2013 Subject Index: Pipelines

• Structural Response of Low-Fill Box Culvert Under Static and Traffic Loading
  Abstract: Box structures have been commonly used underneath highways. They are installed at grade or at great depths. When a box culvert is buried at a shallow depth, vertical pressure and impact due to traffic load transferred onto the roof of the culvert can induce deflections of the culvert. The effect of traffic load on the response of the culvert depends not only on the magnitude, pattern, and speed of the traffic load but also on the pavement structure. To investigate these factors, a reinforced concrete box culvert under three roadway sections (concrete pavement, concrete shoulder, and unsurfaced fill) was tested under static and traffic loads. The total thickness of pavement layers was 26 inches within the pavement section and decreased gradually towards the end of the culvert through the shoulder and the unsurfaced section. The culvert was instrumented with displacement transducers and strain gauges under the roof and pressure cells on top of the roof within the unsurfaced fill. A low-boy truck with a known axle configuration and load was used to apply seven static load combinations and traffic loads at different speeds. Deflections under the roof and pressures on the roof were measured. Measured strains were too small to be meaningful for analysis. The test results show that the magnitudes of the deflections of the culvert roof under static loads were in the small to large order from the concrete pavement, the concrete shoulder, to the unsurfaced fill. The truck at a higher speed generally induced more deflections than that at a lower speed or stopped.
  Authors: Acharya, Raju; Han, Jie; Brennan, James Joseph; Parsons, Robert L.; Khatri, Deep Kumar
  Authors: Acharya, Raju; Han, Jie; Brennan, James Joseph; Parsons, Robert L.; Khatri, Deep Kumar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Pipelines
  Session: 249
  Paper Number: 13-1113
• Comparison of Material Behavior of Steel and Synthetic Fibers in Dry Cast Application
  Abstract: This study presents the material behavior results of steel and synthetic fiber reinforced concrete. ASTM C1609 flexural beam test and ASTM C39 compressive strength cylinder tests were completed for various fiber dosages of each synthetic and steel fiber. Synthetic and steel fiber dosages ranged from 4 lbs/yd3 to 18 lbs/yd3 and 22 lbs/yd3 to 88 lbs/yd3, respectively. From these tests, material properties were found including; compressive strength, first-peak load, peak load, Modulus of Rupture and specimen toughness. Load- deformation plots were completed for each beam to show the fiber behavior and strengthening after the initial crack.
  Authors: Abolmaali, Ali
  Authors: Abolmaali, Ali
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Pipelines
  Session: 249
  Paper Number: 13-3925
• Probability Analysis of Damage to Offshore Pipeline by Ship Factors
  Abstract: The transport of hydrocarbons by offshore pipeline is threatened by the rapid expansion of pipe networks and the increasing frequency of maritime activities. Risk management is thus necessary to manage and prevent ship-related hazardous events that may damage offshore pipelines. Probability analysis is the key to assessing the risk associated with ship operations on offshore pipelines, and decision making in managing that risk. Bayesian Network (BN) models are proposed in this paper to determine the probability of anchor damage and trawling damage to subsea pipelines. The BN models are developed by integrating directed acyclic graphs, and three computational methods (Boolean operation, standard and historical statistical analysis, and fuzzy set theory) to elicit marginal probability tables and conditional probability tables. A case study illustrates the utilization of two BN-related functions ¨C probability prediction and probability updating ¨C to determine final probabilities of damage to a subsea pipeline. The results of the analysis support risk ranking and risk reducing decisions associated with maritime operations in the area of offshore pipelines.
  Authors: Liu, Yutao; Hu, Hao; Zhang, Di
  Authors: Liu, Yutao; Hu, Hao; Zhang, Di
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Pipelines; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 637
  Paper Number: 13-0923
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Spatial Analysis of Maritime Accidents Using Geographic Information System
  Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the spatial distribution of maritime accidents occurring from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2011 based on the Marine Casualties and Incidents module in Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS). Geographic Information System (GIS), an effective and unique tool for spatial analysis with high visualization, is used to carry out the analysis. GIS makes it very convenient and easy to calculate the accidents happened in coastal areas by using the ¡°Selecting by location¡± function. Finally, the following two important results are reached. Firstly, hot spots are found. The area around the UK is the most dangerous, and coastal area of Eastern Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and Korea, and the Mediterranean Sea are the other two high risk areas. A comparison with a previous research is implemented to verify the result. It indicates that the results are more or less the same. Secondly, maritime accidents may not frequently happen in the open seas. However, there exists high probability for them to happen at coastal areas. 82.14% of the total accidents happened within 1 mile off the coastline and 90.04% within 2 miles.
  Authors: Huang, Dao-zheng; Hu, Hao; Li, Yi-zhou
  Authors: Huang, Dao-zheng; Hu, Hao; Li, Yi-zhou
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Pipelines; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 637
  Paper Number: 13-1649
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Modeling Human Behavior in Vessel Maneuver Simulation by Optimal Control and Game Theory
  Abstract: This paper presents an innovative way to model the decision making process of the bridge team of a ship. The model aims to provide methods to include human decision making in comprehensive simulation models that will be able to describe the movement of vessels including hydrodynamic effects, external effects due to wind, current and waves, waterway geometry and the interaction with other vessels. In the paper, we use a simple model to describe the vessels dynamics and the impact of the control decisions on these dynamics, although generalization to more comprehensive maneuver models are straightforward. Based on a set of behavioral assumptions, the mathematical modeling framework is presented. The model is described as a differential game, where the bridge team is assumed to react on the expected behavior of other vessels. Different behavioral strategies (risk prone, risk average, risk neutral), lead to different models, which are described in the paper. By means of some simple examples, the workings of the model is illustrated. The results are plausible and clearly show the potential of the approach. The paper ends with some directions for future development.
  Authors: Hoogendoorn, Serge; Daamen, Winnie; Shu, Yaqing; Ligteringen, Han
  Authors: Hoogendoorn, Serge; Daamen, Winnie; Shu, Yaqing; Ligteringen, Han
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Pipelines; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 637
  Paper Number: 13-1896
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Analysis and Simulation of Istanbul Strait Marine Traffic Management Strategies
  Abstract: Istanbul Strait is one of the most crowded, narrowest straits in the world. More than fifty thousand ships per year (more than one ship in ten minutes in average) pass through the Istanbul Strait. It is also assumed to be the most dangerous strait in the world due to its narrowness and nature of the sea flows in the straits. Even though the number of accidents has decreased in recent years, the risk is still high. Management of Istanbul Strait is indeed a difficult job required to control many parameters. For example, opening the strait for one or two way traffic, applying different queuing strategies, or scheduling of limited number of maritime pilots affect the strait traffic. In order to see the effect of changes in management related strategies, it may not be very practical to really apply the changes in the traffic management. Simulation of marine traffic in Istanbul Strait is very important to be able to see the effects of different management strategies and possible changes affecting the marine traffic without really applying them. This paper presents a simulation model for marine traffic in Istanbul Strait. AutoMod software is used to develop the simulation model. Different queuing strategies and management related issues are analyzed in the simulation and their effects are compared in this paper.
  Authors: Eldemir, Fahrettin; Camci, Fatih; Uysal, Özgür
  Authors: Eldemir, Fahrettin; Camci, Fatih; Uysal, Özgür
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Pipelines; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 637
  Paper Number: 13-1024
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Spatial Analysis of Maritime Accidents Using Geographic Information System
  Authors: Huang, Dao-zheng
  Authors: Huang, Dao-zheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Pipelines; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 637
  Paper Number: 13-1649
• Probability Analysis of Damage to Offshore Pipeline by Ship Factors
  Authors: Liu, Yutao
  Authors: Liu, Yutao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Pipelines; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 637
  Paper Number: 13-0923
• Structural Response of Low-Fill Box Culvert Under Static and Traffic Loading
  Authors: Han, Jie
  Authors: Han, Jie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Pipelines
  Session: 249
  Paper Number: 13-1113
• Modeling Human Behavior in Vessel Maneuver Simulation by Optimal Control and Game Theory
  Authors: Daamen, Winnie
  Authors: Daamen, Winnie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Pipelines; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 637
  Paper Number: 13-1896
• Comparison of Material Behavior of Steel and Synthetic Fibers in Dry Cast Application
  Authors: Abolmaali, Ali
  Authors: Abolmaali, Ali
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Pipelines
  Session: 249
  Paper Number: 13-3925
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Harden, Chad
  Authors: Harden, Chad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Geotechnology; Pipelines
  Session: 249
  Paper Number: Z13-249