2013 Subject Index: Pedestrians and Bicyclists

• Evaluation of Impacts of Share the Road Sign on Driver Behavior Near Bicyclists
  Abstract: The interaction of motorists and bicyclists, particularly during passing maneuvers, is an area of concern to the bicycle safety community as there is a general perception that motor vehicle drivers often do not share the road effectively with bicyclists. One potential countermeasure to address this concern is the use of a bicycle warning sign with a “Share the Road” plaque. This paper presents the results of a controlled field evaluation of this treatment, which involved an examination of driver behavior while passing bicyclists. A series of field studies were conducted concurrently on two segments of a high-speed, rural two-lane highway. These segments were similar in terms of roadway geometry, traffic volumes, and other relevant factors, except that one segment included centerline rumble strips while the other did not. A before-and-after study design was utilized to examine changes in motor vehicle lateral placement as they relate to the presence of the sign treatment. The signs were found to reduce the proportion of motor vehicles that passed bicyclists in the central lane position, providing evidence that the sign is effective in shifting motor vehicles away from the right edge of the travel lane. However, the sign treatment did not significantly affect the physical buffer distance between the bicyclists and passing motorists or the proportion of motor vehicles that crowded bicyclists as they passed. Vehicle type, bicyclist position, and the presence of centerline rumble strips or opposing traffic were also found to affect lateral placement during passing maneuvers.
  Authors: Kay, Jonathan; Savolainen, Peter Tarmo; Gates, Timothy J.
  Authors: Kay, Jonathan; Savolainen, Peter Tarmo; Gates, Timothy J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0164
• Analysis of pedestrian-vehicle traffic conflicts in street designs with elements of shared space
  Abstract: This paper investigates changes in pedestrian-vehicle traffic conflicts in urban streets redesigned according to the principles of shared space, using a recently developed Pedestrian-Vehicle Conflicts Analysis (PVCA) method. In a first step, the PVCA method is revised to more accurately reflect the features of shared space: this includes the definition of a systematic process for identifying conflict occurrences on one hand, and the full quantification of the conflict severity grading process on the other. Then, the refined PVCA method is applied to a case study in London, using video data from periods before and after the redevelopment of the Exhibition Road site from a conventional dual carriageway to a modern design with some elements of shared space. The results of the comparative analysis carried out indicate a general decrease in traffic conflict rates as a result of the redesign, but also highlight specific issues that may require additional analysis.
  Authors: Kaparias, Ioannis; Bell, Michael G.H.; Dong, Weili; Sastrawinata, Aditya; Singh, Amritpal; Wang, Xuxi; Mount, Bill
  Authors: Kaparias, Ioannis; Bell, Michael G.H.; Dong, Weili; Sastrawinata, Aditya; Singh, Amritpal; Wang, Xuxi; Mount, Bill
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 700
  Paper Number: 13-0309
• Automated Microscopic Analysis of Pedestrian Gait Parameters at Urban Signalized Intersections
  Abstract: There is an increased awareness of the importance of active non-motorized modes of travel. Therefore, pedestrian behavior studies are receiving a growing attention from policy makers, researchers and practitioners. A solid understanding of pedestrian walking behavior is necessary for the evaluation of measures associated with walking conditions such as comfortability and efficiency. Gait analysis is one of the useful approaches for analyzing pedestrian behavior at the microscopic level. The goal of this paper is to examine the spatio-temporal parameters of pedestrian gait (step frequency and step length) by means of automated video analysis to understand pedestrian walking behavior beyond the analysis of walking speed. The main outcome of this microscopic-level analysis is to provide an insight into pedestrian walking mechanisms and the effect of different characteristics such as gender and age. The study uses a data set collected from a video recorded in Oakland, California. Gait parameters were found to be influenced by pedestrian gender, age, group size, crosswalk length, and pedestrian signal indication. The results showed that pedestrians tend to increase their step length more than they increase their step frequency to increase walking speed. It was also found that, compared to males, females generally increase their walking speed by increasing their step frequency more than step length; however, when in non-compliance with signal indications, females increase their walking speed by increasing their step length more than step frequency. It was also found that older pedestrians do not significantly change their walking behavior when in non-compliance with signal indications
  Authors: Hediyeh, Houman; Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.
  Authors: Hediyeh, Houman; Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0349
• Automated Classification of Pedestrian Gender and Age Using Spatiotemporal Parameters of Gait
  Abstract: Human gait can be a good tool for the recognition of human attributes from a distance. This study investigates the feasibility of using the spatiotemporal parameters of gait (step frequency and step length) as cues to classify pedestrians according to their gender and age. In this paper, the pedestrian walking speed profile is used to extract motion features such as step frequency and step length in order to classify pedestrians according to their gender and age. Computer vision techniques are used for the automatic detection and tracking of pedestrians in an open (uncontrolled) environment. The classification is undertaken using a simple k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) algorithm. Two case studies are used for demonstration from Vancouver, British Columbia and Oakland, California. For gender, correct classification rates (CCR) of 78% and 81 % were achieved for the Vancouver and Oakland case studies, respectively. The Vancouver case study considers pedestrians walking alone or in groups while the Oakland case study only considers pedestrians walking alone. Pedestrian age classification resulted in a CCR of 86% for the Oakland case study where pedestrians walking alone or in groups are considered. These results are based on two motion feature vectors, step frequency and step length. Adding the walking speed as a third motion feature improved the results of gender classification for the case study in Oakland with a CCR of 85% (4% improvement) but had no effect on the Vancouver case study. Another classification measure, the kappa statistic, showed that the classification results are statistically significant beyond what is expected by chance.
  Authors: Hediyeh, Houman; Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.
  Authors: Hediyeh, Houman; Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0350
• Establishing Automated Regional Nonmotorized Transportation Data Collection System to Support Active Transportation Performance Monitoring
  Abstract: This paper describes an effort underway in San Diego to establish a regional non-motorized data collection system in support of long-range planning for bicycle and pedestrian systems. Planners, engineers, and advocates increasingly recognize the need for accurate counts to inform investments in pedestrian and bicycle facilities (FHWA, 2011). There are currently gaps in the literature about methods for determining where non-motorized counting should occur, over what time periods, and how to use automated counts to develop adjustment factors. This paper describes one region’s efforts to link performance monitoring to regional transportation planning by establishing a network of automated bicycle and pedestrian count stations along the regional bicycle network, which was recently adopted in the 2050 Regional Transportation Plan. The count station siting methodology employed a multi-step process where the regional bicycle network was segmented, and then stratified sampling employed to select a subset of bicycle network segments where counters would be installed. The siting methodology first established a comprehensive network of count stations representing ultimate coverage of the regional bicycle network (170 count stations). Then a subset of representative locations was selected for phase one count program implementation (35 counts stations). To date, count equipment has been installed at 17 locations and the remainder will be installed by September 2012. When fully implemented, this counting program will be one of the most comprehensive automated data collection systems of any in the nation. The paper focuses on siting methodologies, validation of automated counts, and using counts for non-motorized performance monitoring.
  Authors: Ryan, Sherry
  Authors: Ryan, Sherry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 425
  Paper Number: 13-0351
• Modeling Impacts of Access Design and Spatial Pattern on Crash Risks of Pedestrians and Bicyclists on Urban Multilane Highways in Florida
  Abstract: This paper presents a study on the impacts of access design and spatial pattern on the risk of pedestrian and/or cycling crashes at access points on urban multilane highways. Two prediction models, using negative regression and logistic regression, were developed to evaluate the impacts in terms of crash frequency and injury severity respectively. For developing the models, crash records were collected at 153 access points with different access designs for a period of 4 years (2007-2010) on the state roads in Florida.Results of this study show that, four-leg access point with directional median opening is most likely to increase the frequency of pedestrian/bicycle crashes at access points than other access designs at all spatial locations. Inner lanes experience the most pedestrian/bicycle crashes, followed by side roads (SR) and outside lanes (TO) for all access types. Three-leg access point with closed median opening and three-leg access point with full median opening experience a higher injury risk if a pedestrian/bicyclist crash occurs at an access point. Medians and inner lanes experience the highest injury risk if a pedestrian/bicyclist crash occurs at an access point. Middle lanes, outside lanes, left turn bays, crossing walks are more likely to increase injury severity of pedestrian/bicycle crashes than road side, side roads, and auxiliary lanes. In terms of crash occurrence, the top “dangerous” points are inner lanes, side roads, and outside through lanes with the access design of four-leg access point with directional median opening. In terms of injury severity, the top “dangerous” points are medians with any access design and inner lanes with the access designs of three-leg access point with closed or full median opening. Based on the results, suggested countermeasures for improving pedestrian/bicyclist safety at access points were provided.
  Authors: Wang, Zhenyu; Lin, Pei-Sung; Chen, Hongyun; Lu, Jian John; Deng, Weiping
  Authors: Wang, Zhenyu; Lin, Pei-Sung; Chen, Hongyun; Lu, Jian John; Deng, Weiping
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0386
• Bicycle-Specific Traffic Signals: Results from State-of-the-Practice Review
  Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of North American jurisdictions with known installations of bicycle-specific traffic signals and a review of available related engineering guidance. Surveys were sent out to agencies in twenty-three jurisdictions (twenty-one in the United States and two in Canada) that requested detailed engineering aspects of the signal such as placement, mounting height, lens diameter, backplate color, type of actuation, interval times, use of louvers, and performance. A total of 63 intersections and 149 separate signal heads are included in this paper. The results of the survey highlighted variety in several design elements utilized by agencies when implementing bicycle signals. This variety might impact cyclist and motorist comprehension as well as the ability to utilize the bicycle signal head in a variety of intersection configurations. A subsequent review of the guidance documents available to engineers and planners revealed generally consistent guidance with regard to the design of bicycle-specific traffic signals. The generation of guidance on bicycle signals as grown substantially in recent years and, given the accelerated deployments of bicycle-specific signals themselves, it is likely that there will be less variety in future designs.
  Authors: Thompson, Sara; Monsere, Christopher M.; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Thompson, Sara; Monsere, Christopher M.; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0536
• Impact of Weather Conditions on Capital Bikeshare Trips
  Abstract: Automated bicycle renting systems have seen tremendous growth over the last few years, with many cities implementing systems. Washington, DC, has one of the largest systems of bikesharing in the US and recently made all their usage data publically available for analysis. One issue with promoting bicycling as a reliable alternative mode of travel is the impact of unfavorable weather conditions on usage. In theory, usage can be affected by colder weather, precipitation, and excessive heat. The research presented here analyzes the effect of weather on the use of the Washington, DC, bikeshare system. Hourly weather data, including temperature, rainfall, snow, wind, fog, and humidity levels are linked to hourly usage data and statistical models linking both number of users and duration of use are estimated. Further, we evaluate trips from bikeshare stations within one quarter mile of Metro (subway) stations at times when Metro is operating. This allows us to determine whether Metro serves as a back-up option when weather conditions are unfavorable for bicycling. Results show that cold temperatures, rain, and high humidity levels reduce both the likelihood of using bikeshare and the duration of trips. Trips taken from bikeshare stations proximate to Metro stations are affected more by rain than trips not proximate to Metro stations and less likely when it is dark. This information is useful for understanding bicycling behavior and also for those planning bikeshare systems in other cities.
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle; Noland, Robert B.
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle; Noland, Robert B.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-0563
• Methodology to Identify Factors Associated with Pedestrian High-Crash Clusters Using GIS-Based Local Spatial Autocorrelation
  Abstract: In order to identify high crash locations, the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) has an extensive road safety audit program which uses criteria based on the ratio of crashes to average daily traffic but does not target locations with a high number of pedestrian crashes since there are no pedestrian counts. Apart from ratio approach, a robust methodology is not currently available to identify pedestrian high-crash locations in Tennessee. The objective of this study is to develop a different methodology based on Anselin’s Local Moran I index in Geographic Information System (GIS) to detect high crash clusters and investigate the factors that influence the concentration of pedestrian crashes. Using pedestrian crash data from Shelby County in Tennessee, the study found that spatial dependence plays a strong role during the analyses of pedestrian crashes. These spatial dependencies, accounted through spatial autocorrelation, helped to detect statistically significant clusters of crashes in a GIS framework. These clusters were then overlaid with selected socio-economic and population demographic data in order to identify their association with high crash clusters. The study found the following factors to be associated with high crash clusters: when more than 25% percentage of the population is 18 years of age and younger, when the population of seniors is greater than 13%, when there’s a high population density of low income people, and when the percentage of families below poverty level is greater than 10%. The cluster maps may help transportation agencies to understand issues of pedestrian crashes for safety enhancements.
  Authors: Emaasit, Daniel; Chimba, Deo; Cherry, Christopher R.; Wilson, Jessica; Kutela, Boniphace
  Authors: Emaasit, Daniel; Chimba, Deo; Cherry, Christopher R.; Wilson, Jessica; Kutela, Boniphace
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-0634
• Weighing Integration by Block Heterogeneity to Evaluate Pedestrian Activity
  Abstract: Pedestrian exposure is a necessary component for a meaningful evaluation of pedestrian safety. The Space Syntax approach has a track record of accurate prediction of pedestrian activity, by estimating the physical street connectivity in urban environments. However, for some environments, the performance of Space Syntax is limited and cannot be used as a reliable estimate of exposure. This paper makes use of the interdependency between: (i) street connectivity - estimated here using integration; and (ii) land-use characteristics; to propose a mechanism to adjust integration by land-use features at the block level. Values of integration for each street-block, which hold the same mean values along the same street, are weighted based on dominant land-use features. The weighted integration value for a street-block dominated by commercial property is higher than the mean integration value for that street. Conversely, the weighted integration value for a residential street-block is lower than the mean integration value for that street. The proposed approach captures the heterogeneity of street-blocks, which is not always captured by Space Syntax. Applying this method to the northern periphery of the University of California, Berkeley, has produced promising preliminary results. It was shown that the weighted integration values (at the street-block level) are better correlated with pedestrian volumes than mean integration values (street scale). Further research efforts are required to develop this simplified approach into a pedestrian exposure prediction model
  Authors: Grembek, Offer; Do, Minh-Tan; Ragland, David R.; Chan, Ching-Yao
  Authors: Grembek, Offer; Do, Minh-Tan; Ragland, David R.; Chan, Ching-Yao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0579
• Cyclist Behavior on Exclusive Bike Path: Longitudinal Analysis
  Abstract: With the rapid increase of bicycle modal share in North America, the need for more refined models arises in order to capture and model cyclist behaviour on bike facilities.Hence, this paper presents a comparison of a set of six bike-following models. The results of these models was compared to real world data collected with a GPS devices for a pair of cyclists in a following situation without opportunity to overtake. The paper presents also some finding on fundamental relationships using data collected by video at a fixed location on a bike facility. Finally, the paper presents a behavioural comparison between the bike-cyclist and the car-driver systems.The analysis and the results indicate that both bike-following models and fundamental relationships present interesting potentials to reproduce real world data given additional data.
  Authors: Manar, Abdelaziz; Desmarais, Jean-Philippe
  Authors: Manar, Abdelaziz; Desmarais, Jean-Philippe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0699
• Analysis of Pedestrian Performance in Shared Space Environments
  Abstract: The concept of Shared Space, applied in urban road environment, aims to reduce the dominance of the motor vehicle by promoting pedestrian and cyclist activity and utilising the road space as a place. Unlike a conventional road, a shared space encourages all road users to legally occupy the same road space with little physical separation. This paper presents pedestrian-related performance measures developed under a multi-faceted methodological framework to evaluate the successfulness of shared space schemes based on study areas in Auckland’s city centre. The analysis of the ‘before and after’ implementation data reveals a positive result to pedestrian performance across all sites based on 24-hour pedestrian profile, pedestrian trajectory, dwell time and stationary activity. A comparative analysis of the ‘after’ data highlights the importance of the active frontage in enabling a lower (vehicular) speed environment in relation to the number of pedestrians within the shared space. The research analysis reported in this paper forms part of a doctoral research study at the University of Auckland with support from Auckland Transport, a regional transport agency in New Zealand.
  Authors: Karndacharuk, Auttapone; Wilson, Douglas James; Dunn, Roger
  Authors: Karndacharuk, Auttapone; Wilson, Douglas James; Dunn, Roger
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0081
• Travel Behavior Change After Introduction of Public Bicycle Systems: Case Study in Minhang District, Shanghai, China
  Abstract: The paper presents the first step of a series research on the characteristics of public bicycle users¡¯ travel behavior and the underlying mechanisms to support the development of public bicycle systems (PBS) in China. Based on a questionnaire survey in Minhang District, Shanghai, the paper focuses on travel behavior change after the introduction of the PBS. Using statistical analyses, it is found that people travel slightly more often than before when using PB; their travel distances are longer than expected. However, most users ride PB as a replacement of public transit, walking and private bicycle. Few modal shifts happened from car and moped/motocycle. Convenience contributes most to people¡¯s modal shift to PB, much more than the second and third most important factors, saving time and exercising, which is further confirmed by estimating a binary logit model explaining modal choice behavior between PB and other transport modes. The estimated travel utility gain based on the model turns out to be significant. The charging experiment reveals that charging PB rental fee can reduce PB use extensively, much more than compensating for long distance ride.
  Authors: Zhu, Wei; Pang, Yuqi; Wang, De; Timmermans, Harry J.P.
  Authors: Zhu, Wei; Pang, Yuqi; Wang, De; Timmermans, Harry J.P.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 735
  Paper Number: 13-0764
• Using Urban Commuting Data to Calculate a Spatiotemporal Accessibility Measure for Healthy Food Environment Studies
  Abstract: Improving spatial access to healthy foods in urban regions in the U.S. is recognized as an important component of reducing the prevalence of chronic illness and achieving better health outcomes. Previously, researchers exploring this domain have calculated accessibility measures derived from the travel cost from home locations to nearby healthy food stores. While there are valid arguments for making home-based healthy food store accessibility measures, this approach disregards additional opportunities that present themselves to residents as they move throughout the city during the day. In this paper, a time-geographic accessibility measure is utilized to explore how single occupancy automobile commuting affords access to supermarkets. The study builds on recent research by analyzing the time available for grocery shopping given people’s intracity commuting trips. The paper focuses on how single occupancy automobile travel, the dominant form of commuting in the U.S., changes the picture of access to supermarkets in Cincinnati, OH, a city with a number of USDA designated food deserts. Time-geographic accessibility measures are reported at the TAZ-level and compared with an analogous home-based metric. Results show residents in some TAZs have more access when accounting for their commuting behavior than when measuring access from their home. This finding suggests that more nuanced calculations of accessibility are necessary to fully understand which urban populations have greater access to healthy food.
  Authors: Widener, Michael John; Farber, Steven; Neutens, Tijs; Horner, Mark W.
  Authors: Widener, Michael John; Farber, Steven; Neutens, Tijs; Horner, Mark W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-0825
• A Mode-Neutral Innovation Framework for Commuter Transport: Part 1
  Abstract: Innovation in all fields is recognized as a high risk activity, with many more failures than successes. In commercial product and service innovation, “Customer-Outcome Driven” innovation has been recognized by leading companies as a more effective foundation for innovation. Central to the outcome-driven approach is the methodical identification of desired customer outcomes and the use of survey data to identify underserved outcomes that represent opportunities for development of innovative solutions. This paper explores the application of this technique to commuter travel, to the job of ‘making a daily trip to and from a destination’, with the overall goal of understanding what it would take to increase “passengership” and concludes that the approach delivers potentially useful results. Further research is recommended, and the authors call for metropolitan areas to help with further data collection, solution development and deployment.
  Authors: Minett, Paul; Pearce, John H.
  Authors: Minett, Paul; Pearce, John H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-0838
• Using a Multi-agent Simulation Tool to Estimate the Carpooling Potential
  Abstract: It is a general trend in transportation planning to try to minimize the negative externalities of the transport system as a whole, such as noise or pollutant emissions. One of the ways to achieve this is to reduce the number of cars on the roads, for instance by increasing car occupancy. This paper focuses on evaluating the potential of this possibility. The factors influencing this potential are manifold: behavioral, structural (number of potential matches), organisational (quality of available services to meet co-travelers)... In previous studies, mainly the behavioral and organisational factors were analyzed. This paper focuses on the structural factor. To do so, the highly detailed daily plans generated by the multi-agent microsimulation software MATSim are searched for potential matches. Information about the potential matches is used to assess the feasibility of carpooling. In particular, it is shown that when considering only structural factors, it is possible to group most of the car trips into two-person car-pools. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that there is no structural obstacle to carpooling development, and thus that the causes of the low share of this mode is to search in both the behavioral and organisational factors.
  Authors: Dubernet, Thibaut; Rieser-Schüssler, Nadine; Axhausen, Kay W.
  Authors: Dubernet, Thibaut; Rieser-Schüssler, Nadine; Axhausen, Kay W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-0866
• Uniquely Satisfied: Exploring Cyclist Satisfaction
  Abstract: Despite increasing interest and focus on cycling planning and infrastructure, many research and policy frameworks overlook two important aspects of cycling: motivations and trip satisfaction. While many studies have found that cyclists are more satisfied with their commute than other mode users, few have explored why. We hypothesize that different types of cyclist—defined by reasons cited for cycling and seasonal mode patterns—will derive satisfaction from their cycling commute in different ways. Therefore, this study attempts to 1) group respondents into 'cyclist types' based on a cluster analysis of motivations for cycling and their alternate (winter) mode, and 2) understand how these personal characteristics moderate the relationship between built environment (e.g. land use, connectivity) and trip characteristics (e.g. distance) and expressed trip satisfaction. Similar to previous research, cyclists are found to be more satisfied with their commute compared to other mode users. Year-round cyclists are less satisfied with their travel than those who only cycle in good weather; while "Cycling Enthusiasts" are significantly more satisfied than most cyclists motivated by convenience. Surprisingly, the expected relationship between distance, slope, time and objectively measured elements of the built environment and satisfaction was not found. This work emphasizes the need to look beyond the built environment and trip characteristics to better understand cyclist trip satisfaction.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-0943
• Multi-Directional Flow as Touch-Stone to Assess Models of Pedestrian Dynamics
  Abstract: For simulation models of pedestrian dynamics there are always the issues of calibration and validation. These are usually done by comparing measured properties of the dynamics found in observation, experiments and simulation in certain scenarios. For this the scenarios first need to be sensitive to parameter changes of a particular model or – if models are compared – differences between models. Second it is helpful if the exhibited differences can be expressed in quantities which are as simple as possible ideally a single number. Such a scenario is proposed in this contribution together with evaluation measures. In an example evaluation of a particular model it is shown that the proposed evaluation measures are very sensitive to parameter changes and therefore summarize differences effects of parameter changes and differences between models efficiently, sometimes in a single number. It is shown how the symmetry which exists in the achiral geometry of the proposed example scenario is broken in particular simulation runs exhibiting chiral dynamics, while in the statistics of 1,000 simulation runs there is a symmetry between left- and right-chiral dynamics. In the course of the symmetry breaking differences between models and parameter settings are amplified which is the origin of the high sensitivity of the scenario against parameter changes.
  Authors: Kretz, Tobias
  Authors: Kretz, Tobias
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1160
• Models for Anticipating Nonmotorized Travel Choices and Role of the Built Environment
  Abstract: This paper uses detailed travel data from the Seattle metropolitan area to evaluate the effects of built-environment variables on the use of non-motorized (bike + walk) travel modes. Several model specifications are used to understand and explain non-motorized travel behavior in terms of household, person and built-environment (BE) variables. Marginal effects of covariate effects for models of vehicle ownership levels, intrazonal trip-making, destination and mode choices, non-motorized trip counts per household, and miles traveled (both motorized and non-motorized) are presented. Mode and destination choice models were estimated separately for interzonal and intrazonal trips and for each of three different trip purposes, to recognize the distinct behaviors at play when making shorter versus longer trips and serving different activities.The results underscore the importance of street connectivity (quantified as the number of 3-way and 4-way intersections in a half-mile radius), higher bus stop density, and greater non-motorized access in promoting lower vehicle ownership levels (after controlling for household size, income, neighborhood density and so forth), higher rates of non-motorized trip generation (per day), and higher likelihoods of non-motorized mode choices. Intrazonal trip likelihoods rose with street connectivity, transit availability, and land use mixing. Across all BE variables tested, street structure offered the greatest predictive benefits, alongside accessibility indices (for both motorized and nonmotorized access). For example, non-motorized trip counts are estimated to rise 7% following a 1% increase in this variable, and walk probabilities by 27% following a one standard deviation increase in this index at the destination zone. Regional and local accessibility and density (of population plus jobs) variables were also important, depending on response being modeled. Case study applications illuminate when and to what extent significant travel behavior changes may be witnessed, as land use settings and other variables are changed.
  Authors: Khan, Mobashwir; Kockelman, Kara; Xiong, Xiaoxia
  Authors: Khan, Mobashwir; Kockelman, Kara; Xiong, Xiaoxia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1240
• Novel Approach for Diagnosing Cycling Safety Issues Using Automated Computer Vision Techniques
  Abstract: The use of traffic conflicts for safety diagnosis has been gaining acceptance as a surrogate for collision data analysis as they provide insight into the failure mechanism that leads to road collisions. This paper demonstrates an automated proactive safety diagnosis approach for cycling safety using video-based computer vision techniques. Traffic conflicts are automatically detected and conflict indicators such as Time to collision (TTC) are calculated based on the analysis of the road-user positions in space and time. Additionally, non-conformance of vehicles to travel regulations; specified as failure to respect yielding signage at the intersection are identified. The procedure is applied for the safety analysis of a newly installed bike lane at the southern approach of a major Bridge (Burrard Bridge) in Vancouver, British Columbia. The results showed a high exposure of cyclists to traffic conflicts. Vehicle conflicts at the location were also identified and analyzed. Practical solutions to address the safety issues at the location were presented. The proposed approach overcomes shortcomings with reliance on collision data and the manual observations of traffic conflicts.
  Authors: Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.; Autey, Jarvis
  Authors: Sayed, Tarek; Zaki, Mohamed H.; Autey, Jarvis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0744
• Empirical Study of Crowd and Pedestrian Dynamics: Impact of Different Angle Paths and Groupings
  Abstract: An analytical study is proposed in this paper to investigate pedestrian crowd from a multi-disciplinary approach (i.e. traffic engineering and social science) focusing on pedestrian movement dynamics in high-density situations. Taking advantage of previous studies that highlighted the importance of turning movements of crowd during evacuations, we empirically investigated the impact of angled paths on orderly crowd egress flows. We also proposed to consider the local spatial interactions among people within the crowd, taking into account the presence of groups. Results of the flow rates level and walking speed of different scenarios studied in this work are presented (0°, 45°, 60° and 90° angle degrees). These showed that in high-density situations the walking speed of group members was lower compared to the singles within all scenarios studied. Likewise, the angle path with 60° degrees (compared to the scenario of corridor with 0° degrees) has a significant negative impact on both the flow rate and walking speed. These results could be of notable interest for all generic crowd models aiming at replicating crowd dynamics
  Authors: Sarvi, Majid; Gorrini, Andrea; Bandini, Stefania; Dias, Charitha; Shiwakoti, Nirajan
  Authors: Sarvi, Majid; Gorrini, Andrea; Bandini, Stefania; Dias, Charitha; Shiwakoti, Nirajan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1136
• Role of Bicycle in Limiting Transport Poverty in The Netherlands
  Abstract: The Netherlands is well-known for its high share of bicycle use and its relatively compact cities, suggesting that transport poverty may well be less of a problem than in other developed countries. This paper explores the role of the bicycle in the avoidance of transport poverty, based on two exploratory studies. The first study focuses on low-income households and shows that the bicycle does limit transport poverty, but is of limited importance in providing access to the labor market. The second study, exploring the ability of car-less households to maintain social networks, underlines the importance of the bicycle, but also shows that the bicycle is used very selectively by elderly residents and is of limited relevance for households with a social network spanning beyond the urban borders.
  Authors: Martens, Karel
  Authors: Martens, Karel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1118
• Interrelationship and Order of Decision between Bicycle Choice and Trip Chain Pattern
  Abstract: Choices of bicycle mode and trip chain pattern are important decisions in individuals¡¯ daily activities. Little is known about the interrelationship between the choice of bicycle and the pattern of trip chain. It is interesting to ask if a decision on bicycle usage is made before planning a trip chain or is dependent on a decision of trip chain. This study aims to explore the relationships between bicycle choice and trip-chaining pattern and capture the order between the two decisions. Using the data extracted from the household survey in a medium-sized city in China, co-evolutionary approach combined with binary logit and multinomial logit models is estimated. The results show that there are more bicycle usages in subsistence trip chains than in non-subsistence chains. In the majority of cases the trip chain is planned before the decision on bicycle choice, especially when the trip is related to subsistence activities. 76.33% of travelers who use bicycle for travel determine the trip chain first and choose to use bicycle accordingly. Only 25.69% of travelers who make mode choice first select bicycle as the trip mode. Findings are discussed to assist the development of policies to promote the bicycle usage.
  Authors: Li, Zhibin; Wang, Wei; Yang, Chen; Wang, Yong; Jiang, Guojun
  Authors: Li, Zhibin; Wang, Wei; Yang, Chen; Wang, Yong; Jiang, Guojun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1133
• Intelligence-Based Route Selection Model of Passenger Flow in a Transportation Station
  Abstract: This paper proposes an intelligence-based approach to predicting passengers¡¦ route choice behaviour, which is crucial to the effective utilisation of transportation stations. Although intelligence-based model (e.g., artificial neural network) have been developed rapidly and widely adopted in various fields in the last few decades, their application to predict human decision-making in pedestrian flows is limited, as the actual route choice decisions of passengers involve human behaviour. A comprehensive methodology for capturing route choice behaviour is still lacking, because extensive labour and time resources are required to collect passenger movement data from different stations. In this study, a four-month site-survey was carried out to collect actual route choice behaviour information in nine transportation stations in Hong Kong during peak hours by following passengers and recording their chosen route. We developed an intelligent model to capture passengers¡¦ route choice decision-making that achieved a prediction accuracy of almost 88% and this intelligent model is proposed to implement in the simulation tools for passenger flow simulation.
  Authors: Yuen, J. K. K.; Lee, E. W. M.; Lo, S. M.; Yuen, R. K. K.
  Authors: Yuen, J. K. K.; Lee, E. W. M.; Lo, S. M.; Yuen, R. K. K.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1134
• An Overview of Shared Bicycle/Bus Lanes in the United States
  Abstract: As urban areas continue to grow in population and traffic congestion increases, more cities are looking for ways to improve multimodal mobility within constrained right-of-way. Where there are at least two through lanes for general traffic in each direction, one option is to designate the outside lanes for shared use by bicycles and buses only. A study was conducted for the Florida Department of Transportation to identify where shared bicycle/bus lanes are presently operating in U.S. cities, describe their design and operational characteristics, identify the benefits and barriers to implementing such facilities, and develop recommendations to consider their use on the Florida State Highway System. The review found that few states and municipalities have design standards for shared bicycle/bus lanes, and that primary issues for design and operation include lane width, operating speed, passing procedures, conflict with right-turning vehicles, and enforcement.
  Authors: Hendricks, Sara Jane; Hillsman, Edward; Koos, Mary Anne; Fiebe, JoAnne
  Authors: Hendricks, Sara Jane; Hillsman, Edward; Koos, Mary Anne; Fiebe, JoAnne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-1217
• A CONDITIONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN CRASH COUNTS ACROSS NEIGHBORHOODS
  Abstract: This work examines the relationship between 3-year pedestrian crash counts across Census tracts in Austin, Texas, while controlling for land use, network, and demographic attributes, such as land use balance, residents’ access to transit, sidewalk density, lane-mile densities by roadway classes, and population and employment densities (by type). The model specification allows for both region-specific heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation via a Poisson-based conditional auto-regressive (CAR) framework and is estimated using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Least-squares regression estimates of walk-miles traveled per zone serve as the exposure measure. Model results suggest that higher shares of residences near transit stops are associated with greater pedestrian crash risks, ceteris paribus, presumably since such access encourages more walking activity and more potential conflict between pedestrian and vehicles movements. Sidewalk provision is associated with lower pedestrian crash rates, presumably due to lower speeds and narrower roadways in network-dense and sidewalk-prominent settings, though exposure is likely higher.
  Authors: Wang, Yiyi; Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Wang, Yiyi; Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-1252
• A Multi-Criteria-Based Guideline for Marked and Unmarked Pedestrian Crosswalks at Unsignalized Intersections
  Abstract: There have been controversial perceptions with respect to the use of marked pedestrian crosswalks at unsignalized intersections over the years. Several agencies tend to prefer marked crosswalks at most locations with the expectation of improving pedestrian mobility and safety. However, several studies conclude that marked crosswalks actually involve higher pedestrian accident rates than unmarked crosswalks. Such controversial claims make it difficult for state and local agencies to develop policies pertaining to pedestrian crosswalks. Existing guidelines for determining marked and unmarked crosswalk types are normally presented as descriptive statements or mostly relying on a single dominate factor like pedestrian volume. One of the major issues lies in the lack of comprehensive consideration and interpretation of all potential variables. A new guideline is presented to help select marked and unmarked crosswalks at unsignalized intersections with no traffic signals or stop signs on the major street approach. The guideline is based on a combination of revised multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies, PROMETHEE and the Analytical Hierarchy Process. A ranking score considering potential factors, including variables such as volume, speed limit, and pedestrian related crash records is produced to represent the likelihood of using a marked or unmarked crosswalk. The proposed guideline was further applied to a case study involving 32 unsignalized intersections in Nevada and the study showed promising results with the guideline.
  Authors: Zhao, Yue
  Authors: Zhao, Yue
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1282
• Integration of GPS Traces and Digital Elevation Maps for Improving Bicycle Traffic Simulation Behavior
  Abstract: In order to take in consideration bicycle traffic in realistic simulation, one should consider more than a simple approach based on overall average speed and acceleration. There are several different factors that should be considered, such as the diversity of people's fitness that ride bicycles on the road, the way speed varies along segments and more importantly how terrain slope influences rider's behavior.In this paper we present our approach for simulating bicycle traffic using real GPS data as source for enhancing simulation. We discuss the specific details related to the analysis process performed on a set of bicycle commuting traces, as well as the development of a custom driver behavior for VISSIM that uses statistic data taken from those bicycle GPS traces. We also propose a new methodology for considering the way slope affects bicycle traffic, as this is one of the most relevant factors related to bicycle riding.
  Authors: Henriques, Norberto; Bento, Carlos
  Authors: Henriques, Norberto; Bento, Carlos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-1421
• Role of Commuter Benefits in Shaping Decision to Walk, Cycle, or Ride Transit to Work in Washington, D.C., Region
  Abstract: This study examines the relationship between commuter benefits and the likelihood to walk, cycle, or ride public transport to work in the Washington, DC region. The analysis examines individual level commute data along with information about multiple categories of commuter benefits, such as free car parking, public transport benefits and workplace facilities for cyclists and pedestrians. Data about full-time workers originate from the 2007/2008 Washington, DC Household Travel Survey. Results of a multinomial logistic regression model indicate that free car parking is significantly associated with lower levels of commuting by public transport as well as less walking and cycling to work. Public transport benefits are associated with higher levels of commuting by public transport as well as more walking and cycling to work. Benefits for walking and cycling are associated with higher levels of walking and cycling to work, as well as public transport use. Employees simultaneously offered free car parking, public transport benefits, and benefits for walking and cycling are significantly less likely to choose public transport. This suggests that free car parking may effectively counterweigh the incentives for walking, cycling, and public transport when benefit packages include free car parking alongside incentives for other modes. Results for control variables have expected signs and most are significant. Limitations of the study, relating to endogeneity, selection bias, and omitted variables, are discussed. These findings are consistent with other studies of commuting in the Washington, DC region as well as other studies of transportation mode choice and commuter benefits.
  Authors: Hamre, Andrea; Buehler, Ralph
  Authors: Hamre, Andrea; Buehler, Ralph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 735
  Paper Number: 13-1429
• Cyclist Injury Severity in a Cycling Nation: Evidence from Denmark
  Abstract: Denmark is one of the leading cycling nations, where cycling trips constitute a large share of the total trips and cycling safety assumes a top priority position in the agenda of policy makers. The current study investigates the risk factors associated with cyclist injury severity on Danish roads by examining a comprehensive set of accidents involving a cyclist and a third party between 2007 and 2011. The current study estimates a generalized ordered logit model of cyclist injury severity because of its ability to accommodate the ordered-response nature of severity while relaxing the proportional odds assumption. Model estimates and average pseudo-elasticities illustrate that cyclist injury severity is positively related to (i) elderly cyclists over 60 years of age, (ii) cyclist intoxication, (iii) conflicts between cyclists going straight or turning left and other vehicles going straight, (iv) speed limits above 70-80 km/h, (v) slippery road surface, (vi) road sections, and (vii) heavy vehicle involvement. Moreover, model results show that cyclist injury severity is negatively related to (i) helmet use, (ii) the availability of cycling paths, (iii) dense urban development, possibly due to the ‘safety in numbers’ phenomenon.
  Authors: Kaplan, Sigal; Vavatsoulas, Konstantinos; Prato, Carlo Giacomo
  Authors: Kaplan, Sigal; Vavatsoulas, Konstantinos; Prato, Carlo Giacomo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 454
  Paper Number: 13-1547
• Bicycle Route Choice Model That Incorporates Distance and Perceived Risk
  Abstract: In this study, we have developed a procedure to estimate bicycle link cost function parameters for use in a bicycle route choice model. A practical estimation procedure was established by formulating a bi-level optimization problem. Based on bicycle commuters’ revealed preference route choices to a university campus, a linear function with an interaction cost term was found to be the best model specification. Other models that incorporated both distance and risk terms were almost as good. Model forms that used only distance or only risk were clearly inferior, indicating the importance of using both factors. In order to investigate the relative importance of travel distance and risk concern, an elasticity ratio test was conducted. The results indicate that, for our database, travel distance is more important in route choice decisions. However, when perceived risk, as represented by link Bicycle Compatibility Index, reaches high levels, the role of the risk factor in bicycle route choice becomes almost as important as the distance factor. Bicyclists are then more likely to trade off increased distance for decreased perceived risk. The bi-level optimization method described in this paper provides a practical way to approximate bicyclist route choice behavior using a simple measure (distance) and the well-recognized Bicycle Compatibility Index. The resulting model can guide investments in bicycle facilities.
  Authors: Kang, Lei; Fricker, Jon D.
  Authors: Kang, Lei; Fricker, Jon D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-1677
• Experience of Electric Bicycle Users in the Area of Davis-Sacramento, California
  Abstract: For this project, we interviewed 27 electric bicycle (e-bike) users in the Sacramento/Davis, California area. We found three significant benefits relative to conventional bicycles: functionality (speed, acceleration, ability to carry cargo), adherence to green values, and enabling bicycle transportation to be feasible for more people, and more trips. E-bikes are faster than conventional bicycles, so e-bike users can cut down commute time and ride more frequently than if they were using a conventional bicycle. The ease of acceleration makes obeying stop signs and riding uphill less onerous and provides e-bike users with more confidence interacting with automobiles. E-bikes also provide an option for green transportation for people who can’t or don’t wish to participate in conventional bicycling. Finally, they enable people with certain disabilities, illness, symptoms of aging, or time constraint, to continue to bike. The barriers to the expansion of e-bike ridership are high cost, heavy weight, lack of safe infrastructure (unsafe roads and communities, and lack of emergency charging), policy (separated bike paths are not open to e-bikes) . However, those barriers could be overcome with government and business interventions, if expansion of e-bike mode share is a desired outcome.
  Authors: Gordon, Elizabeth; Shao, Zhenying; Xing, Yan; Wang, Yunshi; Handy, Susan L.
  Authors: Gordon, Elizabeth; Shao, Zhenying; Xing, Yan; Wang, Yunshi; Handy, Susan L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1709
• Incorporating Saliency Map into Appraisal of Crossing Island Facilities: Drivers' Visual Attention
  Abstract: In our study, crossing island facilities are evaluated in conspicuity point of view. This paper provides an evaluation method to determine which kind of facilities can draw visual attention of driver easily with aid of saliency map. The visual scan experiment with the aid of eye tracking system was conducted to collect fixation percentage data. The evaluation method of crossing island facility was conducted based on image characteristics. The saliency-based model which based on model of visual attention built up by Ltti was set up and improved through the process of Gaussian pyramid creation, visual feature extraction and conspicuity map generation as well as the saliency map generation. Mean intensity of salient zone on the saliency map is selected as indicator to calculate fixation percentage of crossing island facility and the regression model is helpful for the evaluation of conspicuity of crossing island facility at pedestrian refuge island together with MATLAB and Photoshop.
  Authors: Xu, Zhi; Zou, Zhe; Cao, Bohu; Gong, Xiangxing
  Authors: Xu, Zhi; Zou, Zhe; Cao, Bohu; Gong, Xiangxing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-1724
• Integrating Shared-Use Vehicles: Building the Next Generation of Transit
  Abstract: This paper serves as an introduction to practitioners on shared use vehicles and several strategies to implement and integrate shared use vehicles into an existing transit or transportation network. The shared use vehicles identified are ride sharing, car sharing and bike sharing. The history and current market of each mode is reviewed. The paper includes a review of research of transit integration. The integration methods suggested is integration through street infrastructure, the fare card and information technology. Challenges of each integration method are reviewed and several case studies are explored. A policy implementation chart is included to guide practitioners in municipal government to implement an integrated transportation system that includes shared use vehicles.
  Authors: Alpert, Lauren
  Authors: Alpert, Lauren
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-1332
• Analysis of Safety and Environmental Effects of Introducing Microcars into Traffic Flows
  Abstract: This study analyses the characteristics of traffic flow when microcars are present. A two-lane cellular automata model is formulated to simulate a mixed traffic flow consisting of conventional passenger cars and microcars. Segments of urban highway and arterial road, both with two lanes and measuring 400 m in length, are simulated, including an intersection delay with a signal cycle at the midpoint of the latter. Traffic flows with different ratios of microcars are investigated in the simulation. Four aspects of traffic conditions are calculated: the number of lane changes, the number of decelerations, and the speed variation for analysis of safety and energy consumption as a measure of environmental impact. The simulation results provide several insights into the safety and environmental impact of introducing microcars. They suggest that microcars have no effect or a positive effect on safety when measured in terms of the number of decelerations and speed variation, both on highways and arterial roads. However, safety situation as measured in terms of lane changes is reduced. Vehicle emission will obviously decrease with the introduction of microcars, especially on highways. This is also true of arterial roads in free-stream flow, but the superiority of microcar diminishes in congested flow.
  Authors: Mu, Rui; Yamamoto, Toshiyuki
  Authors: Mu, Rui; Yamamoto, Toshiyuki
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1480
• HANDS FREE STEERING IN A VIRTUAL WORLD FOR THE EVALUATION OF GUIDANCE SYSTEMS IN PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURES: DESIGN AND VALIDATION
  Abstract: This paper presents the development and validation of hands free steering in a cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE) designed to make the reactions of pedestrians to guidance information measureable. The navigation uses the Microsoft Kinect to obtain information on the movement of the user. The user walks on the place to move forward in the virtual world and turns her shoulders to invoke rotations in the virtual world in order to make turns. After the implementation of the hands free steering the validity of the model has been explored using a case study involving parallel test groups exposing individuals to wayfinding exercises in the real world and the corresponding virtual world. The results show that the objective distances and times in the real and the virtual worlds as well as perceptions of distances, times and directions do not differ statistically significantly validating the model for steering.
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar; Schneckenburger, Jasmin; Settgast, Volker; Millonig, Alexandra; Gartner, Georg
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar; Schneckenburger, Jasmin; Settgast, Volker; Millonig, Alexandra; Gartner, Georg
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1484
• Modeling Passing Events in Mixed Bicycle Traffic Using Cellular Automata
  Abstract: The primary objective of this study is to use the cellular automata method to model the characteristics of bicycle passing events in mixed bicycle traffic on separated bicycle paths. The mixed bicycle traffic is composed of two types of bicycles which are the conventional bicycle and electric bicycle. The number of passing events as well as the characteristics of mixed bicycle traffic was investigated in the field at 8 physically separated bicycle paths in China. Then a cellular automata model was calibrated using the field data to simulate the passing events in the mixed bicycle traffic. The results showed that the cellular automata model can well simulate the features of bicycle passing events. The simulation results are consistent with field observations. An increase in the ratio of electric bicycles will not significantly increase the number of passing events. But electric bicycles have a large contribution to the passing events in the mixed bicycle traffic. Electric bicycles showed to have a stronger anti-inference ability than conventional bicycles especially in the traffic condition of high flow rate. Findings of this study can improve the performance of simulation techniques to reflect the actual characteristics of mixed bicycle traffic.
  Authors: Zhao, De; Wang, Wei; Li, Chenyang; Li, Zhibin; Fu, Pengming; Hu, Xiaojian
  Authors: Zhao, De; Wang, Wei; Li, Chenyang; Li, Zhibin; Fu, Pengming; Hu, Xiaojian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1490
• Is Scientific Evidence in Practice? Review of Driver and Cyclist Education Materials with Respect to Cycling Safety Evidence
  Abstract: Introduction: Countries with high cycling rates have national, school-based, mandatory cycling education programs whereas in North America cycling education is diverse and disparate. The aim of this research was to understand what cycling safety content is delivered in Canadian jurisdictions and how training materials align with scientific evidence.Methods: Cycling safety literature was reviewed and cycling education materials were compiled from drivers’ licensing and cyclist education programs. The education materials were compared with the evidence to determine where there were agreements, disagreements or gaps. Results: 56 scientific articles focused on crash or injury risk, injury severity, or other safety outcomes and met our inclusion criteria. The evidence covered bicycling operations, visibility and safety gear, road characteristics, route types, and bicycle-motor vehicle interactions. 48 training materials for cyclists and/or drivers were gathered from 12 provincial and territorial driver’s licensing jurisdictions, 5 municipalities, and 7 advocacy organizations. Broadly, the materials covered topics of bicycle fit and maintenance, rules of the road, in addition to the topics included in the safety literature. Some of the education items were supported by evidence, although many were related to legislation or common sense. Evidence on motor vehicle passing distances conflicted with the guidance about where to cycle on the road. A gap in the educational materials was the relative safety of different route infrastructure, important for route planning.Conclusions: This research illustrates the diversity of cycling education in Canada and suggests areas where education materials could be modified to align with scientific evidence on safe cycling.
  Authors: Winters, Meghan; Weddell, Angie; Teschke, Kay
  Authors: Winters, Meghan; Weddell, Angie; Teschke, Kay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-1534
• Validating Urban Design Measures
  Abstract: Focusing on the street level experience, Ewing et al. (2005, 2006) developed measurement protocols for nine urban design qualities cited in the literature—imageability, enclosure, human scale, transparency, complexity, coherence, linkage, legibility, and tidiness. The first five were successfully operationalized. This paper builds on earlier research to, for the first time, validate the urban design measures against pedestrian counts on 588 block faces in New York City. An effort is made to distinguish which measures, if any, influence levels of pedestrian activity after controlling for the “D” variables: development density, land use diversity, street network design, destination accessibility, distance to transit, and demographics. The urban design quality of transparency, related to windows overlooking the street, continuous building facades forming a street wall, and active street frontage, proves to have more explanatory power than any other D variable.
  Authors: Ewing, Reid; Connors, Mark; Hajrasouliha, Amir; Goates, JP; Neckerman, Kathy; Nelson, Arthur C.; Greene, William H.
  Authors: Ewing, Reid; Connors, Mark; Hajrasouliha, Amir; Goates, JP; Neckerman, Kathy; Nelson, Arthur C.; Greene, William H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1662
• Impact of Curbside Parking on Travel Time and Space Mean Speed of Nonmotorized Vehicles
  Abstract: Curbside parking is an important component of the parking system. Due to its occupancy of roadway resources and operational characteristics of parking maneuvers, it can significantly impact traffic performance. In order to analyze the traffic performance of non-motorized vehicles influenced by curbside parking, this study is to give a quantitative analysis of the influence of curbside parking on the travel time and space mean speed. The travel time and travel speed data of the non-motorized vehicles moving in the road sections with curbside parking and barriers between motorized and non-motorized vehicles are gathered by observers. A proportional hazard-based duration model is proposed to analyze the influential factors related to curbside parking, including the effective width of bicycle lane, the events including inbound parking maneuvers, outbound parking maneuvers, double parking and the load/unload activities, and the time influence rate. The results show that curbside parking has a significant impact on the travel speed of non-motorized vehicles. The results also show that the effective lane width shows a positive effect on the travel speed, whereas the events of inbound parking and outbound parking maneuvers, and the time influence rate show a negative effect on the travel speed. In addition, various factors can modify travel speed in different degrees, and the model can be used to estimate the travel speed under assumed conditions. It is hoped that this paper will help to improve the planning and management of curbside parking.
  Authors: Ye, Xiaofei; Jun, Chen
  Authors: Ye, Xiaofei; Jun, Chen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 820
  Paper Number: 13-1451
• Comparative Analysis of Effects of E-bikes and Bicycles on Safety of Signalized Intersections Using Traffic Conflict Technique
  Abstract: In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted to compare the risk-taking behaviors of the riders of e-biker and bicycles and their effects on safety of signalized intersections. Data were collected at fourteen signalized intersections in the city of Kunming in China. It was found that 10.31% of the e-bikers have committed at least one of the identified risky behaviors when crossing intersections, which was 1.42 times as large as that of the bikers (7.28%). Traffic conflicts technique was used to estimate the safety effects of e-bikes and bicycles. The conflicts observed in the field were divided into fifteen types. The majority of the observed conflicts were caused by the risky behaviors of the drivers of automobiles. The predominant cause was that the drivers of automobiles did not yield to the right-of-way of e-bikes/bicycles, which accounted for 76.1% of the conflicts involving e-bikes and 74.4% of the conflicts involving bicycles. About 13.8% of the conflicts were caused by the risky behaviors of e-bikers, which was significantly higher than those caused by the bicycle riders (9.2%), but significantly lower than those caused by the drivers of automobiles (77%). Red-light running was the leading cause for the conflicts in which the e-bikes were at-fault. The conflict rates associated with e-bikes and bicycles were compared. It was found that for all the conflict types the conflict rates for e-bikes were significantly higher than those for the bicycles. The conflict prediction model developed in this study showed that the presence of e-bikes significantly affected the total number of conflicts at a signalized intersection. The results of elasticity analysis showed that 1% increase in the proportion of e-bikes would increase the expected number of conflicts between automobiles and e-bikes/bicycles by 0.11%.
  Authors: Bai, Lu; Liu, Pan
  Authors: Bai, Lu; Liu, Pan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1605
• Analyzing Bicyclists’ Choices of Bicycle Facility Type Using a Random-Parameter Probit Model
  Abstract: When allocating limited funds to bicycle facilities, it would be helpful to know the extent to which a new facility will be used. If a bicycle lane is added to a street, how many bicyclists will no longer use the sidewalk? If a separate bicycle path is constructed, how many bicyclists will move from the street or sidewalk? Bicyclists were interviewed at the end of their trips and asked which part of the cross-sections along their routes they had used – on-street or off-street. This study developed a random-parameter probit model to analyze the bicyclists’ facility preferences and capture the unobserved heterogeneity across the population. This model was found to be superior to a standard binary probit model and a random effects model. Sidewalk width, traffic signals, segment length, road functional class, street pavement condition, and one-way street configuration were found to be statistically significant. The compound effects of multiple variables were demonstrated by varying sidewalk width and Bicycle Compatibility Index. The results suggest that merely adding a bicycle lane does not guarantee that a significant proportion of bicyclists will switch to it. Lessons also can be drawn from marginal effects and elasticity to indicate where a particular bicycle facility would be most compatible with bicyclists’ revealed choices.
  Authors: Kang, Lei; Fricker, Jon D.
  Authors: Kang, Lei; Fricker, Jon D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-1676
• Multimodal Simulation-Based Planning for Pedestrians
  Abstract: In this contribution Strasbourg’s plan piéton will briefly be summarized and as a part of it the traffic situation around the central bridge Pont Kuss will be introduced. At Pont Kuss a number of safety and convenience issues in pedestrian traffic are reported. This is the motivation for a multi-modal microscopic simulation project which assesses measures to improve the situation for pedestrians. The assessment includes both: benefits for pedestrian and potential drawbacks for vehicular traffic. It will be shown in detail that clear benefits for pedestrians and for public transport are opposed by only small – if at all – drawbacks for vehicular traffic. It is concluded that multi-modal micro-simulation is a powerful tool to handle all traffic modes with equal care and equal rights in the planning process and that it is at the same time a powerful tool to produce material for communication with the public.
  Authors: Kretz, Tobias; Reutenauer, Frédéric; Schubert, Florian
  Authors: Kretz, Tobias; Reutenauer, Frédéric; Schubert, Florian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1943
• Evaluation of Urban Land Redevelopment Impact on Nonmotorized Traffic: Case Study in Shanghai, China
  Abstract: Urban land redevelopment is an important component of city evolution and has a great impact on transportation system. The current traffic impact analysis (TIA) is lack of a comprehensive component for non-motorized transportation under redevelopment, which is especially critical in China where non-motorized mode share is extremely high. For a better guidance of land redevelopment and non-motorized transportation planning, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of redevelopment on non-motorized traffic before the project is approved and the construction starts. The objective of this study is to fill the gap in the transportation impact analysis (TIA) system and promote the sustainable development of the non-motorized transportation.In this paper, we emphasize the importance of the urban redevelopment impact evaluation on non-motorized traffic, and focus on providing an evaluation framework for the impact analysis. We use the systematic analysis method to organize the procedures and objects of redevelopment impact evaluation on non-motorized traffic, and proposed the corresponding evaluation indicators to analyze the impact qualitatively and quantitatively. A case study of Shanghai, China is discussed as an application. The results indicate that the redevelopments such as a residential land redeveloped into a mixed commercial land have a significant impact on non-motorized traffic, and reasonable improvements in the internal design are effective to avoid the potential negative impact. The framework and process can be integrated into the general motorized traffic impact analysis.
  Authors: Wang, Yanli; Zhu, Xiaoyu; Li, Linbo; Wu, Bing
  Authors: Wang, Yanli; Zhu, Xiaoyu; Li, Linbo; Wu, Bing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1900
• Crash Characteristics of Pedestrian Fatalities: Comparison of China and the United States
  Abstract: Collisions between pedestrians and motor vehicles are the unfortunate part of modern life, and their outcome is often tragic and costly. This study focuses on the crash characteristics and factors associated with pedestrian¡¯s collision with motorized vehicles. Firstly, this paper provides a thorough review of previous literatures in the field of pedestrian safety. Then, a comparison analysis between pedestrian crash data in China and the US is proposed. Results of the crash data statistics show that the total number of traffic crashes follow the same decline trends in the two countries, and the total number of traffic fatalities in the US is about one half of that in China. Compared to other road users, drivers account for the largest fatality proportion in the two countries. The second largest group of death in traffic accidents is vehicle passenger in the United States but pedestrian in China. Furthermore, in terms of the factors related to pedestrian crashes, conclusions about gender, age and improper behavior factor are drawn from the pedestrian crash data analysis. Based on these key findings, this paper addresses some potential countermeasures and strategies that aim at improving pedestrian safety.
  Authors: Zhou, Zhuping; Ren, Gang; Wang, Wei; Qizhou, Hu; Li, Haiyuan
  Authors: Zhou, Zhuping; Ren, Gang; Wang, Wei; Qizhou, Hu; Li, Haiyuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2036
• Integrated Analysis of Workers' Physically Active Activity and Active Travel Choice Behavior
  Abstract: Employing 2009 NHTS Texas add-on sample data, this study examines individual’s active choice decisions with a specific market focus on adult workers. This is achieved by examining worker’s two choice behaviors: active activity and active travel. The first choice behavior is developed as an ordered-response model based on the number of physically active recreational activities pursued during the workday. The second model is developed as a binary-response model that examines worker’s active travel choices; whether or not the worker used any active mode of travel during the same workday. The current study contributes to the field by improving our understanding and knowledge of factors influencing worker’s physically active activity-travel behavior. The study provides several insights regarding the role (and constraints) of employment in individual’s active choices while demonstrating that transportation and public health policy makers can mutually benefit from encouraging workers to be physically active (from an activity and/or travel perspective). Using a flexible and robust copula modeling methodology, we explore the ‘true’ correlation (or dependence) between the two behavior choices that might occur due to the presence of unobserved factors, in addition to the examination of various observed factors, suggesting a simultaneous low or simultaneously high propensity toward being physically active across workers. Overall, the study unifies and reveals the integrated nature of the public health and transportation fields thereby providing a distinct view of active/inactive choice behavior.
  Authors: Sener, Ipek Nese
  Authors: Sener, Ipek Nese
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-2213
• Evaluating Bicycle Infrastructure: Assessment of Three Alternative Quality-of-Service Metrics
  Abstract: Cities throughout the United States are increasingly interested in designing bicycle facilities to attract new riders and improve the comfort of existing riders. In particular, transportation agencies increasingly use treatments such as cycle tracks, buffered bike lanes, and colored pavement to supplement or replace traditional facilities (e.g., bike lanes). To respond to this trend, transportation professionals require evaluation metrics that effectively assess design options and provide decision-support in choosing bicycle facilities that best match local context. Recent research has produced several bicycle evaluation tools (e.g., bicycle Level of Service) that attempt to fill this need. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive real-world comparison of three leading bicycle evaluation tools: 2010 Highway Capacity Manual Bicycle Level of Service (BLOS); Danish Road Directorate BLOS; and San Francisco's Bicycle Environment Quality Index (BEQI). Each evaluation tool was applied to a before-after evaluation of two bicycle facility installations in Washington, DC. The tools were assessed using a consistent set of evaluation criteria including: data and time requirements; sensitivity to key inputs; intuitiveness of the results; and soundness of the tool’s theoretical basis. Intercept surveys of facility users were used to compare the tool outputs to actual user preferences. Results suggest several shortcomings with the HCM BLOS methodology that make it unsuited to assessing bicycle design options that include cycle tracks and other emerging bicycle facility types. Additional research is needed to develop a nationally accepted bicycle evaluation tool to reflect the growing variety of bicycle facilities in the United States.
  Authors: Parks, Jamie; Tanaka, Alison; Ryus, Paul; Monsere, Christopher M.; McNeil, Nathan Winslow; Goodno, Mike
  Authors: Parks, Jamie; Tanaka, Alison; Ryus, Paul; Monsere, Christopher M.; McNeil, Nathan Winslow; Goodno, Mike
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-2191
• Missing Links: How Social Paths Can Improve Light-Rail Pedestrian Accessibility
  Abstract: In the last several decades, planners and policy makers have focused creating more balanced transportation systems that include better transit service as well as improved options for pedestrians and bicyclists. Pedestrian accessibility is vital to the success of transit stops since transit users are likely to walk on at least one end of their trip. As a result, practitioners have focused on improving pedestrian environments in station areas. Pedestrian accessibility studies have focused on formal pedestrian links such as roads, sidewalks and multi-use trails. However, a small but important body of literature suggests that the informal pedestrian environments play an important, but often overlooked, role in pedestrian accessibility. Social paths are informal routes that emerge in grassy areas due to footfall. Social paths have formed at numerous suburban transit stops and show the deficiencies in the design of formal pedestrian networks. Because current travel behavior studies omit informal pedestrian networks, their results may be inaccurate, resulting in misguided policy. This study identified social paths at twelve light rail stations in Denver, Colorado and Dallas, Texas. Using two pedestrian accessibility metrics, the formal pedestrian environment was compared to a joint formal-informal pedestrian environment that includes social paths. This paper makes the argument that social paths are important components of station-area pedestrian accessibility and should be incorporated into future travel behavior studies and pedestrian improvement projects.
  Authors: Gallagher, Patrick; Marshall, Wesley; Atkinson-Palombo, Carol
  Authors: Gallagher, Patrick; Marshall, Wesley; Atkinson-Palombo, Carol
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-1799
• Taking U.S. Transportation Professionals to European Cycling Cities: Does It Matter?
  Abstract: The Bikes Belong Foundation and the Federal Highway Administration have sponsored a series of study tours for U.S. transportation professionals to European cities with more robust infrastructure and higher modal splits for cycling. Via this hands-on approach, professionals experience how bicycle transportation functions within integrated, multi-modal, balanced transportation systems. The ultimate goal of these programs is to give policymakers and transportation professionals opportunities to learn lessons they can apply in the US to encourage greater use of the bicycle for transportation. This research assesses the impact of those study tours through interviews with past participants, analyzing major lessons learned from the tours, how participants have implemented the lessons in US cities, and the barriers to implementation. Overall, participants highly valued the firsthand experience in cities where cycling is a significant mode of transportation as it expanded their vision for transportation infrastructure design and policy. Some insights were more readily implemented upon return to the U.S. and some remain slow to be adopted. This paper summarizes both aspects of these professionals’ experiences, as well as providing recommendations for future study tours. A few of these recommendations include: organizing a cycle track specific study tour, providing more firsthand experience with bicycle supportive policy formation and soft measure implementation, supporting participants through peer-to-peer information sharing and readjustment assistance upon return, and taking teams of politicians, engineers, planners, and community leaders from the same community to the most advanced European cycling cities.
  Authors: Mild, Cortney Elise; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Authors: Mild, Cortney Elise; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2389
• Analysis of Knowledge of Crossing Rules, Self-Reported Behavior, and Observed Behavior at Intersections
  Abstract: Intersection crossing crashes are a serious problem for children in China and other countries. The objective of the study is to provide a better understanding of the relationships between children¡¯s intersection crossing knowledge and behavior to enable improvements to traffic safety education and to children¡¯s safety as they walk to and from school. We administered a Questionnaire to 225 primary school children aged 6-12 to assess their knowledge of crossing rules, self-reported crossing behavior, and we acquired 2 hours of Video recordings of children¡¯s observed crossing behavior from the same primary school as they crossed a busy intersection. We found there was large discrepancy between observed intersection behavior and knowledge of crossing rules according to gender and differed depending on whether they crossed with adults, with classmates or alone. Also significant differences existed between observed intersection behavior and the self-reported crossing behavior. One specific gender difference was that girls¡¯ behavior of looking both ways before crossing was better than boys¡¯. We also found that when children crossed intersections alone, their behavior was generally better than when they crossed with classmates or with adults in performing risky behaviors. While we found no significant differences between children¡¯s knowledge of crossing rules and their self-reported crossing behavior. A further observation was that when children were accompanied by adults, we observed the highest frequencies of crossing against the light. However, in spite of these gender differences in behavior, we found no significant gender differences with respect to knowledge of crossing rules. The weakness in the association between intersection crossing knowledge and behavior found in this study suggests that it is not enough to teach children knowledge that describes proper behavior for keeping safe in traffic. Children should also be directly taught the proper behaviors for keeping safe in traffic, preferably in the actual setting where they will be performed. Other countermeasures recommended include educating both children and adults on proper intersection crossing behavior, and emphasizing training for boys to improve their crossing skills. Some ways to implement these recommendations are considered in the discussion of this study¡¯s findings.
  Authors: Wang, Xuesong; Wang, Li; Tremont, Paul J.
  Authors: Wang, Xuesong; Wang, Li; Tremont, Paul J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2395
• A Methodology to Estimate Bicyclists’ Acceleration and Speed Distributions at Signalized Intersections
  Abstract: As cities across North America install new infrastructure to accommodate a growing number and variety of bicyclists, installation of bicycle-specific traffic signals is a common design element. A recent survey has shown that there is there is a lack of consistency in their design and timing. In particular, minimum green signal timing is highly dependent on the assumed acceleration and speed performance of bicyclists’ but there is no detailed methodology to estimate these performance values. However, recent AASHTO, Caltrans, and NACTO documents require that an adequate clearance interval shall be provided and that in determining this minimum interval field investigation of bicyclists’ speeds is recommended. Furthermore, even if detailed video trajectories are available, the determination of a value for field speed and acceleration is not trivial because values of speeds and accelerations are a function of time and individual bicyclist performance. The purpose of this research is to develop and apply a general methodology to estimate bicyclists’ acceleration and speed for traffic signal timing applications. Utilizing physical equations of motion, this research analytically derives expressions that can be used to classify individual bicyclist’s performance as function of the observed acceleration profile. The analysis indicates that four basic acceleration profiles are possible and the profiles can be obtained using a parsimonious field data collection method. The methodology is successfully applied to two intersections in Portland, Oregon. A detailed statistical analysis of the results shows that the results are intuitive and that the methodology successfully categorizes bicyclists’ performance variations due to topography or demographic characteristics.
  Authors: Figliozzi, Miguel; Wheeler, Nikki; Monsere, Christopher M.
  Authors: Figliozzi, Miguel; Wheeler, Nikki; Monsere, Christopher M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-2697
• Study on Confirmation by Pedestrians of Approaching Right- or Left-Turning Vehicle While Crossing at Crosswalk
  Abstract: In this study head-turning behavior is analyzed to understand where is the best location for the pedestrian to confirm the approaching vehicle in crossing the crosswalk. From the result of the head-turning frequency, it is found that head-turning frequency is increasing towards the entry of the crosswalk and the conflict point. Moreover, results by the analysis of different attributes, head-turning frequency at nighttime or of the elderly person tends to be low; and head-turning was performed more at the conflict point. These results might show that there is a need to provide the information about approaching vehicle. In the pattern that vehicle approaches behind the research participants, head-turning frequency is low; and this imply the need of information for the pedestrians. By the result of the comparison with the different experiment settings, it is found that the position where pedestrian just enter the crosswalk is the best location to confirm the approaching vehicle in the 3 kinds of cases, such as elderly person (having difficulty in crossing), nighttime (restricted visibility), wearing headphones (restricted hearing sense). Moreover, many head-turning behavior were performed at the middle of crosswalk in the case that start position of research participant is R and right-turning vehicle is approaching, and this could be an appropriate confirming action. From the result described above, there exist many critical locations for the crossing pedestrian to confirm the approaching vehicle in a safe manner.
  Authors: Hamaoka, Hidekatsu; Hagiwara, Toru; Tada, Masahiro; Munehiro, Kazunori; Haga, Kentaro
  Authors: Hamaoka, Hidekatsu; Hagiwara, Toru; Tada, Masahiro; Munehiro, Kazunori; Haga, Kentaro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2793
• Testing the Influence of Urban Design Features on Perceptions of Walking Environment Attractiveness
  Abstract: The potential environmental and health benefits of active transportation modes (e.g., walking and cycling) have led to considerable research on the influence of the built environment on travel. This paper presents the findings of a study combining environmental audits and a survey-based respondent mapping tool to test the influence of micro-scale built environment characteristics, including “green street” storm water management features, on resident perceptions of walking environment attractiveness. Results suggest that this method is sensitive enough to unpack a concept like walkability into individual component characteristics. Findings from an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model indicate that in a predominantly single-family residential context well-designed green street facilities, as well as other features such as parks, separation from vehicle traffic, and pedestrian network connectivity can significantly contribute to walking environment attractiveness.
  Authors: Adkins, Arlie; Dill, Jennifer; Luhr, Gretchen; Neal, Margaret
  Authors: Adkins, Arlie; Dill, Jennifer; Luhr, Gretchen; Neal, Margaret
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2813
• Using Bicycles for Daily Commuting in Belo Horizonte, Brazil: Assessment of User Willingness Level with Spatial and Heterogeneity Considerations
  Abstract: The use of bicycles as a transportation mode for daily commuting trips has proven beneficial to both urban traffic conditions and travelers’ health. In order to efficiently design facilities and policies that will stimulate bicycle use, it is necessary to first understand people’s attitudes towards bicycle use, and the factors that may influence their preferences. Meanwhile, it should be expected that people’s willingness to use bicycles as their daily commuting mode is also subject to the influence of their neighbors and individual heterogeneity. This paper uses a spatial random parameter ordered probit model to analyze how travelers’ willingness to use bicycles is influenced by various socioeconomic factors in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, with the consideration of spatial dependency and heterogeneity across individuals. The model is estimated using the composite marginal likelihood (CML) approach, and results show that bicycle use is more favored by travelers with lower household income, lower commuting time, and who rent apartments. If a person is currently using a bicycle or walking to work, he/she would be most willing to commute with a bicycle in the future. Those currently commuting bymotorcycle and bus follow this group in terms of willingness to commute by bicycle in the future.. Car users seem to be difficult to convert to bicycle users. Moreover, the estimation shows clear evidence that significant personal heterogeneity indeed exists, especially for education level, necessitating the consideration of such an effect. The analysis framework developed in this study as well as the findings provide valuable insights into people’s opinion towards the use of bicycles for daily transportation.
  Authors: Wang, Xiaokun (Cara); Zhang, Dapeng; Magalhães, David
  Authors: Wang, Xiaokun (Cara); Zhang, Dapeng; Magalhães, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 735
  Paper Number: 13-2846
• Application of Computer Vision to the Diagnosis of Pedestrian Safety Issues
  Abstract: This paper demonstrates the potential of using computer vision techniques for solving several shortcomings associated with traditional road safety and behavior analysis. Surrogate data such as traffic conflicts provide invaluable information that can be used to better understand collision contributing factors and the collision failure mechanism. Recent advances in computer vision techniques encouraged the use of proactive safety surrogate measures such as conflicts and violations detections. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the automated safety diagnosis of pedestrian crossing safety issues using computer vision techniques. The automated safety diagnosis is applied on a major signalized intersection in Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia. Concerns were raised regarding the high conflict rate between vehicles and pedestrians as well as an elevated number of traffic violations (i.e., jaywalking) at the intersection. This study is unique in its attempt to extract conflict indicators and detect violations from video sequences in a fully automated way. This line of research benefits safety experts as it provides a prompt and objective safety evaluation for intersections. It also provides a permanent database for traffic information that can be beneficial for a sound safety diagnosis as well as for developing safety countermeasures.
  Authors: Zaki, Mohamed H.; Sayed, Tarek; Tageldin, Ahmed; Hussein, Mohamed Hussein Azab
  Authors: Zaki, Mohamed H.; Sayed, Tarek; Tageldin, Ahmed; Hussein, Mohamed Hussein Azab
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2889
• Impact of Bicycle Boxes on Safety of Cyclists: Case Study in Montreal, Canada
  Abstract: This paper presents a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of a bicycle treatment (bike boxes) at intersections using a before-after surrogate safety analysis based on longitudinal video-data analysis. As a surrogate safety measure, cyclists’ red-light violations are quantified for two periods before and two periods after the installation of a bicycle box at a signalized intersection in Montreal. For this purpose several hours of video were collected before and after the installation of the treatment. Based on the video data, red-light violations and potentially associated factors were collected for each cyclist that crossed the intersection, such as sex, age, group size, use of helmet, whether a cyclist stopped before crossing, vehicle-cyclist gap, etc. Violations with a short vehicle-cyclist gap were classified as dangerous (i.e., those situations in which cyclists pass the intersection during the red phase with a small vehicle gap). For the data analysis, a multinomial logit regression technique was used to identify the factors that increase or decrease the probability of cyclist violations as well as their changes over time. Both raw estimates and model estimates show that the presence of a bicycle box has a significant impact on the total number of cyclists’ violations; however, the impact on the number of dangerous violations is not clear. More video data from other intersections before and after the treatment implementation is required to validate these preliminary conclusions. Moreover, the video-data generation and surrogate approach proposed here can be applied to the evaluation of other bicycle treatments.
  Authors: Zangenehpour, Sohail; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Saunier, Nicolas
  Authors: Zangenehpour, Sohail; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Saunier, Nicolas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-2909
• Improving A Cyclist and Pedestrian Environment While Maintaining Vehicle Throughput: A Pre- And Post-Construction Street Analysis
  Abstract: Reallocating road space to enhance bicycle and pedestrian access is frequently a contentious issue in many American cities. This is true in Eugene, Oregon, where a key street segment, adjacent to a pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly university, was retrofitted to better accommodate non-motorized users. Intending to expand pedestrian and bicycle access, a bicycle lane was actually removed in one direction in favor of implementing a shared lane, and physical barriers between an existing contraflow bicycle lane and a one-way automobile traffic lane were removed. Additionally, two-sided parallel parking stalls were replaced with single-sided, back-in angle parking stalls (a first for Eugene), and sidewalks were widened to better accommodate high pedestrian volumes. Using video footage to record behavior along this block before and after the re-design occurred, this study focuses on traffic volume changes by mode and changes in behavior. Results demonstrate that bicycle volumes increased, pedestrian crossing volumes increased and vehicular traffic volumes showed little change after re-design. The integration of bicycle and vehicular traffic lanes and removal of physical barriers improved non-motorized safety, as the rate of traffic conflicts remained low, no collisions occurred, and the re-design provided new ways for convenient navigation around blockages. Despite a perceived increase in chaos, given increased non-motorized traffic volumes, this block became no less safe after re-design even though non-motorized traffic volumes and adaptive use of the space greatly increased. Examination of the particular elements of this re-design provides insight into ways other multimodal traffic streams can be improved.
  Authors: Barnes, Emma; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Authors: Barnes, Emma; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-2900
• Active Transportation Beyond Urban Centers
  Abstract: Conventional wisdom and previous research hold that walking and bicycling for transportation purposes are not common outside of urban areas. This hypothesis is based on a binary classification of land area into two categories, urban and rural. This paper applies a novel seven-category typology of rurality to the 2009 National Household Travel Survey to investigate the true prevalence of nonmotorized travel behavior in multiple types of rural areas. We find that walking and bicycling are more common in rural areas than previously thought. The paper tests additional hypotheses about trip purpose and trip length to understand more about these “active” trips. These results have direct relevance for the work of planners, decision-makers, and walking and bicycling advocates in rural areas and at the federal level.
  Authors: Hadden-Loh, Tracy; Sonenklar, Daniel
  Authors: Hadden-Loh, Tracy; Sonenklar, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2951
• Operational Analysis of “Sharrows” on Roadways with Narrow Lane Widths
  Abstract: Sharrows are intended to encourage shared use of a facility for both bicycles and motor vehicles, as well as indentify the appropriate placement for bicyclists within the roadway. This paper analyzes the influence of several site characteristics on the operational and safety effects on bicyclists and motorists at two curbed roadway segments in Florida. Three main site variables were studied: lateral separation between vehicles and bicyclists, vehicle encroachments to the adjacent inside lane, and distance from face of curb that bicyclists track. Results suggest that installation of sharrows can increase the lateral vehicle clearance significantly. It was also observed that less restrictive lane changing conditions greatly increase the lateral separation between vehicles and bicyclists. Also, the percentage of vehicles that passed along side bicyclists with little to no encroachment was notably reduced after sharrows were placed, suggesting positive safety effects for bicyclists. Overall, operational effects for bicyclists and motor vehicles were positive with the implementation of sharrows.
  Authors: Sando, Thobias; Angel, Michelle; Hunter, William Wesley; Chimba, Deo; Kwigizile, Valerian
  Authors: Sando, Thobias; Angel, Michelle; Hunter, William Wesley; Chimba, Deo; Kwigizile, Valerian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-2507
• Cycling Under the Influence: Summarizing Influence of Attitudes, Habits, Social Environments, and Perceptions on Cycling for Transportation
  Abstract: Due to cycling’s many benefits, including positive health outcomes and its possible role in limiting pollution and congestion, there has recently been a dramatic increase in research on factors that could increase this activity. Researchers have found clear connections between objectively measured elements of the built and natural environment (such as bicycle routes, street connectivity, land use mix, slope, and weather), demographic and socio-economic characteristics and cycling for transportation. However, in recent years researchers have begun incorporating social and psychological factors, such as attitudes, perceptions, habits and social environments, into models and research frameworks to gain a greater understanding of roles these factors might play in travel behaviour. It is becoming increasingly clear that these factors explain travel behaviour as much and perhaps more than do characteristics of the built environment. This review paper therefore sets out to summarize the literature about the influence of these factors on the choice to cycle for transportation. The findings underline the importance of social and psychological factors on bicycle commuting.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-2696
• Bicycle Parking Behavior
  Abstract: The bicycle plays an important role in the multimodal chain, both as an access mode and as an egress mode. The other side of the coin is, however, an ever-growing need for bicycle parking capacity. An analysis of parking behaviour in Delft shows that trying to achieve symmetry between access and egress modes does not offer a solution, because the higher frequency of access transport is counterbalanced by longer parking for egress transport. It is mainly commuters who use guarded bicycle sheds and better-quality bicycles, while students try to avoid these extra costs. Competition in local public transport is also only a factor among students because of the availability of a free public transport pass. The choice between the central station and a more peripheral station largely depends on the cycling distance, the position of the stations in the rail network and the presence of guarded parking facilities.
  Authors: Maat, Kees
  Authors: Maat, Kees
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2976
• Build It and They Will Yield: Study of Motorist Yield Compliance and Pedestrian Delay at Marked Crosswalks on Multilane Roadway
  Abstract: The purpose of this report is to describe the interaction between motorists and pedestrians at various marked crosswalk locations along Cabrillo Boulevard, a multilane street in the Coastal Zone of Santa Barbara. Data on motorist yield compliance by lane, and observed pedestrian delay to cross are recorded in the presence of traffic, before and after the construction of pedestrian refuge islands and curb extensions. These data are assessed to describe the effectiveness of the treatment under actual field operational conditions. The measures of effectiveness include: crossing delay, number of motorists failing to yield, and distance drivers yield from the crosswalk.
  Authors: van Hengel, Drusilla
  Authors: van Hengel, Drusilla
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 700
  Paper Number: 13-3084
• Citizen Participation for Sustainable Transport: Role of Self-organizing Civil Society Organizations to Innovate in Complex City and Transport Planning Systems
  Abstract: 20th century, citizen “revolts” against urban highway projects have influenced thinking about public transport (Toronto, Vancouver, New York), governance (Portland), and cycling (The Netherlands) to this day. Less is known, however, about how these emerge in developing countries, and what they can tell us about citizens’ role in innovation to achieve more sustainable transport systems. Using a complexity-based methodology, this case study examines a social movement that emerged in opposition to the country’s first major highway concession, in Santiago, Chile (1997), challenging and changing urban planning paradigms. In 2000, the anti-highway campaign founded a citizen institution, Living City (Ciudad Viva). Twelve years later, it has become a prize-winning, citizen-led planning institution. Although participation’s role in improving transport systems has become increasingly recognized in recent years, it still tends to be rather ritualistic. This experience offers insight into how strategic approaches to participation can reinforce the role of self-organizing civil society organizations in introducing innovation into existing systems.Findings suggest that traditional large formats should be supplemented by small groups, with more attention paid to the quality of communication and how new consensuses are transmitted (or not) through networks of relationships. This experience suggests that rethinking the city and transport as complex systems, and providing room for leadership from citizen, as well as “technical” and “governmental” planners, opens the way to more effective strategies for innovating in transport, to address the social, environmental and other challenges humanity faces today.
  Authors: Sagaris, Lake
  Authors: Sagaris, Lake
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 820
  Paper Number: 13-3163
• Measuring Unsafe Pedestrian Behavior Using Observational Data
  Abstract: Florida has a severe problem with pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities. Recent trends show that Florida’s pedestrian fatality rate is almost double the national average. Traditional safety programs rely on crash data to develop safety campaigns or countermeasures to increase safety. Since crash data are not readily available and a long time has to pass before meaningful data is collected, a “risk score” was developed to measure the behavior of road users at selected sites in Hillsborough and Miami-Dade counties. Surveys were conducted in June-July 2012 in two of the highest pedestrian crash and fatality counties in Florida to collect data and establish baseline conditions. The surveys included opinion surveys of pedestrians and observations of pedestrians and bicyclists, and their interaction with drivers. The locations where the surveys were conducted were selected based on site characteristics including pedestrian treatments or features, crash history, and land use. Thetwo surveys offered insight on the difference between what people know about the law or correct behavior, and what they actually do in reality. Results pinpoint the problems and aid in deciding the focus of safety campaigns and target audience. The risk score showed that the majority of sites exhibited unsafe behavior from pedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers. The risk score has the potential to aid in measuring the effectiveness of a safety campaign launched by FDOT focused on increasing the awareness on traffic laws. This way, appropriate countermeasures or funds can be selected for the higher ranking sites first.
  Authors: Kourtellis, Achilleas; Lin, Pei-Sung; Gawade, Makarand
  Authors: Kourtellis, Achilleas; Lin, Pei-Sung; Gawade, Makarand
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3208
• School Commute Air Quality: Understanding Variation in Pollutant Exposure for Students Traveling to School by Auto, Bus, or Walking
  Abstract: Student commute mode and route choice are important in determining commute safety as well as influencing student health, as recognized by the Safe Routes to School program. Little has been done, however, to examine the air pollution exposure impacts of student mode choice as students move throughout the roadway environment. This study examines differences in air pollutant exposure along three different routes for students commuting to school via auto, transit bus, and walking. Three pollutant types are included: PM2.5, ultrafine particles, and carbon monoxide. The route recommended by Safe Routes to School is inconsistently observed to have the lowest pollutant concentrations. Results indicate traveling along lower-volume roadways reduces walking exposure, while traveling along busier roadways results in exposure to greater pollutant concentrations. Walking exposure is found to be greater than driving exposure, but less than bus exposure. The maximum concentration for each pollutant was located along the most congested roadway. Pollutant concentrations for the walking mode are mapped to give visual representation of exposure fluctuations during a commute. This research reinforces the importance of selecting low-volume roadways for safety, but also to minimize exposure, and demonstrates a need for further research examining the factors that determine exposure along different street types ranging from arterial to neighborhood roadways. These results serve as a complement to existing environmental justice air quality research, serving as the link between exposure at the home and exposure at the school in urban areas.
  Authors: Moore, Adam; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Moore, Adam; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-3315
• Toward a Flexible System for Pedestrian Data Collection Using Microsoft Kinect Motion-Sensing Device
  Abstract: Information about pedestrian activity, including volumes, walking speed, and trajectories, are used by transportation agencies and researchers for planning, design and analysis purposes. There exist a number of technologies for automatic pedestrian data collection; however all have inherent limitations either in functionality or in monetary cost. Also, most technologies only provide counts. This paper proposes the use of an inexpensive motion sensing device: the Microsoft Kinect, which is able to track multiple people in low-light conditions and could be combined with existing video based daytime tracking. The tracking software and speed estimation methodologies are described, and indoor and outdoor studies show the system’s effectiveness at determining pedestrian volumes and walking speeds. The accuracy of speed data is very satisfactory, with correlation of 98% or more with respect to video data validation speeds. The accuracy of pedestrian volume data varies with traffic conditions, however in low to moderate traffic conditions its performance is accept able with an under counting error of about 8%. The different applications of the sensor and its complementarity with other sensors is discussed, this being the first step towards a multi-sensor system.
  Authors: Charreyron, Samuel; Jackson, Stewart; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando
  Authors: Charreyron, Samuel; Jackson, Stewart; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-3284
• Influence of Bridge Facility Attributes on Bicycle Travel Behavior
  Abstract: This paper develops an unlabeled multinomial logit model to estimate the impact bridge facility attributes have on bicycle travel behavior. The data used to estimate the model was collected May through October 2011 in Austin, Texas via a GPS-based smartphone application that allowed trips to be tracked in real-time. Demographic (age, gender, and cycle frequency) and trip purpose information was also collected. Three attributes are analyzed in the model: bridge accessibility/connectivity to the bicycle network, vehicular volume, and bicycle separation from traffic. Accessibility and bicycle separation significantly impacted bicyclists’ behavior, especially for comfort-prone users (female and infrequent bicyclists) as well as for trips where travel time is not a significant issue. Distance was found to be the most significant factor, particularly for time-constrained trips (trips during the peak period and commute trips). Distance was less important for recreational trips as well as for female bicyclists.
  Authors: Melson, Christopher L.; Duthie, Jennifer; Boyles, Stephen
  Authors: Melson, Christopher L.; Duthie, Jennifer; Boyles, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-3358
• Effect of Left-Turn Operational Mode on Pedestrian Safety: Development of Models and Guidelines
  Abstract: Pedestrian safety is a growing concern at signalized intersections. Pedestrians crossing a street at an intersection are exposed to interactions with turning vehicles, and these interactions sometimes result in crashes. Conflicts and crashes can be reduced by implementing protected turn phases. However, the inclusion of protected turn phases in a traffic signal cycle typically causes an increase in vehicular delay, which tends to offset the benefit of reduced crashes.Left-turn operational mode (permissive, protected-permissive, or protected) is typically chosen based on vehicular traffic concerns like volumes of left-turning and conflicting through vehicles, lane geometry, and sight distance. Historically, pedestrian safety has not been considered as a factor in selecting left-turn operational mode.Pedestrian safety models have been calibrated using field data. The models allow pedestrian-vehicle conflict frequency and pedestrian compliance with signal indications to be estimated based on volumes and site conditions. These models, along with vehicular delay analysis, form the basis for pedestrian-safety-based guidelines that were developed for choosing left-turn operational mode. The guidelines are based on identifying threshold conditions for which a change in left-turn mode results in a reduction in road-user costs.
  Authors: Pratt, Michael Paul; Bonneson, James A.; Songchitruksa, Praprut
  Authors: Pratt, Michael Paul; Bonneson, James A.; Songchitruksa, Praprut
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3370
• Geospatial Analysis of Pedestrian and Cyclist Crashes in Urban Environment: Case Study
  Abstract: Most urban dwellers today do not need to be convinced of the benefits of walking and cycling, which range from improving health and refining the environment to easing traffic congestion and improving a community’s economy. While practices and policies have been established to promote these transportation modes, many challenges still exist which restrain this growth in practice. To identify some of these challenges, the authors performed pedestrian and cyclist safety analyses in an urban center, the city of Hoboken, New Jersey, where potential demands were anticipated. Having the Hoboken terminal as a major intermodal regional hub in this city, the authors performed geospatial safety analyses of pedestrians and cyclists in the vicinity of this terminal. The findings revealed that the number of pedestrian and cyclist injuries decreased as the distance from the Hoboken terminal increased. The frequency of injury was also normalized against population and land use characteristics. While the estimated rates roughly follow the trend of injury frequency, more investigations have been performed to discover contributors such as inadequacy of pedestrian facilities, ambient lighting, and traffic controls at intersections, which may elevate crash exposure risks. The investigation also showed that there was a correlation between the location of bus stops and pedestrian injuries/fatalities, particularly at a further distance from the Hoboken terminal. The study of pre-crash actions and crash-contributing circumstances suggested that pedestrian safety was in jeopardy mostly at intersections and particularly at crosswalks. The same assessments were also carried out for cyclists and cyclist facilities. Safety analyses suggested that an establishment of dedicated bike lanes had improved safety at the test-bed area; however, more enhancements were required to foster this transport mode.
  Authors: Moini, Nadereh; Liu, Rongfang
  Authors: Moini, Nadereh; Liu, Rongfang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3389
• Study on Pedestrian Red Light Crossing Violation Behaviors: Observation at Four-Phase Signalized Intersections in Shanghai, China
  Abstract: Pedestrian violation is a major cause of traffic accidents involving pedestrians. The research objectives were to investigate the relationship between crossing time gap and pedestrian violation and to provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the effects of human factors and external environmental factors on red light crossing behavior. Pedestrian red light crossing gap was collected by video cameras and it was assigned as rejected and accepted data to distinguish between normal crossing and violating crossing. Two methods were used to acquire the RLC critical gap. A multiple linear regression model was introduced, and variables revealing personal characteristics, traffic conditions, and trip features were defined as covariates to describe the effects of internal and external factors. The study concluded that Harder¡¯s method is good for getting the RLC critical gap and when time gap is larger than 6.12s violations become more and more. The pedestrian RLC time gap is related with weather, age, group size and violating whether at the beginning of red light time, and it is not related with gender, violation stage and other factors. To improve the safety condition of the intersection well signalized timing and good management are dire in need.
  Authors: Bai, Yu; He, Xiong; Long, Li; Xiaoguang, Yang
  Authors: Bai, Yu; He, Xiong; Long, Li; Xiaoguang, Yang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3465
• Analysis of School Trip Mode Choice: Promoting Active Travel
  Abstract: Urban and transportation planners have put a special focus on student health and fitness in the past decade, however they struggle to find effective policies to promote walking and biking for school trips. Commuting to school is an opportunity to embed a regular physical activity in students’ daily routines and prevent many health issues that are stimulated by a lack of physical activity during childhood. A three level nested logit model is introduced to explain the motives behind school trip modal selection. Four choice situations, namely walking, driving, school busing, and taking public transit are considered. We, particularly, underscored the significance of model misspecification in terms of policy outcomes, since multinomial logit models are typically adopted in the literature and have strong and, in many cases, unrealistic assumptions. For instance, elasticity analysis of the MNL model showed an indirect elasticity of vehicle ownership of -0.13 in the MNL model, while NL model provides different elasticities of -0.12, -0.20, and -0.08, respectively for public, school bus, and walk modes. This misspecification results in over estimating the reduction in the share of students who walk to school when vehicle ownership increases. Moreover, a wide range of policy-sensitive variables along with their effect magnitude was discussed and compared with the previous studies. Particularly, we found that one percent increase in the probability of walking to school is expected for every 0.046 percent increase in auto travel time, 0.075 percent increase in the normalized-to-income cost of driving, 0.088 percent decrease in vehicle ownership, 0.033 percent increase in distance to public transit, or 2.372 percent decrease in commute distance. Safety was also found to be very influential on active commuting, such that addressing the safety concern of parents is expected to increase propensity of active commuting to school by around 60 percent.
  Authors: Samimi, Amir; Ermagun, Alireza
  Authors: Samimi, Amir; Ermagun, Alireza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-3618
• Stepping off the Curb to Increase Drivers’ Yielding Behavior at Midblock Crosswalks
  Abstract: Interaction between pedestrians and drivers can be witnessed everywhere in the road network, particularly at intersections and mid-block crossings. At unsignalized mid-block crosswalks, drivers typically don’t expect pedestrians, and as a result, pedestrian safety may be compromised. The yielding behavior is affected by various aspects of the roadway and driving environment, including vehicle dynamics, pedestrian’s behavior, roadway function and design. Traditional roadway design indicates that if a driver has adequate sight distance to the crosswalk, then he or she should stop for the pedestrian. This paper focuses on two discrete crossing behaviors - pedestrians standing on the curb; and the other was that pedestrians had stepped off the curb. The data were collected in Boston, MA during the AM and PM peak on a typical weekday. The results show that fewer drivers yielded to pedestrians who were standing on the curb, versus those that were standing in the crosswalk (8.5% of the drivers yielded to pedestrians on the curb and 21.7% yielded when pedestrians had stepped off the curb). Regardless of pedestrian location, more drivers yielded the right of way during the AM peak as compared to the PM peak.
  Authors: Dulaski, Daniel M.
  Authors: Dulaski, Daniel M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2975
• Suburbanization of the Indian City: Impacts on Car and Two-wheeler Use in Mumbai
  Abstract: Urban India is rapidly growing as people dream of better lives and move to cities. However, areas within city boundaries are growth constrained due to floor-area ratio ceilings. Thus, much of the new growth ‘escapes’ to urban peripheries where small existing towns and villages become agglomeration anchors. Many peripheral areas become bedroom communities for lower-income households, but have inadequate infrastructure supply.This paper focuses on how suburbanization is affecting vehicle use in the Greater Mumbai Region (GMR.) As incomes grow, regulatory burdens and use costs become smaller, increasing households’ willingness to use vehicles, especially for non-discretionary trips. The lack of efficient travel options adds to private vehicle use. Higher vehicle use impacts quality of life issues such as time spend commuting, accident rates, noise pollution, and particulate/GhG emissions. Using a 1.5% household travel dataset of the GMR, this paper presents findings from vehicle kilometers traveled and person kilometers traveled models. The unit of analysis is the household, and models are specified as log-log ordinary least square regressions. The models show that vehicle use goes down if density of housing and jobs increases at the home or work location. Car use goes up with per capita income, but it goes down for two-wheelers. Vehicle use increases with distance to transit and number of earners in the household. Overall, the findings have implications not just for managing vehicle use through mechanisms such as pricing during peak times, but also for management of the agglomerative forces both within and outside municipal boundaries.
  Authors: Shirgaokar, Manish
  Authors: Shirgaokar, Manish
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 820
  Paper Number: 13-3255
• Estimating Annual Average Daily Bicyclists: Error and Accuracy
  Abstract: Cities around the country are investing in bicycle infrastructure for which they seek to report bicycle use and safety improvements in order to secure additional transportation funding. A fundamental data need for performing safety studies and reporting facility use is bicyclist traffic volume. To address this need, manual bicycle counting programs have been established that count cyclists for a few hours per year at each designated location. A key issue that arises in designing counting programs (apart from the count locations) is the timing and frequency of the counts required to obtain a reliable estimate of annual average daily bicyclists (AADB). In particular, in which days of the week, hours of the day, and months of the year should counts be collected? And most important to the program cost, how many hours should be counted? This study uses continuous bicycle counts from Boulder, Colorado to estimate AADB and analyze the estimation errors that would be expected from various bicycle-counting scenarios. AADB average estimation errors were found to range from 15% with four weeks of continuous count data to 54% when only one hour is counted per year. This study recommends that counts be conducted for at least twenty-four hours, but perferrably for an entire week, using automated counting devices specificially calibrated for bicycle counting. Seasons with higher bicycle volumes have less variation in bicycle counts and thus more accurate estimates.
  Authors: Nordback, Krista; Marshall, Wesley; Janson, Bruce N.; Stolz, Elizabeth
  Authors: Nordback, Krista; Marshall, Wesley; Janson, Bruce N.; Stolz, Elizabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-3281
• Them or Us: Perceptions, Cognitions, Emotions, and Overt Behavior Associated with Cyclists and Motorists Sharing the Road
  Abstract: In emerging cycling regions, cyclists and motorists are forced to share the road due to cycling infrastructure scarcity. This study investigates the chain of external and internal stimuli, inferred cognition, emotion and overt behavior associated with the road sharing experience. The research methodology consists of a thematic-analysis of a heterogeneous sample of 1,844 talk-backs that were posted in response to news items related to cyclist-motorist traffic crashes in Israel. The results show: (i) cycling infrastructure scarcity and perceptions regarding the natural and legal rights of cyclists to use the road act as primary triggers for the emotional stress associated with road sharing; (ii) motorists and cyclists perceive the road sharing experience as life-threatening situation that induces extreme anxiety, anger and fear; (iii) the overt coping strategies of drivers are confrontive, problem-solving and seeking social-support, while the overt coping strategies of cyclists are escape-avoidance, confrontive and problem-solving.
  Authors: Kaplan, Sigal; Prato, Carlo Giacomo
  Authors: Kaplan, Sigal; Prato, Carlo Giacomo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3204
• Modeling of Pedestrian Unsafe Road Crossing Behavior: Comparison at Signalized and Nonsignalized Crosswalks
  Abstract: Background: Many pedestrians are found to indulge in unsafe road crossing at both the signalized and non-signalized crosswalks.Objective: To study and compare unsafe pedestrians’ crossing behaviour at a signalized and/or a non-signalized crosswalk.Method: F and t tests are performed to observe which crosswalk has the larger mean and variance of the available gap-size in the traffic flow and waiting time of pedestrians. Logistic regression models are fitted to examine the pedestrians’ risk and unsafe road crossing behavior at two crosswalks.Results: Mean and variance of available gap size and waiting time to pedestrian at a signalized cross walk is larger than a non-signalized crosswalk. At a signalized crosswalk, probability of crossing by a pedestrian with the gap size less than the adequate gap size is about 98%; and at a non-signalized crosswalk it is about 95%. At a signalized crosswalk only gap size parameter is significant. However, at a non-signalized crosswalk other predictor parameters (such as gender of the pedestrian, whether alone or in a group, type of the conflicting vehicle and traffic volume) are significant in determining the pedestrian road crossing behavior. The odds of an unsafe road crossing by a pedestrian at a signalized crosswalk is about 1.7 times higher than that at a non-signalized crosswalk.Conclusion: Pedestrians unsafely cross roads when gaps are available within the traffic flow, at both signalized and non-signalized crosswalks. Thus gap size is a significant parameter to determine the pedestrians’ unsafe road crossing behaviour at both crosswalks.
  Authors: Khatoon, Mariya
  Authors: Khatoon, Mariya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4086
• Pedestrian Crossings at Midblock Locations: Comparative Study of Existing Signal Operations
  Abstract: The increasing accidents happen at mid-block crossings (MBCs) have led traffic engineers to consider treatments to make crossings safer. One common method is to install signalized MBCs. Until now, there are four mature signal control systems at MBCs that currently used in the U.S. , Great Britain and some other countries which are pedestrian actuated (PA), pedestrian light controlled (PELICAN), high intensity activated crosswalk (HAWK) and pedestrian user-friendly intelligent (PUFFIN). Efficiency evaluation of these methods also has been carried out, however, most of the previous studies based on the hypothesis that pedestrians proceed under green signal, but in reality it is very common to see pedestrians enter crossings during pedestrian clearance interval, which is supposed to weaken the effectiveness and safety at crossings.With a strictly calibrated VISSIM model and SSAM software, the research explores how signalization schemes, pedestrian clearance interval violation rates, traffic flow and geometries affect the efficiency and safety of all road users at MBCs, in order to provide traffic engineers some guidance to select proper methods. Based on a Pearson-correlation analysis and multiple linear regression model, it is found that pedestrian signal violation during clearance interval can slightly reduce pedestrian delay, but results in a rapid increase on pedestrian-vehicle conflicts, especially for HAWK. The final results show that PA leads to high delay of both pedestrians and vehicles but less conflicts, PELICAN is beneficial for vehicular traffic by reducing vehicle delay but unbeneficial for pedestrian traffic since pedestrian delay is always high. HAWK and PUFFIN are better than the above two methods from balancing safety and efficiency for all road users. HAWK has a satisfactory performance at low pedestrian flow but it attributes to more conflicts when pedestrian flow increase up to ¡°middle¡± and ¡°many¡±, especially when pedestrian clearance interval violation rate is high. However, PUFFIN has a better performance than HAWK from both perspectives when pedestrian volume is ¡°middle¡± and ¡°many¡± .
  Authors: Deng, Tengyun; Ni, Ying; Li, Keping
  Authors: Deng, Tengyun; Ni, Ying; Li, Keping
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3341
• Pedestrian Environment and Route Choice: Evidence from New York City and Hong Kong
  Abstract: This research uses mixed methods of environment audit, contingent rating, and pedestrian route choice modeling to understand the environment-walking relationship and to quantify the utility of pedestrian environments in monetary values. Based on revealed preferences from 321 pedestrians interviewed in an urban center neighborhood in New York City and Hong Kong, we found that the subtle differences in the pedestrian environment result in quite different walking patterns and perceptions of the neighborhoods. Safety concerns and the lack of route alternatives render the Hong Kong pedestrians less familiar with the local environment even they visit the site more frequently, comparing to those in New York City. We also found that pedestrians are often unable to articulate the intangible amenities such as streetscape and façade design, and over-evaluate the importance of more tangible attributes like distance and safety. Finally, the route choice model produces a set of values for six key environmental attributes. For example, one extra meter sidewalk is valued as equivalence of 115.7 meters in New York City, or New Yorkers are willing to walk 115.7 meters longer if the sidewalk is widened by one meter. This value is about twice that in Hong Kong.
  Authors: Guo, Zhan; Loo, Becky P.Y.
  Authors: Guo, Zhan; Loo, Becky P.Y.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3356
• Evaluation of Pedestrian Safety: Geographical Identification of Pedestrian Crash Hotspots and Evaluating Risk Factors for Injury Severity
  Abstract: Pedestrian-involved crashes that occurred in the city of San Francisco over six years from 2002-2007 were analyzed to evaluate two key aspects of pedestrian safety: occurrence and severity. This was done to identify locations with frequent occurrences of pedestrian-involved crashes and to examine various risk factors on the injury severity of pedestrian-involved crashes. A Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis used for the former shows that the frequency of pedestrian crashes is higher in the vicinity of the central business district, while the rate is higher in the periphery of the city. The latter specifies an ordered probit model to evaluate risk factors that increase the probability of severe injury and fatality. Those factors were: i) age (<15 and 65+), alcohol consumption and cell-phone use among pedestrian characteristics; ii) nighttime, weekends and rainy weather among environmental characteristics; and iii) influence of alcohol, larger vehicles (pickup, bus and truck) and vehicle proceeding straight in striking a pedestrian among crash characteristics. The methods discussed in this paper are readily applicable to evaluation of safety performance in other regions where pedestrian crash data are available.
  Authors: Jang, Kitae; Park, Shin Hyoung; Kang, Sanghyeok; Song, Kihan; Kang, Seungmo; Chung, SungBong
  Authors: Jang, Kitae; Park, Shin Hyoung; Kang, Sanghyeok; Song, Kihan; Kang, Seungmo; Chung, SungBong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3433
• Analysis of Pedestrian Self-Organization at Dutch Music Festival
  Abstract: Major pedestrian crowd movements have proven to be volatile in the past. However, even though pedestrian crowd events are frequently organized, not a lot is known quantitatively about pedestrian crowd movements. For instance, several self-organizing movement have been described, but a quantitative link between self-organizing movements of crowds and the characteristic flow parameters is still lacking. This paper tries to fill part of this knowledge gap by analyzing trajectory data captured at a Dutch music festival using an UAV, and connecting the found macroscopic characteristic flow parameters to one of the types of self-organization, namely lane formation. This paper concludes that the width of self-organized lanes is determined via the by pedestrians experienced density. Based on the relations found a crowd movement transition theory is proposed. The proposed theory states that when density increases, the walking velocity decreases, the width of the lanes increases and the number of lanes decreases.
  Authors: Duives, Dorine C.; Daamen, Winnie; Hoogendoorn, Serge
  Authors: Duives, Dorine C.; Daamen, Winnie; Hoogendoorn, Serge
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3456
• Skateboarding as a Mode of Transportation: Review of Regulations in California Cities and College Campuses
  Abstract: Skateboarding, most commonly thought of as a recreational activity, can also be used as an active travel mode. Recreational skateboarding also often occurs on transportation facilities. Thus, skateboarding is a phenomenon of interest to transportation planners and decision makers and a target for policy actions. A review of California cities and college campuses show that regulations on skateboard travel and riding on transportation facilities are common. Regulations most frequently prohibit skateboarding in certain areas, but are also often written to restrict certain behaviors on a skateboard. While the presence of any regulation is common, the specifics of the regulations vary, resulting in inconsistent and sometimes contradictory regulations from city to city. Justifications for regulations, although not always stated, include concerns over user safety, safety of nearby pedestrians, damage to property, behavior, interference to nearby business, and creation of a nuisance. Current regulations may be an impediment to the use of skateboards for active travel, especially when they target recreational skateboarding, but are written such that they affect all skateboarders. To encourage skateboarding as a mode of active travel, further evaluation of the actual characteristics and behavior of skateboarders may be necessary to create appropriate regulations that address legitimate issues without hindering innocuous use.
  Authors: Fang, Kevin
  Authors: Fang, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3500
• Assessing the Environmental Capacity of Local Residential Streets
  Abstract: The inherent conflict between the residential amenity and traffic access functions of local streets causes debate on what constitutes a true “local” road. The concept of ‘environmental capacity’ was developed to identify a suitable maximum traffic volume on such local streets. In separate research in the 1960s – 1970s, both Buchanan and Appleyard settled on broad-brush traffic thresholds of 2,000-3,000 vehicles per day. Since then, other research has relied heavily on these original findings; this paper investigates that presumption in the present day.A residents’ survey was applied to four conventional “local” streets with varying traffic volumes in Christchurch, New Zealand. Residents living on those streets with higher volumes felt that their streets were busier, noisier and less safe. There was also an increasing trend for residents along higher volume streets to have their houses turned away from the street and they tended to have less personal involvement and/or knowledge of their neighbors. A more appropriate environmental capacity appeared to be around 1,500-2,000 vehicles/day.A subsequent study looked at further Christchurch streets, this time with street treatments, such as street calming and tree plantings, aiming to see whether the street treatments affected the perceived environmental capacity. As well as reinforcing most of the previous conclusions, a higher environmental capacity of around 2,000 vehicles/day was found for the surveyed streets. This suggests that appropriate street treatments can increase the environmental capacity, which has implications for local councils who want to maintain road traffic carrying capabilities without having unsatisfied residents.
  Authors: Koorey, Glen F; Leckie, Andrew; Chesterman, Rhys
  Authors: Koorey, Glen F; Leckie, Andrew; Chesterman, Rhys
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: 13-3546
• Benefits of Cycling: Viewing Cyclists as Travelers Rather Than Nonmotorists
  Abstract: In the last decade, cycling has increased rapidly in the central parts of Stockholm. At the same time, the decreasing trend in cycling seems to continue in the outer parts of the region. This paper explores the factors behind these trends. In the central parts, increased road congestion, transit crowding and improved cycle infrastructure have lowered the generalized cost of cycling relative to other transport modes; spillover effects seem to generate a positive spiral; and increased interest in physical fitness and changes in the relative prices of cars versus central residences are beginning to turn the bicycle into a high-status mode of transport. In the peripheral parts, on the other hand, increasing travel distances and sparser land use patterns combine to decrease cycling levels. The paper also finds that additional benefits of cycling investments often are small and base a discussion of cycling policy on this, arguing that the many advantages of the bicycle – speed, space-efficiency, low investment and travel costs, no external costs, health effects – means that it deserves more attention from spatial and transport planners. To achieve this, cycle promoters need to focus on the bicycle as a highly efficient means of transport, and not reduce it to a second-best remedy to obesity or climate issues.
  Authors: Eliasson, Jonas; Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Authors: Eliasson, Jonas; Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3628
• Modeling Pedestrian Delay and Level of Service at Signalized Intersection Crosswalks Under Mixed Traffic Conditions
  Abstract: The objective of this study is to identify the factors affecting pedestrian LOS at signalised intersection crosswalks and propose a suitable method for the estimation pedestrian LOS. The study attempts to develop a Level-of Service model for signalized intersection crosswalks in Mumbai by using pedestrian’s perception on comfort & safety. Factors considered to develop the model were Turning traffic (left & right), Through traffic, Number of pedestrians and Pedestrian delay. As pedestrian delay is one of the key performance indicators for signalized intersection crosswalks, it is necessary to estimate delays accurately for all kinds of traffic participants at signalized intersections. HCM 2000 defines pedestrian delay with the help of Webster’s delay model, which assumes pedestrian arrives at a uniform rate at intersection and all will comply with the signal which is not true for Indian scenario. So a pedestrian delay model for Indian conditions was developed. Total six crosswalks from four locations were considered for the study purpose. Video graphic technique was used for collecting data. Questionnaire survey was conducted to get the Perceived LOS of pedestrians. Data required to develop the model was extracted from the video after coming to the laboratory. Pedestrian delay was found out using new model developed. Pearson Correlation analysis was done to find the significant factors that affect LOS. By keeping Perceived LOS as dependent variable and significant factors as independent variable stepwise regression was done to develop the model which fits for urban intersections in Mumbai. The study revealed that factors affecting LOS under mixed traffic condition were through traffic, number of pedestrians, pedestrian delay and turning traffic.Key Words: Pedestrian, Crosswalks, Level-of-Service, Delay, Signalized Intersection.
  Authors: Vedagiri, Perumal; R, Nagraj
  Authors: Vedagiri, Perumal; R, Nagraj
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 820
  Paper Number: 13-4155
• Improvement in Pedestrian Crossing Safety at Continuous-Flow Intersections
  Abstract: Traditional four-phase, four-legged intersections often operate inefficiently, severely restricting the available throughput and resulting in large delays. These configurations are limited by their traditional geometric design, and altering the geometry of the entire intersection can significantly increase capacity. Continuous flow intersections utilize an unconventional lane arrangement to maximize the vehicular throughput. This arrangement involves displacing left turn lanes across opposing through traffic before the main intersection is reached. Such an alteration allows left and through vehicles to proceed simultaneously, and consequently, both the intersection capacity and delay are improved. Numerous studies have validated its operational improvements, but pedestrian exposure to passing vehicles is high due to the unconventional configuration. In addition, both pedestrian crossing time and distance traveled are longer than desired. In this paper, the authors proposed and tested an enhanced continuous flow intersection configuration to improve the pedestrian experience. Heightened intersection delay is often a result of pedestrian crossing activity, for which a flexible signal control program has been developed specifically for this intersection to reduce vehicle delay while prioritizing pedestrian safety. The signal control procedure dynamically chooses the appropriate phase and green time combination to minimize delay by considering pedestrian wait time and existing queue size. A simulation analysis was performed using this advanced control methodology, and the results of this study have strongly shown how the implementation can enhance the pedestrian crossing experience while minimizing vehicle delay at a continuous flow intersection.
  Authors: Coates, Angela; Yi, Ping
  Authors: Coates, Angela; Yi, Ping
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4103
• Associations Between Road Network Structure and Pedestrian-Bicyclist Accidents
  Abstract: It is widely known that the road network layout can impact the non-motorized users’ traffic safety by changing the non-motorized traffic volume and road users’ behavior. Different road network patterns lead to different traffic safety levels for non-auto users and a single pattern can even have both the safe and unsafe features at the same time. By knowing what features can lead to safer traffic environment, existing road networks can be improved and new network patterns can be produced by combining all safe features from different patterns. Therefore, the associations between road network structure and pedestrian-bicyclist crashes are analyzed in this paper to determine how the structural features of a road network affect non-motorist safety. Three structural measures including average geodesic distance, network betweenness centrality, and overall clustering coefficient are calculated based on the road networks of 321 census tracts in Alameda County, California. Then the three measures together with other factors like traffic behavior, land use, transportation facility, and demographic features are employed separately in a spatial statistical model called geographically weighted regression. Conclusions are: if a network is more highly centered on major roads, there will be fewer non-motorist crashes; the network which has more average number of intersections between each pair of roads tends to have fewer accidents for pedestrians and bicyclists; and, the more a network is clustered into several sub-core networks, the lower the non-motorist crash count will be.
  Authors: Zhang, Yuanyuan; Bigham, John M.; Li, Zhibin; Ragland, David R.; Chen, Xiaohong
  Authors: Zhang, Yuanyuan; Bigham, John M.; Li, Zhibin; Ragland, David R.; Chen, Xiaohong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-4316
• Allocation Optimization of Bicyclesharing System at Scenic Spots: Case Study
  Abstract: Bicycle-sharing system is considered as a green option to provide a better connection between scenic spots and nearby metro/bus stations. This paper focuses on allocating and optimizing the layout of bicycle-sharing system inside the scenic spot and around its influencing area. It is found that the terrain, land use, nearby transport network and scenery point distribution have significant impact on the allocation of bicycle-sharing system. While the candidate bicycle-sharing stations installed at the inner scenic points, entrances/exits and metro stations are fixed, unmovable, the ones installed at bus-stations and other passenger concentration buildings are adjustable. Aiming at minimizing the total cycling distance and overlapping rate, an optimization model is proposed and solved based on the idea of cluster concept and greedy heuristic. A RP/SP combined survey was conducted at Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing, China to get an insight into the touring trip characteristics and bicycle-sharing tendency. The results revealed that 39.81% visitors accept a cycling distance of 1~3 km and 62.50% respondents think that the bicycle-sharing system should charge an appropriate fee. The survey indicates there is high possibility to carryout bicycle-sharing system at Xuanwu Lake. Optimizing the allocation problem cluster by cluster rather than using exhaustive search method significantly reduces the computing amount from O(243) to O(432). The 500m-radius-coverage rate for the alternative optimized by 500m-radius -cluster and 800m-radius- cluster is 89.2% and 68.5%, respectively. The final layout scheme will provide decision makers engineering guidelines and theoretical support.
  Authors: Guo, Tangyi; Liu, Jun; Qizhou, Hu; Ye, Mao
  Authors: Guo, Tangyi; Liu, Jun; Qizhou, Hu; Ye, Mao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-3792
• Pedestrian Routes in Mountain City: More Meaning and Significance over Simple Hikes
  Abstract: In this article, we have explored the concepts and methods of designing public spaces of pedestrian routes in mountain cities. With the case of designing pedestrian route system and demonstration section in Yuzhong Peninsula of Chongqing city, we have analyzed how to apply ¡°invitation¡± on pedestrian routes as a research result of the behavioral science, in the three stages of investigation, design and implementation, to make pedestrian routes friendly open to public life and give priority to pedestrians in the transportation system.
  Authors: Jiang, Yang; Zhang, Ning Mei
  Authors: Jiang, Yang; Zhang, Ning Mei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3859
• Demand of Bike-Sharing Travels: Evidence from Washington, D.C.
  Abstract: In recent years, bicycle sharing programs have gained much popularity in a number of cities in the United States and other nations. However, the demand for bike sharing travel is still not well understood. This paper investigates the characteristics of bike sharing travel demand, focusing on the Capital Bikeshare Program in Washington, D.C. Based on the detailed daily trip data from September 15, 2010 to March 31, 2012, a time-series analysis finds that an increase in the number of bike stations has a strong positive influence on bike sharing travel demand. In addition, weather and temperature are found to have significant associations with the Bikeshare usage as well. The study offers an optimistic view of the further expansion of the program in the greater Washington metropolitan region.
  Authors: Daito, Nobuhiko; Chen, Zhenhua
  Authors: Daito, Nobuhiko; Chen, Zhenhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-3869
• Cycling or Not? How Urban Policy Influences Bicycle Evolution in Shanghai and Its Impact on Local Cyclists
  Abstract: Bike has a long history in China. In 1980s, China was known as ¡°the kingdom of bicycle¡±. Shanghai was once the largest national bicycle manufacture base, and cycling continues to be one of the most important commuting modes in Shanghai. However, Shanghai¡¯s bicycle mode share reduced more than 60% from 1995 to 2009. In the last few decades, no legitimate bicycle transportation policy in Shanghai was developed. Were the previous urban policy and planning account for the decline of cycling use? If so, to what extent had these urban policies influenced the bicycle usership in Shanghai? This paper aims to answer three of the following questions:1)Which urban policies were germane to the development of cycling based on reviewing the bicycle development trend in shanghai?2)How did the previous policies influence cycling in Shanghai. Why did that happen?3)How did these policies affect local cyclists?This paper is arranged in three main sections. The first section reviews data based on statistical record, examines the bicycle evolution in Shanghai and analyzes previous urban policies adopted which are pertained to the development of bicycle transportation in the same decade. The second section analyzes how these policies influence cycling and its environment. Based on the analysis of survey data, the paper discusses the change of the local cyclists¡¯ travel characteristics due to the impact of the above policies. Finally, implications are drawn to determine what the criteria of a sustainable cycling policy are.
  Authors: Tang, Yang; Pan, Haixiao; Lu, Qiaoyin
  Authors: Tang, Yang; Pan, Haixiao; Lu, Qiaoyin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3891
• Monitoring Urban Bicycle Volumes Using Inductive Loops at Signalized Intersections
  Abstract: As a sustainable transport mode, cycling is getting more attention from policy makers and transport planners throughout the world. However, in the Netherlands, and elsewhere, system wide bicycle volume data are lacking. Municipalities in the Netherlands rely on national travel survey data, combined with visual counts. The lack of data on bicycle volumes hampers municipalities to plan and improve bicycle facilities. In the Netherlands, inductive loops for both vehicles and bicycles are present at signalized intersections. In this paper, we use data from these loops in the town of Enschede, to examine the actual bicycle volumes. We show that inductive loops can be used when we compare their counts with visual counts at a few signalized intersections. At low to medium bicycle volumes (up to 200 cyclists passing per hour), the detections by the inductive loops comply well with the actual number of cyclists. At higher volumes, the probability increases that two (or more) cyclists are detected as one. This happens because of the reduction of time headways, making two successive cyclists undistinguishable. By assuming a random arrival process within a certain arrival time window, we can explain the rate of underestimation at high volumes, and correct for this. The results of this study can be applied by practitioners to convert inductive loop data into bicycle volumes and will be a valuable source of data for road authorities in medium-sized cities in the Netherlands.
  Authors: Veenstra, Sander; Thomas, Tom; Geurs, Karst T.
  Authors: Veenstra, Sander; Thomas, Tom; Geurs, Karst T.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 425
  Paper Number: 13-3901
• Exploring the Impact of Parent-Child Relationships on Children’s Bicycling in Davis, California
  Abstract: In the past few decades, active travel in children has decreased tremendously. This trend clearly has negative implications for public health, the environment, and traffic congestion. In order to reverse this trend, it is necessary to understand why some children are walking and biking for transportation and others are not. This paper investigates the role of parent behaviors, attitudes, and decision-making for influencing child bicycling behavior. We undertake 25 in-person interviews with parent-child pairs in Davis, CA. Our qualitative analysis reveals that parents play an important role in determining how often their child rides a bike. Parents influence child bicycling behavior by setting rules about where children can travel, helping them to negotiate barriers, and shaping their attitudes toward bicycling. These results suggest that efforts to encourage bicycling in children should primarily target parents and should seek not only to change parental attitudes, but also behavior.
  Authors: Driller, Brigitte; Handy, Susan L.
  Authors: Driller, Brigitte; Handy, Susan L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-3924
• On Accommodating Spatial Dependence in Bicycle and Pedestrian Injury Counts by Severity Level
  Abstract: This paper proposes a new spatial multivariate count model to jointly analyze the traffic crash-related counts of pedestrians and bicyclists by injury severity. The modeling framework is applied to predict injury counts at a Census tract level, based on crash data from Manhattan, New York. The results highlight the need to use a multivariate modeling system for the analysis of injury counts by road-user type and injury severity level, while also accommodating spatial dependence effects in injury counts.
  Authors: Narayanamoorthy, Sriram; Paleti, Rajesh; Bhat, Chandra R.
  Authors: Narayanamoorthy, Sriram; Paleti, Rajesh; Bhat, Chandra R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3967
• Analysis of Built Environment Influences on Walking Trips and Distance Walked in a Midsized Canadian City
  Abstract: This study seeks to advance current methods to measure walkability by relating detailed non-motorized infrastructure data with walking behavior in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Walking distances were estimated using an innovative approach that involved spatially referencing trip location data from a travel diary and calculating shortest distance along a pedestrian network that incorporates both street and off-street pedestrian path data. Results indicate that when controlling for individual and household socio-demographic characteristics, pedestrians walk approximately the same average daily distance, regardless of their home neighborhood walkability. Byexplicitly examining both walking trips and distances as outcomes, it was possible to consider trade-offs between number of trips and distance walked, by neighborhood walkability. However, individuals living in more walkable neighborhoods are both more likely to walk at least once and engage in more walking trips than those in less walkable neighborhoods. These findings support the notion that increased accessibility reduces trip distances by bringing origins and destinations closer together. The findings from this study can help to inform design standards as part of neighborhood definitions and distance thresholds to destinations to support walking.
  Authors: van Loon, Josh; Shah, Timothy; Fisher, Pat; Thompson, Mary; Minaker, Leia; Raine, Kim D.; Frank, Lawrence D.
  Authors: van Loon, Josh; Shah, Timothy; Fisher, Pat; Thompson, Mary; Minaker, Leia; Raine, Kim D.; Frank, Lawrence D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3976
• Relationship Between Measures of Urban Form and Body Mass Index in Nonurban Diabetic Adults: Case Study from Vermont
  Abstract: We analyzed the relationship between measures of urban form and body mass index (BMI) using data from the Vermont Diabetes Information System (VDIS) on 610 adult diabetics, while controlling for a number of potential confounders, including diet, exercise, income, gender, age, medications, and others. We found a strong positive correlation between BMI and commercial density measured at a 250 meter scale, a result which remained significant even when spatial autocorrelation was accounted for. This result, which is contrary to much of the previous literature, suggests that the mechanism driving the relationship between BMI and density is different in a predominantly rural and exurban region like Vermont than in a large metropolitan area, which is where most of the previous literature was conducted. We hypothesize that the lack of a significant alternative to automobile transport coupled with a dispersed land use pattern means that marginal increases in density in most areas of Vermont are unlikely to lead to significantly greater walkability or active transport. Further, low commercial density may proxy greater access to outdoor recreation opportunities or greater necessity for outdoor physical labor related to rural occupations (e.g. farming) or property maintenance (e.g. brush clearance). However, another result suggests that density is not the only facet of urban form that matters: one of our two models finds a significant reduction in BMI for subjects living within 1 km of a designated downtown core. While density is higher than average in these cores, it may be other design characteristics associated with walkable neighborhoods—such as mix of uses, pedestrian infrastructure, and difficulty in parking—that make them more walkable, leading to lower BMI for nearby residents.
  Authors: Troy, Austin; LIttenberg, Benjamin
  Authors: Troy, Austin; LIttenberg, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4027
• Adjustment Factors for Estimating Miles Traveled by Nonmotorized Traffic
  Abstract: Traffic counts are an important piece of information used by transportation planners; however, while count programs are common for motor vehicles most efforts at counting non-motorized traffic – cyclists and pedestrians – are minimal. Long-term, continuous counts of non-motorized traffic can be used to estimate month of year and day of week adjustment factors that can be used to scale short-duration counts to estimates of annual average daily traffic. Here we present results from continuous counts of non-motorized traffic at 6 locations on off-street trails in Minneapolis, MN using two types of automated counters (active infrared and inductive loop detectors). We found that traffic volumes varied significantly by location, but the month of year and day of week patterns were mostly consistent across locations and mode (i.e., cycling, walking, or mixed mode). We give examples of how this information could be used to extrapolate short-duration counts to estimates of annual average daily traffic as well as Bicycle Miles Traveled (BMT) and Pedestrian Miles Traveled (PMT) for defined lengths of off-street trails. More research is needed to determine if non-motorized traffic patterns (and subsequently our adjustment factors) for off-street trails are comparable to those for on-street non-motorized travel or for other geographic areas.
  Authors: Lindsey, Greg; Chen, Junzhou; Hankey, Steve
  Authors: Lindsey, Greg; Chen, Junzhou; Hankey, Steve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 425
  Paper Number: 13-4082
• Social Dimensions of Walking: Understanding How Social Environment Influences Walking Trips
  Abstract: Walking is an important part of a healthy and active lifestyle, but in Canada and many other countries in the world there is a lack of walking. This lack of walking can lead to health problems and increased costs to taxpayers. Past research has examined how walking is influenced by the individual and physical environments, but few have focused on the social environment. The social environment is made up of companionship, encouragement, role models, and neighborhood social cohesion. This study examines how each component of the social environment influences walking while controlling for the individual and physical environments in Hamilton, Canada using a linear regression model. The results find walking alone (companionship) increases walking, having doctor requesting that they walk decreases walking, living in a close-knit neighborhood increases walking, and living in a neighborhood where people do not share the same value decreases walking.
  Authors: Clark, Andrew F.; Scott, Darren M.
  Authors: Clark, Andrew F.; Scott, Darren M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 735
  Paper Number: 13-4223
• Residential On-Site Carsharing and Off-Street Parking: The Case of San Francisco Bay Area
  Abstract: This research explores the recent practice of connecting on-site carsharing service with off-street parking standards in multifamily developments, using the San Francisco Bay Area as a case study. If implemented well, such a policy could help boost the carsharing industry and help reduce off-street parking, which is often criticized as being oversupplied, primarily due to the excessive off-street parking standard. We surveyed all carsharing sites in the Bay Area and all new residential developments (completed after 2000) with on-site carsharing spaces in 2011. We found that a significant number of carsharing spaces are located on residential properties, but most of them (70 percent) have been retrofitted into existing buildings. For the new developments, on-site carsharing did not result in a reduction in the amount of regular off-street parking. Interviews with 15 professionals from three stakeholder groups (i.e., planners, developers, and service providers) revealed that even though all stakeholders are in favor of on-site carsharing at residential developments, three major barriers exist: the lack of incentives, the complexity of access design, and high transaction costs.
  Authors: Rivasplata, Charles Richard; Guo, Zhan; Lee, Richard W.; Keyon, David
  Authors: Rivasplata, Charles Richard; Guo, Zhan; Lee, Richard W.; Keyon, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-4296
• Optimization of Pedestrian Phase Patterns at Signalized Intersections: A Multiobjective Approach
  Abstract: This paper presents a multi-objective optimization model and its solution algorithm for optimization of pedestrian phase patterns, including the exclusive pedestrian phase (EPP) and the conventional two-way crossing (TWC) at an intersection. The proposed model will determine the optimal pedestrian phase pattern and the corresponding signal timings at an intersection to best accommodate both vehicular traffic and pedestrian movements. The proposed model is unique with respect to the following three critical features: 1) proposing an unbiased performance index for comparison of EPP and TWC by explicitly modeling the pedestrian delay under the control of TWC and EPP; 2) developing a multi-objective model to maximize the utilization of the available green time by vehicular traffic and pedestrian under both EPP or TWC, and 3) designing a GA-based heuristic algorithm to solve the model. Case study and sensitivity analysis results have shown the promising property of the proposed model to assist traffic practitioners, researchers, and authorities in properly selecting pedestrian phase patterns at signalized intersections.
  Authors: Ma, Wanjing; Liu, Yue; Head, Larry
  Authors: Ma, Wanjing; Liu, Yue; Head, Larry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-4364
• A Survey of Hospital Travel Plans in England
  Abstract: The negative externalities of high rates of car use associated with the National Health Service (NHS) have been a major policy concern in the UK. Every healthcare authority was required to produce a travel plan by December 2010, with a higher emphasis on promoting walking and cycling as a means of accessing hospitals. Evidence shows that although the take-up of travel plans is increasing across the NHS, the impact of travel plans in promoting walking as a travel option is relatively low among hospital staff. There is a lack of research on hospital travel plans, specifically in terms of what factors may have affected their success. This empirical study aims at bridging the gap between research and practice by capturing the views of the NHS representatives on hospital travel plans through a questionnaire. The survey findings show that despite having a high potential to promote walking as a key travel option among the hospital staff, the measures to promote walking were cited as the least effective. A Spearman correlation coefficient test was performed to evaluate the correlation between travel plan measures to promote walking and restrictive measures to reduce the use of cars. The results show that the effectiveness of measures to reduce the use of cars is positively correlated with the effectiveness of measures to promote walking. The effectiveness of travel plan measures is attributed to the successful adoption of innovative organisational practices and strategies in the dynamic situational and individual travel context.
  Authors: Khandokar, Fahmida; Ryley, Tim; Ison, Stephen; Price, Andrew
  Authors: Khandokar, Fahmida; Ryley, Tim; Ison, Stephen; Price, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4450
• The Missing Link: Bicycle Infrastructure Networks and Ridership in 74 U.S. Cities
  Abstract: Cities promote strong bicycle “networks” to support and encourage bicycle commuting. However, the concept of a “network” of bicycle facilities is not very well studied. Previous work has found relationships between the amount of bicycle infrastructure in a city and bicycle ridership. This study shifts the focus from sheer quantity of bicycle infrastructure to functional connectivity using network science concepts and measurement techniques from other transportation modes. It fills a gap in the bicycling literature by developing a standard methodology for measuring bicycle infrastructure network quality.Bicycle infrastructure maps were collected for 74 cities with populations over 100,000 in the United States and systematically analyzed to measure network structure in each of these cities. Five categories of network structure variables: size, connectivity, directness, fragmentation, and fragment size; are used in regression models to test their relationship with bicycle commuting mode share. The models revealed that connectivity and directness are important factors in predicting bicycle commuting after controlling for demographic variables and the size of the city. These findings provide a framework for transportation planners and policymakers to evaluate their local bicycle facility networks and set regional priorities that support nonmotorized travel behavior.
  Authors: Schoner, Jessica E.
  Authors: Schoner, Jessica E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-4424
• Characteristics of Multimodal Conflicts in Urban On-Street Bicycle Lanes
  Abstract: In urban areas, bicycles traveling in bicycle lanes encounter a variety of obstructions, including pedestrians and various types of motor vehicles. While previous studies have focused on identifying the frequency of such events, the goal of this study is to characterize these conflicts. In order to evaluate specific characteristics that may influence the frequency of specific conflict types, including bicycle lane designs, curb regulations, and land uses, field data collection was performed in the Manhattan and Brooklyn boroughs of New York City. This paper describes a method for evaluating the frequency of conflicts between bicycles traveling in on-street bicycle lanes and various other transportation modes, and for identifying factors that may impact these frequencies .
  Authors: Conway, Alison J.; Cheng, Jialei; Peters, Diniece; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Authors: Conway, Alison J.; Cheng, Jialei; Peters, Diniece; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-4545
• Severity of Pedestrian Crashes at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings
  Abstract: The objective of this research was to quantify the impacts of various factors on three different severity levels of pedestrian injuries sustained in crashes reported at highway-rail grade crossings (HRGCs). This research utilized the 2007-2010 HRGC crash data and the national highway-rail crossing inventory data, both publically available from Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). HRGC crash data were limited to those reported at public crossings and only involving pedestrians; crashes that were suicides or attempted suicides were excluded. The three crash severity levels were based on the intensity of pedestrians’ injuries; these levels were no injury, injury, and fatality. The crash and crossing inventory data files were merged together using the unique USDOT crossing identification number that was common in both files. The ordered probit modeling technique was used to investigate different variables that contributed to more severe pedestrian injuries in crashes at HRGCs. Model results showed that more severe injuries were associated with higher train speeds and when rail equipment struck pedestrians as opposed to rail equipment struck by pedestrians. Injury severity was higher for female pedestrians compared to others. Pedestrian crashes reported at HRGCs surrounded by commercially developed areas were more severe compared to other types of developments (e.g., open space, residential, etc.). Lower crash severity levels were associated with HRGCs with greater number of crossing highway lanes, HRGCs equipped with standard flashing light signals, and in clear weather.
  Authors: Khattak, Aemal
  Authors: Khattak, Aemal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4587
• Consumer Behavior and Travel Choices: A Focus on Cyclists and Pedestrians
  Abstract: This paper aims to examine the links between consumer behavior and the mode of transportation used to access local destinations with the greater goal of providing the empirical evidence needed to inform decision making and educate the public. The findings presented here are the result of the first study of this type and scale in the United States. We limit our scope to the examination of the relationships between consumer expenditures and their trip making behavior, including mode of travel and frequency of trips. This analysis is guided by the following objectives: 1) quantifying the various transportation mode shares of customers for a variety of business types, locations and transportation contexts; and 2) comparing levels of consumer spending & frequency of visits by travel modes. This analysis made use of intercept surveys of local business completed at 78 establishments in the Portland metropolitan area. The findings support the notion that customers that arrive by modes other than the automobile are competitive consumers, spending similar amounts or more, on average, than their counterparts using automobiles. They are also more frequent patrons on average, presenting perhaps a unique marketing opportunity for these businesses.
  Authors: Clifton, Kelly J.; Currans, Kristina Marie; Muhs, Christopher; Ritter, Chloe; Morrissey, Sara; Roughton, Collin
  Authors: Clifton, Kelly J.; Currans, Kristina Marie; Muhs, Christopher; Ritter, Chloe; Morrissey, Sara; Roughton, Collin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 735
  Paper Number: 13-4743
• Commute Well-being Among Bicycle, Transit, and Car Users in Portland, Oregon
  Abstract: To understand the impact of daily travel on personal and societal well-being, measurement techniques that go beyond satisfaction-based measures of travel are used. Such metrics are increasingly important for evaluating transportation and land-use policies. This study examines commute well-being, a multi-item measure of how one feels about the commute to work, and its influences using data from a web-based survey that was distributed to Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. workers. Valid surveys (n=828) were compiled from three roughly equally sized groups based on mode: bike, transit and car users. Average distances between work and home varied significantly among the three groups. Descriptive results show that commute well-being varies widely across the sample. Those who bike to work have significantly higher commute well-being than transit and car commuters. A multiple linear regression model shows that along with travel mode, traffic congestion, travel time, income, health, job satisfaction and residential satisfaction also play important individual roles in shaping commute well-being. While more analysis is needed, these results support findings in previous research that commuting by bike enhances well-being while congestion detracts from well-being. Implications for future research and sustainable transportation policy efforts are discussed.
  Authors: Smith, Oliver
  Authors: Smith, Oliver
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4479
• Characterizing Walk Trips in Communities by Using Data from 2009 National Household Travel Survey, American Community Survey, and Other Sources
  Abstract: Non-motorized travel (i.e. walking and bicycling) are of increasing interest to the transportation profession, especially in context with energy consumption, reducing vehicular congestion, urban development patterns, and promotion of healthier life styles. This research project aimed to identify factors impacting the amount of travel for both walk and bike trips at the Census block group or tract level, using several public and private data sources. The key survey of travel behavior is the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) which had over 87,000 walk trips for persons 16 and over, and over 6000 bike trips for persons 16 and over. The NHTS, in conjunction with the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, street density measures using Census Bureau TIGER, WalkScore®, Nielsen Claritas employment estimates, and several other sources were used for this study. Stepwise Logistic Regression modeling techniques as well as Discriminant Analysis were applied using the integrated data set. While the models performed reasonably well for walk trips, travel by bike was abandoned due to sparseness of data. This paper discusses data sources utilized and modeling processes conducted under this study. It also presents a summary of findings and addresses data challenges and lesson-learned from this research effort.
  Authors: Hwang, Ho-Ling; Reuscher, Timothy; Wilson, Daniel W.; Murakami, Elaine
  Authors: Hwang, Ho-Ling; Reuscher, Timothy; Wilson, Daniel W.; Murakami, Elaine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 425
  Paper Number: 13-4509
• Taxicab Transportation in Bogotá, Colombia
  Abstract: Taxicabs are one of the least studied urban transportation modes, especially in developing countries. Poor regulation and shortcomings in transit supply, under a rampant transportation demand growth, have led to different types of services in different parts of the world. Knowing and understanding the system is essential for planning purposes, especially under the current challenges in terms of sustainability. This system provides 59,000 direct jobs, collects 2,5 times more in fares than the Bus Rapid Tranist-TransMilenio, emits 3,000 daily tons of CO2, has major impact contribution in congestion, and is among the cheapest taxicab system in the world. This article presents the results of a survey of 389 drivers. General features of drivers, vehicles, operations, and regulations are presented. Based on these results, the taxicab system is analyzed under the sustainability point of view.
  Authors: Rodriguez-Valencia, Alvaro
  Authors: Rodriguez-Valencia, Alvaro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: International Activities; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 820
  Paper Number: 13-4348
• Automated Analysis of Cyclist Crossing Speed: Validation and Investigation of Influencing Factors
  Abstract: This study investigates the use of an automated video analysis technique to calculate cyclist speed. The proposed technique enables the automated observation of large volume of naturalistic cyclist movements in a resource-efficient manner. Video data was collected for a total of 190 hours at a busy intersection in the Downtown area of Ottawa. Observations were distributed over the Fall and Summer seasons. Video subsequences were identified in which crossing was performed by one or more cyclists. Automated tracking was performed to record the sequence of positions which cyclists occupy while traversing an intersection. Extensive validation work was performed. The first validation experiment relied on the measurement of actual cyclist paths based on following the trace of bike tires to estimate average crossing speed. The second validation task utilized cyclist tracks which moved reasonable matched paths with measured lengths. The total number of crossing events in the first task was 16 and in the second task was 482. The average percentage of absolute difference between measured and actual speed for the first task was 5.22% and 4.98% for the second task. Statistical analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of different factors on average crossing speed and the error in speed measurement. Several observations are reported regarding patterns of tracking errors and recommendations are made for future improvements.
  Authors: Kassim, Ali; Ismail, Karim; Abd El Halim, Halim Omar
  Authors: Kassim, Ali; Ismail, Karim; Abd El Halim, Halim Omar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-4879
• Conflict Analysis and Crash Severity Estimation of Four Transportation Modes in China
  Abstract: This study attempts to analyze conflict and estimate the crash severity for users of four transportation modes in China -- automobile, motorcycle, e-bike and bicycle. Surveys were performed in Kunming and Beijing to collect self-reported crash data of these users. The surveys indicated that Beijing residents have lower crash rate than people in Kunming. Among the four modes, E-bike riders have the highest crash rate, motorcycle riders have the second highest crash rate, automobile and bicycle users have the lowest crash rate. Vehicle operators are more likely to crash with other users of the same vehicle class than with other types of vehicles. Respondents are more likely to say the crash is because of other's fault or both side's fault than admitting it is their fault. Logistic regression models were constructed to predict the crash severity level. Results show that crashes involving motorized vehicles generally are more likely to be severe than crashes involving the non-motorized vehicles. Crashes occurring in an automobile lane have higher crash severity than crashes happening in a bicycle lane or sidewalk. Crashes occurring at Beijing are less likely to be severe than crashes in Kunming. Countermeasures should focus on maintaining segregated and protected travel ways for vulnerable road user groups.
  Authors: Yang, Hongtai; Cherry, Christopher R.
  Authors: Yang, Hongtai; Cherry, Christopher R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4926
• From Planning to Action: Revitalizing a Pedestrian Street Network in the Mountain City of Chongqing, China
  Abstract: In 2010-2011, the city of Chongqing in China was selected by the Chinese central government for the first nonmotorized transport system demonstration program in the country. This paper describes the Chongqing city¡¯s effort to revitalize a pedestrian street network in the mountainous central district from planning to pilot implementation. Observational study and focus group study was carried out to identify 1) the status-quo of pedestrian activity patterns and problems of existing pedestrian street network, 2) key intervention strategies to revitalize the network, and 3) obstacles in implementation and maintenance.
  Authors: Jiang, Yang; Chen, Yulin; Jun, Yu; Villadsen, Kristian S.
  Authors: Jiang, Yang; Chen, Yulin; Jun, Yu; Villadsen, Kristian S.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-5027
• Evolution and Lessons from China Mainland Bikesharing Systems
  Abstract: Like other global cities, bike-sharing grows rapidly in China mainland. Currently, bike-sharing researches and cases studies mostly focus on European and American cities, only few papers study on the fast growing bike-sharing systems in China. This paper aims to describe the development of bike-sharing in China mainland, and to summarize the experience and lessons from these systems. According to the data collection, interview with bike-sharing planners, operators and government managers and comparison among different case cities, the paper first introduces the status of all bike-sharing systems in China mainland cities which already existed or under construction/planning. Experience and lessons are drawn from these operating systems through six perspectives: the role of government, management model, common perspective and criterion, systematic research, the promotion of bicycle transportation and innovative service. This study may provide invaluable reference for other Chinese cities which hope for upgrading their bike-sharing system. It is also a good addition to the literature collection on bike-sharing as an approach to promote green transportation.
  Authors: Tang, Yang; Pan, Haixiao; Lu, Qiaoyin
  Authors: Tang, Yang; Pan, Haixiao; Lu, Qiaoyin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-5075
• Assessing the Completeness of Bicycle Trail and Designated Lane Features in OpenStreetMap for the United States and Europe
  Abstract: This paper assesses the completeness of OpenStreetMap data for cycling features, in particular bicycle trails and designated lanes, for selected cities in the United States and Europe. While most available comprehensive road network datasets, either from commercial data vendors or public agencies, are tailored towards motorized traffic, OpenStreetMap as a community based, open access platform for geospatial vector data provides a viable alternative for data retrieval of cycling feature data. The analysis in this study reveals a steady growth of cycling related data in the OpenStreetMap platform over the past few years, rendering the data more complete and appropriate to be used as base map for planning studies on non-motorized transportation. A comparison with the Google Maps Bicycling layer shows that the data quality of OpenStreetMap designated lanes is particularly high. OpenStreetMap bicycle trail data are somewhat more erroneous through missing data and incorrectly classified trails, however still of relatively good quality. For practical purposes it is recommended to check OpenStreetMap trail data against the Google Maps Bicycling layer before an analysis is conducted based on OpenStreetMap trail data.
  Authors: Hochmair, Hartwig; Zielstra, Dennis; Neis, Pascal
  Authors: Hochmair, Hartwig; Zielstra, Dennis; Neis, Pascal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-5099
• Pedestrian Crash Risk on Boundary Roadways: University Campus Case Study
  Abstract: Prominent pedestrian trip attractors, such as college campuses and major urban parks, are often surrounded by roadways with high volumes of motor vehicle traffic. While many pedestrians cross busy boundary roadways, relatively little is known about pedestrian crash risk along these types of facilities. This study quantifies pedestrian crash risk at roadway intersections on the boundary of the University of California, Berkeley campus during typical spring and fall semester weekdays. Manual pedestrian counts were extrapolated using data from three automated counter locations to represent pedestrian exposure. Pedestrian crash risk was highest at intersections along the boundary roadways with the lowest pedestrian volumes. In addition, pedestrian risk in the evening (6 p.m. to midnight) was estimated to be more than three times higher than in the daytime (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.). The crash risk estimation approach presented in this paper can be used to study pedestrian safety on the boundary of campuses and other major attractors so that agencies can identify and prioritize engineering, education, and enforcement treatments to reduce pedestrian injuries.
  Authors: Schneider, Robert J.; Grembek, Offer; Braughton, Matthew
  Authors: Schneider, Robert J.; Grembek, Offer; Braughton, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-5204
• Pedestrian Count Models Using Spatial Data Based on Distance Decay Affect
  Abstract: This paper presents non-linear count models developed to estimate pedestrian activity during a 12-hour time period for three different scenarios (all the signalized intersections, high pedestrian activity signalized intersections and low pedestrian activity signalized intersections). Data extracted and gathered for 176 signalized intersections in the city of Charlotte, North Carolina was used to develop the models. Pedestrian counts collected by trained technicians at each selected signalized intersection was used as the dependent variable. Variables such as demographic, socio-economic and land-use characteristics were extracted from within three different buffers generated around each signalized intersection using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. The on-network characteristics and number of transit stops in the vicinity of each selected signalized intersection was gathered from within 100 feet buffer generated around each selected signalized intersection. These variables were used as explanatory (independent) variables. Generalized linear models were developed using data for each generated individual buffer as well as using integrated data from the three buffers. The distance decay affect was incorporated to define spatial weigths and integrate data from the individual buffers. The spatially weighted models obtained using different combinations of weights for 0.25-, 0.5- and 1-mile buffer zones yielded better results than the non-linear models developed from data for each buffer zone. Further, statistical parameters indicate that separate models for high and low pedestrian activity signalized intersections yielded more meaningful outputs. These are well supported by results from validation of the developed models.
  Authors: Pulugurtha, Srinivas Subrahmanyam; Maradapudi, Jaya Madhuri Rao
  Authors: Pulugurtha, Srinivas Subrahmanyam; Maradapudi, Jaya Madhuri Rao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-5134
• Trip-End Facilities at Work and Bicycle Commuting in the Washington, D.C., Region
  Abstract: To encourage more bicycle commuting to work U.S. local governments have amended zoning ordinances and policies to promote more trip-end facilities for cycling and less car parking at work. This article examines the role of trip-end facilities at work, like bike parking, cyclist showers, and non-cyclist benefits, such as free car parking and transit benefits, as determinants of cycling to work. Most prior studies on trip-end facilities at work rely on hypothetical stated preference surveys of cyclists�excluding non-cyclists and not capturing mode choice for actual commutes. This analysis is based on commute data of 5,091 workers in the Washington, DC area, where commuting accounts for 41% of all bike trips. Results of logit, probit, and rare events logistic (relogit) regressions indicate that bike parking and cyclist showers are related to higher levels of bicycle commuting�even when controlling for other explanatory variables. The odds for cycling to work are greater for employees with access to both cyclist showers and bike parking at work compared to those with just bike parking, but no showers at work. Free car parking at work is associated with 69.7% smaller odds for bike commuting. Employer provided transit commuter benefits appear to be unrelated to bike commuting. Regression coefficients for control variables have expected signs, but not all are statistically significant. Greater bikeway supply, shorter commutes, and warmer weather are associated with more bike commuting. Results indicate more bicycling among commuters that are white, male, own more bicycles and fewer cars, and have higher incomes. Results are consistent with previous research and provide additional information about the role of free car parking and the potentially differential impact of bike parking vs. cyclist showers.
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-0198
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Using Smartphone App to Support Visually Impaired Pedestrians at Signalized Intersection Crossings
  Abstract: People with vision impairment rely heavily on walking and public transit for their transportation needs. A major challenge for this population is safe crossing of intersections. As a result of the American with Disabilities Act (ADA), Accessible Pedestrian Signal (APS) systems at signalized intersections have improved significantly since 2000. However, these systems still have shortcomings for both users and municipalities, and new approaches are needed to adequately serve pedestrians with low vision. As part of our ongoing effort to develop a prototype Mobile Accessible Pedestrian Signal (MAPS) application for the blind and visually impaired, we interviewed ten blind and low-vision people to better understand what types of information they use at intersection crossings and to identify information types that could assist them. With these survey results, a MAPS system was developed that provides signal and intersection geometry information to smartphone users at signalized intersections. User interaction is via simple tactile input (single or double-tap) and Text-To-Speech (TTS) technology. Field experiment at two signalized intersections was conducted among 18 visually impaired participants to validate the use and functioning of the MAPS system in real-world application. The purpose is to identify if the smartphone app could effectively provide geometry and signal timing information and thus provide decision support for the visually impaired pedestrians. Objective and subjective measures were developed to evaluate the performance of visually impaired users while using the MAPS. Participants reported that the MAPS system provides helpful geometry information (82%) and helpful signal information (59%).
  Authors: Liao, Chen-Fu
  Authors: Liao, Chen-Fu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 459
  Paper Number: 13-0231
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Network Connectivity and Low-Stress Bicycling
  Abstract: For bicycling networks to attract the mainstream population, a critical attribute is low-stress connectivity, that is, providing routes between people’s origins and destinations that do not require cyclists to use links that exceed their tolerance for traffic stress, and that do not involve an undue level of detour. A set of criteria are proposed by which road segments, intersection approaches, and intersection crossings can be classified into four levels of traffic stress (LTS), of which LTS 2, based on Dutch bikeway design criteria, represents the traffic stress that most adults will tolerate. As a case study, every street in San Jose, California was classified by LTS. Maps in which only lower stress links are displayed reveal a city divided into islands within which low-stress bicycling is possible, but separated from one another by barriers that can only be crossed using high stress links. Such maps can help guide network development by revealing barriers such as arterial streets that lack intersections with both safe crossing provision and low-stress approaches. A summary measure of connectivity, the connectivity ratio for a given LTS, is the fraction of daily trips connected at that LTS. For San Jose, the fraction of work trips up to 6 miles long that are connected at LTS 2 is 4.7%. This figure would almost triple by implementing a modest slate of improvements aimed at connecting low-stress streets and paths with each other.
  Authors: Furth, Peter G.; Mekuria, Maaza
  Authors: Furth, Peter G.; Mekuria, Maaza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0427
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Reclaiming the Right-of-Way: Best Practices for Implementing and Designing Parklets
  Abstract: Road space comprises a significant amount of acreage in US cities, and at least since the last century, it has been the exclusive domain of the automobile. Many cities are beginning to use innovative techniques and design treatments, such as parklets, to reclaim some of the excess road space for pedestrian uses. Parklets emerge from the low-cost conversion of small and underutilized residual spaces originally devoted to cars into spaces for the passive or active recreation of people. The idea of the parklet in its current expression emerged in San Francisco in the form of temporary, one-day installations intended to extend the social life and pedestrian space of the sidewalk into parking spaces. Cities including Philadelphia, Long Beach, Oakland, and many others have initiated or are in the process of planning parklet programs. This research examines how cities have implemented their parklet programs including considerations for departments involved, understanding permitting issues, and setting design guidelines. Additionally, the research examines specific sites to investigate how designers have translated design guidelines into safe, comfortable, and well-used spaces for people to enjoy. Interviews with city staff, designers, and business owners provide evidence towards best practices and recommendations for anyone wanting to use this innovative practice for transforming space within the right-of-way.
  Authors: Brozen, Madeline; Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia
  Authors: Brozen, Madeline; Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: 13-0464
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Evaluation of Innovative Bicycle Facilities in Washington, D.C.: Pennsylvania Avenue Median Lanes and 15th Street Cycle Track
  Abstract: Two innovative bicycle facilities were installed in Washington, DC during 2010 by the District Department of Transportation (DDOT): buffered center median bicycle lanes on Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest and a two-way cycle track on 15th Street Northwest. Both facilities include dedicated road space with buffers between bicyclists and motor vehicles, signal control, and signs and pavement markings. The facilities were designed to provide increased safety, comfort, and convenience for cyclists. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study that evaluated the facilities to understand how well they work for cyclists, motorists, and pedestrians in terms of safety, level of service (LOS), behavior, and attitude. The evaluation found that bicycle LOS improved and that bicycle volumes on those corridors nearly quadrupled, well above the rate of city-wide bicycle use. Motor vehicle LOS was largely unaffected. Signal progression was mixed for bicyclists, with contraflow travel on the one-way portion of 15th Street and traveling against the dominant travel direction on Pennsylvania Avenue showing the worst travel time performance. While bicycle crashes increased on both facilities, the crash rate remained similar on 15th Street; Pennsylvania Avenue saw a higher crash rate. In surveys of all travelers on the corridor (bicyclist, motorist, pedestrian) and nearby residents, the perception of the lanes is generally positive for all users and the lanes are seen as a positive addition to the community.
  Authors: Goodno, Mike; McNeil, Nathan Winslow; Parks, Jamie; Trainor, Stephanie Dock
  Authors: Goodno, Mike; McNeil, Nathan Winslow; Parks, Jamie; Trainor, Stephanie Dock
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-0519
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effects of High-Visibility Enforcement on Driver Compliance to Pedestrian Yield Right-of-Way Laws
  Abstract: This study examined the effects of a one-year high visibility pedestrian right-of-way enforcement program on yielding to pedestrians at uncontrolled crosswalks, some of which received enforcement and some of which that did not. The program included four 2-week enforcement waves, supported by education and engineering components that increased the visibility of enforcement. The study produced five results. 1. Enforcement led to a slow and steady increase in the percentage of drivers yielding right-of-way to pedestrians over the year. 2. The program produced a large change in yielding over the course of the year. 3. The program produced higher levels of yielding to natural pedestrian crossings than to staged crossing and the changes in both were highly correlated. 4.The effects of the program generalized to crosswalks that were not targeted for pedestrian right-of-way enforcement. 5.The amount of generalization to unenforced sites was inversely proportional to the distance from sites that received enforcement.
  Authors: Van Houten, Ronald G.; Malenfant, J.E. Louis; Huitema, Brad; Blomberg, Richard D.
  Authors: Van Houten, Ronald G.; Malenfant, J.E. Louis; Huitema, Brad; Blomberg, Richard D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 700
  Paper Number: 13-1077
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Development of National Pedestrian Crossing Control Guide
  Abstract: In 2010 the Transportation Association of Canada began the two-year process of updating the 1998 Pedestrian Crossing Control Manual. The resulting document, the Pedestrian Crossing Control Guide, is expected to promote uniformity across the country with respect to the approach used in the provision of pedestrian crossing control. This is done through the development of a decision support tool to assist in the decision-making process when establishing the need for pedestrian crossing control; and identifying the type of crossing control to use for the location’s characteristics. This paper discusses the design and development of the new Pedestrian Crossing Control Guide for Canada, and presents findings of the research that led to its development. The findings fall into two areas: (1) existing Canadian and international pedestrian crossing control practices; and (2) safety performance of different pedestrian crossing control devices.Principal conclusions from this research are: (1) international practice is changing towards providing “guidance” rather than formal, numerical warranting procedures in the decision making-process for pedestrian crossing control provision; (2) there are pedestrian crossing control treatments for which there is no available literature regarding their safety performance, while available literature for others lacks rigorous safety evaluations; and (3) further research is needed regarding the safety performance of pedestrian crossing control devices, particularly in the areas of understanding pedestrian collisions and developing accident prediction models.
  Authors: Montufar, Jeannette
  Authors: Montufar, Jeannette
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 459
  Paper Number: 13-1119
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Measuring Cyclists’ Exposure to Traffic Emissions Across Urban Cycling Facilities
  Abstract: This paper seeks to examine the relationship between traffic emissions and cyclists’ exposure to air pollution across a variety of cycling facilities within the Island of Montreal. The concentrations of two pollutants, ultra-fine particulate matter (UFP) and black carbon (BC) were measured at each second along a set of cycling routes. Two pairs of research assistants cycled on 25 unique routes over a five-week period. Each route was measured on four occasions: during the morning and evening peak periods on two separate days. Each route was approximately 25 ± 3 km for a total of approximately 600 km, covering nearly all 425 km of cycling facilities on the Island of Montreal as well as other common cycling corridors. A map of air quality across this network was generated for the morning and afternoon periods indicating significant differences in air pollution levels with the morning period associated with worse UFP and BC levels. This is attributed to traffic flows which are higher during the morning as well as lower ambient temperatures. Preliminary results show a significant correlation between cyclists’ exposure to UFP and measured traffic volumes (p<0.05), but even stronger correlation between exposure and the volume of trucks (p<0.01), indicating that vehicle composition may be an instrumental component of traffic data collection. Furthermore, results show that UFP exposure is inversely correlated to the distance between the bike path and the road (p<0.05) and that on average, bike lanes separated by a lane of parked cars have UFP levels 28.5% lower than without (p<0.05).
  Authors: Farrell, William; Weichenthal, Scott; Goldberg, Mark S.; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Authors: Farrell, William; Weichenthal, Scott; Goldberg, Mark S.; Hatzopoulou, Marianne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-1569
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Breaking into Bicycle Theft: Insights from Montreal, Canada
  Abstract: Many cities have adopted policies that promote walking and cycling because of their positive environmental, economic, and social benefits. As bicycles become a more popular form of transportation and more bicycles are out on the road, planners and transportation researchers will have to consider not only how to create urban spaces that encourage cycling, but also how to discourage bicycle theft. Currently, bicycle theft often goes unnoticed and is largely unchallenged. The present research brings attention to this issue by providing a narrative on bicycle theft in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A bilingual online bicycle theft survey was designed for this purpose and answered by 2,039 Greater Montreal residents. Summary statistics address ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘how’, and ‘when’ questions, a logit model determines variables associated with theft, and thematic maps compare experienced and expected theft between sub-regions. Half of respondents have had at least one bicycle stolen. Cyclists most frequently had their bicycles stolen in the downtown area. While, bicycles locked with U-locks, expensive bicycles, and those owned by women, are less likely to have been stolen. Satisfaction with bicycle parking availability and security tends to be low, and many cyclists are willing to pay for improved secure bicycle parking. Findings from this study can not only be useful to better understand and ultimately decrease bicycle theft in Montreal, but can also be beneficial for cyclists, police, and policy makers in other cities aiming to decrease bicycle theft as it highlights new findings in this unexplored area of research.
  Authors: van Lierop, Dea Suzanne; Grimsrud, Michael A.; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: van Lierop, Dea Suzanne; Grimsrud, Michael A.; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1670
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Smart Growth, Environmental Justice, and Projected Cancer Risk in Southern California: Case Study in Regional Planning and Health
  Abstract: As cities and regions are working towards sustainability by enhancing transit infrastructure and increasing population and employment in targeted neighborhoods, a question arises if greater density in urban areas will increase the exposure of cancer risk to a larger number of people, especially in areas that are in close proximity to highly traveled corridors. Since urban areas have traditionally held a higher share of racial and ethnic minority groups than suburban and outlying areas, this paper will specifically examine the implications of “smart growth” land use and transportation strategies for the public health of various population groups. The recent 2012-2035 Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS) adopted by the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) serves as a case study to examine the projected cancer risks in Southern California attributed to this Plan. Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) is used to determine future health risk based upon current and projected emissions outputs associated with on-road vehicles. This study shows that increased transit infrastructure and targeted growth in population density reduces the amount of disproportionate impacts for certain racial and ethnic minority groups associated with cancer risk in future years. Alternatively, the number of persons exposed to higher cancer risk areas is greater in future years as a result of these such strategies.
  Authors: Clark, Kimberly Martin; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Hu, Hsi-hwa
  Authors: Clark, Kimberly Martin; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Hu, Hsi-hwa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-5324
• Modeling Frequency and Duration of Out-of-Home Physical Activity Participation of School-Going Children
  Abstract: This paper investigates the frequency and duration of physical activity participation of school-going children in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The study uses an activity-based travel diary survey dataset, collected in 2012, which contains 245 students from grades 6 to 10 in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area. In order to explore tradeoffs among factors that affect frequency of out-of-home physical activity including the use of active transportation this paper utilizes a Zero-inflated Poisson regression (ZIP) model. Additionally, parametric hazard models are estimated to examine the duration of physical activities. The results of the ZIP count model suggest that personal and household characteristics, built environment attributes, and time commitments for other mandatory and discretionary activities influence the frequency of participation. For example, an increase in the number of children in households, and the presence of sidewalks, increase the frequency of out-of home out-of-school physical activities if everything else held equal. In contrast, travel time to school, presence of traffic intersections, and time commitment for tutoring sessions negatively affect activity participation. In terms of modeling duration of out-of-home physical activities, this study finds that a Weibull parametric hazard model outperforms a log-logistic model. The duration is influenced by socio-demographic characteristics, spatial context, and escort arrangements. For instance, car ownership and parental escorting increase the duration of physical activity. The paper offers an in-depth behavioral understanding of children’s physical activities, particularly in the context of a developing country, which is very limited in the existing literature.
  Authors: Habib, Muhammad Ahsanul; Daisy, Naznin Sultana
  Authors: Habib, Muhammad Ahsanul; Daisy, Naznin Sultana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-5356
• Dissecting Perceived Traffic Risk as a Barrier to Adult Bicycling
  Abstract: Nearly twenty years of federal policy has sought to increase bicycling trips to improve physical health, mitigate automobile pollution, and increase access–but research shows that people’s concerns regarding the risk of bicycling near traffic remain a significant barrier to widespread cycling. While an important finding, the research has not disaggregated “traffic risk” to expose its many aspects and how they may affect bicyclists with differing skill levels, experiences, and behaviors. This paper elaborates on results from a recent internet survey examining various aspects of traffic risk among 579 non-bicycling drivers, bicycling drivers, and non-driving bicyclists in the Bay Area. Analysis of variance tests revealed that bicyclists’ perceptions of danger differed according to riding frequency, with frequent cyclists more likely to fear more commonly reported crash types, while potential cyclists feared crashes that occur less frequently. In addition, an “exposure effect” seemed to appear such that those who bicycle occasionally reported the most fear of all bicyclists. Respondents also reported “near miss” experiences with motor vehicles. Nearly 70% of bicyclists in the sample have experienced a “near miss”, and 14% reported being hit. The data indicate that perceptions of traffic risk are related to near miss and crash experiences, although this differed according to bicycling frequency. These findings suggest that efforts targeting specific driver and bicyclist behaviors associated with these “near misses” could mitigate perceived traffic risk for bicyclists.
  Authors: Sanders, Rebecca L.
  Authors: Sanders, Rebecca L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-5264
• Automated Collection of Cyclist Data Using Computer Vision Techniques
  Abstract: One of the main challenges in conducting detailed analysis of cyclist behavior is the lack of reliable data. Collecting data through manual methods is a labour-intensive and time consuming process. Two of the important areas of cyclist data collection are volume counts and average speed measurement. A volume count is important as it provides the basis for necessary exposure measures and conveys essential information of traffic patterns. It can also serve as a performance measure of the facility. Cyclist speed data is used for traffic control and safety studies. Video sensors, when complemented with computer vision can offer a promising approach for the automated collection of traffic data. The approach is characterized by the wealth of data they can capture, store and analyze. Through the application of computer vision techniques, it is possible to obtain precise spatial and temporal measurements of the road-users in a resource-efficient way. This paper demonstrates the use of a set of computer vision techniques for the automated collection of cyclist data. The cyclist tracks obtained from video analysis are used to perform screen line counting as well as cyclist speed measurements. The applications are demonstrated using a real-world data set from a roundabout in Vancouver, British Columbia. Further analysis was conducted on the mean speed of cyclists with regards to several factors such as the travel path, helmet usage, and group size. The motivation of this research is to improve the understanding of cyclists’ behavior and how it varies under different conditions. Several conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of cyclist speed behaviour. Group size, travel path, lane position and helmet usage were found affect the cyclist mean speed. Single cyclists had a slightly, but significantly higher mean cycling speed compared to group cyclists. The mean cycling speed was highest for the cyclists using the road rather than the sidewalk. The mean cycling speed decreases for non-helmet users.
  Authors: Zaki, Mohamed H.; Sayed, Tarek; Cheung, Andrew
  Authors: Zaki, Mohamed H.; Sayed, Tarek; Cheung, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0745
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Transit Impact Fee: Enabling Statutes and Equity Concerns
  Abstract: This paper reviews four transit impact fee programs in use across the USA to examine the robustness of state and local level enabling statutes, and the strategies used to minimize the fee’s horizontal and vertical inequities. The paper finds that although impact fees are primarily used to fund capital expenses nation-wide, three of the four case study jurisdictions use the fee for funding capital expenses in addition to operating, maintenance and administrative expenses. Furthermore, clear language concerning the eligible uses should help provide robust legal protection if the fee is challenged in court. Finally, while the “nexus” and “rough proportionality” requirements ensure that the fee creates minimal horizontal inequities, no such legal requirements exist regarding the fee’s vertical equity impacts. This lack of legal requirement is reflected in the uneven use of vertical inequity mitigation strategies adopted by the case study jurisdictions.
  Authors: Mathur, Shishir; Smith, Adam Lee
  Authors: Mathur, Shishir; Smith, Adam Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-0997
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Has the Introduction of Cycle-to-Work Scheme Increased Levels of Cycling to Work in the United Kingdom?
  Abstract: Cycling is seen as a sustainable way to travel, and as a factor contributing to a more active and healthy lifestyle, and therefore is being encouraged in the UK and elsewhere. The overarching aim of this study is to establish the value of the UK Cycle to Work (tax-free) Bike scheme in encouraging people to cycle to work. Using primary data, collected from 248 scheme participants and 101 non-participants, it attempts to identify whether there was a change in travel behaviour among scheme participants and to what extent; and to evaluate if publicity and promotion of the scheme encouraged scheme participation. The study also investigates which socio-economic and other factors influence the propensity to participate in the scheme, and explores the correlation between stages of behaviour change and a person’s intention to cycle.
  Authors: Avineri, Erel; Fiona, Steven
  Authors: Avineri, Erel; Fiona, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2068
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Quality Counts for Pedestrians and Bicyclists: Quality Assurance Procedures for Nonmotorized Traffic Count Data
  Abstract: As pedestrian and bicyclist monitoring increases among public agencies, it is critically important that data quality principles be included in the data collection practices. The main objective of this paper was to outline key quality assurance principles and their application to pedestrian and bicyclist traffic count data. Three key principles of quality assurance were described: 1) Quality assurance starts before data are collected; 2) "Acceptable” data quality is determined by its use; and 3)Measures can quantify different quality dimensions. The authors provide specific recommendations for 2 data quality measures: accuracy and validity.
  Authors: Turner, Shawn M.; Lasley, Philip H.
  Authors: Turner, Shawn M.; Lasley, Philip H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-2552
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Bicyclists’ Injuries and the Cycling Environment: Impact of Route Infrastructure
  Abstract: Introduction. Safety concerns have contributed to low bicycling rates in North America. Injury rates are lower and cycling is more common in northern European countries where route infrastructure is designed for cyclists, yet few studies have examined the relationship between the cycling environment and injuries.Methods. 690 people injured while cycling were recruited via emergency departments in Toronto and Vancouver, Canada. Conditional logistic regression compared route infrastructure at each injury site to that of a randomly selected control site from the same trip. The case-crossover design controlled for exposure to risk and for personal characteristics and other factors that are stable within a trip.Results. Of 15 route types, cycle tracks (physically separated paths alongside city streets) had the lowest risk, about 9 times lower than the reference (arterials and collectors with parked cars and no bike infrastructure). Bike lanes on arterials and collectors with no parked cars, local streets, and off street bike paths had 2-fold risk reductions. Risks on arterials and collectors were lower when parked cars were not present. Other infrastructure characteristics were associated with increased risks: downhill grades; streetcar or train tracks; and construction.Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the design approach used in northern Europe is effective in North America. The following route types are the best choices for common urban transportation locations and would lower injury risks to cyclists: alongside arterials and collectors – cycle tracks; on local streets – designated bikeways with traffic diversion; and off-street – bike paths.
  Authors: Winters, Meghan; Harris, M. Anne; Reynolds, Conor C.O.; Cripton, Peter A.; Chipman, Mary L.; Cusimano, Michael D.; Brubacher, J.; Friedman, Steve M.; Monro, Melody; Vernich, Lee
  Authors: Winters, Meghan; Harris, M. Anne; Reynolds, Conor C.O.; Cripton, Peter A.; Chipman, Mary L.; Cusimano, Michael D.; Brubacher, J.; Friedman, Steve M.; Monro, Melody; Vernich, Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 454
  Paper Number: 13-2995
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• A New Approach in the GIS Bikeshed Analysis with Consideration of Topography, Street Connectivity, and Energy Consumption
  Abstract: In recent years, bike planning has garnered attention from planners and the public as a sustainable mode of transportation and as a means to exercise and reduce health risks. In addition, following the success of bike-share programs in cities in Paris and Lyon, France, and Montreal, Canada, and several US cities initiated similar programs. With this background, GISs have been applied to conduct a spatial analysis and produce heat maps of bike-travel demand and suitable areas for a bike-sharing program. These studies include a variety of factors, such as demographics of residents, land use, street types, and available bike facilities and transit services. However, there have been few studies that take topography and street connectivity into account. The study proposes a method to combine topography and presence of intersections with estimates of energy used to bike, and incorporate the resulting travel-impedance factor, as well as street connectivity, into a GIS analysis. Using the case in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA, where elevation and street connectivity varies substantially among neighborhoods, this study shows how the size and shape of bikesheds originating from proposed light rail stations vary in the GIS analysis with or without taking into account these critical factors. The analysis results have significant implications for various bike planning programs using a GIS analysis.
  Authors: Iseki, Hiroyuki; Tingstrom, Matthew
  Authors: Iseki, Hiroyuki; Tingstrom, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-1774
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Station-Level Forecasting of Bikesharing Ridership:Station Network Effects in Three U.S. Systems
  Abstract: This study investigates the effects of demographic and built environment characteristics near bike sharing stations on bike sharing ridership levels in three operational U.S. systems. While previous studies have focused on the analysis of a single system, the increasing availability of station-level ridership data creates the opportunity to compare experiences across systems; particular attention is paid to data quality and consistency issues raised by a multi-city analysis. This project also expands on previous studies by including the network effects of the size and spatial distribution of the bike sharing station network, contributing to a more robust regression model for predicting station ridership. The regression analysis identifies a number of variables as having statistically significant correlations with station-level bike sharing ridership: population density; retail job density; bike, walk, and transit commuters; median income; education; presence of bikeways; non-white population (negative association); days of precipitation (negative association); and proximity to a network of other bike sharing stations. Proximity to a greater number of other bike sharing stations exhibits a strong positive correlation with ridership in a variety of model specifications and while controlling for the other demographic and built environment variables, suggesting that access to a comprehensive network of stations is a critical factor supporting ridership. Relative to previous models, this model will be more widely applicable to a diverse range of communities and help those interested in adopting bike sharing systems to predict potential levels of ridership and identify station locations that will serve the greatest number of riders.
  Authors: Rixey, Rodney Alexander
  Authors: Rixey, Rodney Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-1862
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Features Analysis and Operation Evaluation of Pedestrian Weaving Zone
  Abstract: Weaving behavior occurs due to the conflict of pedestrian walking streamlines, which manifests as weaving points in walking facilities. If many weaving points are concentrated in a relatively stable zone, the zone is defined as pedestrian weaving zone (PWZ). Actually, the weaving behavior has great impact on pedestrian¡¯s speed, walking comfort, facilities capacity and passengers safety. Firstly, the paper defines the concept of pedestrian weaving zone (PWZ) and PWZ features, then by the means of controlled experiments, collects the data of weaving zone features and pedestrian weaving behavior from different scenarios. Subsequently, the paper analyzes PWZ feature through the geometric feature and the location attribute of weaving zone and concludes that pedestrian flow volume and two pedestrian stream ratio closely related to the area of PWZ rather than the width and length of pedestrian passageway ,and PWZ is closer to the exit than entrance of passageway. Three new indexes (pedestrian weaving intensity, pedestrian trajectory offset ratio, distribution density factor of weaving points) are introduced to analyze the operation of PWZ. Finally, based on three indexes, the paper establishes pedestrian negative utility model to evaluate the operational status of PWZ. Pedestrian-weaving-zone performs better with the decrease of utility. After analyzing the impact of passageway geometric features (passageway width and length) and pedestrian traffic features (pedestrian volume and two pedestrian stream ratio) on the performance of PWZ, the paper puts forward with two improvements on the planning and management of pedestrian passageway, of which the negative utility decreases 29.7% and 34.5% respectively.
  Authors: Wu, Jiaorong; Lu, Sugang
  Authors: Wu, Jiaorong; Lu, Sugang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2774
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Bayesian Modeling Approach for Cyclist Injury Risk Analysis at Intersections and Corridors
  Abstract: This study proposes a two-equation Bayesian modeling approach to simultaneously study cyclist injury occurrence and bicycle activity at signalized intersections as joint outcomes. This approach deals with the potential presence of endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneitiesand is used to identify contributing factors associated with both cyclist injuries and volumes. Its applicability in the identification of corridors at high-risk is also illustrated. An extensive inventory of a large sample of signalized intersections on the island of Montreal is used as the application environment. This inventory contains not only disaggregate vehicular traffic volumes and bicycle flows but also geometric design, traffic controls and built environment characteristics in the vicinity of the intersections. Among other results, this study identifies the importance of both bicycle and motor-vehicle flows on cyclist injury occurrence and further emphasizes the importance of turning motor-vehicle movements. It was also found that the presence of bus stops and total crosswalk width have a positive effect on cyclist injury occurrence whereas the presence of a raised median has a negative effect. The results also reveal that bicycle activity through intersections increases as employment, number of metro stations, land use mix, area of commercial land use type, length of bicycle facilities increase as well as in the presence of schools measured between 50 and 800 metres from the intersection. Also, intersections with three approaches are expected to have fewer cyclists than intersections with four approaches. Using Bayesian analysis, expected injuries and injury rates are computed to rank corridors. We found that corridors with high bicycle volumes, located mainly in the central neighbourhoods of Montreal, have lower risk despite having a high number of cyclists riding along each day. Most importantly, since there are more cyclists, these corridors have a greater chance of ranking high therefore confirming the "safety in numbers" effect.
  Authors: Strauss, Jillian; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Morency, Patrick
  Authors: Strauss, Jillian; Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Morency, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 454
  Paper Number: 13-2796
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Classification of Bicycle Traffic Patterns in Five North American Cities
  Abstract: This paper analyses bicycle ridership patterns using a unique database of automated bicycle counts from approximately 40 locations in five North American cities and along the Route Verte in Quebec. The cities involved in this study are Montreal, Ottawa, Portland, San Francisco, and Vancouver. Count data show that the bicycle volume patterns at each location can be classified as utilitarian, mixed utilitarian, recreational and mixed recreational. Study locations classified into each of these categories are found to have consistent hourly and weekly traffic patterns, despite important differences between these cities in terms of factors such as weather, size, and urban form. Expansion factors for each location type are presented by hour and day of the week. There were differences in seasonal patterns of bicycle activity between the study locations, so different monthly expansion factors are presented for each city. Finally, some traffic volume characteristics are presented for comparison purposes.
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Nosal, Thomas; Schneider, Robert J.; Proulx, Frank
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis Fernando; Nosal, Thomas; Schneider, Robert J.; Proulx, Frank
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-3007
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Do Complete Streets Cost More Than Incomplete Streets?
  Abstract: For over five years, the City of Charlotte has been applying the award-winning Urban Street Design Guidelines to plan, design, and build context-based complete streets which consider the needs of all transportation modes. This paper intends to answer the most common question the City receives about building complete streets: does building a complete street cost more than a traditional street and, if so, how much? Staff from the Charlotte Department of Transportation (CDOT) has compiled information from past projects to determine the range in cost of typical complete street projects. In addition, CDOT staff used the North Carolina Department of Transportation’s (NCDOT) database to analyze actual line item bid costs for complete streets project elements such as bike lanes and sidewalks. CDOT staff also examined fluctuations in transportation project construction costs over a five year period. The analysis shows incorporating complete streets elements such as bike lanes and sidewalks slightly increases the cost of a project. However, CDOT staff also determined overall market fluctuations in construction costs plays a more significant role in the costs of a project than do the costs for incorporating complete street elements. Costs for typical complete street elements make up a very small percentage of the overall project cost. In summary, after considering the small percentage of project budgets required to include complete street elements and the significant fluctuation in historical project construction costs, the authors of this paper make the argument for continuing to include complete streets items in project scopes and budgets.
  Authors: Shapard, James; Cole, Mark
  Authors: Shapard, James; Cole, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-4283
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effect of Advance Yield Markings and Symbolic Signs on Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflicts: Field Evaluation
  Abstract: The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has made walkable communities a priority. Pedestrian safety is a key to the success of this objective. Pedestrians are at especially high risk when traversing unsignalized, marked crosswalks located either midblock or at T-intersections, especially when a vehicle adjacent to the driver is blocking his or her view of a crossing pedestrian. A number of treatments have been proposed as ways to reduce crashes at such crosswalks in such situations. Two such experiments were conducted in the town of Greenfield, MA, to assess the effectiveness of advance yield markings on drivers’ scanning for pedestrians and to study their yielding behavior. Advance yield markings consist of a line of white triangles twenty to fifty feet in advance of the crosswalk together with a sign indicating that drivers should yield at the markings. The first experiment was an observational one involving a staged pedestrian while the second experiment is an in-vehicle field study conducted on an open road course in Greenfield, MA. Results demonstrated that advance yield markings, coupled with the vacating of parking spots immediately adjacent to the crosswalk to clear the sightline of approaching vehicles to pedestrians entering the crosswalk, improved yielding compliance. In addition, when advance yield markings and warning signs were present, drivers approaching the crosswalk were more likely to scan areas to the sides of the roadway at crosswalks in anticipation of a pedestrian entering the crosswalk.
  Authors: Samuel, Siby; Romoser, Matthew Ryan Elam; Roman Gerardino, Luis; Hamid, Malek; Gomez, Radhameris A; Knodler, Michael A.; Collura, John; Fisher, Donald L.
  Authors: Samuel, Siby; Romoser, Matthew Ryan Elam; Roman Gerardino, Luis; Hamid, Malek; Gomez, Radhameris A; Knodler, Michael A.; Collura, John; Fisher, Donald L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 700
  Paper Number: 13-4358
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Public Bikesharing in North America: Early Operator Understanding and Emerging Trends
  Abstract: Public bikesharing—the shared use of a bicycle fleet—is an innovative mobility strategy that has recently emerged in major North American cities. Bikesharing systems typically position bicycles throughout an urban environment, among a network of docking stations, for immediate access. Approximately five years ago, information technology (or IT)-based bikesharing services began to emerge in North America. Since 2007, 27 IT-based programs have been deployed–26 are operational and one is now defunct. Bikesharing growth potential in North America is examined on the basis of a survey of all 15 IT-based public bikesharing systems operating in the United States and all four programs operating in Canada, as of January 2012. These programs account for 172,070 users and 5,238 bicycles and 44,352 users and 6,235 bicycles in the United States and Canada, respectively. This paper reviews early operator understanding of North American public bikesharing and discusses emerging trends for prospective program start-ups.
  Authors: Shaheen, Susan A.; Cohen, Adam; Martin, Elliot W.
  Authors: Shaheen, Susan A.; Cohen, Adam; Martin, Elliot W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-4472
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Roadway Users Want the Same Things: Results from a Roadway Design Survey of Pedestrians, Drivers, Bicyclists, and Transit Users in the Bay Area
  Abstract: Pedestrians, drivers, bicyclists, and public transit users all desire similar roadway design features, according to findings from a recent intercept survey along a major urban corridor in the San Francisco Bay Area. This research was sponsored by the California DOT to understand traveler preferences for street design that could increase perceived traffic safety, walkability, and bikability along urban arterials, as well as encourage economic vitality through increased patronage of local businesses. In an open-ended question about street improvements to enhance perceived traffic safety, all respondent groups requested the same top five improvements. Bicycle lanes were ranked first by individuals arriving to the survey location as pedestrians, drivers, and bicyclists (fifth by public transit respondents), and improved pedestrian crossings were ranked second by pedestrians, drivers, and public transit users (third by bicyclists). The other top five suggestions were the same for all groups, though ordered slightly differently: slowing traffic/improving driver behavior, increasing street lighting, and installing more traffic lights/stop signs. Similar preference alignment was found in response to an open-ended question about street improvements to encourage more visits to the corridor. These findings suggest that design features generally thought to benefit one road user group, such as bicycle lanes for bicyclists, may also benefit other user groups. Moreover, these results provide evidence that roadway planning can take advantage of synergistic opportunities to benefit multiple user groups by implementing a few key design interventions. Overall, the findings support the continued implementation of complete streets principles and policies.
  Authors: Sanders, Rebecca L.; Cooper, Jill F.
  Authors: Sanders, Rebecca L.; Cooper, Jill F.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 454
  Paper Number: 13-4475
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effectiveness of Audible and Tactile Heading Cues for Pedestrians Who Are Blind at Complex Intersections
  Abstract: This research extends the results of laboratory research on wayfinding at intersections for pedestrians who are blind. The effectiveness of standard accessible pedestrian signals (standard APS), a prototype beaconing APS, and a raised guidestrip were evaluated for their ability to assist in establishing and maintaining a heading for street crossings. Experiments were conducted at large, complex, signalized intersections in Alpharetta, GA, Austin, TX, and Towson, MD. Both the guidestrip and the beaconing APS resulted in more accurate street crossing performance than standard APS with respect to alignment (i.e., initial heading) accuracy, rates of being within the crosswalk, distance from the center of the crosswalk at various points during crossing, and the likelihood of being well outside of the crosswalk (6 or more feet). For the most part, performance with the guidestrip or the beaconing APS was equivalent. Limitations and additional concerns with respect to these two treatments are discussed.
  Authors: Barlow, Janet M.; Scott, Alan C.; Bentzen, Billie Louise; Guth, David; Graham, Jennifer
  Authors: Barlow, Janet M.; Scott, Alan C.; Bentzen, Billie Louise; Guth, David; Graham, Jennifer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 459
  Paper Number: 13-4499
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Estimating the Impacts of Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program: Developing a New Community-wide Assessment Method
  Abstract: The Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program (NTPP) was established to examine how travel behavior changes with improved walking and bicycling infrastructure. This paper describes the program’s quantitative evaluation approach and provides insights and lessons learned for peers. Demonstrating the benefits of walking and bicycling investments has been an ongoing challenge for communities across the country. A model that uses annual nonmotorized count data to estimate mode share changes and avoided vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is described for the consideration of peer communities, metropolitan planning organizations, and other entities interested in quantifying the community-wide impacts of investments in nonmotorized infrastructure and programs. Additionally, this paper invites other communities to follow, adapt, and improve the methodology that the NTPP followed in order to move the field forward and evolve its active transportation performance measures.Bookend counts in each of the communities estimate that between 2007 and 2011, bicycling and walking increased 67 percent and 32 percent respectively in the pilot communities. Based on these counts, the model estimates that between 2007 and 2011, people walked or bicycled nearly 75 million miles instead of driving, saving over 3.3 million gallons of gas. This number of avoided vehicle miles traveled reflects new bicycling and walking trips added to the levels assumed for 2007 and controls for population growth from 2007 to 2011. This finding supports one of the underpinnings of the NTPP program: that by improving nonmotorized transportation networks, more people will choose to walk and bike for transportation.
  Authors: Rasmussen, Benjamin
  Authors: Rasmussen, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-4916
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Are Bikeshare Users Different from Regular Cyclists? First Look at Short-Term Users, Annual Members, and Area Cyclists in the Washington, D.C., Region
  Abstract: In recent years, bikeshare systems have spread throughout the U.S. Despite the increase in systems and users, little is known about how bikeshare member demographics and travel patterns compare to characteristics of traditional bicyclists. To bridge the gap, this paper investigates bikeshare system users' travel behavior and develops a profile of user demographics comparing short-term (one day) users and annual members of Capital Bikeshare (CaBi) in Washington, DC with profiles of area bicyclists. Data originates from the regional household travel survey of 2007-2008, an intercept survey of short-term CaBi users, and an online survey of annual CaBi members. The analysis compares gender, race/ethnicity, age, and student status, as well as socio-economic status across the surveys. Moreover, the comparison includes trip purpose, helmet usage, and travel modes for trips that were replaced by bikesharing. Profiles of CaBi and area cyclists differ on many demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Compared to area cyclists, CaBi short-term users and annual member are more likely female, younger, have lower household incomes, own fewer cars and fewer bicycles, and are more likely to cycle for utilitarian trip purposes. Furthermore, CaBi trips mainly replace transit and walk trips. CaBi short-term users and members show similar characteristics, but short-term users are more likely to ride for recreational trip purposes and less likely to wear a helmet. The study results indicate that bikesharing can potentially encourage new segments of society to cycle and increase overall bicycling mode share.
  Authors: Buck, Darren; Buehler, Ralph; Happ, Patricia; Rawls, Bradley; Chung, Payton; Borecki, Natalie
  Authors: Buck, Darren; Buehler, Ralph; Happ, Patricia; Rawls, Bradley; Chung, Payton; Borecki, Natalie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-5029
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• North America’s first e-bike share: A year of experience
  Abstract: The integration of electric bicycles (e-bikes) with bikesharing can potentially increase the utility of bike sharing by reducing some barriers to bicycling and increasing the amount of prospective users. North America’s first e-bike sharing system (cycleUshare) at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, offers a new, sustainable transportation option for students, faculty, and staff. The cycleUshare system is a small pilot test with two stations to research the technology and user experiences. This paper presents an overview of the cycleUshare system and reports experiences from the first year of operation. With 93 enrolled users, cycleUshare provides a unique opportunity to study not only the system use, but also how individual users make trips with both regular and electric bicycles and the factors that influence those trips. The study finds that only 22% of users account for 81% of the trips. Factors of speed and convenience play major roles in participant’s decisions to use the system, and speed and comfort are the most influential factors in selection of an e-bike over a regular bicycle. Most of the reported trips are class related, although e-bikes are found to be used for a wide variety of trip purposes. Walking is the mode most displaced by the system indicating that e-bike sharing expands user mobility. Additionally user perceptions about bicycle types are explored. This model of electric bikeshare is found to be effective at attracting users to both regular and electric bicycles and is capable of expanding user mobility.
  Authors: Langford, Brian Casey; Cherry, Christopher R.; Yoon, Taekwan; Worley, Stacy; Smith, David
  Authors: Langford, Brian Casey; Cherry, Christopher R.; Yoon, Taekwan; Worley, Stacy; Smith, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-5107
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Four Types of Cylists? Examining a Typology to Better Understand Bicycling Behavior and Potential
  Abstract: Labeling or categorizing cyclists has been occurring for over a century for a variety of purposes. This paper aimed to examine a typology developed by the City of Portland that includes four categories: Strong and the Fearless, Enthused and Confident, Interested but Concerned, and No Way No How. Unlike several other typologies, this widely referenced typology is intended to apply to all adults, regardless of their current cycling behavior. Our analysis used a random phone survey (n=908) of adults in the Portland, Oregon, region that included both land-line and mobile phone numbers; data were weighted to better reflect the population. Adults were put into the four types based primarily upon their stated level of comfort cycling on a variety of facility types, their interest in cycling more for transportation, and their physical ability to bicycle. Nearly all of the sampled population fit clearly into one of the four categories. A majority (56%) of the region’s population fit in the Interested but Concerned category – thought to be the key target market for increasing cycling for transportation. The analysis indicates that reducing traffic speeds and increasing separation between bicycles and motor vehicles, such as through cycle tracks, may increase levels of comfort and cycling rates. Women and older adults are underrepresented among the more confident adults and those who currently cycle for transportation.
  Authors: Dill, Jennifer; McNeil, Nathan Winslow
  Authors: Dill, Jennifer; McNeil, Nathan Winslow
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-5213
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Examining the impact of changes in weather on commuter cyclist’s travel behavior
  Abstract: This study examines commuter cyclist’s travel behavior specifically in response to changes in weather. Investigation of how the riders take their day-to-day riding decisions provides insights into the factors which guide their behavior in adverse weather. Disaggregate travel data collected from an in-depth survey is analyzed. Commuter cyclist’s general travel behavior led to identification of differences in commuter’s behaviors depending on riding frequency. Weather conditions are found to be a paramount factor in commuter’s riding decisions. Further survey results are then analyzed to provide insight into the impact of end of trip facilities and to quantify whether riders who have access to these facilities are less sensitive to changes in weather. More than half of the respondents have acknowledged the importance of these facilities. Given the variability in day-to-day ridership, commuter riders are expected to alternate modes when faced with adverse weather. The modal shift of commuter riders is analyzed using a logistic regression model. When the model is used to predict the probability of shifting to private transport (drive alone, get a lift from someone else or use a motorcycle or motor scooter) it correctly predicted nearly 80% of the cases. The paper includes discussion of implications of the results for Government policies and strategies that seek to increase commuter cycling in urban areas.
  Authors: Ahmed, Farhana; Rose, Geoffrey; Jakob, Christian
  Authors: Ahmed, Farhana; Rose, Geoffrey; Jakob, Christian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3680
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Alternative Ordered Response Frameworks for Examining Pedestrian Injury Severity in New York City
  Abstract: This paper focuses on identifying the appropriate ordered response structure that is better suited to modeling pedestrian injury severity. The alternative ordered response approaches considered for the empirical analysis include: ordered logit model (OL), generalized ordered logit model (GOL) and latent segmentation based ordered logit model (LSOL). The GOL model relaxes the restrictive assumption by allowing for exogenous variable impacts on the threshold parameters in the standard ordered logit structure. Again, the LSOL model allows for differential impact on the alternatives by segmenting the pedestrian crash population into various segments with segment specific ordered logit parameters. The performance and strength of the formulated injury severity models are tested based on the “New York City (NYC) Pedestrian Research Data Base” for the year of 2002 through 2006. To our knowledge, the study provides a first of its kind exercise to identify the preferred ordered model for examining pedestrian injury severity. The model estimation results clearly highlights the presence of segmentation based on the location of pedestrian accidents; locational attributes that affect the allocation of pedestrians into these segments include: regional county, functional classification of roadway, pedestrian location on roadway, number of travel lanes and number of parking lanes in the roadway system. The key factors influencing pedestrian injury severity are weather condition, lighting condition, vehicle types, pedestrian age and season. Overall, the results of the empirical analysis provide credence to the belief that LSOL model is a preferred ordered framework choice to accommodate population heterogeneity in the context of pedestrian injury severity.
  Authors: Yasmin, Shamsunnahar; Eluru, Naveen; Ukkusuri, Satish V.
  Authors: Yasmin, Shamsunnahar; Eluru, Naveen; Ukkusuri, Satish V.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3987
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Considerations for Integrating Bicycling and Walking Facilities into Urban Infrastructure
  Abstract: Several manuals, handbooks and web resources exist to provide varied guidance on planning for and designing bicycle and pedestrian facilities, yet there are no specific indications about which of the varied treatments in these guides work well for users. This paper highlights best practices and identifies program characteristics associated with high levels of non-motorized travel, with an emphasis on bicyclists and pedestrians in the California communities of Davis, Palo Alto and San Luis Obispo, cities known for being bicycle- and pedestrian-friendly. Based on an analysis of survey data from over 630 residents in the case study communities, this study found several factors that mattered most to stakeholders for creating bicycling- and walking-friendly places. These factors are the following: (a) acceptable bicycling and walking distances to desired activities; (b) direct routes; (c) good route connectivity; and (d) separation of motorized and non-motorized transportation modes. The findings are integrated into key guiding principles that correspond to the trip-making cycle, from the decision to engage in an activity through the choice of route to arrival at the destination.The results of a user preference survey and review of the literature indicate that bicyclists and pedestrians alike strongly desire auto-separated facilities on streets. This suggests that these kinds of projects may merit priority over purely recreational paths.
  Authors: Nuworsoo, Cornelius Kofi; Cooper, Erin
  Authors: Nuworsoo, Cornelius Kofi; Cooper, Erin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-3997
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Performance of Pedestrian Countdown Signal System in San Diego: Microscopic View
  Abstract: Results of monitoring of the San Diego’s first countdown pedestrian signal (CPS) implementation are reported in this paper. A busy downtown intersection was videotaped over three weeks in order to analyze details of intersection crossing of over 5,000 pedestrians as well as to monitor corresponding vehicular traffic and traffic signal indicators. Several pedestrian categories were introduced, and their entry and exit violations were analyzed. Several factors potentially affecting pedestrian crossing behavior were examined. A multivariate analysis found the length of the crossing and vehicular traffic intensity as significant factors affecting the crossing violation rates. Crossing violation characteristics were consistent over time. On a long crossing, most pedestrians were able to effectively adjust their walking speed to complete their crossing without the exit violation, a positive result attributed to the existence of the CPS there. However, on the short crossing with light vehicular traffic, CPS was generally ineffective in preventing the entry violations from becoming exit violations.
  Authors: Supernak, Janusz; Verma, Vinay; Supernak, Iga
  Authors: Supernak, Janusz; Verma, Vinay; Supernak, Iga
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4970
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Demand for Public Transport in Germany and the United States: Analysis of Rider Characteristics
  Abstract: This paper presents a detailed analysis of public transport demand in Germany and the USA, using uniquely comparable national travel surveys from 2001/2002 and 2008/2009 for both countries. Public transport has been far more successful in Germany than in the USA, with much greater growth in overall passenger volumes and trips per capita. Even controlling for differences between the countries in demographics, socio-economics, and land-use, logistic regressions show that Germans are five times as likely as Americans to use public transport. Moreover, public transport in Germany attracts a much broader cross-section of society and for a greater diversity of trip purposes. The success of German public transport is due to a coordinated package of mutually supportive policies that include: (1) more and better service, (2) attractive fares and convenient ticketing, (3) full multi-modal and regional integration, (4) high taxes and restrictions on car use, and (5) land-use policies that promote compact, mixed-use developments. It is the integrated package of complementary policies that explains why public transport in Germany can compete so well with the private car, even among affluent households. Conversely, it is the lack of complementary policies that explains the continuing struggle of public transport in the USA.
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph; Pucher, John
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph; Pucher, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-0530
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Does a Link Exist Between Public Transit Use and Active Commuting Behavior?
  Abstract: Recent literature on active commuting behavior shows an established relationship between public transportation use and physical activity, which is attributed to the fact that most public transit riders must walk or bicycle to access their stop. However, there is limited literature that examines the potential link between public transportation use and active commuting behavior in general. This study seeks to examine if public transit riders also tend to commute more by active modes for their non-transit trips. Data were obtained through an online survey in which respondents answered questions about their active commuting/public transportation patterns as well as demographic, psychosocial, community and environmental information. Statistical T-tests and logistic regression models were used to identify factors that were significantly related to active commuting behavior. The study finds that public transportation use is the most significant predictor of active commuting behavior. In addition, the study highlights key behavioral and psychological factors that also influence active commuting behavior. The results of this work can be used to design policies and programs that might help promote active commuting, leading to more livable and healthy cities.
  Authors: Gayah, Vikash V.; Bopp, Melissa
  Authors: Gayah, Vikash V.; Bopp, Melissa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-0627
• How Does Restructuring from a CBD-Focused Transit System to a Decentralized Transit System Affect Transit Riders and Their Accessibility to Destinations? Case Study of StarMetro in Tallahassee, Florida
  Abstract: The relationship between a transit system’s design and the pattern of urban development affects the level and pattern of accessibility in a community. A mismatch between the two renders some destinations inaccessible to people who rely primarily on transit to serve their transportation needs. System design is critical to accessibility and hence to equity, but thus far the research literature has largely neglected this important issue. In this study, we examine the relationship between system design and accessibility through a study of the July 11, 2011 restructuring of StarMetro, the bus system in Tallahassee, Florida, with a particular focus on the change in riders’ accessibility provided by shifting from the pre-restructuring downtown-oriented radial network to the post-restructuring decentralized, multi-destination transit network. System restructuring increased the time it took for people to walk to bus stops but once they reached the stops the more direct travel connections provided by the new system reduced travel times and increased access to destinations. The net result of the service change was a reduction in total travel time, and thus increased accessibility, for most trip interchanges. The restructuring neither disproportionately harmed nor disproportionately benefited neighborhoods with larger numbers of transit-dependent, low income, or minority residents. The restructuring did not disproportionately benefit, nor did it disproportionately harm, neighborhoods with large numbers of college students either. StarMetro was a largely college student and transit-dependent dominated system before restructuring, as well as after, although there was a modest increase in use of the system by infrequent riders.
  Authors: Bhattacharya, Torsha; Brown, Jeffrey R.; Jaroszynski, Michal A.; Batuhan, Tuna
  Authors: Bhattacharya, Torsha; Brown, Jeffrey R.; Jaroszynski, Michal A.; Batuhan, Tuna
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-1052
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• High-Quality Public Transport and Promotion of Nonmotorized Transport: Compromise or Complement? Analytical Approach Assessing Conflicts
  Abstract: Public transport is a very efficient way to handle large traffic flows in urban areas. At the same time, and especially in Europe, non-motorized transport is being promoted as a further, environmental friendly and healthy way of urban mobility. This includes the introduction and extension of separate lanes to increase safety and convenience of bikers and pedestrians. However, most cities have limited space for expanding streets and roads which can lead to a conflict between the different uses. It is critical to clearly understand the impacts of these changes on public transport. In this research, a quick assessment model was developed that analyzes the impact of public transport service changes on operations and demand. It was developed for Zurich’s public transport operator Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich (VBZ) to help them quickly assess changes such as the elimination of separate right-of-ways or the introduction of slow zones and also to help illustrate the impacts of these changes to non-technical audiences. The model uses a series of analytical calculations to analyze the main relationships between key public transport inputs and outputs. It was validated using data from Zurich’s tram and bus network. The case studies examine the influence of reducing separate right-of-ways, the expansion of 30 km/h zones and changes to stop distances on public transport operations.
  Authors: Naegeli, Lorenzo; Orth, Hermann W. M.; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois; Nash, Andrew
  Authors: Naegeli, Lorenzo; Orth, Hermann W. M.; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois; Nash, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-2437
• The Built Environment and Household Electric Bike Ownership:Insights from Zhongshan Metropolitan Area, China
  Abstract: Planners and policy-makers have recognized the effects of the built environment on the vehicle ownership and use. Among voluminous literature, few studies were found that examined how the built environment is associated to the household E-bike ownership. This study explored the relationship between the built environment and household electric bike ownership in the Chinese context, based on the data collected in Zhongshan Metropolitan Area. The E-bike choice models suggest that household measures dominate the number of household E-bikes, but also detect a relationship between several built environment attributes and the household E-bike ownership. All else being equal, denser and higher-mixed land-use development, more connective transportation linkages, commercial and job connections are related to lower household E-bike ownership. Households located in the urban neighborhoods tend to own fewer E-bikes, compared to suburban or rural households. The availability of competitive transportation modes is strongly related to the likelihood of owning E-bikes. The findings suggest policy-makers to consider built environment attributes in the policy-making of E-bike ownership and set differentiated policies in different areas according to the variations of the built environment. It is also suggested to integrate the E-bike ownership policies with the ownership policies of competitive modes and also policies related to public transportation service improvement.
  Authors: Zhang, Yi; Li, Yuan; Yang, Xiaoguang; Li, Chaoyang
  Authors: Zhang, Yi; Li, Yuan; Yang, Xiaoguang; Li, Chaoyang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-5297
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Bicyclist Safety Performance Functions for a U.S. City
  Abstract: Efforts have intensified to apply a more evidence-based approach to traffic safety. One such effort is the Highway Safety Manual, which provides typical safety performance functions (SPFs) for common road types. Unfortunately, the manual provides no SPFs for bicyclists, despite disproportionately high fatalities among this group. In this paper, a method for creating city-specific, bicycle SPFs is presented and applied to Boulder, Colorado, the first time a bicycle SPF has been created for a U.S. city. Such functions provide a basis for both future investigations into safety treatment efficacy and for prioritizing intersections to better allocate scarce funds for bicycle safety improvements. The SPFs demonstrate that intersections with more cyclists have fewer collisions per cyclist, illustrating that cyclists are safer in numbers.
  Authors: Nordback, Krista; Marshall, Wesley; Janson, Bruce N.
  Authors: Nordback, Krista; Marshall, Wesley; Janson, Bruce N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 454
  Paper Number: 13-5348
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effects of Scale and Resolution in Assessing the Equity of Transit Supply Distribution
  Abstract: The equitable distribution of transit services is a major concern of transportation planners and policymakers worldwide. In the United States, planners are required by executive order to consider equity concerns when investing in new transportation infrastructure and services. However, equity can be difficult to assess in a consistent, objective, and quantitative way. Australian researchers recently developed a single, system wide measure which reflects the equity of transit service distribution in a metropolitan area. This measure, known as a Gini coefficient, specifically measures how well transit supply meets transit demand. Transit supply is measured using a modified form of an established supply index and demand is estimated using population and employment data. While the idea of using a single measure to assess the equity of a transit system is very appealing, researchers and practitioners must be very careful when implementing Gini coefficients for comparative purposes. This research investigates the effect of using different scales, levels of data resolution, and various demand measures when calculating Gini scores for interregional comparisons. Gini coefficients are calculated for six urban transit systems at two scales (metropolitan statistical area and transit service area) and two levels of resolution (census tract and block group) using two different demand measures (population and population plus employment). The results suggest that calculating Gini coefficients at different scales can lead to drastically different comparative results, while the different levels of resolution and demand measures had very little impact on interregional comparisons.
  Authors: Bertolaccini, Kelly Layne; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Authors: Bertolaccini, Kelly Layne; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-5142
• Using Smartphone App to Support Visually Impaired Pedestrians at Signalized Intersection Crossings
  Authors: Liao, Chen-Fu
  Authors: Liao, Chen-Fu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 459
  Paper Number: 13-0231
• Reclaiming the Right-of-Way: Best Practices for Implementing and Designing Parklets
  Authors: Brozen, Madeline
  Authors: Brozen, Madeline
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: 13-0464
• Effects of High-Visibility Enforcement on Driver Compliance to Pedestrian Yield Right-of-Way Laws
  Authors: Van Houten, Ronald
  Authors: Van Houten, Ronald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 700
  Paper Number: 13-1077
• Impact of Curbside Parking on Travel Time and Space Mean Speed of Nonmotorized Vehicles
  Authors: Ye, Xiaofei
  Authors: Ye, Xiaofei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 820
  Paper Number: 13-1451
• Analysis of pedestrian-vehicle traffic conflicts in street designs with elements of shared space
  Authors: Kaparias, Ioannis
  Authors: Kaparias, Ioannis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 700
  Paper Number: 13-0309
• Demand for Public Transport in Germany and the United States: Analysis of Rider Characteristics
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-0530
• Impact of Weather Conditions on Capital Bikeshare Trips
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-0563
• Impact of Weather Conditions on Capital Bikeshare Trips
  Authors: Noland, Robert
  Authors: Noland, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-0563
• Does a Link Exist Between Public Transit Use and Active Commuting Behavior?
  Authors: Gayah, Vikash
  Authors: Gayah, Vikash
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-0627
• Trip-End Facilities at Work and Bicycle Commuting in the Washington, D.C., Region
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Authors: Buehler, Ralph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-0198
• High-Quality Public Transport and Promotion of Nonmotorized Transport: Compromise or Complement? Analytical Approach Assessing Conflicts
  Authors: Naegeli, Lorenzo
  Authors: Naegeli, Lorenzo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-2437
• Development of National Pedestrian Crossing Control Guide
  Authors: Montufar, Jeannette
  Authors: Montufar, Jeannette
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 459
  Paper Number: 13-1119
• How Does Restructuring from a CBD-Focused Transit System to a Decentralized Transit System Affect Transit Riders and Their Accessibility to Destinations? Case Study of StarMetro in Tallahassee, Florida
  Authors: Bhattacharya, Torsha
  Authors: Bhattacharya, Torsha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-1052
• Classification of Bicycle Traffic Patterns in Five North American Cities
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis
  Authors: Miranda-Moreno, Luis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-3007
• Build It and They Will Yield: Study of Motorist Yield Compliance and Pedestrian Delay at Marked Crosswalks on Multilane Roadway
  Authors: van Hengel, Drusilla
  Authors: van Hengel, Drusilla
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 700
  Paper Number: 13-3084
• Suburbanization of the Indian City: Impacts on Car and Two-wheeler Use in Mumbai
  Authors: Shirgaokar, Manish
  Authors: Shirgaokar, Manish
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 820
  Paper Number: 13-3255
• Cyclist Injury Severity in a Cycling Nation: Evidence from Denmark
  Authors: Prato, Carlo
  Authors: Prato, Carlo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 454
  Paper Number: 13-1547
• Missing Links: How Social Paths Can Improve Light-Rail Pedestrian Accessibility
  Authors: Gallagher, Patrick
  Authors: Gallagher, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-1799
• Station-Level Forecasting of Bikesharing Ridership: Station Network Effects in Three U.S. Systems
  Authors: Rixey, Alex
  Authors: Rixey, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-1862
• Estimating Annual Average Daily Bicyclists: Error and Accuracy
  Authors: Marshall, Wesley
  Authors: Marshall, Wesley
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-3281
• Estimating Annual Average Daily Bicyclists: Error and Accuracy
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-3281
• Considerations for Integrating Bicycling and Walking Facilities into Urban Infrastructure
  Authors: Nuworsoo, Cornelius
  Authors: Nuworsoo, Cornelius
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-3997
• Modeling Pedestrian Delay and Level of Service at Signalized Intersection Crosswalks Under Mixed Traffic Conditions
  Authors: Vedagiri, Perumal
  Authors: Vedagiri, Perumal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 820
  Paper Number: 13-4155
• Estimating Annual Average Daily Bicyclists: Error and Accuracy
  Authors: Janson, Bruce
  Authors: Janson, Bruce
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-3281
• Estimating Annual Average Daily Bicyclists: Error and Accuracy
  Authors: Stolz, Elizabeth
  Authors: Stolz, Elizabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-3281
• Cycling Under the Influence: Summarizing Influence of Attitudes, Habits, Social Environments, and Perceptions on Cycling for Transportation
  Authors: Manaugh, Kevin
  Authors: Manaugh, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-2696
• Bayesian Modeling Approach for Cyclist Injury Risk Analysis at Intersections and Corridors
  Authors: Strauss, Jillian
  Authors: Strauss, Jillian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 454
  Paper Number: 13-2796
• Study on Pedestrian Red-Time Crossing Behaviors: Integrated Field Observation and Questionnaire Data
  Authors: Sun, Jian
  Authors: Sun, Jian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 459
  Paper Number: 13-3905
• Study on Pedestrian Red-Time Crossing Behaviors: Integrated Field Observation and Questionnaire Data
  Authors: Yang, Yan
  Authors: Yang, Yan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 459
  Paper Number: 13-3905
• Exploring the Impact of Parent-Child Relationships on Children's Bicycling in Davis, California
  Authors: Driller, Brigitte
  Authors: Driller, Brigitte
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-3924
• Taxicab Transportation in Bogota, Colombia
  Authors: Rodriguez-Valencia, Alvaro
  Authors: Rodriguez-Valencia, Alvaro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 820
  Paper Number: 13-4348
• Effect of Advance Yield Markings and Symbolic Signs on Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflicts: Field Evaluation
  Authors: Romoser, Matthew
  Authors: Romoser, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 700
  Paper Number: 13-4358
• Are Bikeshare Users Different from Regular Cyclists? First Look at Short-Term Users, Annual Members, and Area Cyclists in the Washington, D.C., Region
  Authors: Buck, Darren
  Authors: Buck, Darren
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-5029
• North America's first e-bike share: A year of experience
  Authors: Langford, Brian
  Authors: Langford, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-5107
• Four Types of Cylists? Examining a Typology to Better Understand Bicycling Behavior and Potential
  Authors: Dill, Jennifer
  Authors: Dill, Jennifer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-5213
• Toward a Flexible System for Pedestrian Data Collection Using Microsoft Kinect Motion-Sensing Device
  Authors: Jackson, Stewart
  Authors: Jackson, Stewart
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: 13-3284
• Do Complete Streets Cost More Than Incomplete Streets?
  Authors: Shapard, James
  Authors: Shapard, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-4283
• Bicyclists' Injuries and the Cycling Environment: Impact of Route Infrastructure
  Authors: Winters, Meghan
  Authors: Winters, Meghan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 454
  Paper Number: 13-2995
• Assessing the Environmental Capacity of Local Residential Streets
  Authors: Koorey, Glen
  Authors: Koorey, Glen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: 13-3546
• Estimating the Impacts of Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program: Developing a New Community-wide Assessment Method
  Authors: Rasmussen, Benjamin
  Authors: Rasmussen, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 757
  Paper Number: 13-4916
• Public Bikesharing in North America: Early Operator Understanding and Emerging Trends
  Authors: Shaheen, Susan
  Authors: Shaheen, Susan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 225
  Paper Number: 13-4472
• Applying Factors: Walking and Biking Toward Accuracy
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 182
  Paper Number: P13-5405
• Effectiveness of Audible and Tactile Heading Cues for Pedestrians Who Are Blind at Complex Intersections
  Authors: Barlow, Janet
  Authors: Barlow, Janet
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 459
  Paper Number: 13-4499
• Effects of Scale and Resolution in Assessing the Equity of Transit Supply Distribution
  Authors: Bertolaccini, Kelly
  Authors: Bertolaccini, Kelly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 489
  Paper Number: 13-5142
• Bicyclist Safety Performance Functions for a U.S. City
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 454
  Paper Number: 13-5348
• Transferring Factors from Motorized Side of Travel: Opportunities and Pitfalls
  Authors: Hallenbeck, Mark
  Authors: Hallenbeck, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 182
  Paper Number: P13-5403
• Adjustment Factors for Bicycle and Pedestrian Counts: Linking Research and Practice
  Authors: Lindsey, Greg
  Authors: Lindsey, Greg
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 182
  Paper Number: P13-5404
• Targeted Pedestrian Safety Analysis and Project Planning in New York City
  Authors: Roe, Matthew
  Authors: Roe, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: P13-6495
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Brady, Scott
  Authors: Brady, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 640
  Paper Number: Z13-640
• Caltrans New Main Street Guide
  Authors: Robinson, Keith
  Authors: Robinson, Keith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 781
  Paper Number: P13-7080
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Brady, Scott
  Authors: Brady, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 182
  Paper Number: Z13-182
• Safe Streets for Seniors: New York City Department of Transportation
  Authors: Bailey, Linda
  Authors: Bailey, Linda
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6294
• Outreach: Case Study and Performance Measurement
  Authors: Storey, Beverly
  Authors: Storey, Beverly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 781
  Paper Number: P13-6522
• Acceptance, Use, and Adaptation in Minnesota
  Authors: Bradley, Scott
  Authors: Bradley, Scott
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Environment; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 781
  Paper Number: P13-6523
• Role of Commuter Benefits in Shaping Decision to Walk, Cycle, or Ride Transit to Work in Washington, D.C., Region
  Authors: Hamre, Andrea
  Authors: Hamre, Andrea
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 735
  Paper Number: 13-1429
• Using Bicycles for Daily Commuting in Belo Horizonte, Brazil: Assessment of User Willingness Level with Spatial and Heterogeneity Considerations
  Authors: Zhang, Dapeng
  Authors: Zhang, Dapeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 735
  Paper Number: 13-2846
• Monitoring Urban Bicycle Volumes Using Inductive Loops at Signalized Intersections
  Authors: Veenstra, Sander
  Authors: Veenstra, Sander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 425
  Paper Number: 13-3901
• Adjustment Factors for Estimating Miles Traveled by Nonmotorized Traffic
  Authors: Lindsey, Greg
  Authors: Lindsey, Greg
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 425
  Paper Number: 13-4082
• Adjustment Factors for Estimating Miles Traveled by Nonmotorized Traffic
  Authors: Hankey, Steve
  Authors: Hankey, Steve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  Session: 425
  Paper Number: 13-4082
• Social Dimensions of Walking: Understanding How Social Environment Influences Walking Trips
  Authors: Clark, Andrew
  Authors: Clark, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 735
  Paper Number: 13-4223
• Best and Worst of Complete Streets: Lessons Learned from 15 Municipalities
  Authors: Maisel, Jordana
  Authors: Maisel, Jordana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6290
• New Frontier in Transportation
  Authors: Yousuf, Mohammed
  Authors: Yousuf, Mohammed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6292
• Age-Friendly Communities Policy and Implementation
  Authors: Lynott, Jana
  Authors: Lynott, Jana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6293
• Staying Mobile in Five European Cities: Results from AENEAS Project
  Authors: Rupprecht, Siegfried
  Authors: Rupprecht, Siegfried
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6296
• Toward an Age-Friendly Portland: Preparing Portland's Transportation System for Demographic Shifts
  Authors: Rowan, Colin
  Authors: Rowan, Colin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6295
• Using Urban Commuting Data to Calculate a Spatiotemporal Accessibility Measure for Healthy Food Environment Studies
  Authors: Widener, Michael
  Authors: Widener, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-0825
• A Mode-Neutral Innovation Framework for Commuter Transport: Part 1
  Authors: Minett, Paul
  Authors: Minett, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-0838
• Interrelationship and Order of Decision between Bicycle Choice and Trip Chain Pattern
  Authors: Li, Zhibin
  Authors: Li, Zhibin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1133
• An Overview of Shared Bicycle/Bus Lanes in the United States
  Authors: Hendricks, Sara
  Authors: Hendricks, Sara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-1217
• Integrating Shared-Use Vehicles: Building the Next Generation of Transit
  Authors: Alpert, Lauren
  Authors: Alpert, Lauren
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-1332
• Analysis of Safety and Environmental Effects of Introducing Microcars into Traffic Flows
  Authors: Mu, Rui
  Authors: Mu, Rui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1480
• Modeling Passing Events in Mixed Bicycle Traffic Using Cellular Automata
  Authors: Zhao, De
  Authors: Zhao, De
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1490
• Has the Introduction of Cycle-to-Work Scheme Increased Levels of Cycling to Work in the United Kingdom?
  Authors: Avineri, Erel
  Authors: Avineri, Erel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2068
• Taking U.S. Transportation Professionals to European Cycling Cities: Does It Matter?
  Authors: Mild, Cortney
  Authors: Mild, Cortney
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2389
• Taking U.S. Transportation Professionals to European Cycling Cities: Does It Matter?
  Authors: Schlossberg, Marc
  Authors: Schlossberg, Marc
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2389
• Them or Us: Perceptions, Cognitions, Emotions, and Overt Behavior Associated with Cyclists and Motorists Sharing the Road
  Authors: Prato, Carlo
  Authors: Prato, Carlo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3204
• School Commute Air Quality: Understanding Variation in Pollutant Exposure for Students Traveling to School by Auto, Bus, or Walking
  Authors: Moore, Adam
  Authors: Moore, Adam
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-3315
• Analysis of School Trip Mode Choice: Promoting Active Travel
  Authors: Ermagun, Alireza
  Authors: Ermagun, Alireza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-3618
• Cycling or Not? How Urban Policy Influences Bicycle Evolution in Shanghai and Its Impact on Local Cyclists
  Authors: Tang, Yang
  Authors: Tang, Yang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3891
• Residential On-Site Carsharing and Off-Street Parking: The Case of San Francisco Bay Area
  Authors: Rivasplata, Charles
  Authors: Rivasplata, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-4296
• Commute Well-being Among Bicycle, Transit, and Car Users in Portland, Oregon
  Authors: Smith, Oliver
  Authors: Smith, Oliver
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4479
• Evolution and Lessons from China Mainland Bikesharing Systems
  Authors: Tang, Yang
  Authors: Tang, Yang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-5075
• Travel Behavior Change After Introduction of Public Bicycle Systems: Case Study in Minhang District, Shanghai, China
  Authors: Zhu, Wei
  Authors: Zhu, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 735
  Paper Number: 13-0764
• The Built Environment and Household Electric Bike Ownership: Insights from Zhongshan Metropolitan Area, China
  Authors: Zhang, Yi
  Authors: Zhang, Yi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-5297
• Smart Growth, Environmental Justice, and Projected Cancer Risk in Southern California: Case Study in Regional Planning and Health
  Authors: Clark, Kimberly
  Authors: Clark, Kimberly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-5324
• Modeling Frequency and Duration of Out-of-Home Physical Activity Participation of School-Going Children
  Authors: Daisy, Naznin
  Authors: Daisy, Naznin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-5356
• Evaluation of Innovative Bicycle Facilities in Washington, D.C.: Pennsylvania Avenue Median Lanes and 15th Street Cycle Track
  Authors: Trainor, Stephanie
  Authors: Trainor, Stephanie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-0519
• Using a Multi-agent Simulation Tool to Estimate the Carpooling Potential
  Authors: Dubernet, Thibaut
  Authors: Dubernet, Thibaut
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 559
  Paper Number: 13-0866
• Evaluation of Urban Land Redevelopment Impact on Nonmotorized Traffic: Case Study in Shanghai, China
  Authors: Wu, Bing
  Authors: Wu, Bing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1900
• A Survey of Hospital Travel Plans in England
  Authors: Khandokar, Fahmida
  Authors: Khandokar, Fahmida
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4450
• Analysis of Pedestrian Performance in Shared Space Environments
  Authors: Karndacharuk, Auttapone
  Authors: Karndacharuk, Auttapone
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0081
• Cyclist Behavior on Exclusive Bike Path: Longitudinal Analysis
  Authors: Desmarais, Jean-Philippe
  Authors: Desmarais, Jean-Philippe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0699
• Intelligence-Based Route Selection Model of Passenger Flow in a Transportation Station
  Authors: Yuen, J. K. K.
  Authors: Yuen, J. K. K.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1134
• Models for Anticipating Nonmotorized Travel Choices and Role of the Built Environment
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1240
• A Multi-Criteria-Based Guideline for Marked and Unmarked Pedestrian Crosswalks at Unsignalized Intersections
  Authors: Zhao, Yue
  Authors: Zhao, Yue
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1282
• Integration of GPS Traces and Digital Elevation Maps for Improving Bicycle Traffic Simulation Behavior
  Authors: Henriques, Norberto
  Authors: Henriques, Norberto
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-1421
• HANDS FREE STEERING IN A VIRTUAL WORLD FOR THE EVALUATION OF GUIDANCE SYSTEMS IN PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURES: DESIGN AND VALIDATION
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar
  Authors: Bauer, Dietmar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1484
• Is Scientific Evidence in Practice? Review of Driver and Cyclist Education Materials with Respect to Cycling Safety Evidence
  Authors: Winters, Meghan
  Authors: Winters, Meghan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-1534
• A New Approach in the GIS Bikeshed Analysis with Consideration of Topography, Street Connectivity, and Energy Consumption
  Authors: Tingstrom, Matthew
  Authors: Tingstrom, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-1774
• Evaluating Bicycle Infrastructure: Assessment of Three Alternative Quality-of-Service Metrics
  Authors: Tanaka, Alison
  Authors: Tanaka, Alison
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-2191
• Features Analysis and Operation Evaluation of Pedestrian Weaving Zone
  Authors: Lu, Sugang
  Authors: Lu, Sugang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2774
• Active Transportation Beyond Urban Centers
  Authors: Sonenklar, Daniel
  Authors: Sonenklar, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-2951
• Skateboarding as a Mode of Transportation: Review of Regulations in California Cities and College Campuses
  Authors: Fang, Kevin
  Authors: Fang, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-3500
• Associations Between Road Network Structure and Pedestrian-Bicyclist Accidents
  Authors: Zhang, Yuanyuan
  Authors: Zhang, Yuanyuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-4316
• Characteristics of Multimodal Conflicts in Urban On-Street Bicycle Lanes
  Authors: Conway, Alison
  Authors: Conway, Alison
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-4545
• A CONDITIONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN CRASH COUNTS ACROSS NEIGHBORHOODS
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Authors: Kockelman, Kara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-1252
• Study on Pedestrian Red Light Crossing Violation Behaviors: Observation at Four-Phase Signalized Intersections in Shanghai, China
  Authors: He, Xiong
  Keywords: poster presentation; poster design; poster template
  Authors: He, Xiong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3465
• Improvement in Pedestrian Crossing Safety at Continuous-Flow Intersections
  Authors: Coates, Angela
  Authors: Coates, Angela
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4103
• Pedestrian Count Models Using Spatial Data Based on Distance Decay Affect
  Authors: Pulugurtha, Srinivas
  Authors: Pulugurtha, Srinivas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-5134
• Pedestrian Crash Risk on Boundary Roadways: University Campus Case Study
  Authors: Schneider, Robert
  Authors: Schneider, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-5204
• Modeling Impacts of Access Design and Spatial Pattern on Crash Risks of Pedestrians and Bicyclists on Urban Multilane Highways in Florida
  Authors: Wang, Zhenyu
  Authors: Wang, Zhenyu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0386
• Network Connectivity and Low-Stress Bicycling
  Authors: Mekuria, Maaza
  Authors: Mekuria, Maaza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-0427
• Weighing Integration by Block Heterogeneity to Evaluate Pedestrian Activity
  Authors: Grembek, Offer
  Authors: Grembek, Offer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-0579
• Empirical Study of Crowd and Pedestrian Dynamics: Impact of Different Angle Paths and Groupings
  Authors: Gorrini, Andrea
  Authors: Gorrini, Andrea
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 340
  Paper Number: 13-1136
• Influence of Bridge Facility Attributes on Bicycle Travel Behavior
  Authors: Melson, Christopher
  Authors: Melson, Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 494
  Paper Number: 13-3358
• Performance of Pedestrian Countdown Signal System in San Diego: Microscopic View
  Authors: Supernak, Iga
  Authors: Supernak, Iga
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4970
• Geospatial Analysis of Pedestrian and Cyclist Crashes in Urban Environment: Case Study
  Authors: Moini, Nadereh
  Authors: Moini, Nadereh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3389
• Pedestrian Crossings at Midblock Locations: Comparative Study of Existing Signal Operations
  Authors: Deng, Tengyun
  Authors: Deng, Tengyun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3341
• On Accommodating Spatial Dependence in Bicycle and Pedestrian Injury Counts by Severity Level
  Authors: Narayanamoorthy, Sriram
  Authors: Narayanamoorthy, Sriram
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3967
• Effect of Left-Turn Operational Mode on Pedestrian Safety: Development of Models and Guidelines
  Authors: Pratt, Michael
  Authors: Pratt, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3370
• Analysis of Knowledge of Crossing Rules, Self-Reported Behavior, and Observed Behavior at Intersections
  Authors: Wang, Xuesong
  Authors: Wang, Xuesong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-2395
• Alternative Ordered Response Frameworks for Examining Pedestrian Injury Severity in New York City
  Authors: Yasmin, Shamsunnahar
  Authors: Yasmin, Shamsunnahar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-3987
• Modeling of Pedestrian Unsafe Road Crossing Behavior: Comparison at Signalized and Nonsignalized Crosswalks
  Authors: Khatoon, Mariya
  Authors: Khatoon, Mariya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Design; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 669
  Paper Number: 13-4086
• Study on Pedestrian Red-Time Crossing Behaviors: Integrated Field Observation and Questionnaire Data
  Abstract:

  Crash-prone drivers should be effectively targeted for various safety education and regulation programs because their over-involvement in crashes presents a big adverse effect on highway safety. By analyzing seven-years of crash data from Louisiana, this paper investigates crash-prone drivers’ characteristics and estimates their risk to have crashes in the seventh year based on these drivers' crash history of the past six years. The analysis results show that quite a few drivers repeatedly had crashes; seven drivers had 13 crashes in seven years; and the maximum number of crashes occurring in a single year to a single driver is eight. Actually, the 5% of drivers who had multiple crashes were responsible for 35% of the crashes that occurred in the seven years in Louisiana. Crash injury rate is also higher for drivers with multiple crashes. The probability of having crash(es) in any given year is closely related to a driver’s crash history; less than 4% for drivers with no crash in the previous six years; and slightly higher than 30% for drivers with nine or more crashes in the previous six years. There are variations in drivers’ age, gender, crash contribution factors, and type of crashes by the number of crashes. Based on the results, several suggestions are made on how to improve roadway safety through reducing crashes committed by drivers with much higher crash risk as identified by the analysis.

  Authors: Yang, Yan; Sun, Jian
  Authors: Yang, Yan; Sun, Jian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 459
  Paper Number: 13-3905