the system efficiency of real-time ride sharing.
  Authors: Jung, Jaeyoung; Jayakrishnan, R.; Park, Ji Young
  Authors: Jung, Jaeyoung; Jayakrishnan, R.; Park, Ji Young
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 354
  Paper Number: 13-1798
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Parking Utilization for Neighborhood Shopping Centers AlongTransit Routes in San Jose, California: Are Minimum Parking Requirements Too High?
  Abstract: This paper examines the minimum parking requirements of shopping centers located at Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) light rail station areas in San Jose, CA. VTA, the primary transit agency in Santa Clara County, CA has sought to reduce parking requirements for proposed transit oriented developments, but until recently, has been unable to provide locally-based research to back up this claim to decision makers. This paper seeks to provide evidence that will help bolster the argument that parking requirements are unnecessarily high, and can be reduced in San Jose. Two parking utilization surveys found that utilization of free surface parking is far lower than capacity during the holiday shopping season and during the off-season for thirteen shopping centers surveyed. The results suggest that minimum parking requirements for these neighborhood-oriented shopping centers are too high. Furthermore, the study finds that the seasonal shopping peak does not occur for shopping centers surveyed.
  Authors: Smith, Adam Lee
  Authors: Smith, Adam Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 715
  Paper Number: 13-5350
• Dispatching Strategies for Taxi-Customer Searching Problem in Booking Taxi Service
  Abstract: Automatic taxi dispatching has been widely used in many large cities worldwide, in which customers can book taxis through phones or mobile devices. Two types of bookings are commonly known: one is the Current Booking (CBK), the customer makes a booking call for a taxi that can reach him/her as early as possible; another is the Advance Booking (ABK), the customer makes a booking call and indicates the pickup time which is normally in half an hour or later. In this paper, taking the taxi by making either CBK or ABK is defined as the Booking Taxi Service (BTS) while taking the taxi by either waiting at taxi stand or hailing on the street is defined as the Non-Booking Taxi Service (NBTS). In order to evaluate different dispatching strategies, a Taxi-Customer Searching Problem (TCSP) is formulated in this paper in which both BTS and NBTS are considered, and different dispatching strategies are evaluated and compared. The microscopic traffic simulation is adopted as the approach for modeling and analysis of the TCSP. A sensitivity analysis by varying the booking demand is conducted based on the simulation, and the simulation results show that the Advance Booking Chain Dispatching Strategy (ABC-DS) can give better operational performance in certain demand levels which may have the potential to attract more customers to take the taxi by booking in advance. Moreover, these results can also provide strategic implications for the taxi operators.
  Authors: Lee, Der-Horng; Wu, Xian
  Authors: Lee, Der-Horng; Wu, Xian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 354
  Paper Number: 13-1975
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effectiveness of Reserved Bus Lanes in Arterials
  Abstract: There were two main goals in this investigation; first, modeling capacity for articulated buses in Arterials, and, second, the analysis of the representative parameters and their interrelationships in relation to the degree of platform reserve and bus lane segregation. Two cases in Madrid-Spain are considered, and a thord in Merida-Venezuela: In Madrid, bus lines 27 and 70, and the only bus line 1 of the Trolleybus Transport System (TTS), in Merida. These systems are selected under basic criteria that simplify the analysis: similar mode that suppresses inherent factors from vehicle design; bus stop infrastructure using two fare payment methods; and bus-lane with different reserve degree and segregation elements. The available methodology in the Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM) was used, and a solid bus dwell-time assessment due to boarding and alighting passengers –as the most influential parameter in the capacity– was measured. These new prediction laws were considered in the methodology. Results show the effectiveness of each system and allowed the calculation of the maximum theoretical capacity and its variability range in robust form. The work is part of a wider project to analyze the influence of reserved bus lane in operational parameters.
  Authors: Moreno, Emilio; Romana, Manuel G.; Martinez, Oscar
  Authors: Moreno, Emilio; Romana, Manuel G.; Martinez, Oscar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 592
  Paper Number: 13-2283
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Multiobjective Optimization Model for Transit Fleet Resource Allocation
  Abstract: State and local transit agencies require government support to preserve their aging transit fleet. With passage of time, transit fleet gets older and requires maintenance cost to keep it operational. To provide services at a desired level, transit agencies require maintaining a minimum fleet size. Two imperative considerations from transit planning viewpoint are (1) remaining life of the total fleet, and (2) cost required to maintain the fleet size. When the former is a quality measure indicating the health of the fleet, the latter is an economic measure requiring minimum expenditure levels. Ideally, the agencies would like to maximize the total remaining life of the fleet and minimize the total cost required to maintain the fleet size. In this paper, the authors propose a multi-objective optimization model (MO) to simultaneously incorporate both objectives when subjected to budget and a number of operational constraints. The MO problem is solved by using classical weight sum approach by employing Branch and Bound Algorithm (BBA) that has proven to be better than other solution methodologies. The MO resulted in pareto optimal solutions with the possible trade-off between the two objectives. The model is applied to a real large scale transit fleet system in the state of Michigan, U.S. The case study results demonstrate, the proposed model is compact, efficient, robust and suitable for long range planning with multiple solutions to choose from a pareto optimal frontier. The correlation between decision variables and objective functions has been investigated in-depth and provides important insights. The proposed model can act as a tool for resource allocation for transit fleet among agencies for state and local agencies.Keywords: transit fleet, multi-objective optimization, branch and bound algorithm, pareto optimal
  Authors: Mishra, Sabyasachee; Sharma, Sushant; Mathew, Tom V.; Khasnabis, Snehamay
  Authors: Mishra, Sabyasachee; Sharma, Sushant; Mathew, Tom V.; Khasnabis, Snehamay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-2225
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Improve Rail Station Access Via Feeder Bus Network Optimization And Mode Shifts
  Abstract: In this study, an improved Feeder Bus Network Development Problem (FBNDP) model is presented. The proposed solution approach consists of three main components: Initial Solution Generation Procedure (ISGP), Network Features Determination Procedure (NFDP), and Solution Search Procedure (SSP). Tabu Search (TS) is used as a metaheuristic method in SSP to search a superior solution according to a given feasible solution. The inputs of the new FBNDP model are street network, demands from origins to the suburban rail station, and related parameters. The outputs are a feeder bus network system and service frequencies for each route. The complexities considered in this study include the consideration of various alternative modes, costs, more effective and efficient frequency determination methods, a multiple feeder bus route development process, and stop determination during the optimization procedure.
  Authors: Huang, Zhaodong; Liu, Rongfang
  Authors: Huang, Zhaodong; Liu, Rongfang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 712
  Paper Number: 13-2328
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Simulation and Evaluation of Applying an Intelligent Taxi Operation System in Shenzhen, China, Using a Microscopic Multiagent Approach
  Abstract: This paper presents a microscopic multi-agent approach for simulating urban taxi service, where passengers¡¯ and taxi drivers¡¯ behaviors are captured at an individual level. Floating car data (FCD), from which real passenger travel demand data and real hourly road link travel time data are acquired, enable a realistic environment to be represented in this multi-agent system. This enables interventions (such as policies and regulations) on urban taxi services to be evaluated in a near-realistic environment. The multi-agent-based simulation system is then used to analyze the impacts of applying a city-level real-time taxi call and dispatch system in Shenzhen, China. The results suggest that the satisfactions of both passengers and taxi drivers can be considerably improved in terms of the average passenger waiting time and the average taxi utilization rate, respectively, by applying a real-time taxi call and dispatch system for urban taxi services. In such a system, the passenger participation rate, or the rate at which passengers take advantage of the proposed real-time taxi call and dispatch system, plays an important role.
  Authors: Yu, Lin-Jun; Peng, Zhong-Ren; Zhang, Jian
  Authors: Yu, Lin-Jun; Peng, Zhong-Ren; Zhang, Jian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 648
  Paper Number: 13-2363
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Transit Assignment Model Incorporating Dwell Time
  Abstract: The transit assignment problem with consideration of bus dwell time is analyzed in this paper. The links in a transit network can be classified into four types: on-board links, alighting links, boarding links and dummy links reflecting the bus dwelling behavior at the bus stations. Accordingly, the travel time functions on these links can be analyzed. This paper first proposes a new equation for the bus dwell time at each bus station, which is the maximum value between the passengers¡¯ boarding time and alighting time. Then, a dynamic programming based approach is used to describe the equilibrium passenger flow in the transit network. A gap function is subsequently proposed to formulate the equilibrium passenger flow, which is convenient to be solved by the Revised Optimal Strategy Algorithm and the Method of Successive Average. Finally, two numerical examples are adopted to validate the proposed methodology, where the bus dwell time function is calibrated using real survey data.
  Authors: Sun, LeiLei; Meng, Qiang; Liu, Zhiyuan
  Authors: Sun, LeiLei; Meng, Qiang; Liu, Zhiyuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 712
  Paper Number: 13-2485
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Quick-Scan Appraisal Method to Determine Cost-Effectiveness of Traffic and Demand Management Measures
  Abstract: This paper presents this quick-scan approach for assessing the cost-effectiveness of smaller and not-well demarcated transport measures that can be used as a first-scan while establishing packages to deal with certain transport problems. It adds to the available evaluation literature (see section 2) in relying on a combination of expert opinions as well as simple models rather than data intensive four-stage transport models. The approach consists of five steps, in the end yielding to an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of the considered measure. We illustrate the approach by applying it to determine the cost-effectiveness of a pricing measure, showing both the workings of the approach and the plausibility of the results. We conclude that the proposed method is applicable for providing a first, quick scan assessment. This assessment is useful in the first selection of planning, to support policy makers that need to choose in which (selection of) measures they need to invest, even if these measures have not yet been described or designed at a very detailed level.
  Authors: van Wee, Bert; Meurs, Henk; Perdok, Jan; Hoogendoorn, Serge
  Authors: van Wee, Bert; Meurs, Henk; Perdok, Jan; Hoogendoorn, Serge
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 282
  Paper Number: 13-2534
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Benefits of Standardization of Bus Transit Automated Vehicle Location Data Outputs to the Academic Community
  Abstract: Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems offer transit agencies and the academic community vast quantities of data on the operation of bus transit networks. However turning this raw data into useful metrics that are of interest can be quite cumbersome and require a significant amount of processing of AVL log files. There would be many benefits to both transit agencies and academia if such metrics were output in a standardised format by the AVL system.This paper summarises existing data exchange standards used in the bus transit industry and explains the benefits of these. It then describes a recent project undertaken by London Buses to analyse dwell time data, and highlights the difficulties and costs involved collecting the basic data required for this analysis. It proposes that more data standards should be defined for data output by AVL systems. If these standards were then implemented by AVL vendors this would mean that transit agencies and academics could get easy access to useful information which otherwise would require much time and cost in obtaining.
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 226
  Paper Number: 13-2811
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Impact of Eliminating Minimum Parking Standard on Residential Parking Supply in London, 2004-2010
  Abstract: It is commonly believed that minimum parking requirements create an over-supply of off-street parking, and that removing these requirements this over-supply. However, supportive evidences remain limited. This research examined residential parking supply in London before and after the minimum off-street parking standard was replaced by a maximum one in 2004. Based on 11,428 residential developments (247,984 units) after 2004 and 216 developments (2666 units) before 2000, we found that such a policy change reduced the parking supply by approximately 40 percent, most of which (98 percent) was caused by the removal of the minimum standard, and only 2 percent was by the imposition of the maximum standard. However, due to the concern of parking spillover to streets, the maximum standard is set up higher in the urban center than the adjacent areas. The parking market actually provided more parking in areas with the highest density and best transit service than in the areas immediately outside. The market-oriented approach to parking regulation can reduce excessive parking, but it depends on the particular submarkets. Complementary policies such as strict parking maximums, on-street parking controls, or parking taxes are often necessary in form an efficient parking market.
  Authors: Guo, Zhan; Ren, Shuai
  Authors: Guo, Zhan; Ren, Shuai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 715
  Paper Number: 13-2904
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• A Model for the Optimal Location of Bus Stops and its Application to a Public Transport Corridor in Santiago
  Abstract: The location and number of bus stops are key to the operational efficiency of the services that use them, affecting commercial speed, reliability, and passenger access times. In defining the number of stops, a tradeoff arises between reduced access time, which widens a route’s coverage area, and both the operational speed of the route and users’ in-vehicle travel time.The objective of this paper is to present the development of a model for optimally locating stops, and applying it to a public transport corridor in the city of Santiago, Chile. The proposed model employs a continuous and multiperiod approximation of corridor demand, allowing for the determination of the density of stops which minimizes the sum of operator costs and total costs to passengers. The model simultaneously solves for the optimal stop density and the headway between successive buses.The proposed model was applied to the Grecia Avenue corridor (in Santiago, Chile). Finally, the actual stop locations were compared with the optimal locations suggested by the model, and many similarities were found.
  Authors: Medina-Tapia, Marcos; Giesen, Ricardo; Munoz, Juan
  Authors: Medina-Tapia, Marcos; Giesen, Ricardo; Munoz, Juan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 712
  Paper Number: 13-3186
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Public Transport Performance Measurement System for Switzerland and Its Calibration
  Abstract: Performance evaluation is fundamental to transport analysis and operations. This paper describes a quality evaluation framework based on level of service (LOS) developed for urban public transport in Switzerland. The framework focuses on four key indicators: on time performance, headway adherence, speed and passenger loads. The framework allows users to assess service quality at different levels by measuring the indicators at the single element level and aggregating scores over larger sets of elements. The number of indicators is relatively small compared to other frameworks, this makes the method easier to apply but also provides less detailed results. An earlier paper presented a conceptual approach for the framework. This paper extends that work by describing the approach in more detail and focusing on calibration of the LOS framework and application of the framework to a real example in Zurich. The research is part of a larger effort designed to develop a consistent multimodal LOS evaluation system for Switzerland. This system would include non-motorized traffic, public transport and road-based transport.
  Authors: Orth, Hermann W. M.; Carrasco, Nelson; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois; Schwertner, Michael
  Authors: Orth, Hermann W. M.; Carrasco, Nelson; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois; Schwertner, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-1967
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Large-Scale Transit Schedule Coordination Based on Journey Planner Requests
  Abstract: A two-stage stochastic program that reoptimizes multi-modal transit schedules city-wide is presented. The model works by perturbing or offsetting the schedule such that the expected value of waiting times at all transfer points in the system is minimized. Probabilistic information on transfers is gathered from a prototypical journey planner, a public-facing tool that transit riders query to find optimal paths through a multi-modal network. Aggregating journey plans in this manner provides information on optimal transfers as perceived by the service operator, which are then targeted for improvements. The model is implemented on the large-scale transit network of Washington, D.C., where sampled journey plans representing 9% of the daily transit demand is employed to generate a modified schedule that leads to a reduction in passenger wait times by 26.38%. The results serve to demonstrate how operators can take a user-centric view of their system as a fabric of services, gain insights from user interaction, and gain value from coordinating services while accounting for uncertainty.
  Authors: Nair, Rahul; Coffey, Cathal; Pinelli, Fabio; Calabrese, Francesco
  Authors: Nair, Rahul; Coffey, Cathal; Pinelli, Fabio; Calabrese, Francesco
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-4058
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Evaluating Effectiveness of Video-Based Driver Risk Management Systems on Transit Safety
  Abstract: In the mid-2000s, public transit agencies began testing a new form of onboard video event recorder technology on buses. These video-based driver risk management systems capture a video clip when triggered by an unusual event, such as hard braking, a sharp turn, or impact with an object. This represented the first time that onboard cameras were intentionally focused on transit operators as a safety strategy.The objective of this study was to determine whether video-based driver risk management systems have enhanced passenger safety by reducing the frequency and severity of collisions and injuries, while also identifying lessons learned from the implementation of such systems. Data collected from National Transit Database reports as well as from DriveCam, Inc., one of the video system manufacturers, was analyzed for trends in safety performance that could be linked to adoption of the systems. Additionally, interviews were conducted with the six U.S. transit agencies and three contract operators using the systems to assess the issues faced in implementing the technology and results thus far. The study shows that video-based driver risk management systems appear to have a positive impact on transit safety achieved through a reduction in collisions and injuries, as well as the risky driving behaviors that contribute to them. The systems provide transit mangers with a wealth of information about their employees’ driving habits that was not previously available. Transit agencies should strongly consider investing in video-based driver risk management systems as one component of an overall safety and training program.
  Authors: Litschi, Michael; Haas, Peter J.
  Authors: Litschi, Michael; Haas, Peter J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-4087
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Simulation-Based Planning Framework for Choosing Where to Implement Bus Signal Priority in Mixed-Mode Operations
  Abstract: Planning is the first phase in a systematic approach towards a better implementation for Bus Signal Priority (BSP), and is required by the U.S. Department of Transportation as the first step of a standard system engineering approach for any federally funded ITS project. Numerous studies have focused on various aspects of BSP design and operation; however, less attention is paid to the planning phase of a BSP project. This study concentrates directly on planning for a BSP implementation project. The proposed framework is entirely based on micro-simulation; it requires a basic concept design for the BSP system which is under planning. This concept design should be available from the planning steps that precede the choosing of intersections that should be equipped with a BSP. The framework evaluates different scenarios for BSP at individual intersections by looking at their marginal impact on the entire network and on the intersection. At last, the intersection-level scenarios that result in the maximum total marginal improvement are selected for BSP implementation. The final output of the framework, provides information on which intersections should be equipped with BSP, and which bus lines are eligible to receive this priority at each intersection. The proposed framework is demonstrated on the network of downtown Dover, DE. An 18% savings in network average bus delay and no significant disbenefit to automobile traffic are achieved. The benefits translate into rough minimum savings of $0.25M per year just by implementing this framework during a peak traffic hour.
  Authors: Tabatabaie Shourijeh, Morteza; Faghri, Ardeshir; Stevanovic, Aleksandar
  Authors: Tabatabaie Shourijeh, Morteza; Faghri, Ardeshir; Stevanovic, Aleksandar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 226
  Paper Number: 13-4460
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Operating Experience with General Public Demand-Responsive Transit in a Metropolitan Transit Agency’s Service Portfolio
  Abstract: The Regional Transportation District (RTD) in Denver has since 2000 operated general public demand responsive transportation (DRT). Branded as Call-n-Ride (CnR), this DRT service is operated in 20 service areas in a variety of settings throughout the RTD district. CnR was developed to serve communities that are difficult to serve cost-effectively with bus service due to their low to moderate residential and employment densities, circuitous street networks and dispersed geographic and temporal travel patterns, but which have sufficient demand to warrant by policy a community service or connection to the metropolitan transit network. The CnR service is characterized by a range of DRT service configurations, incorporating many to many services, scheduled checkpoints, zones and flex-routes specifically tailored to the topography and travel patterns of each service area. Based on an analysis of data obtained primarily from CnR’s automated scheduling system, this paper provides insights into the operations of such DRT services for the general public that may assist others in assessing its feasibility for implementation in other metropolitan areas.
  Authors: Becker, A. Jeff; Teal, Roger F.; Mossige, Rebecca
  Authors: Becker, A. Jeff; Teal, Roger F.; Mossige, Rebecca
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 354
  Paper Number: 13-4441
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Pedestrian Route Choice of Vertical Facilities in Subway Stations
  Abstract: Transit infrastructure is under pressure and as the trends toward greater urbanisation and more sustainable mobility continue, that pressure is likely to increase over time. Finding ways to more efficiently accommodate passengers within existing transit facilities will become of ever-greater importance, as will the tools and techniques to assess pedestrian movement. The suite of pedestrian analysis tools is reliant on first principles knowledge and research. Gaps do exist in this body of knowledge. This paper describes research that has been completed to fill one such gap, namely rider choice at vertical circulation. Field research was conducted on the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) subway system and a literature review was completed. Synthesis of literature and data analysis is presented. Key explanatory variables were identified and tested for significance, including height rise, utilisation (density of flow) and the rate of opposing flow. Based on this analysis, a series of aggregate logistic regression models are proposed to explain pedestrian choice at co-located elements of vertical transport, specifically stair-vs.-escalator choice. Validation data is presented and indicates that the model generates values that provide a good fit with observed data.
  Authors: Srikukenthiran, Siva; Fisher, Daniel; Shalaby, Amer; King, David James
  Authors: Srikukenthiran, Siva; Fisher, Daniel; Shalaby, Amer; King, David James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 592
  Paper Number: 13-4417
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Estimating Capacity of High-Volume Bus Rapid Transit Stations
  Abstract: A critical element in estimating the capacity of a bus rapid transit (BRT) line is the flow capacity of the running way measured in buses per hour. In this paper, we estimate capacity in high volume bus services by using a simulation model. The inputs to the model include the mean dwell time of arriving buses, the dwell time variability, the headway variation of arriving buses, the configuration of the boarding locations and the presence or absence of a traffic signal. The output of the model is an estimate of the number of buses which can serve the stop per hour with a tolerable failure rate. The failure rate is the probability that arriving buses will not be able to access a boarding berth due to its being occupied by a previously arriving bus. The capacity of various stop configurations such as number of berths and queuing areas is also examined.The model does not require extensive data collection to yield reasonable results. The paper includes tables showing the capacity for a range of input options. The procedure was applied to the operation of Transmilenio in Bogota, Colombia.
  Authors: Reilly, Jack; Aros-Vera, Felipe
  Authors: Reilly, Jack; Aros-Vera, Felipe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 592
  Paper Number: 13-4702
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Is the curb 80% full or 20% empty? Assessing the efficacy of San Francisco's parking experiment
  Abstract: The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency has adopted a performance goal of 60% to 80% occupancy for their metered parking. The rule represents an heuristic performance measure intended to reduce double parking and cruising for parking, and improve the driver experience. In this paper, we study the data collected as part of the SFpark pilot and evaluate that rule against other possible measures. We confirm the finding of others indicating that the probability a driver finds available parking on the block where s/he is destined tracks with average occupancy until about 85%-90%, after which the system breaks down and the chances of finding a spot deteriorate rapidly. We also find that the relationship between occupancy and the probability of finding a space is sensitive to the duration of the averaging period, i.e. the hourly average occupancy is a better predictor of finding a spot than is occupancy averaged over a longer period such as a few weeks. In addition, using occupancy data for five minute time periods, we develop a lower bound on the arrival rate for each block. For blocks that are full, we develop a refill rate which measures the time from full to space available and back to full again. Using the refill rates and the arrival rate we run simulations to estimate the expected number of blocks a driver must cruise before finding a space, and some preliminary evidence for impacts of SFpark over one year.
  Authors: Millard-Ball, Adam; Weinberger, Rachel R.; Hampshire, Robert Cornelius
  Authors: Millard-Ball, Adam; Weinberger, Rachel R.; Hampshire, Robert Cornelius
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 715
  Paper Number: 13-4824
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Parking at Sporting Event Stadiums in Denver, Colorado
  Abstract: Millions of people in the United Stated (US) travel by personal automobile to attend professional sport matches played at various stadium facilities. Engineering and planning publications are lacking information on parking provisions for major sporting events, and the results from this paper on parking outcomes suggest that current parking provisions are not efficient. This case study examines parking supply, parking utilization, event auto occupancy, and event auto mode share at four different major professional sports venues in the Denver region. We calculated percentage of parking supply per parking demand for surveyed games with respect to average attendances and evaluate parking utilization during non-event activities. In general, the games surveyed indicate that more parking is provided than necessary, even when attendance is higher than typical. For an average attended event, parking utilization was as low as 65-percent with 2.2 persons per vehicle. In contrast when parking occupancy is high, auto occupancy increased to 2.8 persons per vehicle. With such different carpool rates, as well as evidence suggesting that spectators traveling to some facilities are willing to park and walk further than ½-mile, the results insinuate that parking supply and travel behavior are endogenous and should not be treated independently. This study also considered parking occupancy at non-event times and found whole-scale underutilization, even in downtown locations with great opportunity costs.
  Authors: Henao, Alejandro; Marshall, Wesley
  Authors: Henao, Alejandro; Marshall, Wesley
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 715
  Paper Number: 13-5043
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Passenger-Focused Management Approach to Measurement of Train Delay Impacts
  Abstract: Train delay incidents have major impacts on transit service reliability and on customer satisfaction. Operators have long focused efforts on preventing incidents from occurring. While this is important, the fact that all transit operations inevitably face some degree of delays and disruptions due to incidents means that operators must also dedicate attention to reducing the duration of incidents and reducing the time it takes to restore normal operations after incidents occur. To be able to do this it is necessary to measure the total impact of incidents on trains and on customers. This research uses data from the CoMET and Nova metro benchmarking groups to investigate the ways in which transit operators can better measure the full impacts of incidents – both on train service and on customers – leading to a passenger-focused approach. The key benefit of a passenger-oriented approach is that it enables transit managers to better direct resources for incident response and recovery, as well as support the case for strategic investments. This research has showed that most operators only measure and report the frequency of incidents. Of the 22 metros interviewed, only two were able to provide detailed data to estimate the number of passengers affected by incidents. It is no coincidence that the only two metros able to provide detailed data are in fact two of the most reliable in the group.
  Authors: Barron, Alexander; Melo, Patricia C.; Cohen, Judith Michelle; Anderson, Richard
  Authors: Barron, Alexander; Melo, Patricia C.; Cohen, Judith Michelle; Anderson, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-3345
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Benchmarking Disaggregate Customer Satisfaction Scores Between Bus Operators in Different Cities and Countries
  Abstract: Directly comparing the satisfaction of customers of urban bus operators in different cities and countries is methodologically challenging due to the different surveys used, different sample frames, different response collection methods and the possibility of cultural bias. Nonetheless, due to the importance of customer satisfaction, the members of the International Bus Benchmarking Group started a research project in 2009 to overcome these challenges. The objective was for bus operators to understand the relative performance in meeting their customer’s expectations and to be able to target those areas in which they relatively underperform. Between 2009-2012, eight to ten participating organizations annually posted identical surveys on their website homepages in the same period. This paper describes the survey and data normalization methodology developed within the International Bus Benchmarking Group that provides managers of these organizations with a comparable view of their customer satisfaction. The described methodology has been successfully tested in the bus industry but can also be applied to other industries where there is a wish to benchmark customer satisfaction amongst other national and international peers.
  Authors: Trompet, Mark; Parasram, Richard; Anderson, Richard
  Authors: Trompet, Mark; Parasram, Richard; Anderson, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-3823
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Potential of Low-Frequency Automated Vehicle Location Data for Monitoring and Control of Bus Performance
  Abstract: In this paper we investigate the potential of "low-frequency" bus localization data for the monitoring and control of bus system performance. We show that data with a sampling rate as low as one minute can provide ample information if processed appropriately. In particular, we obtain accurate estimates of stop arrival and departure times which in turn allow the analysis of headways and travel times. A three parameter gamma family of distributions is fitted for headways at the stops along a bus line. The evolution of the parameters demonstrates critical points on the line where bus bunching is significantly worse. Moreover, this analysis allows to differentiate problems associated with varying passenger demand from uncertainties associated with traffic conditions. Furthermore we show that both expected travel time and travel time variability can be calculated from low-frequency localization data. Finally, we present how our results can be used to calibrate a simulation model which can test bus control strategies. We apply and validate the methods to data from bus route number 1 in Boston.
  Authors: Yang, Yingxiang; Bauer, Dietmar; Widhalm, Peter; Gerstle, David; Gonzalez, Marta C.
  Authors: Yang, Yingxiang; Bauer, Dietmar; Widhalm, Peter; Gerstle, David; Gonzalez, Marta C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-4011
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Relationship of Walk Access Distance to Rapid Rail Transit Stations with Personal Characteristics and Station Context: Case Study
  Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between walk access distance to rapid rail transit (RRT) stations and various attributes of RRT users and trip-specific and station context in the city of Nanjing, China. We base our analysis on 1544 user surveys, conducted at 16 stations along Nanjing RRT Line 1 during the morning peak period (7-9 a.m.) and afternoon peak period (5-7 p.m.) over a 7-day period. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is applied to estimate the relationship between walk access distances and aggregate personal and travel and station characteristics, and to measure the relative significance of individual variables. Prior to the model identification, a formulation relationship was hypothesized. The results suggest that passengers walk farther to RRT stations when the station context has certain features (terminal function, elevated type, and/or located farther from the city center). Dummy variables for age group and household income are significant but play a relatively minor role in defining RRT walk access distance. Travel characteristics, individually, have a weak relationship to walk access distance to RRT stations in Nanjing. A quantifiable basis for developing design guidelines for pedestrian access to RRT stations is provided for planners based on the observation and regression results. The statistics indicate the possibility of further promoting the walk mode by providing improved pedestrian facilities in the area around RRT stations, with flexible programs to construct pedestrian friendly-environment for rail station regarding its function, type and location.
  Authors: Zhao, Jinbao; Deng, Wei; Song, Yan; Zhu, Yueran
  Authors: Zhao, Jinbao; Deng, Wei; Song, Yan; Zhu, Yueran
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 617
  Paper Number: 13-0471
• Parking Planning Model: Logit-Based Mathematical Programming Method Subject to Parking Capacity and Parking Rationing
  Abstract: Traffic authorities are always challenged by parking issues such as where parking shortages are critical, how many parking spaces are needed, and what is a fair parking fee, etc. Answers to such problems require a parking model, but the literature review did not reveal a reliable model applicable to the real world. This deficiency is rooted in the computational complexities of considering parking capacity together with traffic congestion on the road network. We developed a model for parking planning that addresses a variety of deficiencies in the past studies. The parking choices are considered within a Logit model structure, which has been thoroughly described in the literature. A mathematical programming problem was introduced that explicitly considered parking capacities and parking rationing constraints. Introduction of parking rationing along with other constraints is a unique factor in this study. Consideration of parking rationing is intended to cover wider areas such as private parking, reserved parking different parking-durations etc. This makes the model more realistic. A solution algorithm using Successive Coordinate Descent was developed for the Logit-based mathematical programming problem. The algorithm was tested on an artificial but real-size and challenging CBD case. The results prove that the algorithm is able to converge rapidly. Among the algorithm's output are shadow prices of the parking capacity and parking rationing constraints. The shadow prices contain important information which is key to addressing a variety of parking issues, such as the location of parking shortages, identification of fair parking charges, and the size of reserved parking.
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed; Asadi, Mohsen
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed; Asadi, Mohsen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-0714
• Turning Housing into Driving: Parking Requirements in Los Angeles and New York
  Abstract: This article examines the idea that residential minimum parking requirements are associated with lower housing and population densities, and higher vehicle densities (residential vehicles per square mile). Although cities frequently use residential minimum parking requirements to manage traffic, parking requirements inherently accommodate vehicles, which suggests they should lead to more driving, and more congestion, rather than less. Thus if parking requirements reduce congestion, they likely do so by constraining an area's housing density , and therefore its population density as well. We show this is the case by comparing the Los Angeles and New York urbanized areas. Differences in housing, vehicle and population density across and within these urbanized areas are closely correlated to differences in the share of housing units that include parking, and the share of housing units that include parking is in turn correlated with the stringency of minimum parking requirements. We further show that within New York City, a ten percent increase in minimum parking requirements is associated with a six percent increase in vehicles per square mile, a four percent increase in vehicles per person, and an eight percent reduction in both population and housing density. These relationships remain even after controlling for proximity to rail transit. Parking requirements therefore appear to increase the cost of housing and reduce the price of driving.
  Authors: Manville, Michael; Shoup, Donald C.; Beata, Alexander
  Authors: Manville, Michael; Shoup, Donald C.; Beata, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-1034
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Methodology for Evaluating Cost and Accuracy of Parking Patrol Surveys
  Abstract: Parking duration is an important element in reflecting the parking demand, very often a patrol survey is conducted to obtain the data. However, with this method, the error between estimated and real average parking duration is unavoidable. To reduce the error, short observation intervals can be chosen, but this requires more labor and capital investments. Therefore, surveyors very often find themselves in the dilemma of balancing survey accuracy and survey cost.In this article, an analytical model is built to understand the effects of survey cost and other inputs on survey accuracy in a systematic and generalized way. Through dimensional analysis, the relation between the time length of the observation interval, the estimated average parking duration (i.e., survey result), and the survey error is illustrated. Based on that, the relation between relative survey cost and survey accuracy can then be identified, and used to suggest a balanced approach. As the assumptions from the analytical model are not necessarily representative of real life conditions, more realistic distributions based on simulation of arrival time and parking duration are also included. Lastly, real data examples are presented for comparison and validation. The results show that with the proposed approach, a comprehensive method to evaluate the survey can be provided, and the balance between accuracy and cost can be found. This can help surveyors to have a better understanding of the survey and to choose the proper length for the survey interval, so one can obtain high quality results from the patrol survey while keeping costs to a minimum.
  Authors: Cao, Jin; Menendez, Monica
  Authors: Cao, Jin; Menendez, Monica
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-1689
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Bus Networks as Graphs: New Connectivity Indicators with Operational Characteristics
  Abstract:

  A transit network design, visualized as a graph, can be evaluated based on the relationships between the network elements and using indicators such as connectivity, coverage, directness and complexity, among others. This research effort focuses on interconnected and operationally complicated bus networks. This study proposes a new procedure for drawing bus services as graph network, at the traffic-analysis zonal level. By conducting the analysis on bus systems and at the zonal level, several advances to the calculation of network properties are introduced. A new network property is introduced: the “number of edges normalized by frequency”, symbolized as Ef. Improved network connectivity indicators (?'' and ß'') are proposed which incorporate the influence of bus operational characteristics (i.e. bus route frequency) and allows for various network physical configurations to be analyzed. Additionally, the effect of bus route transfers was analyzed and modeled by introducing intermediate walking transfer edges. The proposed methodology was applied to the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) public transportation system. The GVRD public transport system provides an extensive coverage over 577 traffic analysis zones, by operating 184 bus routes over 7,866 stops.

  Authors: Quintero, Liliana A.; Wahba, Mohamed; Sayed, Tarek
  Authors: Quintero, Liliana A.; Wahba, Mohamed; Sayed, Tarek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2206
• The Width Calculation Method of Island Platform with Screen Doors at Metro Station
  Abstract: In recent years, for safety and energy reasons, most metro stations in China have installed platform screen doors (PSD), which completely changes the waiting behavior of passengers. Passengers unevenly gathered in front of the screen doors instead of distributing evenly on platform. The traditional method of platform design does not consider this change of waiting behavior after the introduction of PSD, and the result has a large gap with the actual demand, which increases the safety risk in the subsequent operation and management. Due to the installation of PSD, this paper proposed a new calculation method of island platform width based on the behavior of passengers. Firstly, this paper analyzed the behavior change after the installation of PSD, and then by means of video identification and field observations, proposed the transformation process and size calculation method of main functional areas, including waiting area and circulating area during the whole process composed of waiting, alighting and boarding, and dissipating. Subsequently, based on the objective of safely waiting and smoothly circulating, and the premise of different functional areas independent and not overlapping, this paper put forward with the calculation method of platform width, which is closely related to the length of waiting area and the width of circulating area. Finally, this paper compared the calculation result with the one of traditional method, clarified the shortcomings of traditional method, and further illustrated the new method is tailored to suit the behavior characteristics of passengers, which was in keeping with platform operational feature of China and provides guidance for platform design.
  Authors: Ma, Shan; Wu, Jiaorong
  Authors: Ma, Shan; Wu, Jiaorong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 617
  Paper Number: 13-2405
• Phase-Type Distribution Fitting of Passenger Flow Arrival Interval on Urban Railway Transit Stations
  Abstract: The urban railway transit station is essentially a kind of stochastic service system and the passenger flow arrival interval distribution with accurate description of strong randomness is the important basis of elaborate system planning, design and flexible operation management. The existing fitting distribution researches were unable to satisfy the demand for the station stochastic service system¡¯s modelling analysis as well as microcosmic simulation¡¯s demand for accuracy, universality and analyticity. Though phase-type distribution (PH) had been theoretically verified of good analyticity and universality, it requires to determining over much parameters in practical application. Therefore, it still needs further exploration whether the PH can be applied to represent the passenger flow arrival interval distribution on urban railway transit stations. In this paper, seven common distributions and hyper-Erlang distribution (HErD) which is a dense subset of PH were applied to fit the passenger flow arrival interval distribution of entrance and platform on subway stations. The comparison result indicated that HErD fitting achieves the highest accuracy. On this basis, the fitting parameters of HErD were analysed, finding that this distribution requires to determining two parameters, and only related with variation coefficient, possessing good practicability. Finally, this paper put forward a practical method to determine the parameters of HErD through the easy-captured peak passenger flow volume and super-peak coefficient. This research provides a new selectable PH fitting distribution for passenger flow arrival interval distribution on urban railway transit stations.
  Authors: Jiang, Yangsheng; Hu, Lu; Zhu, Juanxiu; Chen, Yanru
  Authors: Jiang, Yangsheng; Hu, Lu; Zhu, Juanxiu; Chen, Yanru
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 617
  Paper Number: 13-2491
• Rail Transit Dwell Time Modeling and Delay Simulation in Variant Passenger Flow
  Abstract: Rail transit train dwell time, which is one of the crucial factors of train delay, is affected by variance of passenger flow in different stations. Train dwell delay and passenger flow variation is affected by each other. Long train dwell delay in station may cause passenger delay and propagation over the whole line, it needs to take a long time to restore from disturbances. A train dwell delay model, which has considered the process and the variant number of waiting, alighting and boarding passengers is proposed in this paper. By using the time-driven simulation, the influences of train and passenger delay are calculated. Finally numerical examples and computational results are presented. The results reveal that passenger flow variation and train delay are two mutual influence processes. The increase of passenger flow may extend train dwell time and affect train delay in the line. In corresponding, the growth of train delay will increase the number of assembling passengers in station as well.
  Authors: Feng, Li
  Authors: Feng, Li
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 617
  Paper Number: 13-2537
• Investigation of the Determinants of Travelers’ Mental Knowledge of Public Parking Facilities
  Abstract: This paper describes a study of car drivers’ familiarity with the parking situation in the vicinity of a regional shopping center. The data used for this study are collected in Hasselt, a medium sized city in Belgium. The central shopping area of Hasselt is surrounded by 23 public parking facilities. 1007 residents have been asked to indicate if they are familiar with each parking facility. The concept of familiarity was related to the socio-demographic and cognitive attributes of the respondents, their trips to the city center and the type of parking facility using multinomial logistic regression and bivariate probit regression. The results show that familiarity with parking facilities is especially related to age and education, and to the frequency of car use towards the city centre, and to a lesser extent to place of residence, income and perceived mental knowledge. In addition to these results, this paper demonstrates the value of collecting virtual buffer data by means of an online survey tool. The authors recommend that simulation models that predict parking choice behavior take into account the different levels of familiarity with parking facilities, and the contributing factors. An important avenue for further research is the combination of personal and facility specific information to assess the familiarity with different types of parking facilities.
  Authors: Cools, Mario; Van der Waerden, Peter J. H. J.; Janssens, Davy
  Authors: Cools, Mario; Van der Waerden, Peter J. H. J.; Janssens, Davy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-2590
• Amenity Versus Necessity: Rethinking Residential Street Width Standard as U.S. Parking Policy
  Abstract: This paper explores the rationales underlying the use of minimum street width requirements to mandate street parking. A survey of 97 cities reveals that this mandate is not a technical necessity based on safety concerns or an amenity reflecting market demand, two common beliefs held by decision-makers. Many residents are likely unwilling to pay for street parking if it is unbundled from housing. The hidden parking policies should be made transparent and subject to public oversight, the double standard between private and public streets should be eliminated, and parking on residential streets should be optional.
  Authors: Guo, Zhan
  Authors: Guo, Zhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-2776
• Collaboration to Improve Transportation
  Abstract: Persons with disabilities should be engaged in decision-making about mobility management and accessible transportation through increased collaboration with transit entities. This study examined the change in collaboration between Independent Living Coaches representing 15 States and various entities critical to improving transportation for individuals with disabilities. Results indicated that after training in mobility management concepts, IL Coaches significantly increased collaboration with city/local and regional/State transit organizations. Three main strategies for collaboration emerged: a) participating on committees/councils, b) training or attending joint training, and c) grant development. The main barriers identified were: lack of time, geographical distances, turf issues, and financial limitations.
  Authors: Noonan, Patricia; Shanley, Judy Lynne
  Authors: Noonan, Patricia; Shanley, Judy Lynne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-2765
• Development and Proposed Dynamic Test Method for Novel Wheelchair-Passenger Safety System Onboard Fixed-Route Transportation
  Abstract: Due to ADA, public transportation has become a means for people with disabilities to access and get around in their communities. For wheelchair-seated passengers to safely travel on fixed route transit, transit vehicles have been equipped with belt-type wheelchair tiedowns and occupant restraint systems for the past few decades. Surveys among bus operators and wheelchair users found that these time consuming devices are rarely used and cannot be used by wheelchair seated individuals themselves, and prohibit independent travel of these individuals. This paper describes the development of a solution that brings wheelchair-seated travel on public transit to the 21th century. Implementation of a similar concept will also promote use and improve transit safety for wheelchair-seated passengers.
  Authors: van Roosmalen, Linda
  Authors: van Roosmalen, Linda
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-3376
• Evaluation of a Smart Parking System
  Abstract: This paper documents the methodological approach and findings of an evaluation process for a smart parking application that provides real time information on parking availability. The initiative is in response to the increased demand for parking spaces within the Pittsburgh Cultural District and the desire to improve patrons’ parking experiences. Primary data, obtained through semi structured interview, in-person and online surveys of patrons were utilized for the stakeholders’ analysis, baseline data, process evaluation and outcome evaluation phases. Secondary data that utilized count data obtained from website use logs was employed for the output evaluation phase. The contributions of the evaluation framework are the insights it provides on how the key challenges created by the unique environment within which the system was deployed were addressed and how the framework could be employed in tackling response shift bias through the use of a binary system approach that uniquely identifies distinct cohorts of respondents. The report is especially timely given the prohibitively expensive cost of employing a supply side approach in addressing cities’ parking problems, the ease of replicating the evaluation framework and product design and the wealth of information it provides to the body of knowledge in the evaluation of technological products.
  Authors: Fabusuyi, Tayo; Hampshire, Robert Cornelius; Hill, Victoria
  Authors: Fabusuyi, Tayo; Hampshire, Robert Cornelius; Hill, Victoria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-3427
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Scrutinizing Weekly Travel Behavior Patterns in Paratransit: Results of a Big Data Experiment
  Abstract: Extracting structured knowledge from large datasets is a challenge that transportation planning faces more and more, particularly in the context of assisting policy decision-making. This paper takes advantage of the availability of 'BIG' operational archived data to scrutinize weekly travel variability of paratransit users and extract representative patterns of weekly travel behaviour. To that end, data mining techniques are used. The study is based on a one-year dataset which represents 1,393,291 trips made by 10,182 users. Empirical results show that the week structure regulates the activity rhythms of the paratransit system with more than 92% of successive daily trip chains performed inside a seven-day period. This study also confirms that weekly rhythms of paratransit are different from the weekly rhythms of the general population. In the future, paratransit planning should move towards a more data- and user-oriented paradigm if it intends to achieve an allocation of operational resources more commensurate with its ridership.
  Authors: Desharnais, Marie-Christine; Chapleau, Robert
  Authors: Desharnais, Marie-Christine; Chapleau, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 767
  Paper Number: 13-3790
• Modeling User Perception of Accessibility to Healthcare Facilities Using Statistical Methods and Geographic Information System
  Abstract: Transport accessibility to healthcare facilities is a major issue in the United Kingdom, as recently demonstrated by the shift away from ‘providing healthcare in acute hospitals’ to ‘care closer to home’. However, it is not easy to measure transport accessibility since it is often highly subjective and deterministic. Measuring accessibility primarily focuses on the creation of accessibility contours based on distance or travel time metrics and therefore such methods ignore individual differences such as users’ perception and their transport usage and area-wide factors.The aim of this paper is to develop a user-based accessibility model by focusing on both individual transport usage (i.e. access to different transport modes and fuel consumption) and area-wide factors (e.g. transport network, public transport provision, safety/security and area deprivation). A questionnaire survey was carried out to measure users’ perceptions of the accessibility to various healthcare facilities. The responses are integrated with various datasets obtained from a range of secondary sources (e.g. National Census, Ordnance Survey, Deprivation Indices) using a GIS technique. A multilevel (i.e. individuals nested within local areas) mixed-effects statistical model is employed to develop a relationship between user perception on the accessibility and the factors influencing accessibility. The initial results suggest that travel distance by car, number of available bus services, age and destinations affect accessibility to healthcare facilities. Based on the weighting of each of the factors, a range of policies can be developed that could lead to the reduction in health inequality in terms of fair access to healthcare provision.
  Authors: Titidezh, Omid; Quddus, Mohammed A.; Ison, Stephen; Price, Andrew
  Authors: Titidezh, Omid; Quddus, Mohammed A.; Ison, Stephen; Price, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-4083
• Community Paratransit and the Economic Recession: Challenges and Opportunities
  Abstract: ABSTRACT Community paratransit provides life-enhancing transportation to those most in need of such support, namely the transportation disadvantaged. In the current economic recession, however, paratransit providers nationwide have struggled to cope with increasing service demand amidst escalating operational and capital costs and reduced funding opportunities. To address these dilemmas, many paratransit agencies and other providers have reduced costs through service reductions and eliminations – strategies that negatively impact customers. This paper presents the context of the funding constraints faced by paratransit providers and explores innovative strategies pursued and the associated challenges encountered by providers in their quest to maintain and enhance services, as determined through a unique 2011 nationwide survey effort.Survey findings demonstrate that respondents have indeed faced challenges in the current economy, with service reduction or elimination reported by 42% of respondents. Fortunately, innovative approaches to raise funds, lower costs, and/or improve efficiencies have also been utilized. Coordination efforts, vehicle advertising, and the pursuit of foundation or other charitable support were alternatives used by the greatest number of respondents, with strategies including feeder service to transit and use of volunteer drivers less frequently pursued. Funding entities, policy makers, and the transit community can greatly benefit from considering the reported difficulties respondents encountered in pursuing these innovative coping mechanisms so that successful usage of these and other related strategies can be increased among paratransit providers who are desperately searching for viable options to support transportation in an increasingly limited funding environment. KEYWORDS: Paratransit, Transportation Disadvantaged, Public Transportation, Disability
  Authors: Lubin, Andrea; DiPetrillo, Stephanie; Fittante, Steve
  Authors: Lubin, Andrea; DiPetrillo, Stephanie; Fittante, Steve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 767
  Paper Number: 13-4346
• Comparing Fixed-Route and Demand-Responsive Feeder Transit Systems in Real-World Settings
  Abstract: This research presents a method of comparing fixed-route transportation systems and demand-responsive feeder transit systems using passenger survey data, published transit schedules, and optimal routing techniques. Demand-responsive transportation can be utilized to improve transit service levels in low demand areas. Since cities can vary significantly in demand across the region and time of day, it is imperative that an effective means of determing when demand-responsive services can out perform fixed-route services and vice versa. This research builds upon existing comparison techniques, that are focused on gridded street systems, and expands the techniques to includes all types of street networks, transit schedules, and passenger demand levels. The generic techniques are presented and a case study is given for the city of Atlanta to determine where demand-responsive feeder systems might be implemented to improve customer satisfaction and reduce operating costs.
  Authors: Edwards, Derek; Watkins, Kari Edison
  Authors: Edwards, Derek; Watkins, Kari Edison
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 767
  Paper Number: 13-5185
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Parking Oversupply in East Harlem: Analysis of Parking Occupancy and Mode Usage at East River Plaza in New York City
  Abstract: East River Plaza is a recently constructed mall in the East Harlem section of Manhattan. The development contains big box stores including Target, Costco, and Best Buy along with a 1,248 space parking garage. This paper evaluates the assumptions and methodology of the analysis determining the large parking supply, measures current parking usage, and determines modal splits through an intercept survey. The project’s Environmental Impact Statement assumed 67% to 68% of all trips arriving to East River Plaza would be by automobile. Parking accumulation was calculated using parking studies conducted at Home Depots in the Bronx, Queens, and Port Chester, NY and a Costco in Staten Island, all of which are less dense and have higher vehicle trip rates and vehicle ownership rates. These calculations resulted in a peak parking accumulation of 1,190 vehicles for a Saturday afternoon. Actual parking occupancy observations revealed only 371 vehicles (34% occupancy) on a Tuesday afternoon in late November, and 426 vehicles (39% occupancy) on a Saturday afternoon in December. The intercept survey revealed 48% and 37% of respondents arrived by foot and 27% and 33% drove on Tuesday and Saturday, respectively. Thus, the parking supplied has resulted in an underutilized land use and lost opportunity for additional development. Future big box developments in dense urban areas should not use suburban models for auto trip generation and parking accumulation and instead consider the provision of trips being made by walking and public transportation, reducing the need for unnecessary parking.
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-5303
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Rail Transit-Based Planning and Design of Park-and-Ride Facilities in Beijing
  Abstract: This paper introduces planning and design of park-and-ride (P&R) facilities in Beijing, China. The procedure of locating new P&R facility contains two main steps. The first step is the selection of P&R candidate for rail transit network. The second step is to evaluate new P&R facility and determine specific location for the proposed P&R facilities. In the first step, new P&R facilities are expected to meet requirement of availability of land that can be used for construction of P&R facility within 500 meters from rail transit station. In the second step, potential analysis is conducted to make further evaluation on new P&R candidate and determine proper sites and design profile for the proposed P&R. Some factors such as population density, annual household income, accessibility of P&R facilities, distance to downtown, as well as savings of travel time will have great impact on P&R demand. These factors are also discussed in this study. The objective of this study is to help municipal government determine the location and magnitude in size of P&R facilities along the rail transit lines to minimize auto travel and encourage use of public transit. For this reason Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Scoring Method (ESM) are employed to determine the final rank of P&R candidate. Keywords: Park-and-Ride facilities, Location configuration design, Planning
  Authors: Yajing, He; Yang, Xiao Kuan; Yue, Chen Xin
  Authors: Yajing, He; Yang, Xiao Kuan; Yue, Chen Xin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 617
  Paper Number: 13-2493
• Priority-Setting for Inclusive Transportation System
  Abstract: Because of the ageing of the population, over the coming decades the transportation system will have to be adapted to the needs of an increasing number of persons with travel impairments. More than acknowledged in the past, this underlines the key challenge for transportation planning to design a transportation system that guarantees access for all population groups, irrespective of the features of a person’s body. This will require substantial investments, as the existing transportation system has historically been designed to serve able-bodied persons with little attention for its usability by persons with varying types of impairments. The aim of the paper is to develop a basic framework that can be helpful to set priorities towards the development of an inclusive transportation system. The framework distinguishes two principles for priority setting, one derived from the principle of welfare maximization and the other from the notion of ‘hardship’. Based on these two principles of priority setting, three different types of measures to remove mobility barriers for mobility impaired persons are distinguished: (1) measures that live up to the principle of efficiency or welfare maximization; (2) measures that reduce accessibility hardship through an improvement of the mainstream transportation system transport; and (3) measures that reduce accessibility hardship through dedicated services for persons with travel impairments. In order to assess and rank these measures, cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis should be adapted to capture benefits and effects that are relevant for travel impaired persons.
  Authors: Martens, Karel
  Authors: Martens, Karel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-3052
• Crowding in Metro Stations: Passenger Flow Analysis and Simulation
  Abstract: The public mass rail transit industry is growing at an unbelievable speed in many large cities in Asia. How to provide a safety and comfortable travelling environment for passengers is attracting more and more attentions from the rail industry practitioners as well as the researchers. However, to have a detailed analysis of the passenger flow and assess the crowdedness level in a metro station is still a great challenge because of the complexity of the passenger behaviors and the difficulty to collect enough passenger flow data. This paper presents a simulation approach for detailed analysis of passenger flows and assessing the crowdedness level of metro stations based on field surveys. The passenger flow data, including the characteristics of passengers, the flow rate at peak hours as well as the passenger behaviors inside the stations are collected by field surveys. The passenger flow pattern of a station can be identified and represented as a network structure based on the survey results. An agent-based pedestrian flow simulation model is used for the assessment of the crowdedness level of the existing and newly proposed layout of stations. Besides the pedestrian movement behaviors and passenger behaviors such as queuing up at a facility or waiting at the waiting area are also considered in the model. The simulation results can be used for extracting data on station crowdedness level indicators such as the density distributions which are helpful for assessing the passenger flow situations in a metro station.
  Authors: Liu, Shaobo; Lo, S. M.; Wang, Weili; Ma, Jian; Yuen, J. K. K.
  Authors: Liu, Shaobo; Lo, S. M.; Wang, Weili; Ma, Jian; Yuen, J. K. K.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 617
  Paper Number: 13-3357
• Simulation of a Parking Reservation System to Mitigate Cruising for Parking
  Abstract: Cruising for parking is a phenomenon of circulation under low speed, looking for a parking space on the street, derived from the uncertainty about the existence and location of it. Most approaches trying to mitigate cruising are about adjusting the prices of curb space to manage demand.In this paper we simulate a system of in-advance online parking space reservations on the street as a means of reducing congestion derived from cruising. A reservation will eliminate the uncertainties that cause the need for cruising and can improve the efficiency of the private car. Targeting efficiency is a new-paradigm type of parking management, opposed to increasing supply and the consequent fueling of the cycle of automobile dependency.We present a model of parking and cruising behavior derived from observed data, and describes a stochastic discrete-event queuing micro-simulator developed to compare scenarios of variable allocations of parking spaces for reservations.The results obtained illustrate a consistent improvement in congestion levels in scenarios with reservations of up to 3% of the value without reservations. Scenarios of allocation of parking spaces also display an expected loss in turnover from a certain point, as well as a slight increase in cruising times for the users without reservations. These can however be mitigated by the designed generated revenues from the reservation service, and also by the overall congestion reduction.
  Authors: Carvalho e Ferreira, Diana Paula Figueiredo; de Abreu e Silva, João
  Authors: Carvalho e Ferreira, Diana Paula Figueiredo; de Abreu e Silva, João
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-3718
• Technologies for Row and Seat Identification Onboard Aircraft for Travelers Who Are Blind
  Abstract: The objective of this study, carried out for Transport Canada’s Transportation Development Centre, was to identify the state of the art of wireless technologies applicable to enhance independent wayfinding for travelers with sight limitations in Canada with consideration to current cabin safety regulations and their usability by the passenger. The aim was to develop a technological solution that enables blind passengers to identify row/seat/washroom locations on board aircrafts without assistance. An international literature review was undertaken on wireless technologies applicable to onboard orientation and wayfinding tasks. Through surveys and interviews, additional inputs were gathered from knowledgeable practitioners. A listing of suitable location, transmission, receiver and user interface technologies has been compiled and discussed.A task analysis for the traveler’s trip chain onboard aircraft resulted in ten (10) wayfinding and orientation scenarios. An evaluation framework was designed to prioritize technologies identified. Project team members were enlisted to rank both the criteria and the applicable technologies. Members concluded that the most important criteria for implementation of a selected technology were regulatory clearance, followed by receiver ownership and its effectiveness for users. The RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) location technology was chosen by members as having the best potential for wayfinding applications, followed by the Barcode/Quick Response Code (QR Code) technology. Smartphones with software and vibration features are eligible receiver systems for pilot testing due to their versatility and usability, especially by passengers who are deaf-blind. The project team recommended two technologies as candidates for a pilot test.
  Authors: Blais, Daniel; Rutenberg, Uwe; Suen, S. Ling
  Authors: Blais, Daniel; Rutenberg, Uwe; Suen, S. Ling
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-3760
• System for Improving Accessibility of Urban Transportation Network
  Abstract: There is an ever-growing interest in the measure of the performances of an urban public transportnetwork for people with reduced mobility. This is leading to the need for further defining methodsto help city managers better plan and improve accessible public transport. In this paper we present asystem for assessing the level of accessibility for people with reduced mobility of an existing urbanpublic transport network from the transport operator perspective. By analyzing different types ofdata related to both the cities’ network infrastructure and the travelers’ demand, the system isable to suggest which are the best transportation infrastructure investments that meet the needs ofpeople with reduced mobility in order of priority and with respect to the money budgets available.We show the effectiveness of our proposed system by means of two case studies focused on verydifferent cities: London and Washington, D.C. Regarding the city of London, our results showthat by making accessible a particular station (Farringdon, Hammersmith & City) it is possible toreduce the total travel by a factor which is more than 8 times better than a random choice, andmore than 30% more effective than a solution minimizing the number of interchanges. RegardingWashington, D.C., we found that Rosslyn metro station presents the highest number of trips (morethan 1000 trips per day) affected by outages of the station’s elevators and escalators.
  Authors: Ferrari, Laura; Berlingerio, Michele; Calabrese, Francesco
  Authors: Ferrari, Laura; Berlingerio, Michele; Calabrese, Francesco
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-3907
• Planning Cycle-rickshaws for Serving as Access and Egress Legs of Mass Transit Systems
  Abstract: Cycle-rickshaw is a common mode of transport in many cities, particularly in developing countries. In the past many cities have tried to ban rickshaws either from the entire city or from certain roads on the grounds of reducing congestions or for enhancing the city image. Such a decision on rickshaw ban was ‘controversial’ because they are environment friendly and they have a significant role in transport as well as economy of the city. Hence, an alternative approach to placing outright restrictions on rickshaws is to try to integrate them in the formal public transport systems by using them as feeder services.The paper explored if the rickshaws could serve as a feeder service (access or egress legs) of mass transit, particularly for BRT systems. The paper is based on a case study on Dhaka City (Bangladesh) where the participatory research methods and qualitative approach had been applied. It was found that if planned properly and the design of BRT station considers accommodating rickshaws to ensure easy and convenient modal transfers for the public transport users then rickshaws would able to serve as a feeder service of BRT systems. The paper also provides the design for BRT station which would assist modal integration between rickshaws and BRT systems through their close physical location to provide easy and convenient transfers. The design of BRT station area suggested in this paper for integrating with rickshaws would be helpful for other cities having rickshaws that have BRT in operation or planning for BRT systems.
  Authors: Rahman, Muhammed Shafiq-Ur
  Authors: Rahman, Muhammed Shafiq-Ur
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-1323
• Development of Transportation Skill Assessment Tool for Individuals on the Autism Spectrum to Aid in Finding Safe and Accessible Paratransit Services
  Abstract: In order to assist individuals on the autism spectrum in accessing public paratransit services, the Transportation Skills Assessment Tool (TSAT) was developed. The tool was modeled after other assessments that are commonly used to evaluate individuals on the autism spectrum. The goal was to offer a reliable prediction on the ability of an individual to independently use public paratransit services based on their performance in a controlled testing environment. The tool developed by the researchers evaluates 37 separate tasks to determine the capability of an individual to use up to five different types of paratransit services. Of the 37 assessments, 36 were modified from previously validated assessment tools, and one was developed by Rutgers. The paratransit services evaluated are: hand-to-hand, door-through-door, door-to-door, curb-to-curb, and ADA complementary. The tool is designed with three hierarchical sections for the five different paratransit types as well as the trip planning and scheduling section. The TSAT is designed to simulate each of the necessary skills in order to evaluate the individual’s ability to independently travel using one or more of the paratransit services. A pilot test was conducted with five adults from the Rutgers Douglass Development Disabilities Center. Of the five individuals tested, three were determined to have the ability to ride hand-to-hand services independently and two were determined unable to ride paratransit independently. The pilot test indicated the TSAT was able to predict the capabilities of an individual in a simulated real-world environment based on the in-class results with 100% accuracy.
  Authors: Feeley, Cecelia; Szary, Patrick J.; Lee, Ken; Matlin, Alisa; Hoffman, Louis; Manente, Christopher; Matheis, Elizabeth
  Authors: Feeley, Cecelia; Szary, Patrick J.; Lee, Ken; Matlin, Alisa; Hoffman, Louis; Manente, Christopher; Matheis, Elizabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 767
  Paper Number: 13-0553
• Framework for Innovative Public Spaces
  Abstract: BackgroundThe NYC Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Plaza Program was initiated to quickly create new public spaces in the public right-of-way throughout the City’s five boroughs. The most high profile projects involved reallocating road space to public plazas along Broadway with the goal of improving pedestrian movement and safety without compromising traffic flow. Creating public plazas in space constrained cities is not a simple task. Removing traffic lanes is politically contentious, as business owners fear reduced vehicular access to their businesses, and local drivers fear an increase in congestion. There are significant costs involved in the planning, construction and maintenance of public spaces, and ownership can often be an issue. The innovative aspect of the DOT plazas is that by using paint, planters, folding chairs, rotating public art and other temporary materials, construction time and costs are minimal when compared with traditional raised plazas. Analyzing five reclaimed spaces, this paper evaluates how people interact with these newly created plazas, with each other and with traffic as well as explores how these new spaces create new view corridors for pedestrians to view adjacent landmarks and the City. The primary goals of this paper are to understand how plaza design elements impact use of the space and to provide recommendations to inform the development of plazas for other cities. This project was conducted in collaboration with Project for Public Spaces (PPS).Methodology & FrameworkSite SelectionFive reclaimed streets, parking lots and intersections in NYC are included in the study. These sites span geographically across three boroughs and vary in the land use context in which they are located. The five spaces include:• Gansevoort Plaza (Manhattan); • Meat Market Plaza (Manhattan); • Pearl Street Pocket Park (Brooklyn); • Broadway Boulevard Plaza at Madison Square (Manhattan); and• “The Hub” at Roberto Clemente Plaza (Bronx). Observational AnalysisObservational data collection was used to gain information about the physical aspects of the site as well as patterns of use by patrons. Each site was filmed from a bird’s eye view, usually a rooftop overlooking the plaza, for two hours at midday (between 11:30pm and 2pm) and two hours in the early evening (4pm – 6pm)- peak periods of weekday plaza use based on site observations. The video data was then used to conduct the following analyses:• Site geometry and features: Using a combination of observation and any existing plans or designs for the plazas, we created plans of each space showing the location of all features including furniture, bollards, planters, vendors, crosswalks, bicycle lanes and nearby transit stops.• Activity mapping and spot counts: From the video, common activities that occur in various areas of the plaza were mapped. This helped understand how certain features or geometries are conducive to different activities, whether sitting and eating, socializing, or reading.• User path tracking: User paths were tracked and mapped through the plazas.Video With our bird’s eye view video recordings, time-lapse videos were created to document the overall movement in the plaza throughout the day. Video montages help illustrate travel paths, activity clusters and how users interact with the public space. Direct User FeedbackSurveys were used to gain feedback directly from users on the aspects they liked or disliked about the plaza. After several iterations, and working with PPS, the following factors have been identified as important in understanding how the design of the space affected the pedestrian experience and overall appeal of the space:• Comfort and Image; • Uses and Activities; and• Plaza Accessibility. In addition to the survey, we asked patrons about the purpose of their journey (work, shopping, home) to try to understand why users typically pass through the space.Results & FindingsPreliminary findings provide guidelines for the reallocation of street space for pedestrians to maximize its use and appeal. Key observations and recommendations focus on: • Locational principles; • Design elements to attract users to a space;• Connectivity and navigation;• 24-Hour plazas for a 24-hour city; • Definition of the space;• Creating destinations within a corridor; and• Programming and maintenance.
  Authors: Harvey, Nina; Jaynes, Carla; Khuong, Yennga Thi; Riscica, Vincent
  Authors: Harvey, Nina; Jaynes, Carla; Khuong, Yennga Thi; Riscica, Vincent
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Society; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Design
  Session: 449
  Paper Number: 13-2839
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Examples of Road and Rail Projects from Sweden
  Abstract: Review of examples of road and rail projects provided by the National Road/Rail Administration (s) in Sweden, where design, human scale, and local environment quality have played a big role. Comments and reflections please se PDF file attached
  Authors: Ingo, Susanne
  Authors: Ingo, Susanne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Society; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Design
  Session: 449
  Paper Number: 13-3559
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Strategic Transportation Infrastructure Investments for Vibrant Riverfront Neighborhood: Case Study in Cincinnati, Ohio
  Abstract:

  Settled in 1788, Cincinnati’s reliance on transportation to shape its growth started on the banks of the Ohio River where steamboats served as a vital part of the transportation network. When steamboats gave way to trains, trucks and automobiles, the riverfront was transformed by an interstate highway (I-71) that cut off downtown from the river and rail spurs to serve industrial users. Riverfront Stadium opened in 1970 and was connected to downtown with elevated pedestrian bridges across the ramps of the interstate highway. Social interaction occurred within the stadium during events but pedestrians immediately fled after games. Public investments of the time had created a transient and industrial environment. In the late 1990s, government and civic leaders collaborated to plan investments to spur the growth of the riverfront neighborhood known as The Banks. Together they quickly realized that transportation and public infrastructure investments would shape the development and social use of the neighborhood. The riverfront master plan outlined strategic transportation and public infrastructure investments that set the framework for the neighborhood:1.Reconfigure Fort Washington Way (I-71) – Completed in 2000, the project shrank the width and lowered the mainline interstate to allow downtown streets to flow seamlessly from the downtown core to The Banks neighborhood. With the sunken mainline and downtown scaled boulevards, pedestrians experience a comfortable walk along the planter lined sidewalks. On game days, thousands of event patrons enjoy the interconnectivity of the pedestrian amenities provided in this transportation facility. 2.Riverfront Transit Center – The center provides a below grade transit facility for event bus rider transfer on game days where pedestrians are dropped off in close proximity to the stadia and enjoy a neighborhood walk to the event. 3.Street Grid – The plan also re-established the riverfront street grid within the new neighborhood. Designed with pedestrian scaled amenities, the streets created a neighborhood. 4.Intermodal Parking Facility – Serving as the platform for development and streets above, the facility includes parking for event patrons, downtown workers and neighborhood visitors/residents. Vanpool and rideshare patrons receive special rates. 5.Stadia – Paul Brown Stadium and Great American Ball Park were pushed to the outer edges of the neighborhood to allow the city to grow to the river. Entry gates and ancillary facilities were positioned at street level to encourage a pedestrian friendly environment. 6.Bike Facility and Trails – In 2012, the Bike Center opened within the new Riverfront Park. Commuters and visitors may rent and store bikes in this facility located adjacent to the Ohio River Bike Trail system. 7.Reconfigure Mehring Way – The iconic Roebling Suspension Bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The plan reserved space around this important landmark for the new riverfront park and reconfigured Mehring Way (US 50) from its 1970s rivers edge location to a 2011 tree-lined northern alignment. 8.Transient Boat Dock – The riverfront park includes plans for a transient boat dock in the Ohio River. The dock will serve travelers and boaters on game days. 9.Cincinnati Streetcar – The City of Cincinnati is leading the effort for the initial 4 mile phase of this embedded rail streetcar route that connects the riverfront to urban core. The transportation and public investments outlined above spurred the following private investments: 1.The Banks Development – Key components set the framework for a private mixed use development (2010) that includes museum, hotel, office, retail and residential uses in a neighborhood. The transportation and public investments also spurred many public art opportunities within the neighborhood including:1.Riverfront Transit Center Mosaic2.Art Works Wall Mural3.Black Brigade Monument4.Labyrinth5.Children’s CarouselThese public art features and park amenities created in land adjacent to or made available by transportation investments contribute to the human scale and pedestrian environment. ConclusionThe strategic transportation investments in the Cincinnati riverfront area created a framework for leveraging other investments that maximized the impact of human interaction within the transportation facilities of the vibrant neighborhood.

  Authors: Sharp, Timothy
  Authors: Sharp, Timothy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Society; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Design
  Session: 449
  Paper Number: 13-4958
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Discontinuous Regions: High-Speed Rail and the Limits of Traditional Governance
  Abstract: Globalization and the interconnectivity of the economy have magnified the role of regions, restructuring social and economic relationships into networks that span increasing distances. At the same time, greater attention is due to localized urban quality, as non-vehicular modes and compact forms of development become critical in an environmentally conscious world. Within this context, increasing interest and adoption of high-speed rail (HSR)—a mode that addresses multiple scales—is unsurprising. HSR technology is used both to respond to existing trends of increased interconnectivity between urban centers and to enhance economic connections within regions and mega-regions.HSR has the unique ability to enable long-distance commuting across discontinuous regions that are far enough apart so as not to be adequately integrated by auto travel. This new geography of daily experiences has important potential implications for governance and relations among cities. Using Portugal as a case study, this paper examines the relationship between HSR development and new models of spatial organization and governance. Based on interviews with national and local officials, we discuss ways in which HSR planning is changing attitudes towards regional identity and urban governance, including: the integration of national entities into local planning processes, the potential for new models of commuting, and the role of HSR as an exogenous catalyst for regional cooperation.The case study reveals how HSR can serve as a catalyst for governments to rethink regional identity, intergovernmental relationships, and competitive positioning. The prospect of HSR implementation raises the profile of potential intraregional complementarity and highlights the importance of inter-governmental relationships.
  Authors: Stein, Naomi; Sussman, Joseph M.
  Authors: Stein, Naomi; Sussman, Joseph M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-0408
• Dynamic Wheel Loads of High-Speed Rail at Speeds Greater Than 400 km/h
  Abstract: The High-Speed Line (HSL) in Korea has been in service since 2004 with the maximum design speed and operating speed of 350km/h and 300km/h, respectively. Recently, Korea has completed a development of HEMU-430X (High Speed Electric Multiple-Unit, 430km/h eXperiment) with the maximum design speed and operating speed of 430km/h and 400km/h, respectively and is waiting for a trial run on a conventional HSL. In this study, we tried to predict wheel load fluctuations (WLFs), which are one of the key factors affecting acceleration to speeds over 400km/h. To accurately understand the WLFs in the high-speed range greater than 400km/h, we performed field running tests twice using the KTX-Sancheon trains on the Gyeongbu HSL. They travelled between Gwangmyeong and Daejeon at the maximum running speed of 302 and 335km/h, carefully measuring WLFs at varying speeds. Based on probabilistic data analysis using a Gaussian function, the WLF (¥ò/P_st), normalized non-dimensional parameter, at speeds of 400km/h and 500km/h was modeled into quadratic functions. Additionally, effects from structures that greatly impact WLFs, such as turnouts, transition zones, and loose sleepers, were evaluated quantitatively.
  Authors: Kim, Dae Sang
  Authors: Kim, Dae Sang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: 13-0671
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Urban Rail Transit in Shanghai: The First Fifteen Years
  Abstract: This study presents the rapid development of rail transit in Shanghai and the considerable growth of transit patronage and profit achieved by Shanghai rail during the past fifteen years from 1996 to 2010. The impacts of rail transit on mode split, residential density, auto ownership, and urban expansion are also examined. The empirical analysis provides evidence that rail transit have effectively guaranteed the continued and stable increase in transit ridership and significantly moderated the household relocation and land-use densification in the Shanghai metropolitan area. It finds significantly lower growth rate of automobile ownership and obviously higher growth rates of population and local revenue in the decade and a half after the introduction of rail transit compared to the 15-year periods before that introduction. Control study between Shanghai and Chongqing further reveals that a city with well-established rail systems has superiority in stimulating population growth and economic prosperity, but slowing motorization process. The encouraging and interesting research findings from before-and-after and control study in this paper may provide decision-makers and planners with confidence to pursue strategies to develop rail transit and embrace the concept of transit-oriented development.
  Authors: Zhao, Jinbao; Deng, Wei; Wang, Jian
  Authors: Zhao, Jinbao; Deng, Wei; Wang, Jian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-0857
• If you Fail to Plan you Plan to Fail: a Survey of Passenger Rail Disruption Recovery Practices
  Abstract: This research paper explores the manner in which passenger rail transit organisations plan for and manage unplanned service disruptions through an international survey of practices. This included semi-structured interviews of those staff responsible for service disruption management within 71 international transit agencies.Results suggest that 20% of agencies had parallel transit systems which can be used for commuters on disrupted services. Most of these were in inner urban contexts. Track intrusions/medical emergencies, weather extremes, track and rolling stock failures were common causes of unplanned disruptions. Bus bridging was the most common response to line blockages whilst transfer of passengers to the next train was the most common approach to individual rolling stock failures. Track crossovers were widely seen as critical to managing responses to disruptions; however, a small minority in mostly very cold climates also saw crossovers as a cause of unplanned failures. Most agencies used available spare buses to source bus bridging vehicles, however, only 45% actively retracted buses from existing scheduled bus services; although some of these agencies did acknowledge that this was often only done in extenuating circumstances. It is rare for agencies to have a strategic reserve of buses for bus bridging purposes. The paper discusses the implications of the study findings for future research and practice. In doing so it documents that all responses to unplanned disruptions can be categorised according to the key disruption characteristics of duration, cause, time and location and provides a typology of response mechanisms based on such characteristics.
  Authors: Pender, Brendan; Currie, Graham; Delbosc, Alexa; Shiwakoti, Nirajan
  Authors: Pender, Brendan; Currie, Graham; Delbosc, Alexa; Shiwakoti, Nirajan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-0940
• Unified Estimator For Excess Journey Time Under Heterogeneous Passenger Incidence Behavior Using Smartcard Data
  Abstract: Excess journey time (EJT), the difference between actual passenger journey times and journey times implied by the published timetable, strikes a useful balance between the passenger's and operator's perspectives of public transport service quality. Using smartcard data, this paper tried to characterize transit service quality with EJT under heterogeneous incidence behavior (arrival at boarding stations). A rigorous framework was established for analyzing EJT, in particular for reasoning about passenger’ journey time standards as implied by varying incidence behaviors. It was found that although the wrong assumption about passenger incidence behavior and journey time standards could result in a biased estimate of EJT at the individual passenger journey level, the paper proposed a unified estimator of EJT, which is unbiased at the aggregate level regardless of the passenger incidence behavior (random incidence, scheduled incidence, or a mixture of both). A case study based on London Overground network was conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. EJT was estimated using the smart card (Oyster) data at various levels of spatial and temporal aggregations in order to measure and evaluate the service quality. Aggregate EJT was found to vary substantially across the different London Overground lines and across time periods of weekday service. The North London Line in the AM Peak in the westbound direction had the worst service quality in terms of EJT.
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua; Frumin, Michael; Wilson, Nigel H.M.; Zhao, Zhan
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua; Frumin, Michael; Wilson, Nigel H.M.; Zhao, Zhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-1241
• Forecasting Demand for High-Speed Rail
  Abstract: It is sometimes argued that standard state-of-practice logit based models cannot forecast the demand for substantially reduced travel times, for instance due to High Speed Rail (HSR). The present paper investigates this issue by reviewing travel time elasticities for long-distance rail travel in the literature and comparing these with elasticities observed when new HSR lines have opened. This paper also validates the Swedish official long-distance model and its forecasted demand for a proposed new HSR track, using aggregate data revealing how the air-rail modal split varies with the difference in generalized travel time between rail and air. The official linear-in-parameters long-distance model is also compared to a model applying Box-Cox transformations. The paper contributes to the empirical literature on long-distance travel, long-distance elasticities and HSR passenger demand forecasts. Results indicate that the Swedish state-of-practice model, and similar models, is indeed able to predict the demand for a HSR reasonably well. The non-linear model, however, has better model fit and slightly higher elasticities.
  Authors: Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Authors: Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-1469
• Analysis Method for Correlation Between Catenary Irregularities and Pantograph-Catenary Contact Force
  Abstract: Pantograph-catenary contact force provides the main basis for evaluation of current quality collection; however, the pantograph-catenary contact force is largely affected by the catenary irregularities. To analyze the correlated relationship between catenary irregularities and pantograph-catenary contact force, a method based on NARX (Nonlinear Auto-Regressive with eXogenous input) neural networks was developed. First, to collect the test data of catenary irregularities and contact force, the pantograph/catenary dynamics model was established and dynamic simulation was conducted using MATLAB/Simulink. Second, catenary irregularities were used as the input to NARX neural network and the contact force was determined as output of the NARX neural network, in which the neural network was trained by an improved training mechanism based on the regularization algorithm. Third, the simulation results and the comparison with other algorithms indicate the validity and superiority of the proposed approach.
  Authors: Zhang, Yuan; Qin, Yong; Cheng, Xiaoqing; Jia, Limin; Xing, Zongyi
  Authors: Zhang, Yuan; Qin, Yong; Cheng, Xiaoqing; Jia, Limin; Xing, Zongyi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: 13-0208
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Analysis of High-Speed Rail Implementation Alternatives in the Northeast Corridor: the Role of Institutional and Technological Flexibility
  Abstract: In this paper, the Northeast Corridor of the United States is studied using the framework of the CLIOS Process (developed at MIT), scenario planning, and flexibility analysis. In particular, two bundles of strategic alternatives for high-speed rail implementation are proposed and analyzed under three different scenarios. Although the bundles of strategic alternatives proposed are very similar to other commonly accepted ways to implement high-speed rail in the corridor, the results motivate incorporation of flexibility into the bundles to allow decision makers to adapt as situations evolve. While designing-in and executing flexibility has a cost, it may facilitate the implementation of the bundles by enabling adaptation under different scenarios, thereby improving performance.
  Authors: Pena-Alcaraz, Maite; Carlson, S. Joel; Archila, Andres F.; Stein, Naomi; Sussman, Joseph M.
  Authors: Pena-Alcaraz, Maite; Carlson, S. Joel; Archila, Andres F.; Stein, Naomi; Sussman, Joseph M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1068
• Development of A Multi-Criteria Decision Method for High-Speed Rail Corridor Evaluation
  Abstract: High-speed intercity passenger rail projects are very complex and require many years of planning and environmental activities before construction can begin. Given the complexity of planning and environmental reviews associated with high-speed intercity passenger rail corridor planning, a systematic approach for high-level screening of various alternative routings for proposed high-speed rail corridors is desired. In this context, this paper proposes a multi-criteria decision-making framework to assist high-speed rail planners with the preliminary screening and ranking of potential high-speed rail corridors. The proposed framework is applied to the question of ranking 13 alternative routings for connecting the South Central and Gulf Coast federally-designated high-speed rail corridors located in Texas. Attributes that are incorporated in the decision framework include population, travel demand, capital costs, land use and environmental impacts, and engineering suitability. While the multi-criteria decision-making framework developed in this paper cannot be used to completely replace the environmental review process and formal alternatives analysis, it can be used by planners as a tool for preliminary screening or ranking of proposed high-speed rail corridors for detailed analysis.
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin R.; Mueller, Jon; Hunter-Zaworski, Katharine M.
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin R.; Mueller, Jon; Hunter-Zaworski, Katharine M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-3342
• A Practical Framework for Metro Maintenance Management
  Abstract: Although numerous Maintenance Management Frameworks (MMFs) exist in many industries, a literature review failed to find a practical one developed specifically with urban rail transit systems (metros) in mind. Using evidence and experience from a qualitative survey of senior metro maintenance managers, the Railway and Transport Strategy Centre created a descriptive, practical MMF building upon existing literature and Moubray’s ‘three generations of maintenance’. The framework specifies three broad bandings, which indicate the relative maturity and sophistication of different management practices and associated analytical techniques. Metro managers may use it to map their maintenance maturity relative to a group of technologically developed metros. The framework is linked to case studies providing practical examples of changes made by metros in maintenance practices. Further, it may be used to frame types of expected performance outcomes achievable by moving through the defined stages of maintenance maturity. It also identifies key barriers and enablers to this transition. The paper takes this framework as a basis to analyse the survey results, which highlight that the metro industry has embraced planned preventive techniques, but has yet to fully realise the possibilities of holistic and continuous improvement strategies.
  Authors: Parasram, Richard; Steel, Robin; Maxwell, Rory J.; Anderson, Richard; Hirsch, Robin Charles d'Aubyn; Melo, Patricia C.
  Authors: Parasram, Richard; Steel, Robin; Maxwell, Rory J.; Anderson, Richard; Hirsch, Robin Charles d'Aubyn; Melo, Patricia C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-4037
• Competitiveness of the High Speed Rail: Lisbon-Madrid Corridor Analysis Based on Discrete Choice Models
  Abstract: This paper has two main objectives: (1) to examine the potential of the high speed rail to compete against other transport modes currently operating between Lisbon and Madrid; and (2) to analyze the capacity of intermodal solutions incorporating the high speed rail to compete when included in air systems. Thus, more than evaluating the competition capacity of high speed rails in point-to-point trips, this research study assesses how attractive intermodal solutions in trips to medium and long haul destinations are.The analysis is based on discrete choice models, calibrated with data collected through a web stated preference survey. Furthermore, scenarios are used to explore the results obtained by the models. The results obtained suggest that the high speed train will not only be able to compete with other modes in a point-to-point trip from Lisbon to Madrid, but also be part of an intermodal chain to destinations beyond. It was also concluded that within the Business segment, the medium haul market sets the limit of intermodal transport solutions’ attractiveness. Within the Leisure segment, however, this limit might be extended up to the long haul market, depending on the pricing strategy. These conclusions are supported by the attractiveness of each transport mode.
  Authors: Barreira, Álvaro Torres; Reis, Vasco; Macario, Rosario
  Authors: Barreira, Álvaro Torres; Reis, Vasco; Macario, Rosario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-2824
• Development of Two-Stage Hybrid Method for Solving High Speed Rail Train Scheduling Problem
  Abstract: Train scheduling is one of the most important and complex elements in railway operational planning process, and this task is still done by manual at Taiwan High Speed Rail Company (THSRC). However, with the plan of adding four more stations and over a hundred additional daily train services in the near future, there is a pressing need for THSRC to improve the quality and efficiency of train scheduling process. This research develops a novel two-stage hybrid method to efficiently automate and optimize high speed rail scheduling process. The first stage applies Genetic Algorithm to solve train sequencing problem and then send the sequence to the second stage to determine the optimal timetable by using Linear Programming (LP) techniques. The results from the LP model would also be feedback to the first stage to determine its overall performance (by using the fitness function in GA). With this setup, timetable would gradually evolve toward an optimal solution based on this iterative process between inner and outer loops. Experimental results demonstrate this hybrid method can not only improve the solution efficiency substantially but also provide better timetables compared to the current practices. Using this tool can help HSR companies simultaneously automate the scheduling process, and improve the solution performance with excellent efficiency.
  Authors: Jong, Jyh-Cherng; Chang, Sloan; Lai, Yung-Cheng
  Authors: Jong, Jyh-Cherng; Chang, Sloan; Lai, Yung-Cheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-4794
• Observed Customer Seating and Standing Behaviors and Seat Preferences Onboard Subway Cars in New York City
  Abstract: Using an observational sampling methodology, this study explores seat occupancy patterns found in New York City subway cars under non-crowded conditions based on special attributes of otherwise highly homogenous plastic bench seats. Onboard seating patterns, measured as relative seat occupancy probabilities, are explained in terms of interactions between railcar design, layout, customer preferences, and resulting behaviours. Prior research has generally focused on passengers distribution between cars within long trains, or desirability of attributes common to all seats, rather than passengers seating patterns within a single car. Results, based on seating- and standing-room occupancy statistics, show customers have a clear preference for seats adjacent to doors, no real preference for seats adjacent to support stanchions, and disdain for bench spots between two other seats. On cars featuring transverse seating, customers prefer window seats, but have almost equal preference for backward- or forward-facing seats. No gender bias was detected amongst all seated passengers, but as load factor increased, men have higher probabilities of being standees compared to women. 90% seat utilization is only achieved at 120% load factor; furthermore, standing customers strongly prefer to crowd vestibule areas between doors (particularly in cars with symmetric door arrangements), and hold onto vertical poles. These findings are consistent with published anecdotes. Future cars should be designed with asymmetric doors, 2+2+2 partitioned longitudinal seats, and no stanchions or partitions near doorways. Further research should be conducted in commuter rail vehicles with suburban layouts, booth seating, and also other cities’ subways, to further understand customer seating preferences.
  Authors: Berkovich, Aaron; Lu, Alex; Levine, Brian; Reddy, Alla V.
  Authors: Berkovich, Aaron; Lu, Alex; Levine, Brian; Reddy, Alla V.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-1693
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Disruption Response Planning for an Urban Mass Rapid Transit Network
  Abstract: Given many cities' growing dependence on public rail transport, simple network disruptions can lead to widespread confusion and significant productivity loss to the society. Therefore, a systematic approach to develop efficient disruption response and minimize the negative impacts is required. In this paper, we develop a planning procedure to supplement a degraded urban mass rapid transit network through intelligent introduction of shuttle bus services in the disrupted area. The proposed method includes two important mechanisms, namely (1) using column generation to identify all beneficial bus routes, including those which might not be intuitively found, and (2) using a path-based multi-commodity flow formulation to select the best among these candidate bus routes. Finally, the method is applied to two disruption case studies defined using real-world data; the corresponding results confirmed the practicality of the proposed approach: (1) the procedure can be carried out efficiently, (2) introducing bus routes to the naive bridging services can easily yield significant improvement on commuters' travel delay, (3) the distribution of commuters' travel delay is improved considerably with an optimized response, and (4) many realistic operating constraints can be handled in planning process.
  Authors: Jin, Jian Gang; Teo, Kwong Meng; Sun, Lijun
  Authors: Jin, Jian Gang; Teo, Kwong Meng; Sun, Lijun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-1884
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Mathematical Modeling for Optimizing Skip-Stop Rail Transit Operation Strategy Using Genetic Algorithm
  Abstract: With skip-stop rail transit operation, transit agencies can reduce their operating costs and fleet size, and passengers can experience reduced in-transit travel times without extra track and technological improvement. However, since skip-stop operation does not serve all the stations, passengers at exclusive stopping stations can possibly experience increased access time, waiting time, total travel time, and transfer. Only when the stopping stations are carefully coordinated can skip-stop service benefit passengers and transit agencies.This research developed a mathematical model using a Genetic Algorithm that coordinated the stopping stations for skip-stop rail operation. Using the flexibility of the Genetic Algorithm, this model included many realistic conditions, such as different access modes, different stopping scenarios, different collision constraints, different objective functions, and etc.For this research, the Seoul Metro system¡¯s line No. 4 was used as an example. With skip-stop operation, total travel time became about 17-20 percent shorter than with original all-stop operation, depending on the stopping constraints. In-vehicle travel time became about 20-26 percent shorter due to skipping stations, although waiting, transfer, and additional access times increased by 24-38 percent.Each train skipped five to nine stations, which reduced five to nine minutes (up to 8 percent) of the operating time. As mentioned, this model was built to minimize the total travel time. If the model¡¯s objective was minimizing operating time or minimizing total cost, the model could reduce operating time more.
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae; Shariat, Shaghayegh; Choi, Keechoo
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae; Shariat, Shaghayegh; Choi, Keechoo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-5202
• Safety Performance Comparison Between Light Rail Transit And Subway
  Abstract: Along with the expansion and addition of guideway transit systems, such as light rail and subway, there came the need to compare the safety performance of each mode. The comparison of safety performance by different modes is difficult due to lack of data, short operating history, or smaller operating scales besides the complexity of various technologies, operating characteristics, and diversified environments.In order to evaluate the potential for intermodal comparison of safety performance measures, the authors have focused on the subway and Light Rail Transit (LRT) modes at the national aggregations. Starting with clear definitions of each safety category, the authors analyzed the safety data from the National Transit Database (NTD) in recent years to estimate the impact and implications of various safety performance measures. A series of comparisons between LRT and subway in various fatality, injury and property damage categories demonstrated that accident rates may be unstable and easily distorted when the operational base is small. With increased operations, the accident rate may become more predictable even if the simple numbers of accidents/incidents may still appear random.
  Authors: Jasmin, Nehemie; Liu, Rongfang
  Authors: Jasmin, Nehemie; Liu, Rongfang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-3560
• Analyzing the Potential for High-Speed Rail as Part of the Multimodal Transportation System in the Midwest Corridor
  Abstract: With ever-increasing congestion and rising fuel costs, both the travel time and cost of intercity passenger transportation are becoming increasingly significant. Around the world, high-speed rail (HSR) is seen as a way to mitigate the risk of volatile petroleum prices while alleviating congestion on highways and at airports. However, HSR is a contentious issue in the United States due to justifiable concerns of ridership and the large capital investment. Ridership is the critical element in determining the viability of a large capital, long-term transportation investment in terms of costs, revenue and the resulting societal impacts. This paper analyzes the potential for high-speed rail as part of the existing multimodal transportation system in a region. It provides a systematic methodology for analyzing transportation systemwide modal ridership with and without a proposed HSR network. Demographic, technological, economic, and policy trends are used to project ridership in the long-term. Experiments are conducted for the US Midwest corridor, but the methodology is extendable and modular to incorporate any mode in any region. The results show that passenger rail and commercial air ridership will increase at a faster rate than the road mode due to rising gasoline prices. The level-of-service and operational characteristics of HSR are critical in attracting ridership. Ridership forecasts range from 7 to 50 million riders annually based on current Amtrak and commercial airline service characteristics, respectively.
  Authors: Peters, Jeffrey; Han, En-Pei; Peeta, Srinivas; Delaurentis, Daniel
  Authors: Peters, Jeffrey; Han, En-Pei; Peeta, Srinivas; Delaurentis, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-1363
• Determining High-speed Rail Station Locations: A Model and Sensitivity Analysis
  Abstract: In order to improve personal mobility, safety, and environmental impact of passenger travel, and to strengthen regional and national economies, planners, governments and transportation companies throughout the world have been building high-speed rail (HSR) systems for over half a century. Although many early systems were principally government projects, public-private partnerships are increasingly being used to design, build, operate, and maintain these HSR networks. However, engaging the private sector requires a clear understanding of the potential profitability of such a system. A key question affecting this is the configuration of the line in terms of its length, number and location of stations, and ultimate alignment. A computer model was developed that uses station and route data to determine the most profitable routes based on the proposed stations. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine which variables have the greatest impact on the costs and returns of a HSR route. The sensitivity analysis led to the division of the design variables into three categories based on the significance of their impact on profitability. Variables that were found to have major influence are project concession, ridership, fare, annual fare increase, trainset availability, cost of building on viaduct, and land value increase. Categorizing the design variables allows for the model to be used more efficiently in a multi-phase approach that will reduce the time and resources required to assess potential HSR lines.
  Authors: Lovett, Alexander Hale; Munden, Greg; Saat, M. Rapik; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Authors: Lovett, Alexander Hale; Munden, Greg; Saat, M. Rapik; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1653
• Falling Through the Cracks: The Last MileApplying Best Practices to the San Francisco to San Jose Section of the California High-Speed Rail System
  Abstract: The Six Stages of Integration is a conceptual framework proposed herein that categorizes existing public transportation systems by their level of modal and agency integration. It offers a new paradigm that sees urban, regional, and high-speed rail as one coherent system. The One-Seat Ride and the Pulsed Hub System are identified as Best Practices, taking full advantage of the findings of the mode choice literature. The framework offers a sound basis for making major public transport infrastructure decisions.Integration is an especially important system characteristic in the U.S., where widely dispersed land uses result in the “Last Mile” problem and sub-optimal ridership. Current planning for High-Speed Rail (HSR) in the U.S. ignores the poor access to decentralized metropolitan areas that downtown-to-downtown links provide. While integration is more critical to HSR’s success in the United States than in Europe or Asia, U.S. institutional and regulatory barriers to integration are considerably higher. Systemic problems in the planning process combined with weak institutions result in best practices from abroad being ignored. As examples of Best Practices implementation, the paper proposes a series of enhancements to the California High-Speed Rail project, offering connectivity to all parts of the San Francisco metropolitan area and an armature for transit-oriented land uses. If transportation planning were to be properly coordinated with land use planning, these centers could become the seed for a less auto-dependent urban form in the Western United States. This paper proposes a conceptual framework, Integration Analysis, to assess to what extent a regional rail network is able to help HSR reach its ridership potential by offering connectivity to all parts of the metropolitan area. It examines transportation systems which were able to advance to progressively deeper levels of integration. Integration analysis also studies the regulatory and/or institutional hurdles which may have thwarted the natural development of other systems. The paper comes to the conclusion that while in the United States systems integration is more critical to HSR’s success than in Europe or Asia, the institutional and regulatory impediments to its implementation are actually considerably higher here than in most other countries, among others, because of systemic problems in the planning process.
  Authors: Clever, Reinhard
  Authors: Clever, Reinhard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1790
• Economic Impacts of Amtrak Intercity Passenger Rail Service in Michigan: Community-Level Analysis
  Abstract: Amtrak operates three routes in Michigan: the Wolverine, the Blue Water and the Pere Marquette. Using the methodology established in the 2009 Michigan Passenger Rail Station Community Benefits Study, this paper reports the economic impacts of Michigan Amtrak service in the 22 communities served by these routes. Results from the 2009 study are updated to reflect current ridership and ticket revenue data, as well as findings from passenger surveys conducted in spring 2011. Considering individual traveler savings, passenger spending at local businesses, and Amtrak-related expenditures, Amtrak service generated an estimated economic impact to the State of Michigan in excess of $45.8 million in 2011. The average economic impact (excluding Amtrak expenditures) was $37.87 per passenger. Every $1.00 invested by the State of Michigan for operations of the Blue Water and Pere Marquette routes returned $1.84 in economic impact to local communities and travelers along these routes. The findings of this analysis contribute to a small but growing body of literature that quantifies the economic impacts of existing Amtrak passenger rail service and have several applications for passenger rail planning, policy development, and outreach activities.
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin R.; Taylor, John C.; Roach, James L.
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin R.; Taylor, John C.; Roach, James L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-3162
• Short-Term High-Speed Rail Land Use Impacts on Large Metropolises: Case Study of Madrid, Spain
  Abstract: This paper proposes an accessibility-based approach to find the short-term high speed rail impacts on metropolitan areas. We study the Spanish High Speed Rail impacts from 2006 to 2009 on Madrid, as a case study, by the integration of geographic information system (GIS) technology and spatial discrete choice models. In this paper, besides the socioeconomic variables, both local and regional transport network development and accessibility growth are considered to isolate the impacts on the changes of land use types brought by different sources of accessibilities. The results from our model reveal that, in large metropolitan cities like Madrid, the impacts of high speed rail are shadowed by the other external factors. Focusing on the land typologies which shift the land use types during the studied years, we find that the growth of regional accessibility by the inauguration of new high speed rail lines is an important incentive which may lead to the upgrade of land occupation. However, this does not imply that such an increase can be a sufficient factor to drive the change in land use patterns, since comparing with the whole metropolitan region, the proportion of land cells which change each year is relatively small.
  Authors: Shen, Yu; Martínez, Luis Miguel Garrido; de Abreu e Silva, João
  Authors: Shen, Yu; Martínez, Luis Miguel Garrido; de Abreu e Silva, João
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-4264
• Measuring Subway Service Performance at New York City Transit: A Case Study Using Automated Train Supervision (ATS) Track-Occupancy Data
  Abstract: A recurring challenge facing transit managers today is the persistent question of how to do more with less—to maintain and improve service despite deficits of historic proportions. New York City Transit (NYCT) responded by re-tooling performance measurement frameworks and procedures to better capture customers’ perspective, respond to management initiatives, and incentivize proper operating decisions. NYCT’s primary performance measure, Wait Assessment (WA), measures customers’ maximum wait times while waiting to board at stations. Defined as percent of headways between trains not exceeding 125% of scheduled headways, a “Reach and Match” algorithm was developed to account for NYCT’s irregularly scheduled service and ensure customer experienced headways are matched to the specific published scheduled headway in effect at that moment, regardless of which scheduled trip was supposed to arrive. Upgrading sample-based methods that gathered limited data manually, track-occupancy data was downloaded from the Automated Train Supervision (ATS) system for the No.1 through No.6 routes, providing 100% coverage, much lower public reporting time-lag, and the ability to take near-term corrective action. The increase in data availability also allows NYCT to easily consider corridor-level and track-level WA standards for internal diagnostic purposes, analyzing train performance in shared-track territory regardless of route designations, to provide better service.
  Authors: Levine, Brian; Lu, Alex; Reddy, Alla V.
  Authors: Levine, Brian; Lu, Alex; Reddy, Alla V.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-2997
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Automatic Data for Applied Railway Management: A Case Study on the London Overground
  Abstract: In 2009, London Overground management implemented a new tactical plan for AM and PM Peak service on the North London Line (NLL). This paper documents that tactical planning intervention and evaluates its outcome in terms of certain aspects of service delivery (the operator’s perspective on system performance) and service quality (passenger’s perspective). The research depends heavily on in-person and e-mail interviews with key Overground managers and on research conducted for those managers by an industry consultant. Analyses of service delivery and quality, and passenger demand contribute to the development, proposal, and implementation of the new tactical plan. It is found that NLL trains were routinely delayed en route and excessive dwell time is major cause. Near-random passenger incidence behavior suggests a even headway service may be more appropriate for NLL. The confluence of these analyses is confirmed by the corresponding excess journey time (EJT) results. Based on longitudinal analysis, evaluation shows that on-time performance increased substantially and observed journey time (OJT) decreased (i.e. they both improved) with the introduction of the new plan. EJT decreases by substantially more than OJT for the line as a whole. Overall, the effects of this implementation appear to have been positive on balance. This case study thus demonstrates the applicability of automatic data generally, and certain measures and techniques in London Overground specifically, to support tactical planning of an urban railway.
  Authors: Frumin, Michael; Zhao, Jinhua; Wilson, Nigel H.M.; Zhao, Zhan
  Authors: Frumin, Michael; Zhao, Jinhua; Wilson, Nigel H.M.; Zhao, Zhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-2987
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Planning for Transit System Reliability Using Productive Performance and Risk Assessment
  Abstract:

  Urban transit system performance may be quantified and assessed using transit capacity and productive capacity for planning, design and operational management. Bunker (4) defines important productive performance measures of an individual transit service and transit line. Transit work (p-km) captures transit task performed over distance. Transit productiveness (p-km/h) captures transit work performed over time. This paper applies productive performance with risk assessment to quantify transit system reliability. Theory is developed to monetize transit segment reliability risk on the basis of demonstration Annual Reliability Event rates by transit facility type, segment productiveness, and unit-event severity. A comparative example of peak hour performance of a transit sub-system containing bus-on-street, busway, and rail components in Brisbane, Australia demonstrates through practical application the importance of valuing reliability. Comparison reveals the highest risk segments to be long, highly productive on street bus segments followed by busway (BRT) segments and then rail segments. A transit reliability risk reduction treatment example demonstrates that benefits can be significant and should be incorporated into project evaluation in addition to those of regular travel time savings, reduced emissions and safety improvements. Reliability can be used to identify high risk components of the transit system and draw comparisons between modes both in planning and operations settings, and value improvement scenarios in a project evaluation setting. The methodology can also be applied to inform daily transit system operational management.

  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan Michael
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-0036
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Dynamic System Optimal Routing In Multimodal Transit Network
  Authors: Lebacque, Jean-Patrick
  Authors: Lebacque, Jean-Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-1247
• Operations of a Taxi Fleet for Advance Reservations Using Electric Vehicles and Charging Stations
  Authors: Wang, Hao
  Authors: Wang, Hao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 648
  Paper Number: 13-1717
• Analysis Method for Correlation Between Catenary Irregularities and Pantograph-Catenary Contact Force
  Authors: Zhang, Yuan
  Authors: Zhang, Yuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: 13-0208
• Managing Dynamic Vehicle Allocation for Carsharing Systems: Stochastic Programming Approach
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 818
  Paper Number: 13-0324
• Assessment of "Last Mile" Shuttle Corridors and Users in New Jersey
  Authors: Deka, Devajyoti
  Authors: Deka, Devajyoti
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 722
  Paper Number: 13-0421
• Optimizing Dynamic Ride-Sharing Systems
  Authors: Sacco, Nicola
  Authors: Sacco, Nicola
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 452
  Paper Number: 13-0450
• Development of Transportation Skill Assessment Tool for Individuals on the Autism Spectrum to Aid in Finding Safe and Accessible Paratransit Services
  Authors: Feeley, Cecelia
  Authors: Feeley, Cecelia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 767
  Paper Number: 13-0553
• Bus Operator Perceptions of Safety Risks
  Authors: Strathman, James
  Authors: Strathman, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 712
  Paper Number: 13-0564
• Dynamic Wheel Loads of High-Speed Rail at Speeds Greater Than 400 km/h
  Authors: Kim, Dae Sang
  Authors: Kim, Dae Sang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: 13-0671
• Environmental Justice Analysis of Minority and Low-Income Populations Adjacent to Goods Movement Corridors in Southern California
  Authors: Seo, Jung
  Authors: Seo, Jung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-0701
• Planning for Transit System Reliability Using Productive Performance and Risk Assessment
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-0036
• Analytical Procedures for Estimating Capacity of Weaving Sections for Median Exclusive Bus Lanes on an Urban Expressway
  Authors: Chen, Xumei
  Authors: Chen, Xumei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 592
  Paper Number: 13-1752
• Investigating Economic Viability of Personal Rapid Transit System for a University Campus and Its Surroundings
  Authors: Tahmasseby, Shahram
  Authors: Tahmasseby, Shahram
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 234
  Paper Number: 13-2124
• Investigating Economic Viability of Personal Rapid Transit System for a University Campus and Its Surroundings
  Authors: Kattan, Lina
  Authors: Kattan, Lina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 234
  Paper Number: 13-2124
• Multiobjective Optimization Model for Transit Fleet Resource Allocation
  Authors: Mishra, Sabyasachee
  Authors: Mishra, Sabyasachee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-2225
• Improve Rail Station Access Via Feeder Bus Network Optimization And Mode Shifts
  Authors: Liu, Rongfang
  Authors: Liu, Rongfang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 712
  Paper Number: 13-2328
• Energy-Efficient Operation of Subway Systems
  Authors: Su, Shuai
  Authors: Su, Shuai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-2451
• Transit Assignment Model Incorporating Dwell Time
  Authors: Meng, Qiang
  Authors: Meng, Qiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 712
  Paper Number: 13-2485
• Quick-Scan Appraisal Method to Determine Cost-Effectiveness of Traffic and Demand Management Measures
  Authors: Meurs, Henk
  Authors: Meurs, Henk
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 282
  Paper Number: 13-2534
• Benefits of Real-Time Transit Information and Impacts of Data Accuracy on Rider Experience
  Authors: Gooze, Aaron
  Authors: Gooze, Aaron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-0785
• A Multicriteria Approach for Analyzing Railway Service Quality
  Authors: Mazzulla, Gabriella
  Authors: Mazzulla, Gabriella
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-0853
• If you Fail to Plan you Plan to Fail: a Survey of Passenger Rail Disruption Recovery Practices
  Authors: Pender, Brendan
  Authors: Pender, Brendan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-0940
• A Comparative Analysis of Personal Rapid Transit as an Urban Transportation Mode
  Authors: Juster, Reuben
  Authors: Juster, Reuben
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 722
  Paper Number: 13-1186
• Unified Estimator For Excess Journey Time Under Heterogeneous Passenger Incidence Behavior Using Smartcard Data
  Authors: Frumin, Michael
  Authors: Frumin, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-1241
• Sight Distances for Disabled Pedestrians at Crossings: Methodology Comparison with Other Modes
  Authors: Schoon, John
  Authors: Schoon, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 690
  Paper Number: 13-1478
• Designing Bus Rapid Transit Facilities for Constrained Urban Arterials: A Case Study of the Webster Avenue SBS Running Way Design Selection Process
  Authors: Beaton, Eric
  Authors: Beaton, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 226
  Paper Number: 13-1346
• Unraveling the Travel Behavior of Carsharing Members from GPS Traces
  Authors: Trepanier, Martin
  Authors: Trepanier, Martin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 491
  Paper Number: 13-1705
• An Analytical Approach to Measuring Impacts of Transit Priority
  Authors: Currie, Graham
  Authors: Currie, Graham
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-1001
• Modeling the Practical Capacity of Escalators Using a Rule-Based Microsimulation of Pedestrian Behavior
  Authors: Kauffmann, Peter
  Authors: Kauffmann, Peter
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 722
  Paper Number: 13-1586
• Observed Customer Seating and Standing Behaviors and Seat Preferences Onboard Subway Cars in New York City
  Authors: Lu, Alex
  Authors: Lu, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-1693
• Analyzing the Potential for High-Speed Rail as Part of the Multimodal Transportation System in the Midwest Corridor
  Authors: Peters, Jeffrey
  Authors: Peters, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-1363
• Forecasting Demand for High-Speed Rail
  Authors: Börjesson, Maria
  Authors: Börjesson, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-1469
• Effects on Service Quality Following Regulatory Reforms in Public Transport in Malta
  Authors: Attard, Maria
  Authors: Attard, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-1473
• Carpooling in Switzerland: Public Attitudes and Growth Strategies
  Authors: Ciari, Francesco
  Authors: Ciari, Francesco
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 282
  Paper Number: 13-2780
• Missed or Delayed Medical Care Appointments by Older Users of Nonemergency Medical Transportation Services
  Authors: MacLeod, Kara
  Authors: MacLeod, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 369
  Paper Number: 13-2879
• Impact of Eliminating Minimum Parking Standard on Residential Parking Supply in London, 2004-2010
  Authors: Guo, Zhan
  Authors: Guo, Zhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 715
  Paper Number: 13-2904
• Measuring Subway Service Performance at New York City Transit: A Case Study Using Automated Train Supervision (ATS) Track-Occupancy Data
  Authors: Levine, Brian
  Authors: Levine, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-2997
• Development of A Multi-Criteria Decision Method for High-Speed Rail Corridor Evaluation
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-3342
• Passenger-Focused Management Approach to Measurement of Train Delay Impacts
  Authors: Barron, Alexander
  Authors: Barron, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-3345
• Using Structural Equations Modeling to Analyze User Satisfaction in Intermodal Transfer Facilities in Lisbon, Portugal
  Authors: de Abreu e Silva, João
  Authors: de Abreu e Silva, João
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 389
  Paper Number: 13-3655
• Personal Rapid Transit Studies in Two Scandinavian Cities
  Authors: Stam, Daniele
  Authors: Stam, Daniele
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 234
  Paper Number: 13-2699
• Users' Experience and Evaluation of New Southern Masha'er Metro Line in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  Authors: Alshalalfah, Baha
  Authors: Alshalalfah, Baha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 389
  Paper Number: 13-2510
• Public Transport Performance Measurement System for Switzerland and Its Calibration
  Authors: Orth, Hermann
  Authors: Orth, Hermann
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-1967
• Public Transport Performance Measurement System for Switzerland and Its Calibration
  Authors: Carrasco, Nelson
  Authors: Carrasco, Nelson
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-1967
• Public Transport Performance Measurement System for Switzerland and Its Calibration
  Authors: Weidmann, Ulrich
  Authors: Weidmann, Ulrich
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-1967
• Disruption Response Planning for an Urban Mass Rapid Transit Network
  Authors: Jin, Jian Gang
  Authors: Jin, Jian Gang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-1884
• Public Transport Performance Measurement System for Switzerland and Its Calibration
  Authors: Schwertner, Michael
  Authors: Schwertner, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 761
  Paper Number: 13-1967
• A Model for the Optimal Location of Bus Stops and its Application to a Public Transport Corridor in Santiago
  Authors: Giesen, Ricardo
  Authors: Giesen, Ricardo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 712
  Paper Number: 13-3186
• Examples of Road and Rail Projects from Sweden
  Authors: Ingo, Susanne
  Authors: Ingo, Susanne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 449
  Paper Number: 13-3559
• Multiobjective Optimization Model for Transit Fleet Resource Allocation
  Authors: Sharma, Sushant
  Authors: Sharma, Sushant
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-2225
• Framework for Innovative Public Spaces
  Authors: Harvey, Nina
  Authors: Harvey, Nina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 449
  Paper Number: 13-2839
• How Close Is Close Enough? Statistical Equivalence of Onboard Versus Online Surveys of Transit Customers
  Authors: Cummins, Ben
  Authors: Cummins, Ben
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-2893
• Hailing in the Rain: Temporal and Weather-Related Variations in Taxi Ridership and Taxi Demand-Supply Equilibrium
  Authors: Yazici, M. Anil
  Authors: Yazici, M. Anil
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 648
  Paper Number: 13-3131
• Census of U.S. Near-Roadway Population: Particulate Matter Exposure, Environmental Justice, and Coverage of Air Quality Monitoring Network
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3256
• Estimating Transit Route-level OD Flow Matrices from APC Data on Multiple Bus Trips Using the IPF Method with an Iteratively Improved Base
  Authors: Mishalani, Rabi
  Authors: Mishalani, Rabi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 226
  Paper Number: 13-3375
• Review of Civil Rights Guidance and Equity Analysis Methods for Regional Transportation Plans
  Authors: Karner, Alex
  Authors: Karner, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3420
• Effectiveness of Reserved Bus Lanes in Arterials
  Authors: Romana, Manuel
  Authors: Romana, Manuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 592
  Paper Number: 13-2283
• Implementation Cost Comparison of Different Types of Electric Vehicle Energy Replenishment Technologies for Public Transit Bus Systems
  Authors: Suh, In-Soo
  Authors: Suh, In-Soo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 818
  Paper Number: 13-3632
• Benefits of Standardization of Bus Transit Automated Vehicle Location Data Outputs to the Academic Community
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 226
  Paper Number: 13-2811
• Automatic Data for Applied Railway Management: A Case Study on the London Overground
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-2987
• Potential of Low-Frequency Automated Vehicle Location Data for Monitoring and Control of Bus Performance
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-4011
• A Practical Framework for Metro Maintenance Management
  Authors: Parasram, Richard
  Authors: Parasram, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-4037
• Evaluation of Community Café's Utility for Public Transportation Use in a Local Community in Japan
  Authors: Kishi, Kunihiro
  Authors: Kishi, Kunihiro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 389
  Paper Number: 13-4157
• Dynamic Transit Service Through Open Mode Integrated Transportation System
  Authors: Wang, Liang
  Authors: Wang, Liang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 818
  Paper Number: 13-4385
• Community Paratransit and the Economic Recession: Challenges and Opportunities
  Authors: Lubin, Andrea
  Authors: Lubin, Andrea
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 767
  Paper Number: 13-4346
• Simulation-Based Planning Framework for Choosing Where to Implement Bus Signal Priority in Mixed-Mode Operations
  Authors: Tabatabaie Shourijeh, Morteza
  Authors: Tabatabaie Shourijeh, Morteza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 226
  Paper Number: 13-4460
• Comparing Optimal Relocation Operations with Simulated Relocation Policies in One-Way Carsharing Systems
  Authors: Jorge, Diana
  Authors: Jorge, Diana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 818
  Paper Number: 13-4559
• Qualitative Insights on the Travel Behavior Effects of Joining a Carshare
  Authors: Chatterjee, Kiron
  Authors: Chatterjee, Kiron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 491
  Paper Number: 13-4590
• The Adoption of Complete Streets Policies in Transportation-Disadvantaged Communities: Lessons from U.S. Case Studies
  Authors: Clifton, Kelly
  Authors: Clifton, Kelly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 369
  Paper Number: 13-4615
• The Adoption of Complete Streets Policies in Transportation-Disadvantaged Communities: Lessons from U.S. Case Studies
  Authors: Bronstein, Sarah
  Authors: Bronstein, Sarah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 369
  Paper Number: 13-4615
• Is the curb 80% full or 20% empty? Assessing the efficacy of San Francisco's parking experiment
  Authors: Weinberger, Rachel
  Authors: Weinberger, Rachel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 715
  Paper Number: 13-4824
• Is the curb 80% full or 20% empty? Assessing the efficacy of San Francisco's parking experiment
  Authors: Millard-Ball, Adam
  Authors: Millard-Ball, Adam
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 715
  Paper Number: 13-4824
• Which Is the Biggest Carrot? Comparing Nontraditional Incentives for Demand Management
  Authors: Walker, Joan
  Authors: Walker, Joan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 282
  Paper Number: 13-5039
• Comparing Fixed-Route and Demand-Responsive Feeder Transit Systems in Real-World Settings
  Authors: Edwards, Derek
  Authors: Edwards, Derek
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 767
  Paper Number: 13-5185
• Scrutinizing Weekly Travel Behavior Patterns in Paratransit: Results of a Big Data Experiment
  Authors: Desharnais, Marie-Christine
  Authors: Desharnais, Marie-Christine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 767
  Paper Number: 13-3790
• Benchmarking Disaggregate Customer Satisfaction Scores Between Bus Operators in Different Cities and Countries
  Authors: Trompet, Mark
  Authors: Trompet, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-3823
• Pedestrian Route Choice of Vertical Facilities in Subway Stations
  Authors: Srikukenthiran, Siva
  Authors: Srikukenthiran, Siva
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 592
  Paper Number: 13-4417
• Transportation in an Aging Society: Linkage Between Transportation and Quality of Life
  Authors: Kim, Sungyop
  Authors: Kim, Sungyop
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 369
  Paper Number: 13-3619
• Transportation in an Aging Society: Linkage Between Transportation and Quality of Life
  Authors: Ulfarsson, Gudmundur
  Authors: Ulfarsson, Gudmundur
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 369
  Paper Number: 13-3619
• New Truck-Mounted Precision Grinding System
  Authors: Randolph, David
  Authors: Randolph, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5085
• Proper and Effective Use of Racine Railroad Products Hand-Grinding Equipment
  Authors: Ries, Steven
  Authors: Ries, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5084
• Transit Rail Grinding Takes "Shape"
  Authors: Holfeld, Donald
  Authors: Holfeld, Donald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5086
• Mobility-Enhancing ICT from an Ethical Perspective: Case of a Navigation System for Visually Impaired Persons
  Authors: Sochor, Jana
  Authors: Sochor, Jana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 690
  Paper Number: 13-4637
• Estimating Capacity of High-Volume Bus Rapid Transit Stations
  Authors: Aros-Vera, Felipe
  Authors: Aros-Vera, Felipe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 592
  Paper Number: 13-4702
• Strategic Transportation Infrastructure Investments for Vibrant Riverfront Neighborhood: Case Study in Cincinnati, Ohio
  Authors: Sharp, Timothy
  Authors: Sharp, Timothy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 449
  Paper Number: 13-4958
• Urban Core Transit Access to Low-Income Jobs
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-5046
• Rail Life Management Systems
  Authors: Martin, Ron
  Authors: Martin, Ron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5067
• Large-Scale Transit Schedule Coordination Based on Journey Planner Requests
  Authors: Nair, Rahul
  Authors: Nair, Rahul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 279
  Paper Number: 13-4058
• Short-Term High-Speed Rail Land Use Impacts on Large Metropolises: Case Study of Madrid, Spain
  Authors: Shen, Yu
  Authors: Shen, Yu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-4264
• Development of Surface Roughness Standards for Pathways Used by Wheelchairs
  Authors: Duvall, Jonathan
  Authors: Duvall, Jonathan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 690
  Paper Number: 13-4268
• Smart Devices and Travel Time Use by Bus Passengers in Vancouver, Canada
  Authors: Derian, Alexandra
  Authors: Derian, Alexandra
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 491
  Paper Number: 13-4274
• Stadler GTW DMU Federal Railroad Administration Alternative Vehicle Technology Waiver at Denton County Transportation Authority, Texas
  Authors: Tagaras, Michael
  Authors: Tagaras, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: P13-5330
• Technical Update on California High-Speed Train Project: System Overview with Emphasis on Rolling Stock
  Authors: Banko, Frank
  Authors: Banko, Frank
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: P13-5331
• Mobility for Travelers with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities: Challenges and Solutions
  Authors: Suen, S.
  Authors: Suen, S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 690
  Paper Number: 13-4646
• Parking Utilization for Neighborhood Shopping Centers Along Transit Routes in San Jose, California: Are Minimum Parking Requirements Too High?
  Authors: Smith, Adam
  Authors: Smith, Adam
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 715
  Paper Number: 13-5350
• Is the curb 80% full or 20% empty? Assessing the efficacy of San Francisco's parking experiment
  Authors: Hampshire, Robert
  Authors: Hampshire, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation
  Session: 715
  Paper Number: 13-4824
• Passenger Rail and Private Markets: Host Carrier View
  Authors: Wessler, Rich
  Authors: Wessler, Rich
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: P13-5431
• Enhancing Onboard Services on the Downeaster: Lessons Learned
  Authors: Quinn, Patricia
  Authors: Quinn, Patricia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: P13-5432
• Development of Section 209 of Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008: Pricing Framework
  Authors: Kutrosky, David
  Authors: Kutrosky, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: P13-5433
• Panel 1: The Spectrum of Challenges to Provide Interregional Passenger Mobility
  Authors: Rommerts, Marcel
  Authors: Rommerts, Marcel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 138
  Paper Number: P13-5768
• Panel 1: The Spectrum of Challenges to Provide Interregional Passenger Mobility
  Authors: Aparicio, Angel
  Authors: Aparicio, Angel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 138
  Paper Number: P13-5768
• Describing the Benefits of HSR Panel
  Authors: Quinn, Patricia
  Authors: Quinn, Patricia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7123
• Status of International HSR Programs
  Authors: Romo, Eduardo
  Authors: Romo, Eduardo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7124
• Status of International HSR Programs
  Authors: Franca, Helio
  Authors: Franca, Helio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7124
• Design and Operational Integration of HSR Panel
  Authors: Kick, Armin
  Authors: Kick, Armin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7122
• Describing the Benefits of HSR Panel
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7123
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Camay, Stephanie
  Authors: Camay, Stephanie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 319
  Paper Number: Z13-319
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Mejia, Genaro
  Authors: Mejia, Genaro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: Z13-320
• Rail Milling: New Tool in Rail Engineer's Toolbox
  Authors: Baker, Paul
  Authors: Baker, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5090
• Noise Control and Asset Preservation: Two Sides of the Transit Rail Grinding Picture
  Authors: McGinley, Michael
  Authors: McGinley, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5066
• Current and Future State of Switch and Crossing Grinding Techniques
  Authors: Palese, Joseph
  Authors: Palese, Joseph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5087
• Loram Advancements in Mainline and Specialty Grinding Throughout the World
  Authors: Kohnert, Gary
  Authors: Kohnert, Gary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5088
• Overall Benefits of Rail Grinding on the MBTA
  Authors: Martin, Ray
  Authors: Martin, Ray
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5091
• What Is It All Worth? Quantifying Economic Value of TDM Investments
  Authors: Concas, Sisinnio
  Authors: Concas, Sisinnio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 193
  Paper Number: P13-6500
• The Next Frontier: Integrating TDM Measurement in Regional Activity-Based Models
  Authors: Sall, Elizabeth
  Authors: Sall, Elizabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 193
  Paper Number: P13-6501
• Opportunities and Challenges in Realizing Market Potential for Passenger Rail Development
  Authors: Posner III, Henry
  Authors: Posner III, Henry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: P13-6795
• Successfully Planning and Implementing Railroad Infrastructure Projects That Require Major Service Disruptions: Case Study Examination
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6898
• Denver RTD’s Shared R/W Experience Since Littleton
  Authors: Shrestha, Pranaya
  Authors: Shrestha, Pranaya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6900
• Implementing a light rail safety program
  Authors: Genova, David
  Authors: Genova, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors; MAP-21
  Session: 327
  Paper Number: P13-6751
• Best practices in transit safety at MARTA
  Authors: Gregory, Georgetta
  Authors: Gregory, Georgetta
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors; MAP-21
  Session: 327
  Paper Number: P13-6753
• A New Mandate for Transit Safety under MAP-21
  Authors: Valdes, Vincent
  Authors: Valdes, Vincent
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors; MAP-21
  Session: 327
  Paper Number: P13-6754
• WMATA's Shared Path to Dulles Airport
  Authors: Peterson, Eric
  Authors: Peterson, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6897
• Current Status of HSR in the United States
  Authors: Richard, Dan
  Authors: Richard, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7119
• Panel: Unique HSR Challenges - The Front End
  Authors: Melaniphy, Michael
  Authors: Melaniphy, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7120
• Panel: Unique HSR Challenges - The Front End
  Authors: Haas, Peter
  Authors: Haas, Peter
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7120
• Panel: Unique HSR Challenges - The Front End
  Authors: Toliver, Paul
  Authors: Toliver, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7120
• Status of International HSR Programs
  Authors: Perl, Anthony
  Authors: Perl, Anthony
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7124
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: Z13-528
• Current Status of HSR in the United States
  Authors: Gardner, Stephen
  Authors: Gardner, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7119
• Bikes, Trails, and Rails
  Authors: Denney, Charles
  Authors: Denney, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6896
• Carpooling Effects on I-95 in Miami
  Authors: Chiarelli, Robyn
  Authors: Chiarelli, Robyn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 139
  Paper Number: P13-6507
• Shaping Our Transportation Demand Management Tools Before They Shape Us: Brief Context for Development and Use of TDM Evaluation Tools
  Authors: Diggins, Lori
  Authors: Diggins, Lori
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 193
  Paper Number: P13-6503
• Searching All Real-Time Transportation Options in One Place: Rise of Aggregator Websites
  Authors: Carroll, Steve
  Authors: Carroll, Steve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 452
  Paper Number: P13-6539
• Deep Dive into Real-Time Ridesharing Pilot Projects: Successes and Lessons Learned from Five Pilot Projects Across the United States
  Authors: O'Sullivan, Sean
  Authors: O'Sullivan, Sean
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 452
  Paper Number: P13-6540
• Improving Aviation Safety: An Air Traffic Control Perspective
  Authors: Teixeira, Joseph
  Authors: Teixeira, Joseph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Safety and Human Factors; MAP-21
  Session: 327
  Paper Number: P13-6752
• Financing HSR Panel
  Authors: Eckels, Judge Robert
  Authors: Eckels, Judge Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7121
• Financing HSR Panel
  Authors: Page, Sasha
  Authors: Page, Sasha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7121
• Design and Operational Integration of HSR Panel
  Authors: Jenkins, Brian
  Authors: Jenkins, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7122
• What Is the Difference Between Managed Lanes and Salt? I Do not Know but They Both Hurt Slugs
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 139
  Paper Number: P13-6489
• Moving Us Down the Road More Efficiently: Measuring TDM Contribution in Corridor Applications
  Authors: Loudon, William
  Authors: Loudon, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 193
  Paper Number: P13-6497
• Current Status of HSR in the United States
  Authors: Harnish, Rick
  Authors: Harnish, Rick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7119
• Describing the Benefits of HSR Panel
  Authors: Quandel, Charles
  Authors: Quandel, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7123
• Status of International HSR Programs
  Authors: Loubinoux, Jean-Pierre
  Authors: Loubinoux, Jean-Pierre
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7124
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Moorhead, William
  Authors: Moorhead, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: Z13-179
• TCRP Synthesis 98: Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit
  Authors: Murray, Gail
  Authors: Murray, Gail
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 452
  Paper Number: P13-6512
• Design for User Testing of Affordable Bus Identification and Homing System for the Visually Impaired
  Authors: Balakrishnan, M.
  Authors: Balakrishnan, M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 591
  Paper Number: P13-6285
• Accessibility in Public Transport Systems: Case Studies of Delhi Metro and Bus Rapid Transit in Delhi and Ahemdabad, India
  Authors: Tiwari, Geetam
  Authors: Tiwari, Geetam
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 591
  Paper Number: P13-6283
• Safe Streets for Seniors: New York City Department of Transportation
  Authors: Bailey, Linda
  Authors: Bailey, Linda
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6294
• Integrating Ridesharing and Transit into I-95-395 Managed Lane Projects
  Authors: Holcombe, Dusty
  Authors: Holcombe, Dusty
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 139
  Paper Number: P13-6492
• Overview of Interaction Between Congestion Pricing and Ridesharing and Key Questions Facing Projects
  Authors: Schreffler, Eric
  Authors: Schreffler, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 139
  Paper Number: P13-6486
• Interaction of Carpooling and Congestion Pricing
  Authors: Minett, Paul
  Authors: Minett, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 139
  Paper Number: P13-6488
• Amtrak's Challenges with Shared Station Infrastructure and Accessibility
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6899
• Impacts of Congestion Pricing on Transit Performance and Rider Perceptions
  Authors: Pessaro, Brian
  Authors: Pessaro, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 139
  Paper Number: P13-6487
• Comparison of CityCat Ferry in Brisbane, Australia, and East River Ferry in New York City
  Authors: Sipe, Neil
  Authors: Sipe, Neil
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 319
  Paper Number: P13-5933
• Integrating Passenger Ferry Service with Mass Transit
  Authors: Ricks, Karina
  Authors: Ricks, Karina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 319
  Paper Number: P13-5934
• Commuter Ferry Services in Virginia - Washington, D.C. and Hampton Roads
  Authors: Comeaux, Noël
  Authors: Comeaux, Noël
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 319
  Paper Number: P13-5935
• Creating Places for People: Evolution of Place-Making Analysis and Techniques
  Authors: Rube, Kate
  Authors: Rube, Kate
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 449
  Paper Number: P13-5744
• Panel 2: Operators' Strategies to Meet Energy and Environmental Challenges for Future Mobility
  Authors: Szyperski, Mark
  Authors: Szyperski, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 138
  Paper Number: P13-5769
• Integrating Transit and Ridesharing Incentives on SR 520
  Authors: Rubstello, Patty
  Authors: Rubstello, Patty
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 139
  Paper Number: P13-6490
• Integrating Congestion Pricing with Transit and Telecommuting on I-35W
  Authors: Thompson, Nick
  Authors: Thompson, Nick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 139
  Paper Number: P13-6491
• From Challenges to Opportunities and Back Again: Estimating Impacts of TDM Strategies at Worksites
  Authors: Winters, Philip
  Authors: Winters, Philip
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 193
  Paper Number: P13-6496
• Picking the Right Tool for Assessing TDM Effectiveness at the Regional Policy Level
  Authors: Bowen, Beverly
  Authors: Bowen, Beverly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 193
  Paper Number: P13-6498
• TDM as a Complement to Land Use and Accessibility Applications
  Authors: Mitman, Meghan
  Authors: Mitman, Meghan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 193
  Paper Number: P13-6499
• Dispatching Model for Countering Delay Propagation in Intermodal Logistics Timed-Transfer Systems
  Authors: Chen, Cheng-Chieh
  Authors: Chen, Cheng-Chieh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: International Activities; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 409
  Paper Number: 13-1640
• Design and Modeling of Real-Time Shared-Taxi Dispatch Algorithms
  Authors: Jung, Jaeyoung
  Authors: Jung, Jaeyoung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 354
  Paper Number: 13-1798
• Dispatching Strategies for Taxi-Customer Searching Problem in Booking Taxi Service
  Authors: Wu, Xian
  Authors: Wu, Xian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 354
  Paper Number: 13-1975
• Rail Transit-Based Planning and Design of Park-and-Ride Facilities in Beijing
  Authors: Yajing, He
  Authors: Yajing, He
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 617
  Paper Number: 13-2493
• Safety Performance Comparison Between Light Rail Transit And Subway
  Authors: Jasmin, Nehemie
  Authors: Jasmin, Nehemie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-3560
• A Methodology for Assessing Regional Economic Impacts of Charging Heavy-Goods Vehicles in Spain: Integrated Approach Through Random Utility-Based Multiregional Input-Output and Road Transportation Network Model
  Authors: Guzman, Andres
  Authors: Guzman, Andres
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: International Activities; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 409
  Paper Number: 13-3536
• Mathematical Modeling for Optimizing Skip-Stop Rail Transit Operation Strategy Using Genetic Algorithm
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-5202
• TCRP Report 153 Overview: Guidelines for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations
  Authors: Coffel, Kathryn
  Authors: Coffel, Kathryn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 389
  Paper Number: P13-5722
• Wrong Questions, Wrong Answers: the Statistical Barrier to Accessibility
  Authors: Frye, Ann
  Authors: Frye, Ann
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 591
  Paper Number: P13-6281
• Impact on Local Communities from Preparation for and Hosting of International Conference on Accessible Transport
  Authors: Negi, Abha
  Authors: Negi, Abha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 591
  Paper Number: P13-6287
• Need for Developing Barrier-Free Infrastructure: A Call to Action
  Authors: Macario, Rosario
  Authors: Macario, Rosario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 591
  Paper Number: P13-6288
• Best and Worst of Complete Streets: Lessons Learned from 15 Municipalities
  Authors: Maisel, Jordana
  Authors: Maisel, Jordana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6290
• New Frontier in Transportation
  Authors: Yousuf, Mohammed
  Authors: Yousuf, Mohammed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6292
• Age-Friendly Communities Policy and Implementation
  Authors: Lynott, Jana
  Authors: Lynott, Jana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6293
• Staying Mobile in Five European Cities: Results from AENEAS Project
  Authors: Rupprecht, Siegfried
  Authors: Rupprecht, Siegfried
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6296
• Toward an Age-Friendly Portland: Preparing Portland's Transportation System for Demographic Shifts
  Authors: Rowan, Colin
  Authors: Rowan, Colin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6295
• High Load Transit Line Passenger Transmission and Productiveness Efficiencies
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 422
  Paper Number: 13-0035
• Bus Arrival Headway Reliability: Case Study in Hefei, China
  Authors: Chen, Qian
  Authors: Chen, Qian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 422
  Paper Number: 13-0698
• Assessment of Truck Border Crossing at Imperial County Port of Entry
  Authors: Seetharam, Rajeev
  Authors: Seetharam, Rajeev
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: International Activities; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 409
  Paper Number: 13-0833
• Dispatching Strategies for Taxi-Customer Searching Problem in Booking Taxi Service
  Authors: Lee, Der-Horng
  Authors: Lee, Der-Horng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 354
  Paper Number: 13-1975
• Modeling Spatial Effects on Demand Estimation of ADA Paratransit Services
  Authors: Shen, Chung-Wei
  Authors: Shen, Chung-Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 354
  Paper Number: 13-4230
• Measuring Bus Stop Dwell Time and Time Lost Serving Stop Using London Bus iBus Automated Vehicle Location Data
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Authors: Robinson, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0342
• Determining High-speed Rail Station Locations: A Model and Sensitivity Analysis
  Authors: Lovett, Alexander
  Authors: Lovett, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1653
• Optimizing Stop Spacing and Headway for Feeder Bus Route Considering Stochastic Vehicle Arrivals
  Authors: Zhao, Liuhui
  Authors: Zhao, Liuhui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2091
• Optimizing Stop Spacing and Headway for Feeder Bus Route Considering Stochastic Vehicle Arrivals
  Authors: Chien, Steven I-Jy
  Authors: Chien, Steven I-Jy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2091
• Minimizing waiting times at transitional nodes for public bus transportation in Greece
  Authors: Skordilis, Erotokritos
  Authors: Skordilis, Erotokritos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2474
• Modeling and Estimation of Bus Dwell Time Using Methods Based on Artificial Intelligence
  Authors: Ranjitkar, Prakash
  Authors: Ranjitkar, Prakash
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2495
• Intermediate Timepoint Removal on Limited-Stop Routes at New York City Transit
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2932
• Business Analysis of Online Electric Vehicle Applications for Bus Rapid Transit
  Authors: Suh, In-Soo
  Authors: Suh, In-Soo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3491
• Bus Route Performance and Service Change Guidelines for Fairfax Connector
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-5274
• Artificial Neural Network Travel Time Prediction Model for Buses Using Only GPS Data
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0200
• Computation of Bus Delay at Stops in Beijing Through Statistical Analysis
  Authors: Chen, Shaokuan
  Authors: Chen, Shaokuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0245
• Optimal Bus Scheduling with Dynamic Stochastic Demand: Simulation Framework and Analysis of Results
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-0325
• Discontinuous Regions: High-Speed Rail and the Limits of Traditional Governance
  Authors: Stein, Naomi
  Authors: Stein, Naomi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-0408
• Bus Networks as Graphs: New Connectivity Indicators with Operational Characteristics
  Authors: Quintero, Liliana
  Authors: Quintero, Liliana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-2206
• Economic Impacts of Amtrak Intercity Passenger Rail Service in Michigan: Community-Level Analysis
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-3162
• Exploring the performance limit of a single lane per direction Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRT)
  Authors: Pereira, Brenda
  Authors: Pereira, Brenda
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-1412
• BLIP: Bus Lanes with Intermittent Priority
  Authors: Wu, Wei
  Authors: Wu, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 612
  Paper Number: 13-3535
• Analysis of High-Speed Rail Implementation Alternatives in the Northeast Corridor: the Role of Institutional and Technological Flexibility
  Authors: Pena-Alcaraz, Maite
  Authors: Pena-Alcaraz, Maite
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1068
• Methodology for Evaluating Cost and Accuracy of Parking Patrol Surveys
  Authors: Cao, Jin
  Authors: Cao, Jin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-1689
• Investigation of the Determinants of Travelers' Mental Knowledge of Public Parking Facilities
  Authors: Cools, Mario
  Authors: Cools, Mario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-2590
• Evaluation of a Smart Parking System
  Authors: Fabusuyi, Tayo
  Authors: Fabusuyi, Tayo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-3427
• Simulation of a Parking Reservation System to Mitigate Cruising for Parking
  Authors: Carvalho e Ferreira, Diana
  Authors: Carvalho e Ferreira, Diana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-3718
• Technologies for Row and Seat Identification Onboard Aircraft for Travelers Who Are Blind
  Authors: Blais, Daniel
  Authors: Blais, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-3760
• Modeling User Perception of Accessibility to Healthcare Facilities Using Statistical Methods and Geographic Information System
  Authors: Titidezh, Omid
  Authors: Titidezh, Omid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-4083
• Parking Oversupply in East Harlem: Analysis of Parking Occupancy and Mode Usage at East River Plaza in New York City
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-5303
• Grant Projects of National Center on Senior Transportation Mobility Management
  Authors: Winchell-Mendy, Lynn
  Authors: Winchell-Mendy, Lynn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: P13-6203
• Eldercare Locator Transportation Call Data
  Authors: Winchell-Mendy, Lynn
  Authors: Winchell-Mendy, Lynn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: P13-6204
• Parking Planning Model: Logit-Based Mathematical Programming Method Subject to Parking Capacity and Parking Rationing
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-0714
• System for Improving Accessibility of Urban Transportation Network
  Authors: Berlingerio, Michele
  Authors: Berlingerio, Michele
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-3907
• Public Transport Reforms and Their Impact on Accessibility: Case of Malta
  Authors: Attard, Maria
  Authors: Attard, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: P13-6205
• Collaboration to Improve Transportation
  Authors: Shanley, Judy
  Authors: Shanley, Judy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 560
  Paper Number: 13-2765
• Investigating Economic Viability of Personal Rapid Transit System for a University Campus and Its Surroundings
  Abstract:

  This paper discusses the methodology and results of an economic viability analysis of a demand-responsive personal rapid transit (PRT) system in a Canadian city. A microsimulation model was built to examine the feasibility of a PRT system linking the University of Calgary and surrounding major attractions. The environmental benefits of PRT operation were estimated in terms of reduction of air pollutants. Microsimulation was used to obtain accurate estimates of travel time and access/egress time for PRT and other transit modes, travel time savings for PRT patrons, and estimates of emissions. The investment costs were estimated using data from existing PRT projects (e.g., Heathrow Airport, Cardiff and Daventry, UK and Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates). Ridership was estimated by means of a catchment area method adopted from public transit. A cost-benefit analysis model was developed to evaluate the economic viability of the system, considering the capital and operation costs associated with serving the dispersed sites. The sensitivity of the internal rate of return to changes in demand and investment cost was also investigated.

  Authors: Tahmasseby, Shahram; Kattan, Lina
  Authors: Tahmasseby, Shahram; Kattan, Lina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 234
  Paper Number: 13-2124
• How Close Is Close Enough? Statistical Equivalence of Onboard Versus Online Surveys of Transit Customers
  Abstract:

  A fiscally constrained economy and growing rates of internet access have increased the appeal of substituting traditional survey methods for electronic ones. Online surveys are particularly appealing in the public transit industry, due to the expense and logistical difficulty of surveying customers onboard buses and trains. It is therefore critical to understand, quantify, and test the differences between onboard versus online transit survey data. Traditional hypothesis tests are designed to show that two sample statistics likely come from different populations. However, failing to find a difference cannot be interpreted as evidence that there is no difference. Furthermore, a difference may be statistically significant, but so small as to provide no practical insight (which often happens when working with large sample sizes). Statistical Equivalence Testing (SET) provides an analytical framework with which to evaluate whether two datasets are similar enough to be interchangeable (i.e., statistically equivalent).The paper describes statistical equivalence tests conducted on customer satisfaction data collected onboard transit systems and data collected electronically via email lists from users of the same systems. We compare proportions of satisfied customers across various economic and travel behavior characteristics between these datasets. Within our chosen threshold of .05 (statistics within five percentage points of one another), one of the two datasets evaluated shows strong evidence of equivalence between onboard and online survey methods, while the other dataset shows strong evidence of nonequivalence.

  Authors: Cummins, Ben; Spitz, Gregory Mark; O'Malley, Tara; Campbell, Margaret
  Authors: Cummins, Ben; Spitz, Gregory Mark; O'Malley, Tara; Campbell, Margaret
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 536
  Paper Number: 13-2893
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Put the Brakes on Crime to Accelerate Walkability: Design Parameters for Safe, Walkable City
  Abstract:

  This paper presents findings of a pilot study conducted by Curtin University Australia and EMBARQ India, with an objective of exploring safety concerns of people while accessing metro stations. Increasingly, the notion of improved walkability to increase public transport patronage has been gaining momentum. Some physical-environmental features such as providing Accessibility and Safety against crime are fundamental in contributing to walkability.This study, while exploring the safety concerns, aims to establish if built form design influences people’s perception of safety and if yes, to identify these design parameters. The paper constructs a methodology and a safe street rating system that may be applicable to other cities worldwide. Safety audit tool was developed based on CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) theory, Space Syntax theory and ‘Walkability of Indian Cities – CAI Asia’ study. Observational surveys and peoples’ perception surveys conducted around Indira Nagar metro station, Bangalore were compared for each safety criteria as set out in the audit tool establishing a strong relationship between the design of the built environment and people’s perception of safety in that environment. The paper presents the analysis and proposes a set of built form design parameters that influence people’s perception of safety while accessing metro stations.

  Authors: Tiwari, Reena
  Authors: Tiwari, Reena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 617
  Paper Number: 13-5038