2013 Subject Index: Policy

• Using New Data Sources to Meet MAP-21 Requirements for Performance-Based Planning: National Capital Region’s Experience in Monitoring Congestion and Reliability
  Abstract: The newly enacted transportation law (MAP-21) of the United States has set up new requirements for performance-based transportation decision making, including establishing performance measures and targets in seven national goal areas such as congestion reduction and system reliability. To meet the new requirements, transportation agencies may face a “data gap” (e.g. insufficient data or lack of standardization of data) and a “performance measures gap” (e.g., to identify appropriate performance measures that can be shared regionally or nationally) in monitoring highway congestion and reliability. As an early adopter of emerging proprietary probe-based traffic data archive analysis, the National Capital Region’s metropolitan planning organization (MPO) has applied the data in a number of planning activities and developed hierarchical congestion and reliability performance measures that could not be produced in the past due to lack of data. This hierarchical performance measures framework features traveler delay as the overarching congestion measure and standard deviation of travel time as the overarching reliability measure. The probe-based speed data and detector-based volume data were integrated to provide personal and vehicular measures, including delay and vehicle miles traveled. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of private sector probe-based data in supporting the MAP-21 requirements, including both technical details and application experience with the hierarchical highway performance measures, feedback from the general public, and lessons learned.
  Authors: Pu, Wenjing; Meese, Andrew J.
  Authors: Pu, Wenjing; Meese, Andrew J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-0183
• Financial Evaluation of Mileage-Based User Fee: State of Florida Case Study
  Abstract: Fuel taxes, assessed on a per gallon basis, have been the major source of transportation funding for the past century. Despite increasing travel demand, aging infrastructure, soaring construction, operation and maintenance costs, and improved fleet fuel economy, the federal fuel tax rates have remained unchanged since 1993. It is recognized that the current fuel taxing regime will not be sustainable in the long term. Given the concerns over the future fuel tax revenues and highway funding, a new mileage based user fee (MBUF), based on the actual vehicle miles traveled (VMT) needs to be explored. Successful regional pilot MBUF projects have investigated the technological, institutional, operational and implementation aspects of an MBUF.In light of above stated observations, this study sets out to assess the financial impacts of conversion to an MBUF for the State of Florida. Several strategies including: Time of Day, Area Type, Facility Type, and Congestion Level pricing are financially assessed. An aggregate uni-variant time series model is constructed to forecast the analysis period annual VMT based on the historical data. A robust financial model is designed to estimate the annual net revenues associated with various pricing scenarios.Despite much higher cost of collection and administration, the MBUF (in lieu of the current per gallon taxes) is found to not only generate substantially more revenues, but also could assist in travel demand management by reducing congestion level and environmental impact of urban peak period travel.
  Authors: Al-Deek, Haitham M.; Moradi, Massoud
  Authors: Al-Deek, Haitham M.; Moradi, Massoud
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0332
• Funding Urban Transport in New York: Revenue Potential of VMT and Carbon Taxes in New York State
  Abstract: One the prime engines of transport financing in the US has been fuel taxes. Yet States with a high proportion of urbanization tend to raise less revenue through that means because of lower fuel use due to the higher mass transit use. Nowhere is this more of an issue than in New York State, home to New York City where half of the transit trips in the US take place. This paper examines options that New York can use to make up for this structural funding problem and achieve desired environmental policy goals as well. VMT and Carbon charges are given special attention. The paper concludes with implications for funding reforms nationwide.
  Authors: Gordon, Cameron Elliott; Peters, Jonathan Richard
  Authors: Gordon, Cameron Elliott; Peters, Jonathan Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0443
• PROBE VEHICLE BASED STATEWIDE MOBILITY PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR DECISION MAKERS
  Abstract: Decision makers in state transportation agencies typically manage budgets approaching or exceeding $1B. However, the data they have historically used for making investment decisions is quite coarse and is typically based upon short-term volume counts fed into models to forecast future performance. As a result, it is not uncommon for construction projects to address needs that were forecast to be a priority five to ten years prior, while more pressing congestion challenges go unmet. This fact does not go unnoticed by the public and media, and it is essential that long-term planning begin to be supplemented by more current performance measures. Emerging private sector probe vehicle data obtained from mobile phones and commercial telemetric providers offers an opportunity to augment traditional forward-looking planning models with performance measures that reflect conditions motorists are experiencing today. This paper proposes analytical probe data reduction techniques that can be scaled to a project, region, state, or national level to create technically sound yet intuitive mobility performance measures of current freeway conditions. These types of performance measures are increasingly used by high-level agency management to identify locations where customers experience congestion, to determine the magnitude of congestion, and to compare congestion on various highway corridors. These proposed performance measures can be used for policy-oriented decisions such as prioritization of capital program investments, managing snow removal, and scheduling lane closures. In addition to the analytical data reduction, corresponding data visualizations of the performance measures are presented. This paper describes the application of these analytical techniques to seven Indiana interstates comprised of 1886 directional miles. These interstates span rural and urban sections that experience varying levels of recurring and non-recurring congestion due to special events, winter weather, and construction activity. Specific examples adjacent to the Indianapolis, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; and Chicago, Illinois, metro areas are presented along with the Top 10 congested Interstate segments.
  Authors: Brennan, Thomas M.; Remias, Stephen Matthew; Grimmer, Gannon; Horton, Deborah K.; Cox, Edward D; Bullock, Darcy M.
  Authors: Brennan, Thomas M.; Remias, Stephen Matthew; Grimmer, Gannon; Horton, Deborah K.; Cox, Edward D; Bullock, Darcy M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: A0030T
  Paper Number: 13-0551
• Assessment of Determinants of Financial Innovations in Transportation Infrastructure
  Abstract: Traditional methods of financing infrastructure, which include gas taxation, tax-exempt bonds, and reserve funds, have not been able to meet the growing demand for infrastructure development. Financial innovations such as leaseback agreements, availability payment mechanism, and innovative bonding instruments have emerged to close the gap that exists between the available and needed financing sources. The key to expansion of financial innovations is sustainable policies based on a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the system. Despite their significance for addressing infrastructure challenges around the globe, the determinants of financial innovations have not been systematically explored. The objective of the study presented in this paper is to assess determinants of financial innovations in infrastructure using a System-of-Systems approach, and to demonstrate this approach in the context of the U.S. highway transportation sector. Data obtained from a case-based research approach and a survey deployed to the state Departments of Transportation in the U.S. is utilized in parallel with a network analysis to explore the status quo, key players and interactions, and the drivers of financial innovations for infrastructure. The findings, which include constructs regarding the players, practices, and activities are used to create a conceptual model relating to the drivers of financial innovations. The model along with the constructs provides an analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of financial innovations. Such understanding would lead to expansion of the creation and diffusion of financial innovation practices in the highway transportation infrastructure globally.
  Authors: Mostafavi, Ali; Abraham, Dulcy Mary; Lee, Joung
  Authors: Mostafavi, Ali; Abraham, Dulcy Mary; Lee, Joung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-0662
• Assessment of Social Dimensions of Sustainable Innovative Financing in Transportation Infrastructure Projects
  Abstract: While traditional financing approaches such as federal and state grants funded by taxation are insufficient to address the existing need, innovative financing such as novel public private partnership models, credit enhancement tools, and new bonding instruments has emerged to expand the fiscal space of public agencies for infrastructure development. Formulating innovative financing approaches is one of the challenges of policymakers to address the ever growing need for restoring the close to failing civil infrastructure in the U.S. Public support/opposition is one of the major drivers/disruptors of innovative financing. Since, public response to innovative financing of infrastructure is affected by the social attitudes, such as public knowledge, awareness, and perception, the assessment of social attitudes is a major component towards developing sustainable infrastructure financing policies. However, there are a few priori studies related to social attitudes regarding innovative financing of infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to assess social attitudes and their implications in policy making related to innovative financing of civil infrastructure. The effects of: (a) economic factors (economic production and unemployment), (b) infrastructure conditions (such as structural condition of infrastructure facilities) and (c) personal characteristics (such as income, gender and education) on the knowledge, awareness, perceptions, and attitudes of the public regarding infrastructure development and financing are assessed. Binary probit and ordered probit models are developed using data collected from 50 states in the U.S. The significant variables affecting the dimensions of social attitudes of the public regarding infrastructure development and financing are identified through this study. The findings of the study revealed that the probability of public support of innovative financing will increase if: (i) the need for infrastructure is significant; (ii) projects are delivered without time and cost overruns; (iii) the benefits of innovative financing are linked with protection against natural disasters; and (iv) the public is informed about the success of innovative financing in other states and in other developed countries. Infrastructure sponsor organizations could benefit from the findings of this study to take the following proactive measures: (1) educating the public to enhance the public knowledge and awareness; and (2) designing financing structures that are consistent with the social attitudes of the public. Conducting these proactive measures by public agencies could ultimately enhance the creation and diffusion of innovative financing to address the need for restoring the infrastructure systems. The study presented in this paper is novel with respect to systemic exploration of the impacts of economic factors, infrastructure conditions, project characteristics, and personal characteristics on the public knowledge, awareness, perception, and attitude towards infrastructure financing.
  Authors: Mostafavi, Ali; Abraham, Dulcy Mary; Vives, Antonio
  Authors: Mostafavi, Ali; Abraham, Dulcy Mary; Vives, Antonio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0664
• Integrated Transportation Payment System Security and Privacy Breaches: Extent of the Problem and Simulated Case Study
  Abstract: This research investigates the security and privacy breaches of electronic Integrated Transportation Payment Systems, ITPS, via Radio-Frequency Identification, RFID, tags and smart cards, their frequency of occurrence and type. This National Science Foundation, NSF, funded study has created a website that collects news events reporting breaches worldwide and automatically categorizes them by various characteristics, including five defined categories for security types of breaches and five categories of privacy breaches. A preliminary statistical analysis reports the existing extent of the problem in electronic ITPS.A second objective requires investigation of the impact on traffic operations due to the adoption of security protection measures or software algorithms. One case study, a toll collection facility on the Massachusetts Turnpike is simulated in PTV Vision VISSIM traffic software for various transaction times. This ITPS is a ticketing tolling payment system located on the I-90 east-west Turnpike in Massachusetts, USA. Simulations were performed with and without added times at the point of the payment transaction. Initial results indicate that the impact on operations is negligible for security measures that add milliseconds of transaction time. However, for added transaction times in a range of seconds, the impact is more significant.
  Authors: Zarrillo, Marguerite; El Lazkani, Elia; Prairie, David; Spilhaus, Tyler
  Authors: Zarrillo, Marguerite; El Lazkani, Elia; Prairie, David; Spilhaus, Tyler
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 325
  Paper Number: 13-0650
• Environmental Justice Analysis of Minority and Low-Income PopulationsAdjacent to Goods Movement Corridors in Southern California
  Abstract: Southern California is the largest international trade gateway in the U.S., and the region also generates enormous local and domestic goods movement activity. Given the expected growth in international trade and domestic goods movement in the future, significant growth in truck volumes and rail traffic are anticipated in the region to facilitate reliable goods movement and to support economic growth. As goods movement is a major contributor to local and regional environmental issues, such as air pollution and health risk, it is a regional priority not only to mitigate the environmental impacts of the goods movement system, but also to ensure that there is equity in distribution of environmental benefits and burdens from federally funded goods movement programs and projects pursuant to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. Therefore, in order to prevent disproportionately high and adverse environmental effects and health risks on minority and low-income populations from the goods movement system, the Southern California Association of Governments conducted Environmental Justice analyses for the goods movement system included in the Regional Transportation Plan. The objective of this paper is to identify minority and low-income populations, to analyze their spatial distributions along major truck corridors and freight rail corridors, and to address the Environmental Justice implications of the goods movement system in Southern California.
  Authors: Seo, Jung; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Minjares, Javier
  Authors: Seo, Jung; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Minjares, Javier
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-0701
• Comparison of Two Dynamic Transportation Models: Case of Stockholm Congestion Charging
  Abstract: This paper reviews the transportation models used for predicting impacts of congestion charging in European cities and carries out in-depth comparison of two such models, METROPOLIS and SILVESTER. Both are mesoscopic dynamic models involving modal split and departure time choice calibrated for the Stockholm baseline situation without charges and applied for modeling effects of congestion charging. The results obtained from the two models are mutually compared and validated against actual outcome of the Stockholm congestion charging scheme. Both models provide significant improvement in realism over static models. However results of cost benefit analysis differ substantially.
  Authors: de Palma, André; Engelson, Leonid; Kristoffersson, Ida; Motamedi, Kiarash; Saifuzzaman, Mohammad
  Authors: de Palma, André; Engelson, Leonid; Kristoffersson, Ida; Motamedi, Kiarash; Saifuzzaman, Mohammad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 485
  Paper Number: 13-0760
• Longitudinal GPS Travel Data and Breach of Privacy via Enhanced Spatial and Demographic Analysis
  Abstract: Longitudinal GPS travel data provide a wealth of information related to travel behavior and on-road vehicle behavior that are very valuable to researchers. Sharing the data publicly allows researchers to explore the data and create new knowledge beyond the initial research objectives. However, if any data are to be used outside of a secure server, the data must be processed in such a manner that ensures the confidentiality of the data will not be breached. High resolution GPS data (e.g. second-by-second speed and location information), when associated with the individual households or drivers, compromises privacy and have a significant potential to harm human subjects. This paper explores how data from the Commute Atlanta Study could be processed to make it useful to researchers while protecting the privacy of the participants. The research developed and assessed methodologies designed to identify the individual participants’ home location from processed data and then tested analytical datasets for breach of privacy.The research effort found that the home location can be identified to within reasonably small neighborhoods and when the household demographic information are included within the datasets (which is necessary for researchers) exact households can be identified. While there may be some new data processing approaches that could be used to eliminate privacy concerns, until such systems are developed and proven to be not breachable through rigorous analysis, the Georgia Tech team has determined that researchers should access the high-resolution data within controlled secure labs and that the datasets should not be made public without undertaking additional efforts to ensure that home locations cannot be identified when external data sources are leveraged in the analyses.
  Authors: Elango, Vetri Venthan; Khoeini, Sara; Xu, Yanzhi; Guensler, Randall
  Authors: Elango, Vetri Venthan; Khoeini, Sara; Xu, Yanzhi; Guensler, Randall
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 325
  Paper Number: 13-0820
• Using Urban Commuting Data to Calculate a Spatiotemporal Accessibility Measure for Healthy Food Environment Studies
  Abstract: Improving spatial access to healthy foods in urban regions in the U.S. is recognized as an important component of reducing the prevalence of chronic illness and achieving better health outcomes. Previously, researchers exploring this domain have calculated accessibility measures derived from the travel cost from home locations to nearby healthy food stores. While there are valid arguments for making home-based healthy food store accessibility measures, this approach disregards additional opportunities that present themselves to residents as they move throughout the city during the day. In this paper, a time-geographic accessibility measure is utilized to explore how single occupancy automobile commuting affords access to supermarkets. The study builds on recent research by analyzing the time available for grocery shopping given people’s intracity commuting trips. The paper focuses on how single occupancy automobile travel, the dominant form of commuting in the U.S., changes the picture of access to supermarkets in Cincinnati, OH, a city with a number of USDA designated food deserts. Time-geographic accessibility measures are reported at the TAZ-level and compared with an analogous home-based metric. Results show residents in some TAZs have more access when accounting for their commuting behavior than when measuring access from their home. This finding suggests that more nuanced calculations of accessibility are necessary to fully understand which urban populations have greater access to healthy food.
  Authors: Widener, Michael John; Farber, Steven; Neutens, Tijs; Horner, Mark W.
  Authors: Widener, Michael John; Farber, Steven; Neutens, Tijs; Horner, Mark W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-0825
• Uniquely Satisfied: Exploring Cyclist Satisfaction
  Abstract: Despite increasing interest and focus on cycling planning and infrastructure, many research and policy frameworks overlook two important aspects of cycling: motivations and trip satisfaction. While many studies have found that cyclists are more satisfied with their commute than other mode users, few have explored why. We hypothesize that different types of cyclist—defined by reasons cited for cycling and seasonal mode patterns—will derive satisfaction from their cycling commute in different ways. Therefore, this study attempts to 1) group respondents into 'cyclist types' based on a cluster analysis of motivations for cycling and their alternate (winter) mode, and 2) understand how these personal characteristics moderate the relationship between built environment (e.g. land use, connectivity) and trip characteristics (e.g. distance) and expressed trip satisfaction. Similar to previous research, cyclists are found to be more satisfied with their commute compared to other mode users. Year-round cyclists are less satisfied with their travel than those who only cycle in good weather; while "Cycling Enthusiasts" are significantly more satisfied than most cyclists motivated by convenience. Surprisingly, the expected relationship between distance, slope, time and objectively measured elements of the built environment and satisfaction was not found. This work emphasizes the need to look beyond the built environment and trip characteristics to better understand cyclist trip satisfaction.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: Willis, Devon Paige; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-0943
• Private Investment and Road Pricing: The Investment Public-Private Partnership
  Abstract: Private infrastructure investment is often viewed as providing an alternative financing method given a revenue stream from a transportation facility rather than providing additional revenue. However, private investment in the form of upfront concession lease payments for newly priced roads can be used to reduce political resistance to pricing, thus generating additional facility-specific revenue. We suggest preserving a portion of the wealth generated by road pricing in perpetuity through a permanent fund, which is one type of public trust fund. Permanent funds are currently in use in Alaska, Texas, and Norway to preserve wealth originating from natural resources. Following Alaska, we propose that investment income from the fund be used to provide an annual dividend payment to all households within the area that is priced. This has several advantages relative to current proposals to reduce opposition to road pricing. In particular, it ameliorates the agency problem between citizens and elected representatives created by the free cash flows road pricing generates. It also creates direct citizen-stakeholdership in transportation infrastructure which increases public support for road pricing. The Alaskan experience suggests that this approach can also reduce income inequality, create higher personal income, and mitigate recessions.
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond Richard; Nentchev, Dimitar
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond Richard; Nentchev, Dimitar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-1087
• What Makes Traffic Violations Become Habitual: Impacts of Individual Attitudes, Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control on Repetitive Traffic Violation Behaviors Among Motorcyclists
  Abstract: The traffic situation in urban road is worse in Southeast Asian countries, where the motorcycle is becoming majority and breaking the traffic law is becoming common. This study aims to explore the effects of individual attitudes, habits, preferences, and travel behaviour of motorcyclists on their repetitive traffic violations among motorcyclists using data from three metropolitan cities in Indonesia (Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Surabaya). Theory of planned behaviour and the structural equation modelling are employed to detangle these relationships. The study results show that individual’s believes and attitudes, social norms, and his/her perceived behaviour control are significantly influenced the individual’s repetitive violation behaviours with social norm as the strongest influencing factor. Males, youngsters, or educated people are found to be the ones who more likely to violate the traffic regulation frequently. In designing behavioural change policy, it is important to note that the individual’s driving style and their traffic law obedience are the ones that mostly related with the individual’s believes and attitudes, whilst not respecting other drivers on the streets and speeding in residential area are the most influencing social norm. The road geometric, traffic volume, and the number of road lanes are the ones that mostly influence individual’s perceived behavioural control. Furthermore, pushing the motorcycle to a (very) narrow gap, blocking other vehicle, and speeding are the top three most frequent violations which construct of individuals’ repetitive violation behaviours in Indonesia.
  Authors: Susilo, Yusak Octavius; Joewono, Tri Basuki
  Authors: Susilo, Yusak Octavius; Joewono, Tri Basuki
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 776
  Paper Number: 13-1071
• Forecasting Mobile Ticketing Utilization for Commuter Rail
  Abstract: Several commuter rail systems are beginning to accept mobile payments, in which tickets are purchased and validated on smartphones. Mobile payments may improve the rider experience while reducing costs and simplifying the fare collection process for rail operators. Before investing in this new ticketing technology, rail operators want to understand rider demand for mobile tickets. To assess the potential adoption of mobile payments, stated preference data from an onboard survey on two MBTA Commuter Rail lines (Worcester and Newburyport/Rockport) in the greater Boston area were analyzed. Binary logit was then used to forecast adoption on all commuter rail lines. Based on this model, 26% of Commuter Rail riders in Boston are very likely to adopt mobile ticketing.
  Authors: Brakewood, Candace; Rojas, Francisca; Robin, Joshua K; Sion, Jake; Jordan, Samuel; Block-Schachter, David
  Authors: Brakewood, Candace; Rojas, Francisca; Robin, Joshua K; Sion, Jake; Jordan, Samuel; Block-Schachter, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-1244
• Transportation Infrastructure Funding with an Electrified Fleet
  Abstract: Transportation infrastructure funding has long relied on user fees assessed on gasoline consumption. These fees have lost purchasing power as they have not tracked inflationary pressures and increasing numbers of fuel efficient vehicles further erodes the vital source of revenue. The emergence of alternative fueled vehicles powered with new energy sources will exacerbate the long term trend of limited funding for critical infrastructure maintenance.Electric vehicles (EVs) are a type of alternative fueled vehicle offering the potential for enhanced environmental and economic well-being through reduced air emissions, lower energy costs, and increased energy security. EVs can be easily charged at home to meet most daily travel needs and are starting to gain in number on our nation’s highways. Current impediments of high initial purchase prices and shorter ranges of operation are expected to decrease as incremental improvements to the underlying technologies drive down costs and increase range.This paper reviews the history of the most important current transportation user fee, the motor fuels tax, and considers criteria for funding mechanisms applicable to alternative fuel vehicles, such as Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) user fees. Electric utility tariffs on EV electric use are proposed as an acceptable transition from the gas tax to regulated utility rates for EV contributions to infrastructure funding.Vermont’s transportation system is used as an example of how EV related transportation funding prospects could be implemented at the state level.
  Authors: Roberts, David
  Authors: Roberts, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0682
• Evaluation of Impacts of Urban Road Pricing on Social and Spatial Inequalities
  Abstract: In the context of “sustainable” urban development, this paper evaluates the impact of setting up traffic toll zones, cordon pricing, on the evolution of inequalities based on a study of the conurbation of Lyon. It simulates a new charging policy implemented by imposing an urban road pricing to analyse its impacts on the evolution of inequalities with respect to the current situation used as reference. Four different types of indicator are used to achieve this. Besides “specific” indicators of inequalities such as those of Gini, Theil and Atkinson, the gravity-based measurement of accessibility is also considered to enlighten public decision-makers on the evolution of inequalities. In agreement with the literature, our results show that the different indicators of inequality produce highly contrasted and sometimes contradictory results on both the scale of the zone and that the city. Furthermore, although an improvement of accessibility was observed, notably for the central zones, it is the first ring (adjacent to the toll zone) that will be affected most negatively by the toll. This is confirmed by the three indicators. Lastly, the indicators of Theil and Atkinson alone show that introducing a toll can lead to reducing inequalities for the zones furthest away.
  Authors: Souche, Stéphanie
  Authors: Souche, Stéphanie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 485
  Paper Number: 13-0898
• Role of Bicycle in Limiting Transport Poverty in The Netherlands
  Abstract: The Netherlands is well-known for its high share of bicycle use and its relatively compact cities, suggesting that transport poverty may well be less of a problem than in other developed countries. This paper explores the role of the bicycle in the avoidance of transport poverty, based on two exploratory studies. The first study focuses on low-income households and shows that the bicycle does limit transport poverty, but is of limited importance in providing access to the labor market. The second study, exploring the ability of car-less households to maintain social networks, underlines the importance of the bicycle, but also shows that the bicycle is used very selectively by elderly residents and is of limited relevance for households with a social network spanning beyond the urban borders.
  Authors: Martens, Karel
  Authors: Martens, Karel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1118
• Interrelationship and Order of Decision between Bicycle Choice and Trip Chain Pattern
  Abstract: Choices of bicycle mode and trip chain pattern are important decisions in individuals¡¯ daily activities. Little is known about the interrelationship between the choice of bicycle and the pattern of trip chain. It is interesting to ask if a decision on bicycle usage is made before planning a trip chain or is dependent on a decision of trip chain. This study aims to explore the relationships between bicycle choice and trip-chaining pattern and capture the order between the two decisions. Using the data extracted from the household survey in a medium-sized city in China, co-evolutionary approach combined with binary logit and multinomial logit models is estimated. The results show that there are more bicycle usages in subsistence trip chains than in non-subsistence chains. In the majority of cases the trip chain is planned before the decision on bicycle choice, especially when the trip is related to subsistence activities. 76.33% of travelers who use bicycle for travel determine the trip chain first and choose to use bicycle accordingly. Only 25.69% of travelers who make mode choice first select bicycle as the trip mode. Findings are discussed to assist the development of policies to promote the bicycle usage.
  Authors: Li, Zhibin; Wang, Wei; Yang, Chen; Wang, Yong; Jiang, Guojun
  Authors: Li, Zhibin; Wang, Wei; Yang, Chen; Wang, Yong; Jiang, Guojun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1133
• Comparative Analysis of Road Financing Approaches in Europe and the United States
  Abstract: Road infrastructure has a remarkable economic and social impact on society. This is the reason why road financing has always drawn the attention of policy makers, especially when resources available for government spending become scarce. Nations exhibit differing approaches toward dealing with road transportation financing. In the United States, the current system of road financing has been called into question, for some regard it as insufficient to meet the necessary amounts required for road expenditure. By contrast, in most European countries, road charges are very high, but are not earmarked for the funding of roads. This paper analyzes, the balance between charging for the use of, and expenditure on, the road sector in the United States, and compares the American policy with those of several European countries (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Switzerland). To that end, we define a methodology to calculate the annual amount of fee-charges levied on light and heavy vehicles in the selected countries, in order to compare those charges with the annual road expenditure. The results show that road charges in America are noticeably lower than those paid in Europe. Additionally, the research concludes that, in Europe, road-generated revenues exceed road expenditure in all countries studied, so road charges actually subsidize other policies. By contrast, in the United States the public sector subsidizes the road system in order to maintain the current level of expenditure.
  Authors: Gomez, Juan; Vassallo, José Manuel
  Authors: Gomez, Juan; Vassallo, José Manuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1147
• Effects of Fare Payment Types and Crowding on Dwell Time: Fine-Grained Analysis
  Abstract: Dwell time, the time a transit vehicle spends stopped to serve passengers, contributes to the total reliability of transit service in several respects. Dwell time can be affected by many factors, such as passenger activity, bus crowding, fare collection method, driver experience, time of day, and others. The types of impacts crowding can have on dwell time is debatable, due to its interaction with passenger activity and its inaccurate calculation. Different payment methods also, debatably, impact dwell time. These debates can be linked to the absence of appropriate data that can actually capture the real impacts of these variables. This research attempts to determine the influence of crowding and fare payment on dwell time, through manual data collection. The study is conducted along three heavily used bus routes in the TransLink transit system of Vancouver, BC. Multiple regression models are performed using a traditional model and a new expanded model with the additional details that manually collected data provides. The traditional model overestimated dwell times due to lack of detail in fare payment and crowding. While the expanded model shows that crowding positively affects dwell time after reaching approximately 60% of bus capacity. The different fare payment methods had various positive impacts on dwell time, with different magnitudes. This research can help public transit planners and operators in developing better guidelines for fare payment methods as well as policies associated with crowding.
  Authors: Fletcher, J. Grant; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: Fletcher, J. Grant; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 822
  Paper Number: 13-1102
• An Overview of Shared Bicycle/Bus Lanes in the United States
  Abstract: As urban areas continue to grow in population and traffic congestion increases, more cities are looking for ways to improve multimodal mobility within constrained right-of-way. Where there are at least two through lanes for general traffic in each direction, one option is to designate the outside lanes for shared use by bicycles and buses only. A study was conducted for the Florida Department of Transportation to identify where shared bicycle/bus lanes are presently operating in U.S. cities, describe their design and operational characteristics, identify the benefits and barriers to implementing such facilities, and develop recommendations to consider their use on the Florida State Highway System. The review found that few states and municipalities have design standards for shared bicycle/bus lanes, and that primary issues for design and operation include lane width, operating speed, passing procedures, conflict with right-turning vehicles, and enforcement.
  Authors: Hendricks, Sara Jane; Hillsman, Edward; Koos, Mary Anne; Fiebe, JoAnne
  Authors: Hendricks, Sara Jane; Hillsman, Edward; Koos, Mary Anne; Fiebe, JoAnne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-1217
• Unbanked Transit Riders and Open Payment Fare Collection
  Abstract: Several transit agencies are considering accepting contactless credit and debit cards directly at turnstiles and bus fareboxes. By using the expertise and scale economies of the payments industry, agencies may reduce fare collection costs and improve regional interoperability and ease of use. One issue with bankcard-based fare collection systems is how to serve transit riders who do not have or do not want to use contactless bankcards. Based on Chicago data, we estimate discrete choice models of the likelihood of transit users to have credit and debit cards or to use alternative financial services such as currency exchanges. A significant fraction of transit riders in Chicago do not have credit or debit cards, and they come from groups with lower incomes, lower levels of education, and minority ethnicities. To meet the needs of this unbanked group of transit users, agencies may accept cash fares, agency-issued cards, or payment industry-issued prepaid cards that can be loaded with cash at retail locations or in rail stations. These options serve unbanked riders to varying degrees and with different costs to the agency.
  Authors: Brakewood, Candace; Kocur, George
  Authors: Brakewood, Candace; Kocur, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 822
  Paper Number: 13-1248
• Modeling Gender-Based Differences in Mode Choice Considering Time-Use Pattern: Analysis of Bicycle, Public Transit, and Car Use in Suzhou, China
  Abstract: Activity-travel behavior differs between women and men. Previous researches dealing with gender differences mainly pay attention to travel itself, but few focus on the interaction between time-use pattern and travel mode choice. Based on the activity-travel survey data of Suzhou, China, data processing, gender-based descriptive analysis and rigorous significance tests are conducted. Then, multi-group structural equation modeling is adopted to explore the reason of gender-based differences in mode choice through comparing the interactions among socio-demographics, time-use pattern and mode choice for men and women. The results indicate that gender-based differences do exist in mode choice. Women prefer bicycle while men prefer traveling by car in Suzhou, and men¡¯s mode choice is not so easily to be affected by other travel mode as women¡¯s. Besides, gender-based differences exist in the magnitude or the sign of the interrelations among socio-demographics, time-use pattern and mode choice. It is better to explain gender-based differences in mode choice by including time-use pattern endogenously than through socio-demographics alone. Furthermore, the study shows that by examining the direct, indirect and total effects in the model system simultaneously, we are able to better capture the differences in mode choice across gender, and further understand the reason of those differences. Finally, some dedicated suggestions are presented for planners and government to ensure a healthy transportation system.
  Authors: Li, Dan; Wang, Wei; Yang, Min; Chen, Xuewu; Hua, Xuedong
  Authors: Li, Dan; Wang, Wei; Yang, Min; Chen, Xuewu; Hua, Xuedong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 594
  Paper Number: 13-1445
• Diagnosing Transportation: Developing Key Performance Indicators to Assess Urban Transportation Systems
  Abstract: Rapid urbanization is putting pressure on transportation agencies to respond to an increasing demand for greater efficiency and effectiveness in transportation networks. In response, policy makers, faced with limited budgets and time constraints, are looking for tools and processes to identify priority problems in a timely and cost effective manner. Rapid assessments can be performed using a diagnostic study that identifies cities’ individual problems within the global context. Using a series of performance indicators based on a review of research and practice from around the world, this paper assesses different cities’ transportation networks. The performance indicators rank cities according to an overall score as well as different categories of transportation performance. Such an approach allows planners to identify priority problems in the transportation network so as to design targeted solutions. The final results benchmark the performance of transportation systems according to peer cities with relatively similar sizes. Such a process assists in benchmarking performance while accounting for context, so that appropriate best practices can be shared between cities around the world.
  Authors: Shah, Yousaf M; Manaugh, Kevin; Badami, Madhav Govind; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: Shah, Yousaf M; Manaugh, Kevin; Badami, Madhav Govind; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-1726
• Toward Equitable Transit: Examining Transit Accessibility and Social Need in Toronto, Canada, 1996-2006
  Abstract: The location of transit infrastructure distributes publicly-funded benefits to residents throughout a region. However, these benefits are not always distributed equally among different population groups. This research seeks to determine whether the benefits of Toronto’s public transit system are equitably distributed, and how these benefits change from 1996 to 2006 after the implementation of several transit projects in the region. We develop a methodology using a social indicator based on census tract level socio-economic characteristics to measure the relationship between social disadvantage and accessibility to jobs and transit travel time in the Toronto region over time. Transit equity is examined at three levels: spatially, temporally, and by job type. We find the range in accessibility and transit travel time narrows over the 10 year period. In addition, the most socially disadvantaged census tracts have statistically significantly better accessibility and lower transit travel times relative to the rest of the region in both 1996 and in 2006. Our findings show that Toronto has a generally equitable transit system that benefits those in social need, who are likely to gain the most from transit. The methodology proposed presents a useful way to bring issues of social equity directly into the land use and transportation planning process.
  Authors: Foth, Nicole; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: Foth, Nicole; Manaugh, Kevin; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 350
  Paper Number: 13-1731
• Powered Two-Wheeler Rider Eye-Height Determination
  Abstract: Vehicle driver and powered two-wheeler (PTW) rider eye-height is one of the key factors in highway design, as they can determine sight distances, one of the key factors in geometric design. Different vehicle types and driving conditions can affect the eye-height. While a large number of studies have focused on the determination of passenger car and truck driver eye-height, only a small number of studies have attempted to determine the eye-height of two-wheelers. The objective of this research is to investigate the parameters that affect PTW rider eye-height and determine appropriate values.A multiple-camera experimental design was developed for the measurement of PTW eye-height. Two arteries with different characteristics (one freeway and an urban arterial) were chosen for the data collection. The collected data are analyzed and conclusions are drawn regarding the rider eye-height for different PTW types and classes. The relation between eye-height and speed is specifically investigated and it is concluded that rider eye-height is not negatively correlated with PTW speed. Directions for future research are outlined; these include additional studies under different conditions the collection of richer data sets (e.g. including data on the riders and the PTWs).
  Authors: Dimoulas, Stergios; Psarianos, Basil M.; Antoniou, Constantinos; Vardaki, Sophia
  Authors: Dimoulas, Stergios; Psarianos, Basil M.; Antoniou, Constantinos; Vardaki, Sophia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 776
  Paper Number: 13-1784
• Minimizing the Impacts of Cost and Revenue Uncertainties on Transportation Project Delivery
  Abstract: A process improvement effort is well underway at the Wyoming Department of Transportation to optimize the delivery of highway projects. Specifically, the focus of the effort is to manage the risks of project cost and revenue uncertainties over the long-term, in order to deliver projects on time and as intended. The goal is to maximize the successful delivery of projects that have been planned 6 to 8 years in advance. The results of this work will provide WYDOT and other transportation agencies with great leverage in achieving performance targets, by delivering more projects on time, with the performance benefits anticipated in the initial selection of the projects. The approach considers various funding scenarios, with plausible uncertainties, and examines candidate methods to mitigate the impacts of these. For example, due to mismatches between projected and actual funding in the intended years of delivery, some projects may suffer costly delays due to a lack of funding, or need to be accelerated in order to spend excess revenue. Understanding these potential outcomes has enabled process improvements to be developed. The results of the effort are enabling WYDOT to maximize the performance benefits anticipated in their asset management efforts. The department will now be able to better manage the amount and mix of transportation projects in the project pipeline, with estimated benefits of between 5 and 10%. In summary, this work will provide information that project planners can use to improve on-time project deliveries and maximize their achievement of performance targets over the long-term.
  Authors: Redd, Larry
  Authors: Redd, Larry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1599
• Measuring and Reporting Travel Time Reliability Statistics for the Most Congested Corridors in the United States: Methodology and Results
  Abstract: For nearly 30 years, the Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) has developed methodologies and appropriate performance measures for estimating congestion performance and communicating them to technical and non-technical audiences. TTI’s Urban Mobility Report (UMR) (1) informs decision-making at the federal, state, and local levels. While very important for guiding policy discussion and assisting resource allocations to infrastructure, the congestion statistics in the UMR only tell part of the congestion story – the magnitude of the problem based on areawide average congestion levels. The reality is that congestion is not just an “average” problem. Reliability performance measures capture an important aspect of the travel experience, and they illustrate the variability in traffic congestion so that travelers can estimate the extra “buffer” time needed to ensure on-time arrival. The transportation profession is moving toward the use and application of travel reliability performance measures for project prioritization and decision-making. However, the practice of using reliability measures for decision-making is in its relative infancy. This paper describes the methodology and analytical procedures for computing and ranking corridors throughout the United States with reliability measures. The results are documented in TTI’s inaugural 2011 Congested Corridors Report (CCR) (2). In this paper, researchers describe the methodology and reliability measures presented in the inaugural CCR. The results of the CCR identify the 328 most unreliable roadway corridors as ranked by the buffer index. The performance measures and detailed data like those used in the 2011 CCR can guide investments and improve decisions and communication about the congestion problem.
  Authors: Eisele, William L.; Schrank, David Lynn; Schuman, Rick; Lomax, Timothy J.
  Authors: Eisele, William L.; Schrank, David Lynn; Schuman, Rick; Lomax, Timothy J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 760
  Paper Number: 13-1338
• Fuel Tax Refund Policy and Process Review of States
  Abstract: The primary source of funding for transportation infrastructure is a tax imposed on motor fuels. One aspect of fuel tax collections requires consumers to apply for refunds of taxes paid on fuels used for tax-exempt purposes. Fuel tax refund is a complex process and one of the many ways tax evasion occurs. Fuel tax evasion has been the focus of many studies, however, only a few have focused on tax evasion through the refund process. Fuel tax refund policies of states are being updated regularly in order to curb evasion and to make the process efficient. The Montana Department of Transportation has expressed concern over the possibility of fraud, errors, and inefficiencies in the current fuel tax refund process. This paper presents an evaluation of the fuel tax refund process of Montana by comparing it with neighboring states that have a similar fuel tax refund process. The study includes general fuel tax refund process, eligibility of fuel and refund, refund process, and identified tax evasion. Lessons learned such as allowing only one year to submit refund claims, bulk purchase for agriculture, and died diesel for any off-road use will help states to improve their fuel tax refund process and curb fuel tax evasion.
  Authors: Chaudhari, Jaydeepkumar P; McGowen, Patrick Tracy; Booth, Janelle; Church, Brian
  Authors: Chaudhari, Jaydeepkumar P; McGowen, Patrick Tracy; Booth, Janelle; Church, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1354
• Long-Term Motor Fuel Tax Revenue Projections in Georgia
  Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a model built to capture the effect of how demographic, economic, environmental, and technological changes could affect Georgia’s future motor fuel tax revenue. Currently, fuel tax revenue is the major funding source for many transportation agencies; however, in recent years, inflation and fuel economy increases have decreased the revenue generated by fuel taxes. The model was intended to be a tool to allow users to project long-term revenue and observe how adjustments to different pricing and socioeconomic inputs affect future revenue under both Georgia’s current fuel tax structure and alternative revenue mechanisms. The model projects that Georgia’s fuel tax revenue will continue to increase through 2020 but will decline between 2020 and 2030 due mainly to improvements in vehicle technology. To combat these revenue declines, the model also estimates how much revenue would be generated by increasing motor fuel tax rates or adopting alternative funding methodologies such as the VMT fee. These results indicate that Georgia could generate hundreds of millions of annual additional transportation revenue with a minimal impact to household contributions, which illustrates that leaders have options when developing sustainable funding solutions that promote fuel-efficient and livable lifestyles.
  Authors: Cherry, Phillip Warren; Meyer, Michael D.; Bui, Binh
  Authors: Cherry, Phillip Warren; Meyer, Michael D.; Bui, Binh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1383
• Private Finance of Transport Infrastructure: Shifts in Risk Perceptions
  Abstract: Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are about the sharing of risks and risk transfer. The various models are based on respective risk sharing, while responsibilities in financing, business development and governance demonstrate different trends in the various modes. The economic crisis has had an impact on both the transport sector and stakeholder risk assessment. Private finance of public infrastructure has been based on the assumption of ever growing demand and user willingness or ability to pay. Revenue risk was considered comparatively low. Proper allocation of this risk was insignificant. The pertaining economic crisis has highlighted this shortcoming. Risk estimates have shifted. A pilot survey registers this shift. These trends are used to propose key characteristics to be included in PPPs. New financing models may be required. The present research reports on the initial findings of an international survey investigating inter-temporal shifts in the assessment of key risks in Transport sector PPPs and respective impact on the preferred risk allocation strategy prior to and following the financial/economic crisis. The ultimate scope of the survey is to identify the key characteristics of future financing/contractual models and verify the continued interest in the PPP model of transport infrastructure development.Initial evidence shows an increase in the probability of occurrence of demand related risks, as well as an increase in the anticipated impact of the occurrence of political, social and revenue risks. The proposed allocation of risks to financiers and lenders gives the direction of potentially new project finance models.
  Authors: Roumboutsos, Athena
  Authors: Roumboutsos, Athena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-1694
• Pareto-Improving Hybrid Policy for Transportation Networks
  Abstract: This paper investigates an innovative Pareto-improving hybrid policy that combines two policy instruments, i.e., congestion pricing and road space rationing, and takes advantage of the synergistic effects between those instruments. Mathematical formulations for developing Pareto-improving pure road space rationing schemes and hybrid policies are presented. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed hybrid policy offers greater flexibility and is more prominent in leading to Pareto improvement than both pure congestion pricing and road space rationing schemes.
  Authors: Song, Ziqi; Yin, Yafeng; Lawphongpanich, Siriphong; Yang, Hai
  Authors: Song, Ziqi; Yin, Yafeng; Lawphongpanich, Siriphong; Yang, Hai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 485
  Paper Number: 13-1809
• Sign Retroreflectivity Maintenance Program for Tribal Communities
  Abstract: In response to a 1993 Congressional directive, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) added minimum sign retroreflectivity criteria to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). In addition, several methods were listed that agencies can implement to maintain traffic signs at or above the minimum retroreflectivity requirements. The key element in the standards is the establishment of a method to maintain sign retroreflectivity at or above the minimums. FHWA along with BIA conducted two-day pilot programs for three tribal nations to assist them in choosing an appropriate retroreflectivity maintenance method to be compliant with the MUTCD requirements. Day one of each program was reserved for review of the new minimum sign retroreflectivity standard, available/accepted methods for maintaining sign retroreflectivity and sign sheeting identification using the FHWA documents, training on using a hand-held retroreflectometer and field visit. The second day included discussions and development of a draft retroreflectivity maintenance method policy for each tribe. The objective of this paper is to provide highlights from these three sign retroreflectivity maintenance program pilots. The pilots were conducted at the Confederated Tribe of The Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR), the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of The Lake Traverse Reservation (SWO) and the Seminole Tribe of Florida (STF). Experiences from these pilots provide a reference to tribes in similar situation on what is being done elsewhere.
  Authors: Iragavarapu, Vichika; Carlson, Paul J.; Schertz, Greg
  Authors: Iragavarapu, Vichika; Carlson, Paul J.; Schertz, Greg
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Society
  Session: 333
  Paper Number: 13-1867
• Parking Fare Planning Approach for Special Events Based on Bilevel Programming
  Abstract: During special events, intensive short-term travel leads to serious shortage of parking. Remote parking lots have been planned and preferential policies are implemented to encourage the Parking/Riding (PR) travel for special events. However, how to plan a suitable parking fare strategy and balance trip flow between parking lots is a challenge. In this paper, special events parking fare optimization model is proposed based on the bi-level programming model framework. Parking/Riding and Parking/Walking mode travel mode for private mobile is analyzed. Logit-based utility model, which considering driving time, parking fare, bus fare, travel expenses and other major factors, describes the behavior of travelers¡¯ parking choose; it is an equilibrium traffic assignment problem and considered as the lower model of bi-level programming. The upper level model which established by considering system total travel time, parking fares and parking capacity constraints, describes traffic managers¡¯ consideration. The solutions of the bi-level programming model are based on Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) and Convex Combinations Method (CCM) algorithms. Numerical experimental results indicate that an optimal parking fare plan is able to control parking demands and re-distribute parking flow between different parking lots to release congestion.
  Authors: Nengchao, LV; Yan, Xinping; Wu, Chaozhong; Zhong, Ming; MAO, Shuhua
  Authors: Nengchao, LV; Yan, Xinping; Wu, Chaozhong; Zhong, Ming; MAO, Shuhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-1901
• How New Technologies Can Contribute to Measuring Sustainable Mobility
  Abstract: While much effort has been concentrated on making transportation more sustainable, the measurement of these efforts (through models, evaluation, or scenarios) is not trivial. In fact, not only is the selection of indicators challenging, but efforts made to design useful indicators are often hampered by the presence of data that are erroneous or incomplete. Nevertheless, the significant penetration of new technologies such as smartphones and smart infrastructure could hold the key to developing more relevant and comprehensive indicators. In this paper, we review commonly used indicators and discuss their limitations with respect to the data upon which they are built. We then describe several new technologies that hold promise for the collection of more pertinent and accurate data sets upon with indicators may be built. Finally, we discuss their potential for the future and illustrate a hypothetical scenario by reviewing a one-day GPS traces of one of the authors. While the first and obvious application of new technologies will be to improve much needed accuracy, combining different sources together seem to hold much potential from model calibration to real time operations.
  Authors: Derrible, Sybil; Cottrill, Caitlin D.
  Authors: Derrible, Sybil; Cottrill, Caitlin D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-1953
• Evaluation of Urban Land Redevelopment Impact on Nonmotorized Traffic: Case Study in Shanghai, China
  Abstract: Urban land redevelopment is an important component of city evolution and has a great impact on transportation system. The current traffic impact analysis (TIA) is lack of a comprehensive component for non-motorized transportation under redevelopment, which is especially critical in China where non-motorized mode share is extremely high. For a better guidance of land redevelopment and non-motorized transportation planning, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of redevelopment on non-motorized traffic before the project is approved and the construction starts. The objective of this study is to fill the gap in the transportation impact analysis (TIA) system and promote the sustainable development of the non-motorized transportation.In this paper, we emphasize the importance of the urban redevelopment impact evaluation on non-motorized traffic, and focus on providing an evaluation framework for the impact analysis. We use the systematic analysis method to organize the procedures and objects of redevelopment impact evaluation on non-motorized traffic, and proposed the corresponding evaluation indicators to analyze the impact qualitatively and quantitatively. A case study of Shanghai, China is discussed as an application. The results indicate that the redevelopments such as a residential land redeveloped into a mixed commercial land have a significant impact on non-motorized traffic, and reasonable improvements in the internal design are effective to avoid the potential negative impact. The framework and process can be integrated into the general motorized traffic impact analysis.
  Authors: Wang, Yanli; Zhu, Xiaoyu; Li, Linbo; Wu, Bing
  Authors: Wang, Yanli; Zhu, Xiaoyu; Li, Linbo; Wu, Bing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1900
• Sustainable Transportation Policy Development Using System Dynamics and World Cities Data
  Abstract: In the study reported herein, a system dynamic model was developed, using pertinent data for a large of number world cities, in order to analyze and appraise urban transportation sustainability. The objective was to determine efficacious policies for sustainable transportation. The study database was developed based on few global urban transportation databases covering numerous cities for 4 decades in period of 1960 to 2001: MCD, MCDST and ISADC. Based on the study database, 9 sustainable transportation indicators were developed, 3 indicators for presenting each key group of environmental, economic and social urban sustainability. A composite index was also suggested for combining the developed indicators. To develop the pertinent urban dynamic model, urban transportation causal loops were conceptualized and the dynamic relations between urban transportation variables were created. Trip generation, trip distance, modal share and vehicle occupancy were the key modules of the model. Economic, social and environmental indicators were the key outputs of the model. The dynamic model inputs were urban characteristics relevant to transportation. The dynamic model testing and evaluation were found satisfactory using time-series data. For the city of Isfahan, as a case study, by monitoring the sustainable transportation indicators using different development scenarios, efficacious transportation policies were determined and evaluated. The model deployment reflected that policy makers are expected to develop policies pertinent to public and non-motorized transportation infrastructure integration.
  Authors: Haghshenas, Hossein; Vaziri, Manouchehr
  Authors: Haghshenas, Hossein; Vaziri, Manouchehr
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2026
• Dynamic Feedback-Control Toll Pricing Methodology for Revenue Maximization: Case Study on I-95 Managed Lanes
  Abstract: Recently, congestion pricing emerged as a cost-effective and efficient strategy to mitigate the congestion problem on freeways. This study develops a dynamic toll strategy based on feedback control rules and compares its performance to that of the current strategy deployed on Interstate 95 express lanes. The proposed strategy aims to maximize the toll revenue while maintaining a minimum desired level of service on the managed lanes. The performance was examined for low and high traffic demand. A detailed numerical example is provided to explain how the proposed strategy works, and an external module is developed to execute the strategy in real time during VISSIM runtime. The impact of the value of time and level of income is also examined. Three values ranging from 60% to 120% of the mean hourly income are used. The results show that for high demand, an increase in the probability of choosing managed lanes is obvious, with the highest increase observed for the case of 120%. Also, during high demand, high income groups exhibit higher probabilities of choosing the managed lanes as a result of the increase in travel time savings and despite the increase in toll rate. When compared to the currently adopted toll pricing strategy on I-95, the proposed strategy shows a steadier toll rate profile, while keeping the speed at 45 mph or more and producing larger toll revenue.
  Authors: Cheng, Danhong; Ishak, Sherif
  Authors: Cheng, Danhong; Ishak, Sherif
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2045
• Ex Post Facto Program Evaluation: Lessons Learned from Assessment of Indiana’s Highway Investment Program
  Abstract: In response to the federal SAFETEA-LU requirements, nearly all state departments of transportation (DOTs) have started to use performance measurement in the planning and/or programming process. Although these performance measures are routinely monitored, they are generally completed during the project development process on a project-by-project basis for anticipated future conditions. No state has a fully developed post-implementation tool to monitor and evaluate capital investment programs at a system (statewide) level. Using historical highway expenditure and performance data from the Indiana DOT (INDOT) capital program, an ex-post facto assessment was performed to illustrate a program evaluation methodology that can be transferred to other agencies. The relationships between investment and performance were characterized for the condition of pavements and bridges as well as the operation of safety and mobility assets. Additionally the short-term economic development impacts, in terms of jobs-created and earnings-added, were estimated for the total investment each year. The most recent surface transportation reauthorization, Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21), sets a precedent for performance-based management of the nation’s transportation network. The present study demonstrates an ex-post facto assessment of the impacts of INDOT’s highway program and highlights lessons learned to be used when INDOT and other state DOTs move forward in validating the effectiveness of investment to legislative bodies responsible for funding decisions. Finally, the present study provides a mechanism to communicate the impacts of transportation investment to the general public.
  Authors: Everett, Stephanie; Xiong, Yingge; Sinha, Kumares C.; Fricker, Jon D.
  Authors: Everett, Stephanie; Xiong, Yingge; Sinha, Kumares C.; Fricker, Jon D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-2089
• Integrated Analysis of Workers' Physically Active Activity and Active Travel Choice Behavior
  Abstract: Employing 2009 NHTS Texas add-on sample data, this study examines individual’s active choice decisions with a specific market focus on adult workers. This is achieved by examining worker’s two choice behaviors: active activity and active travel. The first choice behavior is developed as an ordered-response model based on the number of physically active recreational activities pursued during the workday. The second model is developed as a binary-response model that examines worker’s active travel choices; whether or not the worker used any active mode of travel during the same workday. The current study contributes to the field by improving our understanding and knowledge of factors influencing worker’s physically active activity-travel behavior. The study provides several insights regarding the role (and constraints) of employment in individual’s active choices while demonstrating that transportation and public health policy makers can mutually benefit from encouraging workers to be physically active (from an activity and/or travel perspective). Using a flexible and robust copula modeling methodology, we explore the ‘true’ correlation (or dependence) between the two behavior choices that might occur due to the presence of unobserved factors, in addition to the examination of various observed factors, suggesting a simultaneous low or simultaneously high propensity toward being physically active across workers. Overall, the study unifies and reveals the integrated nature of the public health and transportation fields thereby providing a distinct view of active/inactive choice behavior.
  Authors: Sener, Ipek Nese
  Authors: Sener, Ipek Nese
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-2213
• Evaluation Framework for High-Occupancy-Toll Lanes
  Abstract: A high-occupancy/toll (HOT) lane is an increasingly popular form of traffic management which reserves a set of freeway lanes for HOVs and transit users, while allowing low-occupancy vehicles (LOV) to enter for a fee. In turn HOT lanes must maintain a minimal level of service which is accomplished by regulating the volume of entering LOVs. Modeling the choice process which dictates the volume of LOVs that choose to pay and take the HOT lane is integral in the toll setting process, and the focus of this paper. Two simple formulations (an all-or-nothing assignment and an additive logit model) are compared with a formulation based on the population VOT distribution which is shown to be superior through numerical analysis. Both static and dynamic toll setting algorithms are developed based on the proposed lane choice model, and their performance is compared (under deterministic traffic behavior) in regards to the performance of an HOT facility.
  Authors: Gardner, Lauren; Bar-Gera, Hillel; Boyles, Stephen
  Authors: Gardner, Lauren; Bar-Gera, Hillel; Boyles, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2368
• Global Optimization Method for Robust Pricing of Transportation Networks Under Uncertain Demand
  Abstract: We extend the existing toll pricing studies with fixed demand to stochastic demand. A new and practical second-best pricing problem with uncertain demand is proposed and formulated as a stochastic mathematical program with equilibrium constraints. In view of the problem structure, we develop a tailored global optimization algorithm. This algorithm incorporates a sample average approximation scheme, a relaxation-strengthening method, and a linearization approach. The proposed global optimization algorithm is applied to three networks: a two-link network, a seven-eleven network and the Sioux-Falls. The results demonstrate that using a single fixed estimation of future demand may overestimate the future system performance, which is consistent with previous studies. Moreover, the optimal toll obtained by using the mean demand value may not be optimal considering demand uncertainty. The proposed global optimization algorithm explicitly captures demand uncertainty and yields solutions that outperform those without considering demand uncertainty.
  Authors: Wang, Shuaian; Gardner, Lauren; Waller, S. Travis
  Authors: Wang, Shuaian; Gardner, Lauren; Waller, S. Travis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-1961
• Missing Links: How Social Paths Can Improve Light-Rail Pedestrian Accessibility
  Abstract: In the last several decades, planners and policy makers have focused creating more balanced transportation systems that include better transit service as well as improved options for pedestrians and bicyclists. Pedestrian accessibility is vital to the success of transit stops since transit users are likely to walk on at least one end of their trip. As a result, practitioners have focused on improving pedestrian environments in station areas. Pedestrian accessibility studies have focused on formal pedestrian links such as roads, sidewalks and multi-use trails. However, a small but important body of literature suggests that the informal pedestrian environments play an important, but often overlooked, role in pedestrian accessibility. Social paths are informal routes that emerge in grassy areas due to footfall. Social paths have formed at numerous suburban transit stops and show the deficiencies in the design of formal pedestrian networks. Because current travel behavior studies omit informal pedestrian networks, their results may be inaccurate, resulting in misguided policy. This study identified social paths at twelve light rail stations in Denver, Colorado and Dallas, Texas. Using two pedestrian accessibility metrics, the formal pedestrian environment was compared to a joint formal-informal pedestrian environment that includes social paths. This paper makes the argument that social paths are important components of station-area pedestrian accessibility and should be incorporated into future travel behavior studies and pedestrian improvement projects.
  Authors: Gallagher, Patrick; Marshall, Wesley; Atkinson-Palombo, Carol
  Authors: Gallagher, Patrick; Marshall, Wesley; Atkinson-Palombo, Carol
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-1799
• Taking U.S. Transportation Professionals to European Cycling Cities: Does It Matter?
  Abstract: The Bikes Belong Foundation and the Federal Highway Administration have sponsored a series of study tours for U.S. transportation professionals to European cities with more robust infrastructure and higher modal splits for cycling. Via this hands-on approach, professionals experience how bicycle transportation functions within integrated, multi-modal, balanced transportation systems. The ultimate goal of these programs is to give policymakers and transportation professionals opportunities to learn lessons they can apply in the US to encourage greater use of the bicycle for transportation. This research assesses the impact of those study tours through interviews with past participants, analyzing major lessons learned from the tours, how participants have implemented the lessons in US cities, and the barriers to implementation. Overall, participants highly valued the firsthand experience in cities where cycling is a significant mode of transportation as it expanded their vision for transportation infrastructure design and policy. Some insights were more readily implemented upon return to the U.S. and some remain slow to be adopted. This paper summarizes both aspects of these professionals’ experiences, as well as providing recommendations for future study tours. A few of these recommendations include: organizing a cycle track specific study tour, providing more firsthand experience with bicycle supportive policy formation and soft measure implementation, supporting participants through peer-to-peer information sharing and readjustment assistance upon return, and taking teams of politicians, engineers, planners, and community leaders from the same community to the most advanced European cycling cities.
  Authors: Mild, Cortney Elise; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Authors: Mild, Cortney Elise; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2389
• Influence of Psychological Factors on Acceptability of Congestion Charging in China
  Abstract: This paper investigated the psychological factors influencing the acceptability of an assumed congestion charge scenario in Nanjing. To analyze factors important for the acceptability, we proposed a two-stage hierarchical model. A questionnaire study was conducted among 897 car users. Results showed that perceived effectiveness and fair were the determinants of congestion charge acceptability, which confirmed previous findings and supported transferability of results. In contrast to previous studies, personal norm was not significantly related to the acceptability, but willing to reduce car use had a positive association with acceptability. The lesson for policy makers was that when implementing congestion pricing, it was important to propagandize the effectiveness of the measure in solving perceived urgent problems and to guarantee people feel to be treated just in comparison to others.
  Authors: Sun, Xianglong
  Authors: Sun, Xianglong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2530
• Transportation Equity in Island Regions: Roadmap for Application of Universal Service
  Abstract: When compared to mainlanders, islanders face many restrictions to their movements since they can't use road or rail transport to link with other islands or with the mainland. That's why the islands are always depending on public transport, mainly ferry services for their communication with the outer world. Ferry operators will focus on the high-profit areas that provide the necessary surplus of demand to cover their costs requirements and yield a reasonable profit in commercial standards. Consequently, the regions in which services can be provided at a loss or at a net cost which falls outside normal commercial standards will rarely be serviced at a sufficient level. To address this problem of transportation inequity and social exclusion we have identified the need for “Universal Service” (UnS) in island regions which are affected by the hurdles of remoteness and insularity. Universal service refers to an obligation imposed on one or more ferry operators to provide a minimum set of services to all users, regardless of their geographical location, at an affordable price. This paper provides a roadmap for the application of universal service in insular regions. It does so by considering the following elements: basic access, service availability, designation of undertakings, affordability of tariffs, quality of service and financing of universal service obligations.
  Authors: Panou, Konstantinos
  Authors: Panou, Konstantinos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 350
  Paper Number: 13-2737
• Roadmap to Plan and Deploy Transportation Infrastructure ProjectsUsing Public-Private Partnerships
  Abstract: Traditionally, in many developing countries, the provision of infrastructure facilities as “public goods” has been the responsibility of the public sector and the government. With rapidly changing economic conditions, communication methods, increased economic pressure, and competition for investment opportunities, the “government owned” notion is facing challenges and undergoing changes. In many countries infrastructure investment needs cannot be financed by the public sector alone. To meet these needs, governments are attempting to encourage private sector involvement in investment in infrastructure projects as an additional option they cannot afford to ignore. Private sector can play a vital and efficient role in accelerating and providing the needed infrastructure system that is essential in facilitating the communication and movement of people and goods while minimizing impacts on sustainable development. Public Private Partnerships “PPP” involvement in infrastructure development has gone through several evolutions. There are several attempts and a few good examples that describe such collaborations. However, they differ widely in their physical, political, financial, and technical conditions. There is limited discussion and documentation on the subject of PPP involvement as a collaboration model in transportation infrastructure and technology. To date, not a single set of rules to be followed exists that would make successful implementation likely. This paper argues that a systematic approach could be adopted by the public sector to engage the private sector in forming a collaborative “PPP” model. This paper’s scope is to document, analyze and provide lessons learned and guiding principles and to present a roadmap of how to establish partnerships between public (government) and private sectors. It documents partnering challenges and opportunities and how to encourage cooperation and private sector initiatives. Also, to provide an overview of current policies, processes and challenges to private sector involvement in public transportation infrastructure and ITS technology projects. The paper focuses on how to provide strategies and a systematic approach that allows the government to engage the private sector in forming PPPs and to work together on transportation infrastructure projects (roads, bridges, and technology deployment). Given limited resources, PPPs can be an effective tool to provide transportation infrastructure to development locations. The paper is evaluating several case studies of urban and rural regions in Northern California, Northwestern Nevada and Southern Oregon, applicable experiences, and suggested solutions that could be transferred and adopted successfully in other countries and settings. Finally, a roadmap will be presented for private sector engagement suggesting how to use the PPP collaboration model.
  Authors: Elhamshary, Osama
  Authors: Elhamshary, Osama
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-2779
• Improving A Cyclist and Pedestrian Environment While Maintaining Vehicle Throughput: A Pre- And Post-Construction Street Analysis
  Abstract: Reallocating road space to enhance bicycle and pedestrian access is frequently a contentious issue in many American cities. This is true in Eugene, Oregon, where a key street segment, adjacent to a pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly university, was retrofitted to better accommodate non-motorized users. Intending to expand pedestrian and bicycle access, a bicycle lane was actually removed in one direction in favor of implementing a shared lane, and physical barriers between an existing contraflow bicycle lane and a one-way automobile traffic lane were removed. Additionally, two-sided parallel parking stalls were replaced with single-sided, back-in angle parking stalls (a first for Eugene), and sidewalks were widened to better accommodate high pedestrian volumes. Using video footage to record behavior along this block before and after the re-design occurred, this study focuses on traffic volume changes by mode and changes in behavior. Results demonstrate that bicycle volumes increased, pedestrian crossing volumes increased and vehicular traffic volumes showed little change after re-design. The integration of bicycle and vehicular traffic lanes and removal of physical barriers improved non-motorized safety, as the rate of traffic conflicts remained low, no collisions occurred, and the re-design provided new ways for convenient navigation around blockages. Despite a perceived increase in chaos, given increased non-motorized traffic volumes, this block became no less safe after re-design even though non-motorized traffic volumes and adaptive use of the space greatly increased. Examination of the particular elements of this re-design provides insight into ways other multimodal traffic streams can be improved.
  Authors: Barnes, Emma; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Authors: Barnes, Emma; Schlossberg, Marc A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-2900
• Livability Literature Review: Synthesis of Current Practice
  Abstract: In 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collaborated to form the Partnership for Sustainable Communities. The Partnership developed six livability principles to improve access to affordable housing, provide more transportation options, and lower transportation costs, while protecting the environment in communities nationwide. Using the Partnership’s livability principles as guidance, NARC conducted an extensive review of local and regional comprehensive and master plans, reports and policy documents. The literature revealed difficulty in creating livability consensus concepts, livability and sustainability used as interchangeable terms, and ten trending topics used by practitioners to achieve livability goals. While the ten trending topics are not exhaustive, it serves as a starting point to further understand livability tactics and mechanisms that can be replicated on local, state and regional levels. This paper examines each trending topic as it relates to the livability principles to enhance the understanding, knowledge and implementation of livability.
  Authors: Young, Erika; Hermanson, Valerie
  Authors: Young, Erika; Hermanson, Valerie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2940
• The P3 Potential
  Abstract: For well over two decades public/private partnerships (P3s) have been promoted as a means for leveraging scarce public resources for transportation infrastructure investments. Although the number of P3s has greatly increased since the 1980s, they still constitute a tiny portion of all US transportation infrastructure investments. What are the barriers to P3s, and how might they be overcome? What strategies might states and municipalities employ to expand the use of P3s? This paper presents a summary of findings from a comprehensive study of P3s in California. We present our summary in the form of lessons learned. We find that strong market demand, broad support, and institutional capacity are key factors in effective P3s.
  Authors: Giuliano, Genevieve; Holliday, Kevin Thomas; Elgart, Zachary
  Authors: Giuliano, Genevieve; Holliday, Kevin Thomas; Elgart, Zachary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-2971
• Bicycle Parking Behavior
  Abstract: The bicycle plays an important role in the multimodal chain, both as an access mode and as an egress mode. The other side of the coin is, however, an ever-growing need for bicycle parking capacity. An analysis of parking behaviour in Delft shows that trying to achieve symmetry between access and egress modes does not offer a solution, because the higher frequency of access transport is counterbalanced by longer parking for egress transport. It is mainly commuters who use guarded bicycle sheds and better-quality bicycles, while students try to avoid these extra costs. Competition in local public transport is also only a factor among students because of the availability of a free public transport pass. The choice between the central station and a more peripheral station largely depends on the cycling distance, the position of the stations in the rail network and the presence of guarded parking facilities.
  Authors: Maat, Kees
  Authors: Maat, Kees
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2976
• Feedback Loop Dynamics in Financial Stress Testing ofToll Road Projects
  Abstract: Large infrastructure development often requires public-private partnerships between a government agency (e.g. a DOT) that seeks to meet a public need and a profit-maximizing private developer. Different and sometimes divergent objectives of the partners can create challenges in designing and managing these projects. This paper describes a dynamic feedback simulation model of a public-private partnership to finance, design, build, and operate a toll road, in particular, a financing stress testing model that can be used by lenders to evaluate the effects of typical project characteristics on the occurrence of tipping point dynamics driving the project rapidly to either success or failure. This stress testing uses a mental model where lenders have no risk and developers have to continuously refinance the project based on the current level or risk. The model is then used to investigate the risks associated with different levels of project characteristics including government subsidies. Results illustrate the need to understand and exploit project feedback loops in public-private partnerships projects.
  Authors: Damnjanovic, Ivan D.; Ford, David; Scott, Johnson
  Authors: Damnjanovic, Ivan D.; Ford, David; Scott, Johnson
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3029
• Key Considerations for States Seeking to Implement Public-Private Partnerships for New Highway Capacity
  Abstract: Implementing a Public-Private Partnership (P3) for new highway capacity within a public agency involves issues from enabling legislation through identification, evaluation, negotiation and management of P3 projects. Public agencies will need:•A legal framework to establish and enforce long term P3 agreements;•Policies, processes, and tools to guide policy decisions;•Technical skills to identify, develop and evaluate P3 projects and to negotiate agreements; and•Skilled staff to manage and oversee projects over the long-term.This paper explores key considerations involved in implementing a P3 project at a State DOT or other public agency. Public agencies seeking to facilitate the delivery and stewardship of P3 projects may consider whether to establish a P3 program or develop P3 projects on a project-by-project basis. P3 programs establish policies and processes that enable the fair and efficient evaluation, procurement, and oversight of P3 projects. Those policies and processes include: planning and procurement processes that facilitate the selection of appropriate projects as potential P3s; evaluation processes that assist decisionmakers in structuring commercially viable P3 agreements that achieve policy goals, optimally allocate risks, and bring value to the investment; fair and competitive procurement processes that allow the public agency to select the best partner and negotiate a final agreement that is transparent and protects the public interest; and management of a new role as a performance-based contract manager.
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick T.; Mayer, Jennifer R.; Jette, Aaron; Buxbaum, Jeffrey N.
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick T.; Mayer, Jennifer R.; Jette, Aaron; Buxbaum, Jeffrey N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-3030
• Comparing Public-Private Partnerships with Traditional Procurement: Incorporating Considerations from Benefit-Cost Analysis
  Abstract: Value for Money (VfM) analysis processes have been used in evaluating various approaches to procure a highway project, to help government officials determine whether, from the perspective of the public agency’s financial balance sheet, a public-private partnership (P3) is likely to be preferable compared to traditional approaches to procuring the same highway project. VfM is an analysis tool that primarily focuses on the financial impacts of different procurement models from the perspective of the agency sponsoring a project. Non-financial impacts such as benefits to users or non-users of a facility are not generally considered, or are relegated to a qualitative evaluation. Quantitative VfM analysis has normally been conducted once an agency has decided to undertake a project and wishes to evaluate how to deliver it in a way that has the least financial impact on its balance sheet. Benefit-cost analysis (BCA), on the other hand, has been used by public agencies earlier in planning and project development phases to determine whether an investment is worth making. BCA is a more comprehensive tool which is capable of quantifying and monetizing non-financial impacts, such as benefits to users or non-users that may accrue from earlier delivery of a project. This paper discusses how BCA considerations may be incorporated in a more analytically comprehensive approach to comparing P3s with traditional procurement, by using some of the results from VfM analysis and adding new items that are consistent with a BCA approach. The paper illustrates the use of the approach using a hypothetical project.
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick T.; Lee, Douglass B.; Timothy, Darren; Mayer, Jennifer R.
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick T.; Lee, Douglass B.; Timothy, Darren; Mayer, Jennifer R.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-3014
• Optimal Dynamic Pricing for Parking Management with Occupancy Information
  Abstract: Downtown parking is a challenging issue for both travelers and transportation planners. The objective of this paper is to maximize the benefits of parking management by optimal pricing and sensing. A generic parking model is presented for a set of sequential parking lots. Provided with the real-time parking occupancy information pricing information, travelers make parking location choices to minimize their generalized travel cost. We consider a general parking searching time function with respect to the occupancy. When the time-varying travel demand is fixed, we show that the system optimum (SO) pricing solution is not unique. The non-uniqueness indeed offers much flexibility to set different dynamic pricing schemes for a variety of parking management goals. Two special parking management strategies are discussed here, flow proportionality and least-square minimum congestion. The model can be implemented in practice by utilizing parking sensors to set optimal on-line parking prices. It is found that the parking pricing and the provision of occupancy information jointly serve as effective ways of managing traffic.
  Authors: Qian, Zhen; Rajagopal, Ram
  Authors: Qian, Zhen; Rajagopal, Ram
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3049
• Knowledge Management and Public-Private Partnerships:How State Transportation Agencies Manage Knowledge for Designing and Implementing PPPs
  Abstract: This paper reports findings from case studies of two state-level departments of transportation, to provide best practices for how transportation agencies can improve their approaches to managing public-private partnerships (PPP) for surface transportation projects. The findings reported in this paper draw from two separate case studies of the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) and the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), and were analyzed in respect to a theoretical framework. The qualitative research behind this paper involved a review of more than 120 peer-reviewed articles on knowledge management and organizational learning and reports produced by government and industry; content analysis of interviews with twenty-four public and private sector experts through the software application Atlas.ti; and a review of more than 100 government documents on PPPs in Virginia and Texas.Findings suggest that while public sector organizations are often at a skill-disadvantage compared to the private sector on PPPs, public sector capacity can be improved. Four core domains of learning were identified by interviewees as supporting knowledge development for PPPs, including assessing & assigning employees; deciphering & integrating external knowledge, discussing & documenting lessons from direct experience, and designing and evaluating performance standards. Findings also suggest that developing a clear strategy for a PPP program, centered around public interest objectives, is central to improving the government position in negotiating and overseeing PPPs. Furthermore, cultivating a climate where employees feel comfortable reporting on their own personal failures and challenging superiors was seen as particularly important for identifying and acting upon lessons from the implementation of PPPs. Overall conclusions suggest that goal-oriented learning is central to improving the government approach to managing PPPs, and that a clear strategy centered on public interest objectives can drive the process.
  Authors: Boyer, Eric
  Authors: Boyer, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-3141
• Performance-Based Framework to Include Air Quality in Mileage-Based User Fees: Framework Structure
  Abstract: The main objective of the work described in this paper was to develop an approach to utilize mileage vehicle fees to address air quality problems. To achieve this goal, a system of performance measures was created that would allow fee rates to be set based on vehicle and driver performance in a systematic manner. Two sets of performance measures were used to quantify aspects of the transportation system for the purposes of determining an MBUF rate: individual vehicle performance and behavior indicators and system-wide performance indicators. In this way, the eventual fee system reflects how well the individual performed in light of overall system needs.
  Authors: Farzaneh, Mohamadreza; Novak, Kristen; Baker, Richard Tremain; Burris, Mark W.
  Authors: Farzaneh, Mohamadreza; Novak, Kristen; Baker, Richard Tremain; Burris, Mark W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3236
• Census of U.S. Near-Roadway Population: Particulate Matter Exposure, Environmental Justice, and Coverage of Air Quality Monitoring Network
  Abstract: The concentration of particulate matter from motor vehicles is elevated along major roadways and exposure to these emissions is associated with many negative health outcomes. Previous studies also find that lower household income and minority status correspond with greater exposure to traffic and mobile source air pollutants, raising environmental justice concerns. This research presents the first complete U.S. census of the population living near high volume roads, develops a detailed understanding of how demographics vary in relation to roadway proximity and traffic volume, and evaluates the coverage of the national ambient air quality monitoring network. The census is completed using a geographic information system to select all U.S. census blocks, or block portions, along high volume roads indentified from the federal Highway Performance Monitoring System. The results find that in the U.S. 57 million people (20% of the population) live near high volume roads. Nationally, greater traffic volume is associated with larger shares of non-white residents and lower median household incomes. A disaggregate analysis finds that these associations vary across the country, but generally hold in urban areas. Just 16% of counties with some population living near high volume roads also have a co-located air quality monitor. As a result, 17.8 million people live in unmonitored areas near roads where particulate matter may exceed federal standards. In conclusion, protecting a larger share of the U.S. population from exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter and addressing environmental justice concerns requires a more robust near roadway air quality monitoring network.
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3256
• School Commute Air Quality: Understanding Variation in Pollutant Exposure for Students Traveling to School by Auto, Bus, or Walking
  Abstract: Student commute mode and route choice are important in determining commute safety as well as influencing student health, as recognized by the Safe Routes to School program. Little has been done, however, to examine the air pollution exposure impacts of student mode choice as students move throughout the roadway environment. This study examines differences in air pollutant exposure along three different routes for students commuting to school via auto, transit bus, and walking. Three pollutant types are included: PM2.5, ultrafine particles, and carbon monoxide. The route recommended by Safe Routes to School is inconsistently observed to have the lowest pollutant concentrations. Results indicate traveling along lower-volume roadways reduces walking exposure, while traveling along busier roadways results in exposure to greater pollutant concentrations. Walking exposure is found to be greater than driving exposure, but less than bus exposure. The maximum concentration for each pollutant was located along the most congested roadway. Pollutant concentrations for the walking mode are mapped to give visual representation of exposure fluctuations during a commute. This research reinforces the importance of selecting low-volume roadways for safety, but also to minimize exposure, and demonstrates a need for further research examining the factors that determine exposure along different street types ranging from arterial to neighborhood roadways. These results serve as a complement to existing environmental justice air quality research, serving as the link between exposure at the home and exposure at the school in urban areas.
  Authors: Moore, Adam; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Authors: Moore, Adam; Figliozzi, Miguel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-3315
• Analysis of School Trip Mode Choice: Promoting Active Travel
  Abstract: Urban and transportation planners have put a special focus on student health and fitness in the past decade, however they struggle to find effective policies to promote walking and biking for school trips. Commuting to school is an opportunity to embed a regular physical activity in students’ daily routines and prevent many health issues that are stimulated by a lack of physical activity during childhood. A three level nested logit model is introduced to explain the motives behind school trip modal selection. Four choice situations, namely walking, driving, school busing, and taking public transit are considered. We, particularly, underscored the significance of model misspecification in terms of policy outcomes, since multinomial logit models are typically adopted in the literature and have strong and, in many cases, unrealistic assumptions. For instance, elasticity analysis of the MNL model showed an indirect elasticity of vehicle ownership of -0.13 in the MNL model, while NL model provides different elasticities of -0.12, -0.20, and -0.08, respectively for public, school bus, and walk modes. This misspecification results in over estimating the reduction in the share of students who walk to school when vehicle ownership increases. Moreover, a wide range of policy-sensitive variables along with their effect magnitude was discussed and compared with the previous studies. Particularly, we found that one percent increase in the probability of walking to school is expected for every 0.046 percent increase in auto travel time, 0.075 percent increase in the normalized-to-income cost of driving, 0.088 percent decrease in vehicle ownership, 0.033 percent increase in distance to public transit, or 2.372 percent decrease in commute distance. Safety was also found to be very influential on active commuting, such that addressing the safety concern of parents is expected to increase propensity of active commuting to school by around 60 percent.
  Authors: Samimi, Amir; Ermagun, Alireza
  Authors: Samimi, Amir; Ermagun, Alireza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-3618
• Framework to Analyze Vehicle Miles Travelled Fee Implementation
  Abstract: This paper proposes a framework for a successful implementation of the vehicle miles travelled (VMT) fee. The VMT fee is looked on as an alternative to supplement the current road infrastructure financing system based mainly on the fuel-tax. The decision context for the implementation of the VMT fee projection is discussed, identifying the factors that will affect a successful implementation. This study offers the VMT fee differentiated into three categories of vehicles and three emission classes, following a trend from the European Union that motivates fleet renewal and lowers emissions. A simple case study with three scenarios based on the current fuel tax revenues illustrates the application of this VMT fee projection. Findings from this case study point out that there is a potential for VMT fees.
  Authors: Vavrova, Marketa; Chang Albitres, Carlos M.; Bína, Ladislav
  Authors: Vavrova, Marketa; Chang Albitres, Carlos M.; Bína, Ladislav
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-2915
• Local Funding Options for Public Transportation
  Abstract: This paper describes the results of a study that identified and evaluated potential local funding options to help finance public transit improvements. It evaluates seventeen options according to eight criteria. This is a somewhat larger set of funding options and more detailed and systematic evaluation process than most previous studies of this type. This research discovered no new options that are particularly cost effective and easy to implement; each option has disadvantages and constraints. As a result, the overall conclusion of this study is that a variety of funding options should be used to help finance the local share of public transit improvements to insure stability and distribute costs broadly.
  Authors: Litman, Todd Alexander
  Authors: Litman, Todd Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3125
• Them or Us: Perceptions, Cognitions, Emotions, and Overt Behavior Associated with Cyclists and Motorists Sharing the Road
  Abstract: In emerging cycling regions, cyclists and motorists are forced to share the road due to cycling infrastructure scarcity. This study investigates the chain of external and internal stimuli, inferred cognition, emotion and overt behavior associated with the road sharing experience. The research methodology consists of a thematic-analysis of a heterogeneous sample of 1,844 talk-backs that were posted in response to news items related to cyclist-motorist traffic crashes in Israel. The results show: (i) cycling infrastructure scarcity and perceptions regarding the natural and legal rights of cyclists to use the road act as primary triggers for the emotional stress associated with road sharing; (ii) motorists and cyclists perceive the road sharing experience as life-threatening situation that induces extreme anxiety, anger and fear; (iii) the overt coping strategies of drivers are confrontive, problem-solving and seeking social-support, while the overt coping strategies of cyclists are escape-avoidance, confrontive and problem-solving.
  Authors: Kaplan, Sigal; Prato, Carlo Giacomo
  Authors: Kaplan, Sigal; Prato, Carlo Giacomo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3204
• Sustainable Communities: Challenges in Implementing Standardized Performance Measures
  Abstract: Performance measurement systems for public decision-making processes remain a work in progress for transportation planning, land use planning, and urban and regional planning generally. There is a particular need for performance measures that can guide the development of more sustainable transportation systems. This paper describes an effort to apply standardized performance measures in four different metropolitan and rural regions across the United States. Each pilot community was provided with a “Draft Guidebook for Sustainable Community Performance Measurement”, which lays out data sources and preliminary steps for calculating 17 proposed performance measures. The pilot efforts revealed several consistent challenges to establishing performance measures that can be calculated in a standardized way across multiple geographic regions. First, inconsistencies in data sources across regions, as well as different levels of technical capacity to calculate measures, mean that the accuracy of measures calculated varies from region to region. Second, some of the measures are more appropriate for application in urban areas than in suburban and rural areas. Third, if measures are expected to inform local planning processes, regions understandably want to customize them to reflect their own priorities. Customization results in measures that cannot be compared across regions. Based on these findings, we suggest that comparing sustainable community outcomes and trends in regions across the U.S. requires implementing standardized performance measures in a more centralized manner.
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank; Ramsey, Kevin; Ang-Olson, Jeffrey
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank; Ramsey, Kevin; Ang-Olson, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-3397
• Privacy Protection Method for Fine-Grained Urban Traffic Modeling Using Mobile Sensors
  Abstract: Privacy in transportation is controversial and under-studied. With the ubiquitous applications of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies, privacy issues in transportation are becoming increasingly important and need to be addressed carefully. As a well-known trade-off, data needs and privacy protection should be deliberately balanced for different applications. This paper focuses on developing privacy mechanisms to simultaneously satisfy privacy protection and modeling needs for fine-grained urban traffic modeling using mobile sensors. To accomplish this, a virtual trip lines (VTL) zone-based system and related filtering approaches are developed. Traffic-knowledge-based adversary models are proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of such system by making privacy attacks. The results show that besides ensuring an acceptable level of privacy, the released datasets from such privacy-enhancing system can also be applied to traffic applications with satisfactory performance. Albeit application specific, such “Privacy-by-Design” approach would hopefully shed some light on other applications.
  Authors: Sun, Zhanbo; Zan, Bin; Ban, Xuegang (Jeff); Gruteser, Marco
  Authors: Sun, Zhanbo; Zan, Bin; Ban, Xuegang (Jeff); Gruteser, Marco
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 325
  Paper Number: 13-3144
• Agent-Based Approach to Pricing Strategy Evaluation: Incorporation of Drivers’ Heterogeneity, Departure Time Shift, and Comprehensive Learning Model
  Abstract: The ability to reasonably model driver behavior in response to various pricing mechanisms is a critical need for transportation planners in order to properly evaluate and design the pricing schemes in a transportation network. By partially focusing on modeling the driver response to the effect of pricing, this paper presents an agent-based traffic assignment framework designed to assist transportation planners to evaluate pricing strategies and support their decision-making process by incorporating driver’s heterogeneity, a route choice and departure time shift model, and a Kalman Filter learning model. The framework is first evaluated on a simple 2-link corridor and on a real world network to demonstrate its functionality in a mesoscopic modeling environment. It is found that the proposed agent-based framework is compatible with conventional (dynamic) traffic assignment models and therefore is ready for implementation in any simulation tool which enables agent-based traffic assignment. A learning model is required in this agent-based framework. Independent learning for each individual agent is highly recommended. This study also assesses the effects of drivers’ value of time (VOT) heterogeneity on pricing strategy evaluation in terms of traffic mobility, revenue collection and equity between driver groups. The incorporation of drivers’ VOT heterogeneity will provide planners with more accurate performance measures and produce several new criteria to facilitate their evaluation and decision-making of the impact of pricing strategies.
  Authors: Jia, Anxi; Zhou, Xuesong; Rouphail, Nagui M.
  Authors: Jia, Anxi; Zhou, Xuesong; Rouphail, Nagui M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-4126
• Review of Civil Rights Guidance and Equity Analysis Methods for Regional Transportation Plans
  Abstract: Metropolitan planning organizations typically undertake an analysis of regional transportation plan equity to comply with federal anti-discrimination law including Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Executive agency guidance for equity analysis practice is extensive but generally lacks specificity and its provisions are not enforceable. This paper reviews the law, guidance, and academic and agency practice for equity assessment to find that a particular method based on traditional environmental justice analysis is dominant. However, this method designed to assess undesirable land uses is generally not appropriate for the analysis of transportation investment benefits since those benefits are dispersed across wide geographic areas. Four step travel demand models are limited in their ability to disaggregate to finer geography, so the use of this method in combination with those models is potentially sensible. Newer activity-based models are capable of sidestepping this aggregation problem altogether, but agencies have been reluctant to shift from traditional methods, to include race as a demographic variable, and tend to focus unduly on the future year forecast. Analyses that are responsive to stakeholders must include an assessment of both current conditions and race while seeking to mitigate inequities that are discovered. The conclusion anticipates a companion study that assesses the implications described herein using the results of travel demand modeling data generated in the San Francisco Bay Area.
  Authors: Karner, Alex; Niemeier, Debbie
  Authors: Karner, Alex; Niemeier, Debbie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3420
• Effects of Freeway Distance-Based Toll Scheme on Short-Range Driver's Route Choice Behavior
  Abstract: The distance-based toll scheme will soon be adopted by Taiwan's freeway system to replace the current toll station-based model. This new policy will increase the travel costs to some of short-range drivers, and they may therefore choose to switch to alternate routes depending on their perceived equity and acceptability of the new toll scheme. This study attempts to utilize structural equations and the discrete choice model to analyze the perceived attitudes of highway users toward distance-based toll scheme, as well as the effects of the perceived attitudes on route choice behaviors. The results show that perceived equity as well as perceived effectiveness and efficiency have positive effects on the acceptability of toll schemes and the utility to highway users, while switching barriers have negative effects on the utility to highway users. In addition, we have established a binary Logit model that incorporates perceived latent variables, and the results of which show that the switching behavior model that has included perceived latent variables contributes to a more reasonable explanation to the actual decision-making behaviors of drivers and enhances the explanatory capability of the model. Finally, the analysis of the route choice model reveals that when the trip length of short-range drivers increases to 30 km or above, all the perceived latent variables don¡¦t appear to have any impact on their decision of route-choice. Although drivers who decide to remain on the freeway will be required to pay the toll, they will also be compensated with improved driving speeds on the freeway.
  Authors: Chen, Dun-Ji; Wen, Yuh-Horng
  Authors: Chen, Dun-Ji; Wen, Yuh-Horng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3436
• Mining Smart Card Data for Transit Riders’ Travel Patterns
  Abstract: To mitigate congestion caused by the increasing number of privately owned automobiles, public transit is highly promoted by transportation agencies worldwide. With a better understanding of the travel patterns and regularity (the “magnitude” level of travel pattern) of transit riders, transit authorities can evaluate the current transit services to adjust marketing strategies, keep loyal customers and improve transit performance. However, it is fairly challenging to identify travel pattern for each individual transit rider in a large dataset. Therefore, this paper proposes an efficient and effective data-mining approach that models the travel patterns of transit riders using the smart card data collected in Beijing, China. Transit riders’ trip chains are identified based on the temporal and spatial characteristics of smart card transaction data. Based on the identified trip chains, the Density-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm is used to detect each transit rider’s historical travel patterns. The K-Means++ clustering algorithm and the rough-set theory are jointly applied to clustering and classifying the travel pattern regularities. The rough-set-based algorithm is compared with other classification algorithms, including Naïve Bayes Classifier, C4.5 Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and three-hidden-layers Neural Network. The results indicate that the proposed rough-set-based algorithm outperforms other prevailing data-mining algorithms in terms of accuracy and efficiency.
  Authors: Ma, Xiaolei; Wu, Yao-Jan; Wang, Yinhai; Chen, Feng; Liu, Jianfeng
  Authors: Ma, Xiaolei; Wu, Yao-Jan; Wang, Yinhai; Chen, Feng; Liu, Jianfeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-3460
• Assessing the Environmental Capacity of Local Residential Streets
  Abstract: The inherent conflict between the residential amenity and traffic access functions of local streets causes debate on what constitutes a true “local” road. The concept of ‘environmental capacity’ was developed to identify a suitable maximum traffic volume on such local streets. In separate research in the 1960s – 1970s, both Buchanan and Appleyard settled on broad-brush traffic thresholds of 2,000-3,000 vehicles per day. Since then, other research has relied heavily on these original findings; this paper investigates that presumption in the present day.A residents’ survey was applied to four conventional “local” streets with varying traffic volumes in Christchurch, New Zealand. Residents living on those streets with higher volumes felt that their streets were busier, noisier and less safe. There was also an increasing trend for residents along higher volume streets to have their houses turned away from the street and they tended to have less personal involvement and/or knowledge of their neighbors. A more appropriate environmental capacity appeared to be around 1,500-2,000 vehicles/day.A subsequent study looked at further Christchurch streets, this time with street treatments, such as street calming and tree plantings, aiming to see whether the street treatments affected the perceived environmental capacity. As well as reinforcing most of the previous conclusions, a higher environmental capacity of around 2,000 vehicles/day was found for the surveyed streets. This suggests that appropriate street treatments can increase the environmental capacity, which has implications for local councils who want to maintain road traffic carrying capabilities without having unsatisfied residents.
  Authors: Koorey, Glen F; Leckie, Andrew; Chesterman, Rhys
  Authors: Koorey, Glen F; Leckie, Andrew; Chesterman, Rhys
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: 13-3546
• Understanding the Use of Powered Two-Wheelers Within an Australian Capital City: Case of Melbourne’s Central Business District
  Abstract: Increasing concerns over traffic congestion, safety, availability of energy sources and environmental issues such as pollution and climate change have led to growing interest in sustainable urban transport. These challenges arise from the rapid growth of motor vehicle ownership and use in urban areas. While most of the focus has been on motorcars, the role, use and sustainability impacts of mopeds, motor scooters and motorcycle, collectively termed, Powered Two Wheelers (P2Ws), have received relatively little attention by comparison.Sales of P2Ws in Australian cities have grown rapidly during the last decade, but there is little knowledge of their usage patterns. This paper presents a number of insights into the trip and vehicle characteristics of P2W in Melbourne’s CBD. An extensive patrol survey was undertaken in Melbourne’s Central Business District (CBD) to gain understanding into the role of P2Ws as a mode of transport.This paper illustrates how a range of transport planning information can be gained by combining data from a large scale observational survey with other datasets. A parking patrol survey provided details of the accumulation and parking durations of P2W on footpaths and in median parking areas. Combining the observational data with land use, registration, census and public transport data allowed trip generation, production and journey distance relationships to be developed. Such information can be used for developing policies relating to the provision and pricing of P2W parking facilities as well as management pedestrian areas in Melbourne’s CBD.
  Authors: Thompson, Russell George; Rose, Geoffrey
  Authors: Thompson, Russell George; Rose, Geoffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 776
  Paper Number: 13-3597
• Motorcycle and Motorscooter Use in Victoria, Australia
  Abstract: Given that they are overrepresented in crash statistics around the world, it is perhaps not surprising that much of the research and government policy attention on Powered-Two-Wheel (PTW) vehicles is focussed on road safety issues. Understanding of the potential role that these vehicles can play as an urban travel option in the context of sustainable transport, is limited. This paper addresses the need for better knowledge about the utilitarian use of this class of vehicle by examining the usage patterns and demographics of riders in Victoria, Australia. The analysis draws on a special survey of PTW uses that was conducted in conjunction with a major household travel survey. Since respondents indicated whether their PTW was a motor scooter or motorcycle, it has been possible to segment the analysis on the basis of the type of PTW as well as the purpose of travel and demographics of the rider (particularly age and gender). Cross tabulations and hypothesis testing provides insight into important differences across subgroups and logistic regression models are used to examine the factors which are correlated with whether a motor scooter or motorcycle is the most likely PTW to have been used for a particular journey. The riders’ gender, age and the distance to be ridden are found to be significant explanatory variables. The results not only provide insight into the use of PTW vehicles for utilitarian travel but also into the factors which help to explain differences in the patterns of use of motor scooters versus motor cycles.
  Authors: Amani Jordehi, Babak; Rose, Geoffrey; Thompson, Russell George
  Authors: Amani Jordehi, Babak; Rose, Geoffrey; Thompson, Russell George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 776
  Paper Number: 13-3615
• Benefits of Cycling: Viewing Cyclists as Travelers Rather Than Nonmotorists
  Abstract: In the last decade, cycling has increased rapidly in the central parts of Stockholm. At the same time, the decreasing trend in cycling seems to continue in the outer parts of the region. This paper explores the factors behind these trends. In the central parts, increased road congestion, transit crowding and improved cycle infrastructure have lowered the generalized cost of cycling relative to other transport modes; spillover effects seem to generate a positive spiral; and increased interest in physical fitness and changes in the relative prices of cars versus central residences are beginning to turn the bicycle into a high-status mode of transport. In the peripheral parts, on the other hand, increasing travel distances and sparser land use patterns combine to decrease cycling levels. The paper also finds that additional benefits of cycling investments often are small and base a discussion of cycling policy on this, arguing that the many advantages of the bicycle – speed, space-efficiency, low investment and travel costs, no external costs, health effects – means that it deserves more attention from spatial and transport planners. To achieve this, cycle promoters need to focus on the bicycle as a highly efficient means of transport, and not reduce it to a second-best remedy to obesity or climate issues.
  Authors: Eliasson, Jonas; Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Authors: Eliasson, Jonas; Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3628
• Seeking New Revenues to Finance Transportation Investments: Placing Tolls on Untolled Interstates and the Challenges of Estimating Changes in Demand
  Abstract: Tolls have been used as a major source of transportation finance for more than 50 years and with recent innovations in all-electronic tolling technology, tolling interstates is being considered a viable alternative transportation finance approach. A transportation financing approach being considered by State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) involves the collection of tolls on existing interstate highways on which tolls are not presently collected; however, there are challenges associated with estimating demand changes on these roadways. Central to this paper is a case study that focuses on the formulation and preliminary evaluation of a toll based financing approach potentially suitable for consideration along a segment of Interstate 93 in Boston where tolls are not currently charged. The literature and previous work show that elasticity based methods have been used and are an appropriate first step for estimating transportation demand changes. In this case study, the evaluation includes two different analysis approaches of the expected change in demand: one that takes into account the cost of congestion and one that does not. The results in this paper will guide transportation planners and analysts interested in estimating expected demand changes due to the placement of tolls on interstates not currently tolled. Moreover, these results will enhance our knowledge base concerning the analytical challenges associated with estimating demand changes on roadways that are not currently tolled.
  Authors: Berliner, Rosaria; Collura, John; Gao, Song
  Authors: Berliner, Rosaria; Collura, John; Gao, Song
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3700
• Short-Run Impact of Gas Price Fluctuations on Toll Road Use
  Abstract: The price of gas has fluctuated dramatically since 2008 and travelers’ response to this has been generally as expected. Relatively little change in behavior to begin, but as prices continued to rise we have seen a shift to vehicles with higher fuel efficiencies and a shift to alternative modes (transit and bike/pedestrian). One thing that has not been examined is potential route shifts, to or from toll facilities. Many toll facilities offer an uncongested and more direct route to a traveler’s destination. In theory, as gas prices increase the use of toll facilities would also increase. However, some toll facilities experienced the opposite effect. The cost of gas increased to a point where some travelers refuse to pay any more for their trip, including paying a toll, despite the fact the toll route may offer significant gas savings. This research examined the impact of changing gas prices on travelers’ choice of routes, focusing on toll route usage. Travel demand elasticity estimates for toll routes with respect to gas price were inelastic and mostly negative. Additionally, the average elasticity (-0.09) was smaller than those found in the literature for non-toll facilities (average approximately -0.25). This would indicate that either (a) toll facility users were less impacted by changes in gas price, or more likely, (b) some travelers were switching to toll facilities. Thus, toll facilities were more insulated from downturns in traffic volumes resulting from increases in gas price.
  Authors: Huang, Chao; Burris, Mark W.
  Authors: Huang, Chao; Burris, Mark W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3717
• Impacts of Parental Gender and Attitudes on Children's School Travel Mode and Parental Escort Behavior
  Abstract: Research has shown that parental attitudes are a significant predictor of children’s active commuting (walking or biking) to school. However, the impact of parental gender on parental attitudes, and the link between parental attitudes and the gender gap in parental escort behavior have not received much attention. This paper examines these questions by applying discrete choice models to California data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey while controlling for a wide range of variables characterizing parents, their children, households, schools, and the local built environment. Our results show that mothers are more likely to have higher concerns about traffic volume and speed, which in turn reduces the likelihood that their children will walk or bike to school. Moreover, parental attitudes (especially mothers’ attitudes) significantly influence parental escort behavior, although their ability to explain the within-household gender escort gap is limited. However, the escort duties of mothers are reduced when they bike more often, which suggests that more biking by parents encourages children to actively commute to school. Finally, while distance to school and several land use measures (e.g., population density, urbanization level, and percentage of renters) are statistically significant, the impact of an objective measure of walkability is quite small. These results suggest that interventions targeting an increase in children’s walking and biking to school should focus on the concerns of mothers, especially as they relate to traffic characteristics.
  Authors: Hsu, Hsin-Ping; Saphores, Jean-Daniel Maurice
  Authors: Hsu, Hsin-Ping; Saphores, Jean-Daniel Maurice
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 594
  Paper Number: 13-4197
• Mileage-Based User Fees: Proposed Business Model Incorporating a System of Solutions
  Abstract: In the United States, mileage-based user fees (MBUF) are being examined as an alternative funding mechanism for motor fuel taxes due to the declining ability of motor fuel taxes to meet the need for maintaining, improving, and expanding roadway infrastructure. Numerous methodologies for implementing an MBUF program have been proposed, and in some cases tested, in several areas of the United States. Methodologies proposed range from changes in existing practices, such as tying vehicle registration fees to mileage driven, to technology intensive solutions involving global positioning satellite (GPS) system solutions. This paper examines the possibility of implementing an MBUF system by refining existing funding methods to better recognize the differences between urban, suburban, and rural roadway needs as well as the differences between revenue development for routine maintenance, rehabilitation, and expansion of roadways. How existing methodologies such as registration fees and tolling can be combined to encourage efficient use of roadway infrastructure as well as producing needed revenue is examined. In this way, the goals of the move toward MBUF, including those beyond revenue generation, can be met by combining and refining existing funding methods into an overall MBUF business model that targets each funding source to the need or needs they are most appropriate to meet.The paper proposes a business model for MBUF that can result in an overall funding source for roadway infrastructure that meets the nation's needs, is relatively simple to implement, and does not require a complete overhaul of current financing methodologies.
  Authors: Swenson, Chris Robert; Ungemah, David H.
  Authors: Swenson, Chris Robert; Ungemah, David H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4217
• Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to Government Agencies and Intelligent Transportation Systems Data
  Abstract: The convergence of sensing, wireless telecommunications, and multi-media platforms have provided new opportunities for the development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). These systems can provide real-time information to travelers and transportation agencies. As well as increase the overall efficiency and improve the management of the transportation network. While ITS applications, including those derived from connected vehicle technology, can enhance mobility, increase safety, and improve the environmental performance of the transportation system, they also raise legal and ethical questions about privacy, anonymity, and other concerns related to use of ITS data. As a prerequisite to deployment of ITS technologies, issues regarding the collection, management, and use of data must be addressed to the satisfaction of all parties, including government agencies, businesses, and private citizens. This paper summarizes the legal environment surrounding ITS, as well as controls used by agencies and industry to ensure ethical practices relating to ITS. Next, it describes specific ITS applications and discusses several issues relating to government involvement with ITS applications and data. Finally, the paper outlines specific recommendations for ITS planners and developers. These recommendations address determining system attributes and requirements while considering ethical implications and tradeoffs; resolving acceptance, adoption, and equity issues; and designing a system for the ethical governance and management of ITS and the information they create.
  Authors: Wallace, Richard; Hong, Qiang
  Authors: Wallace, Richard; Hong, Qiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 325
  Paper Number: 13-4295
• Gender Differences in Activity and Travel Behavior in the Arab World
  Abstract: The purpose of this research is to extend the research on gender differences in activity and travel patterns in the Arab world by studying in depth the interrelationship between various socio-economic and demographic variables, car ownerships, activity patterns and travel characteristics. For this purpose unique data set from three Arab villages in the Galilee region in Israel was collected. Using structural equations modeling, it was found that gender and income play an important role in how people travel to and participate in activities. Older men with high income who own a car tend to drive outside the city to work, and young men, who don't drive, spend less time outside the city. Women usually don't drive, don't work outside the city, and engage in non-work activities inside the village especially if they have school-aged children, and their commute pattern is becoming more complex due to an increasing tendency to include child serving stops. Analysis results indicate that residents use a sequential decision process based on the direction of decisions from user background and log-term decisions to decide to own automobiles or not, travel out of their village for work or to stay within the village for other daily activities, and spend more time on activities there. Recursive processes were not observed.
  Authors: Benjamin, Julian M.; Elias, Wafa; Shiftan, Yoram
  Authors: Benjamin, Julian M.; Elias, Wafa; Shiftan, Yoram
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 594
  Paper Number: 13-4244
• Cycling or Not? How Urban Policy Influences Bicycle Evolution in Shanghai and Its Impact on Local Cyclists
  Abstract: Bike has a long history in China. In 1980s, China was known as ¡°the kingdom of bicycle¡±. Shanghai was once the largest national bicycle manufacture base, and cycling continues to be one of the most important commuting modes in Shanghai. However, Shanghai¡¯s bicycle mode share reduced more than 60% from 1995 to 2009. In the last few decades, no legitimate bicycle transportation policy in Shanghai was developed. Were the previous urban policy and planning account for the decline of cycling use? If so, to what extent had these urban policies influenced the bicycle usership in Shanghai? This paper aims to answer three of the following questions:1)Which urban policies were germane to the development of cycling based on reviewing the bicycle development trend in shanghai?2)How did the previous policies influence cycling in Shanghai. Why did that happen?3)How did these policies affect local cyclists?This paper is arranged in three main sections. The first section reviews data based on statistical record, examines the bicycle evolution in Shanghai and analyzes previous urban policies adopted which are pertained to the development of bicycle transportation in the same decade. The second section analyzes how these policies influence cycling and its environment. Based on the analysis of survey data, the paper discusses the change of the local cyclists¡¯ travel characteristics due to the impact of the above policies. Finally, implications are drawn to determine what the criteria of a sustainable cycling policy are.
  Authors: Tang, Yang; Pan, Haixiao; Lu, Qiaoyin
  Authors: Tang, Yang; Pan, Haixiao; Lu, Qiaoyin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3891
• Decision Support System to Assess the Impacts of Placing Tolls Along Interstate Highways
  Abstract: As states continue to consider taking on more responsibility in transportation, a major issue State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) face relates to financing future transportation investments. A financing approach being considered includes the placement of tolls along selected interstate highways where tolls are not currently collected. Questions of interest to state DOT officials and transportation policy makers relate to the potential impacts of such approaches. The objective of this paper is to initiate the development of a decision support system (DSS) to assist State Departments of Transportation in the evaluation of the impacts related to placing tolls on interstate highways. Anticipated impacts include capital and operating costs to implement the required toll collection strategies and technologies; expected changes in existing demand along the interstate and alternate routes; potential toll revenue; and privacy and equity implications. With the aid of this DSS, a decisionmaker would be able to specify different toll system characteristics, add options such as desired levels of privacy and equity, and in a matter of minutes estimate capital and operating costs, forecast revenues, perform net present value and payback period analyses for alternative toll collection systems. The paper also includes an illustrative example to demonstrate the application of the DSS to assess the impacts of alternative toll approaches along a segment of Interstate 93 through Boston. The expectation is that this DSS will be expanded to evaluate other financing approaches including congestion pricing strategies, vehicle miles traveled (VMT) based fees, and innovative fuel tax schemes indexed to inflation.
  Authors: Plotnikov, Michael; Collura, John; Gao, Song; Burleson, Wayne
  Authors: Plotnikov, Michael; Collura, John; Gao, Song; Burleson, Wayne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3959
• Empirical Study on Lane-Changing Behaviors Along Different Types of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes in California
  Abstract: Lane changing is one important aspect of vehicle maneuvers that have significant impacts on freeway operation. Most of the previous research on lane changing has focused on microscopic modeling of lane change movements. Very few studies have investigated lane changing behavior along high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) facilities, especially in the context of comparing between different access types. This paper describes the work that extracted lane change data from videos with high resolution in both time and space, and investigated lane changing behavior on freeways with different types of HOV access configurations. Furthermore, the extracted lane change movements were correlated with lane-by-lane flow and occupancy data from the California’s Freeway Performance Measurement System (PeMS). Based on the analysis results, the limited access HOV facilities are found to have: 1) higher numbers of lane changes, 2) larger clearance distance between the subject vehicle and the lead vehicle, and 3) shorter time gap when the subject vehicle moves out of HOV lane than the continuous access HOV facilities. These results provide insights on lane changing maneuvers along HOV facilities, which can be used to support traffic operation analyses, calibrate driver behavior logics in traffic simulation models, as well as inform the design of lane configurations and access control measures for managed lanes.
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong; Wu, Guoyuan; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Chan, Ching-Yao
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong; Wu, Guoyuan; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Chan, Ching-Yao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3979
• Fine-Tuning Pricing Algorithms for High-Occupancy-Toll Lanes
  Abstract: Pricing algorithms play a significant role in managing high-occupancy/toll (HOT) facilities. Many studies have been conducted to determine pricing strategies for HOT facilities, but many of them consider idealized and hypothetical situations to derive solutions, while others require too many resources to be applied in practice. On the other hand, the methods implemented in the field are heuristic in nature, and involve many parameters to be configured by the tolling agencies. Using the tolling algorithm currently implemented on the 95 Express in South Florida as an example, this paper presents an optimization procedure to fine-tune the configuration of tolling algorithms for HOT lanes.
  Authors: Michalaka, Dimitra; Lu, Jie; Yin, Yafeng
  Authors: Michalaka, Dimitra; Lu, Jie; Yin, Yafeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3992
• Relationship Between Measures of Urban Form and Body Mass Index in Nonurban Diabetic Adults: Case Study from Vermont
  Abstract: We analyzed the relationship between measures of urban form and body mass index (BMI) using data from the Vermont Diabetes Information System (VDIS) on 610 adult diabetics, while controlling for a number of potential confounders, including diet, exercise, income, gender, age, medications, and others. We found a strong positive correlation between BMI and commercial density measured at a 250 meter scale, a result which remained significant even when spatial autocorrelation was accounted for. This result, which is contrary to much of the previous literature, suggests that the mechanism driving the relationship between BMI and density is different in a predominantly rural and exurban region like Vermont than in a large metropolitan area, which is where most of the previous literature was conducted. We hypothesize that the lack of a significant alternative to automobile transport coupled with a dispersed land use pattern means that marginal increases in density in most areas of Vermont are unlikely to lead to significantly greater walkability or active transport. Further, low commercial density may proxy greater access to outdoor recreation opportunities or greater necessity for outdoor physical labor related to rural occupations (e.g. farming) or property maintenance (e.g. brush clearance). However, another result suggests that density is not the only facet of urban form that matters: one of our two models finds a significant reduction in BMI for subjects living within 1 km of a designated downtown core. While density is higher than average in these cores, it may be other design characteristics associated with walkable neighborhoods—such as mix of uses, pedestrian infrastructure, and difficulty in parking—that make them more walkable, leading to lower BMI for nearby residents.
  Authors: Troy, Austin; LIttenberg, Benjamin
  Authors: Troy, Austin; LIttenberg, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4027
• A Survey of Hospital Travel Plans in England
  Abstract: The negative externalities of high rates of car use associated with the National Health Service (NHS) have been a major policy concern in the UK. Every healthcare authority was required to produce a travel plan by December 2010, with a higher emphasis on promoting walking and cycling as a means of accessing hospitals. Evidence shows that although the take-up of travel plans is increasing across the NHS, the impact of travel plans in promoting walking as a travel option is relatively low among hospital staff. There is a lack of research on hospital travel plans, specifically in terms of what factors may have affected their success. This empirical study aims at bridging the gap between research and practice by capturing the views of the NHS representatives on hospital travel plans through a questionnaire. The survey findings show that despite having a high potential to promote walking as a key travel option among the hospital staff, the measures to promote walking were cited as the least effective. A Spearman correlation coefficient test was performed to evaluate the correlation between travel plan measures to promote walking and restrictive measures to reduce the use of cars. The results show that the effectiveness of measures to reduce the use of cars is positively correlated with the effectiveness of measures to promote walking. The effectiveness of travel plan measures is attributed to the successful adoption of innovative organisational practices and strategies in the dynamic situational and individual travel context.
  Authors: Khandokar, Fahmida; Ryley, Tim; Ison, Stephen; Price, Andrew
  Authors: Khandokar, Fahmida; Ryley, Tim; Ison, Stephen; Price, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4450
• The Missing Link: Bicycle Infrastructure Networks and Ridership in 74 U.S. Cities
  Abstract: Cities promote strong bicycle “networks” to support and encourage bicycle commuting. However, the concept of a “network” of bicycle facilities is not very well studied. Previous work has found relationships between the amount of bicycle infrastructure in a city and bicycle ridership. This study shifts the focus from sheer quantity of bicycle infrastructure to functional connectivity using network science concepts and measurement techniques from other transportation modes. It fills a gap in the bicycling literature by developing a standard methodology for measuring bicycle infrastructure network quality.Bicycle infrastructure maps were collected for 74 cities with populations over 100,000 in the United States and systematically analyzed to measure network structure in each of these cities. Five categories of network structure variables: size, connectivity, directness, fragmentation, and fragment size; are used in regression models to test their relationship with bicycle commuting mode share. The models revealed that connectivity and directness are important factors in predicting bicycle commuting after controlling for demographic variables and the size of the city. These findings provide a framework for transportation planners and policymakers to evaluate their local bicycle facility networks and set regional priorities that support nonmotorized travel behavior.
  Authors: Schoner, Jessica E.
  Authors: Schoner, Jessica E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-4424
• Analysis of Evening Contraflow Fare on the London Underground
  Abstract: ABSTRACTThis paper studies the impacts of the peak contraflow fare which was introduced by Transport for London (TfL) on the London Underground at the beginning of January 2011. Passengers travelling into central London during a weekday evening peak period using Pay-As-You-Go on Oystercard, London’s public transport smartcard, are charged an off-peak fare instead of a peak fare. The majority of commuters leave the city centre during the peak period and accordingly the main reason for the introduction of the fare was to fill spare capacity on trains travelling into the city centre. Given the fare was so recently introduced, this research is the first study of the fare’s impact. No similar fare structure was found to exist elsewhere during the course of this research and the results of this paper are therefore important for both TfL and transport network operators worldwide. Data collected from a 5% sample of Oystercards was used to conduct the study.No statistically significant change was found between the number of passengers travelling into the centre of London during the evening peak period before and after the introduction of the fare. TfL are therefore making a loss in revenue in comparison with previous years where passengers would have been charged a peak fare. Two primary reasons were suggested to explain these results. Firstly, passengers take time to respond to fare changes. Secondly, TfL’s promotion of the fare seems very low.
  Authors: Rooney, Lydia; Majumdar, Arnab
  Authors: Rooney, Lydia; Majumdar, Arnab
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-4612
• Estimating the Impact on Fuel Tax Revenue fromIncreased Electric Vehicles in the Light-Vehicle Fleet
  Abstract: Advanced fuel economies in both traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have a strong influence on transportation revenue by reducing fuel consumption per vehicle and ultimately drawing down the amount of fuel tax revenue received. It is expected that more electric vehicles, especially gasoline hybrid electric vehicles, with higher fuel economies than ICEs will enter the roadway in coming years, and fuel tax revenues and the Highway Trust Fund will increasingly become more affected. This study estimates the impact that increased sales of EVs will have on future fuel tax revenues by drawing on industry estimates of future EV market shares and anticipates future fleet mix and fuel economy. An estimation process overview is provided and assumptions are described. Fuel tax revenue amounts that would be expected from future light vehicle fleets with increased shares of EVs are compared to equally sized fleets comprised of all ICEs, and future fleet mixes are estimated. Results show that as more electric vehicles enter the light vehicle fleet, greater revenue losses are expected and total losses from years 2011 through 2050 depend on fleet composition and fuel economy. Finally, it is found that the amount of fuel taxes paid by ICE drivers each year remain greater than fuel taxes paid by EV drivers even with advances in the average ICE vehicle fuel economy.
  Authors: Hall, Andrea Lynn; Walton, C. Michael; Jin, Jing
  Authors: Hall, Andrea Lynn; Walton, C. Michael; Jin, Jing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4582
• Demand Shifts and Observed Effects on Traffic Operation as a Result of Congestion Pricing Implementation on San Francisco Bay Bridge
  Abstract: The San Francisco Bay Bridge is one of heaviest travelled bridge in California and in the United States. A congestion pricing scheme was implemented on July 1st 2010. This paper describes the work that was conducted to evaluate the effects of such new toll policy on traffic operation. The study is based on traffic data that are acquired from vehicle detection stations located upstream of the toll plaza over a six-month period in 2010 and corresponding periods in 2009. With data aggregated into hourly and daily intervals, traffic attributes were extracted to compare performances before and after the introduction of the congestion pricing scheme. The findings indicated that the toll pricing policy led to a shift in travel demand and resulted in statistically significant effects on travel operation. In a relatively short term period, from June just before and July just after the toll changes, the morning peak hours’ average speed increased, the vehicle flow rate was lower, and travel time delay was reduced.
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong; Chan, Ching-Yao; Jang, Kitae
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong; Chan, Ching-Yao; Jang, Kitae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 485
  Paper Number: 13-4672
• A Region Divided: Campaign for 2012 Transportation Referendum in Atlanta, Georgia
  Abstract: Following the national trend toward funding transportation with sales tax referendums, the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan region voted on an $8.5 billion proposal in July of 2012. Despite bi-partisan and bi-racial support from the political elites and an $8 million campaign by the business community, the referendum failed with less than 40% of the vote. While just about everyone in the Metropolitan Atlanta region agrees there is a transportation problem, they do not agree on how to define the problem and therefore the solutions. An examination of three competing discourses, congestion, choice, and equity, framing transportation in Atlanta explains why the referendum failed. Polling data, participant observation, and examination of campaign materials are used to describe the interplay between the discourses and their public acceptance. Conclusions are offered on what Atlanta and other regions can do to build consensus around transportation moving forward and what this means for the growing trend of using sales tax referendums to fund transportation.
  Authors: Paget-Seekins, Laurel
  Authors: Paget-Seekins, Laurel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4715
• Commute Well-being Among Bicycle, Transit, and Car Users in Portland, Oregon
  Abstract: To understand the impact of daily travel on personal and societal well-being, measurement techniques that go beyond satisfaction-based measures of travel are used. Such metrics are increasingly important for evaluating transportation and land-use policies. This study examines commute well-being, a multi-item measure of how one feels about the commute to work, and its influences using data from a web-based survey that was distributed to Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. workers. Valid surveys (n=828) were compiled from three roughly equally sized groups based on mode: bike, transit and car users. Average distances between work and home varied significantly among the three groups. Descriptive results show that commute well-being varies widely across the sample. Those who bike to work have significantly higher commute well-being than transit and car commuters. A multiple linear regression model shows that along with travel mode, traffic congestion, travel time, income, health, job satisfaction and residential satisfaction also play important individual roles in shaping commute well-being. While more analysis is needed, these results support findings in previous research that commuting by bike enhances well-being while congestion detracts from well-being. Implications for future research and sustainable transportation policy efforts are discussed.
  Authors: Smith, Oliver
  Authors: Smith, Oliver
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4479
• Innovations in the Equity Analysis of Regional Transportation Plans
  Abstract: The laws and guidance governing the equity analysis of regional transportation plans generally do not prescribe specific analytical practices. In the absence of explicit requirements, an approach has evolved that relies upon methods developed for traditional environmental justice analysis based on geographic aggregation of target populations and a conception of equity that generally ignores existing disparities. This article uses activity-based travel demand modeling data provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, the metropolitan planning organization (MPO) for the nine county San Francisco Bay Area, to perform a sensitivity analysis on geographic thresholds and compare estimates of aggregate and disaggregate travel behavior. The sensitivity analysis provides important information about existing commute time by local bus in communities with increasing concentrations of people of color. Additionally, aggregating over all modes and several different protected populations obscures important differences that are only visible when disaggregated. Both threshold approaches and disaggregate analyses can provide important information about inequities, but because the particular threshold definition employed can entirely predict the outcome of an equity analysis, care must be taken to ensure that the outcomes from the analysis are meaningful. This result suggests that members of the public and transportation advocates participating in the development of regional equity analyses must shift their focus from indicators and metrics to consider the importance of the methods used to calculate those indicators. The paper concludes by proposing one example of a revised equity analysis that is more informative than previous iterations and is responsive to feedback from regional equity stakeholders.
  Authors: Karner, Alex; Niemeier, Debbie
  Authors: Karner, Alex; Niemeier, Debbie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 350
  Paper Number: 13-4203
• Fuel Tax Evasion via the Fuel Tax Refund Process
  Abstract: Despite data that estimates the amount of fuel tax evasion, little research has examined fuel tax evasion through the fuel tax refund process. This paper presents data analysis indicating that the fuel tax refund process, although susceptible to errors, is not heavily populated with evasion. Motor fuel taxes are excise taxes meant to benefit transportation infrastructure. But some fuel uses occur off of the roadway; for example, a farming tractor expends fuel while plowing a field; well-drilling trucks expend fuel while drilling a well; and, refrigeration units on trucks with a fuel tank separate of the primary fuel tank expend fuel powering a refrigerator pump. Arguably, users should not have to pay an excise tax for fuel used for off-road purposes. For diesel, at least, the federal government created tax-exempt, dyed diesel. But not all users are able to purchase dyed diesel, or they require another type of fuel. The federal government and some state governments provide processes for these off-road users to obtain tax credits or refunds when tax exempt fuel is unavailable, but these processes are susceptible to errors, omissions, and evasion. This paper examines data from a three-year period for three types of refunds from Montana, but the results have implications for all states. The data indicates that mathematical errors and errors relating to the forms most commonly plague the refund process. And yet, the data does not indicate that much evasion is occurring within the fuel tax refund process.
  Authors: Church, Brian V.; McGowen, Patrick Tracy; Abernathy, Craig
  Authors: Church, Brian V.; McGowen, Patrick Tracy; Abernathy, Craig
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4944
• Determining Reasonable Toll Highway Network Scale in China
  Abstract: This research introduces a new methodology for determining the reasonable scale of tollway network in China by which addressing issues of impacts of non-debt investment, agency costs of construction and maintenance, and other cost items, user costs of travel time, debt repayment, and toll revenue on the scale of tollway network. Specifically, the proposed methodology contains a bi-level optimization model where the lower level optimization conducts network traffic assignments using O-D travel demand to obtain traffic volumes on tollway segments and the upper level optimization utilizes assigned traffic volumes as inputs to determine reasonable scale of tollway network. The bi-level model is successfully applied in a computational study to determine the reasonable expressway network scales in provinces of Jiangsu, Hebei, Shaanxi, and Jilin located in the east, north, northeastern, and western economic regions in the country. It was revealed that the current expressway network scales in all four provinces are much higher than the reasonable scales by 22 to 38 percent. All provinces face pressure of extremely high asset-debt risk. With the high asset-debt risk associated with the current national expressway network in place, the issue would become even more extensive and devastating if superimposing additional expressways according to the provincial level expressway network plan that essentially doubles the expressway network scale. It is recommended to seek alternative financial resources to reduce the funding gap and one possible solution would be to attract social capitals entering into the construction and management of expressways.
  Authors: Wang, Jianwei; Mao, Xinhua; Li, Zongzhi; Moore, Adrian T.; Staley, Samuel
  Authors: Wang, Jianwei; Mao, Xinhua; Li, Zongzhi; Moore, Adrian T.; Staley, Samuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4977
• Urban Core Transit Access to Low-Income Jobs
  Abstract: In many areas around the country, low income jobs have followed patterns of suburbanization, resulting in a spatial mismatch between low income workers residing in dense urban areas and low income jobs located in suburban areas of the outlying urban periphery. This facilitates a need for auto ownership in core urban areas traditionally thought to be rich in transit supply and robust in transit accessibility. Resulting auto dependence is a substantial economic burden for low income households, and detrimental to those who have made residential location choices in an attempt to adopt a public transit lifestyle. This paper seeks to explain varying levels of Low Income and High Car Ownership (LIHCO) households in the urban core by investigating their accessibility to low income job locations. Two transit accessibility metrics geared towards low income populations are derived, and applied. The first score is based on the number of low income jobs accessible by transit from the residential location, and the second is based on late night transit frequency at the residential location. These accessibility scores are then correlated with the magnitude of LIHCO households residing in each spatial unit of analysis. The results suggest a link between transit access to low income jobs, late night transit frequency, and the number of LIHCO households in existence. It is concluded that improving transit access to low income jobs and increasing late night transit frequency may reduce auto ownership among LIHCO households, improving their economic welfare.
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas; Lownes, Nicholas E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-5046
• Evaluation of Different Trip Purpose to Road Pricing Scheme
  Abstract: Cordon pricing is an effective policy to alleviate congestion and manage travel demand in city centres. However, different responses among road users to certain policies are inevitable. This paper presents a study evaluating the possible consequences of cordon and parking pricing on road users with different trip purposes, i.e., workers and non-workers. Different models have been developed and calibrated with data from the central business district of Mashhad, using revealed and stated preference methods. The analysis of the interviewee responses to the hypothetical situations shows that workers comprise the dominant proportion using each mode of travel to Mashhad CBD. The commuters were provided with alternative choices, and their preferences were examined using multinomial logit. The results show that the cost-based policy such as parking and cordon pricing is good to reduce congestion as it affects workers, but the impact is more evident for non-workers traveling to the CBD. Furthermore, the model suggests that workers are more likely to shift mode in response to changes in travel time.
  Authors: Ahmadi Azari, Kian; Arintono, Sulistyo; Atiq O.K. Rahmat, Riza
  Authors: Ahmadi Azari, Kian; Arintono, Sulistyo; Atiq O.K. Rahmat, Riza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy
  Session: ABE25
  Paper Number: 13-5080
• Seeking Alternative Transportation Financing Approaches in Massachusetts: Vehicle-Miles-Traveled Fee as a Supplement to Fuel Tax
  Abstract: State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) today are seeking financing alternatives so that transportation infrastructure investments can become less dependent on the amount of fuel U.S. drivers consume. Because the fuel tax in its current form is no longer viewed by many as a sustainable and stable option, other financing alternatives are being considered. One such alternative includes the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) fee. Examples of such VMT fee alternatives include: 1) collection using an onboard diagnostic system (OBD); 2) collection at the fuel pump using an OBD in conjunction with GPS technology; and 3) collection at a vehicle inspection station using the OBD. The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate these three VMT fee alternatives in terms of their benefits, challenges, and suitability for consideration in Massachusetts. A major conclusion is that a fuel tax, if increased and indexed to inflation, is a viable short term financing approach and that a VMT fee should be considered further as part of a long term strategy. It is expected that the results of this research will be of interest to State DOT personnel and policy makers seeking new financing approaches and revenue streams to support transportation investments.
  Authors: Costa, Ashley L; Plotnikov, Michael; Collura, John
  Authors: Costa, Ashley L; Plotnikov, Michael; Collura, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4654
• Cost and Optimal Fare Estimation for Urban Bus Transit System of Santiago, Chile
  Abstract: In 2007 the city of Santiago, Chile implemented a new urban transit system (Transantiago), which integrated the Metro system with a redesigned bus network. The city was divided in several regions and each region was tendered and awarded to the highest bidder that fulfilled the requirements. After a very complicated start, the Government was forced to give subsidies to bus operators. Since subsidies were not contemplated in the original plan for Transantiago, it has been a long discussion between the Government, opposition politicians, and the public agencies involved whether there should be a subsidy for Transantiago and how much it should be. In this paper, we attempt to estimate the cost function of the operators and the budget-balance fare of the system, in order to contribute technically to this discussion. Our database is from several sources and includes public data from the bus operators. We estimate the cost function through a Cobb-Douglas function and we define an aggregate demand model. Our results show that there are economies of density. Once the cost function is estimated, we estimate a budget-balance fare using Ramsey pricing. Our results show that this fare is higher than the actual bus fare, suggesting that subsidies are justified. Nevertheless, we estimate that for the current (December 2011) fare the subsidy should be 40% lower that the one determined by the Government. On the other hand, we estimate that for such level of subsidy the optimal fare should be only 50% of the current fare. Further research should consider the different levels of efficiency in the industry and the externalities generated by private car and public transport trips such as accidents, pollution, congestion, and noise in order to have a broader picture for the decision-makers.
  Authors: Batarce, Marco; Galilea, Patricia
  Authors: Batarce, Marco; Galilea, Patricia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-4814
• Research Needs for Virginia Transportation Public-Private Partnership Policy
  Abstract: The focus of this study is to address research needs for transportation public-private partnership (P3) policy within the context of Virginia. The discussion begins examining the definition of P3s, an overview of P3 project implementation in the U.S., legislative factors and value for money analysis. Then, the research needs for Virginia transportation P3 policy are reviewed, using the Capital Beltway High Occupancy Toll lane (HOT lane) project as an example case study. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy research needs.
  Authors: Daito, Nobuhiko; Chen, Zhenhua; Gifford, Jonathan L.
  Authors: Daito, Nobuhiko; Chen, Zhenhua; Gifford, Jonathan L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-4898
• Simulating Realistic Shock-Wave Propagation on High-Occupancy-Toll Lanes
  Abstract: High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes are new in the US. The fact that most are still conversions of existing HOV lanes combined with little experience in managing them through dynamic pricing strategies, has hindered their potential. In addition an active debate on the best access design for safety and mobility has produced diametrically opposite examples of HOT lanes in operation. The work described in this paper is part of an active project attempting to formalize a methodology for evaluating shared HOT lane facilities. The proposed methodology uses shockwave activity as surrogate for safety (shockwave length) and mobility (shockwave frequency). This paper focuses on the development and validation of a flexible process for emulating shockwave propagation under realistic HOT lane flows. Headway measurements collected in the field were combined with a dynamic space separation threshold for generating accurate platoon formations at variable densities. Shockwave length distributions were derived from a Monte Carlo sampling methodology taking advantage of a newly proposed kinematic wave propagation model based on one-dimensional kinematic equations. Simulated shockwave length distributions were derived and compared to actual observed shockwave activity with satisfactory results.
  Authors: Stanitsas, Panagiotis D; Hourdos, John
  Authors: Stanitsas, Panagiotis D; Hourdos, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-5090
• Reclaiming the Right-of-Way: Best Practices for Implementing and Designing Parklets
  Abstract: Road space comprises a significant amount of acreage in US cities, and at least since the last century, it has been the exclusive domain of the automobile. Many cities are beginning to use innovative techniques and design treatments, such as parklets, to reclaim some of the excess road space for pedestrian uses. Parklets emerge from the low-cost conversion of small and underutilized residual spaces originally devoted to cars into spaces for the passive or active recreation of people. The idea of the parklet in its current expression emerged in San Francisco in the form of temporary, one-day installations intended to extend the social life and pedestrian space of the sidewalk into parking spaces. Cities including Philadelphia, Long Beach, Oakland, and many others have initiated or are in the process of planning parklet programs. This research examines how cities have implemented their parklet programs including considerations for departments involved, understanding permitting issues, and setting design guidelines. Additionally, the research examines specific sites to investigate how designers have translated design guidelines into safe, comfortable, and well-used spaces for people to enjoy. Interviews with city staff, designers, and business owners provide evidence towards best practices and recommendations for anyone wanting to use this innovative practice for transforming space within the right-of-way.
  Authors: Brozen, Madeline; Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia
  Authors: Brozen, Madeline; Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: 13-0464
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Evaluation of Innovative Bicycle Facilities in Washington, D.C.: Pennsylvania Avenue Median Lanes and 15th Street Cycle Track
  Abstract: Two innovative bicycle facilities were installed in Washington, DC during 2010 by the District Department of Transportation (DDOT): buffered center median bicycle lanes on Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest and a two-way cycle track on 15th Street Northwest. Both facilities include dedicated road space with buffers between bicyclists and motor vehicles, signal control, and signs and pavement markings. The facilities were designed to provide increased safety, comfort, and convenience for cyclists. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study that evaluated the facilities to understand how well they work for cyclists, motorists, and pedestrians in terms of safety, level of service (LOS), behavior, and attitude. The evaluation found that bicycle LOS improved and that bicycle volumes on those corridors nearly quadrupled, well above the rate of city-wide bicycle use. Motor vehicle LOS was largely unaffected. Signal progression was mixed for bicyclists, with contraflow travel on the one-way portion of 15th Street and traveling against the dominant travel direction on Pennsylvania Avenue showing the worst travel time performance. While bicycle crashes increased on both facilities, the crash rate remained similar on 15th Street; Pennsylvania Avenue saw a higher crash rate. In surveys of all travelers on the corridor (bicyclist, motorist, pedestrian) and nearby residents, the perception of the lanes is generally positive for all users and the lanes are seen as a positive addition to the community.
  Authors: Goodno, Mike; McNeil, Nathan Winslow; Parks, Jamie; Trainor, Stephanie Dock
  Authors: Goodno, Mike; McNeil, Nathan Winslow; Parks, Jamie; Trainor, Stephanie Dock
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-0519
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Creating a New Method to Identify the Worst Bottlenecks in Texas
  Abstract: Since 2009 the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has posted a list of the most congested roadway sections in the state on its website (1). This list is produced annually by TxDOT and the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) using a jointly-developed methodology. The two agencies have developed an approach that combines traffic speed data from annual archives of private sector data companies, basic roadway geometry, and traffic counts published in the TxDOT statewide roadway inventory file (RHiNo) (2) to calculate congestion-related performance measures. A set of volume distribution curves, combined with daily traffic counts, is used to estimate 15-minute volumes for each average day of the week. These estimated 15-minute volumes are combined with 15-minute speed data to calculate delay. Performance measures such as annual delay per mile, congestion cost, and the Travel Time Index are produced from this analysis and are used to rank the congested segments across Texas. This paper describes the process used to produce these statistics.
  Authors: Schrank, David Lynn; Lomax, Timothy J.; Crum, Shannon
  Authors: Schrank, David Lynn; Lomax, Timothy J.; Crum, Shannon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-0693
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Simulating High-Occupancy-Toll Lane Operations
  Abstract: Microscopic simulation is critical for evaluating the operation strategies of managed lanes. However, most existing tools are limited in their ability to simulate dynamic tolling strategies of managed lanes, particularly with multiple segments. Three sets of modeling components are developed in this paper, to demonstrate simulation of HOT lane operations. The first component implements three pricing strategies; including responsive pricing, a closed-loop-control-based algorithm, and time-of-day pricing. The second component mimics drivers’ lane choice behaviors in the presence of tolls, and the third represents different toll structures for multi-segment HOT lane facilities. An enhanced version of CORSIM, which contains these new modeling components, is validated by simulation experiments involving the 95 Express network in South Florida.
  Authors: Michalaka, Dimitra; Yin, Yafeng; Hale, David
  Authors: Michalaka, Dimitra; Yin, Yafeng; Hale, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-0890
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Objectives for Setting Transfer Time Windows and Other Considerations for Transit Fare Policy
  Abstract: Transfers allow customers to board connecting services without the requirement to pay an additional fare to reach their destinations. As transfers are a core component of fare policy, it is important to select an appropriate transfer time window, defined as the time between the first and final boardings in a journey. The transfer time window selected is important to satisfy both revenue and customer needs.Different approaches can be utilized to derive transfer time windows. For example, a transfer time window can be derived by finding the trip possible with the longest duration on the transit network and setting a transfer time window that allows this trip to be taken on a single fare. Alternatively, a transfer time window can be set so that the time spent on the system is proportional to the fare paid. Unfortunately, both approaches yield relatively long transfer time windows if extreme travel scenarios are considered. To address this concern, an alternative approach was developed to consider more common trips. This analysis found that a transfer time window can be better derived by selecting commonly accessed destinations on the periphery of the transit network, calculating transfer time windows for each origin-destination pair for a weekday during the midday, and then taking the 85th percentile of the transfer time windows required for the origin-destination pairs identified in the sample. The transfer time window should then be rounded to the next 15- or 30-minute increment for communication purposes. Additional considerations when setting a transfer time window include revenue impacts, forward compatibility, congestion and delays, and enforcement. Finally, transfer time windows should be reviewed periodically as the transit system evolves to manage any revenue or customer risks due to changes in network design and travel patterns.
  Authors: Hui, William
  Authors: Hui, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-1377
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Measuring and Benchmarking User Satisfaction with Transport
  Abstract: Increasing attention is being given to the ability of highway departments and metropolitan planning bodies to demonstrate the value for money of scarce public funds. Over time, this has led to a shift from accounting for the inputs to the system through to what is delivered. Ultimately however, the delivery of transport improvements is in the eye of the beholder – the public. It is therefore critical to connect the information provided on the performance of the transportation system to the public’s satisfaction with the outcomes of these interventions.This paper describes an initiative developed independently by local highways authorities in England which covers all aspects of investment except for inter-city motorway routes and rail investment (where they only have an advisory and not a management role). Despite there being no mandate for public satisfaction measures to be collected, a subscription based initiative has now been running for five years with over half of all highways authorities now engaged. This provides a rich longitudinal data set of satisfaction measures and information on citizen preferences.The paper presents information about the data collection methods, the findings and how the data is being used in benchmarking. It also extends the discussion into the next phase of the work which is examining the extent to which investment can be linked to system performance and in turn to user satisfaction. If successful this initiative could change the landscape for the incorporation of user preferences in transportation planning and management.
  Authors: Pinkney, Simon; Marsden, Greg
  Authors: Pinkney, Simon; Marsden, Greg
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-1407
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Breaking into Bicycle Theft: Insights from Montreal, Canada
  Abstract: Many cities have adopted policies that promote walking and cycling because of their positive environmental, economic, and social benefits. As bicycles become a more popular form of transportation and more bicycles are out on the road, planners and transportation researchers will have to consider not only how to create urban spaces that encourage cycling, but also how to discourage bicycle theft. Currently, bicycle theft often goes unnoticed and is largely unchallenged. The present research brings attention to this issue by providing a narrative on bicycle theft in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A bilingual online bicycle theft survey was designed for this purpose and answered by 2,039 Greater Montreal residents. Summary statistics address ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘how’, and ‘when’ questions, a logit model determines variables associated with theft, and thematic maps compare experienced and expected theft between sub-regions. Half of respondents have had at least one bicycle stolen. Cyclists most frequently had their bicycles stolen in the downtown area. While, bicycles locked with U-locks, expensive bicycles, and those owned by women, are less likely to have been stolen. Satisfaction with bicycle parking availability and security tends to be low, and many cyclists are willing to pay for improved secure bicycle parking. Findings from this study can not only be useful to better understand and ultimately decrease bicycle theft in Montreal, but can also be beneficial for cyclists, police, and policy makers in other cities aiming to decrease bicycle theft as it highlights new findings in this unexplored area of research.
  Authors: van Lierop, Dea Suzanne; Grimsrud, Michael A.; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Authors: van Lierop, Dea Suzanne; Grimsrud, Michael A.; El-Geneidy, Ahmed M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1670
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Indian Reservation Safety Improvement Program: Methodology and Case Study
  Abstract: The need to reduce fatal and injury crashes on Tribal lands has been recognized for years. The U.S. has realized a decline in fatal crashes over the past several years but fatal crashes continue to increase on Tribal lands. Little progress has been made in improving safety on Tribal lands. Limited resources and lack of coordination across jurisdictions has made it difficult for Native American communities to address their roadway safety concerns. The rural nature of many of their roadways and lack of crash data has also made it difficult for Tribes to implement an effective safety improvement program. A methodology that is able to address these challenges is presented in this paper to assist Tribes in reducing fatal and injury crashes. The proposed methodology has been implemented successfully in the Wind River Indian Reservation. Key to the success of such a process is collaboration among safety stakeholders, namely the state departments of transportation, Tribal leadership, Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP), Tribal Technical Assistance Program (TTAP), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and local and Tribal law enforcement.
  Authors: Shinstine, Debbie; Ksaibati, Khaled
  Authors: Shinstine, Debbie; Ksaibati, Khaled
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Society
  Session: 333
  Paper Number: 13-1697
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Optimizing Parking Prices Using Agent-Based Approach
  Abstract: Many cities around the globe are haunted by limited supply of parking and inefficient fee schedules, which often result in additional traffic by people cruising for parking. Pricing parking in an optimal way both from the municipality’s and user’s perspective in order to balance demand and supply is essential to solve this problem. We propose an agent-based approach to iteratively find such an optimal parking price. A major innovation of our parking model is, that it takes taste heterogeneity of drivers into account. By applying the model to a test scenario in the city of Zurich, we successfully demonstrate, that the model provides key figures, which are essential for supporting decision of policy makers. The paper also discusses some future work, e.g. other applications of the model in the area of parking choice and parking search modeling.
  Authors: Waraich, Rashid A.; Dobler, Christoph; Weis, Claude; Axhausen, Kay W.
  Authors: Waraich, Rashid A.; Dobler, Christoph; Weis, Claude; Axhausen, Kay W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-5304
• Smart Growth, Environmental Justice, and Projected Cancer Risk in Southern California: Case Study in Regional Planning and Health
  Abstract: As cities and regions are working towards sustainability by enhancing transit infrastructure and increasing population and employment in targeted neighborhoods, a question arises if greater density in urban areas will increase the exposure of cancer risk to a larger number of people, especially in areas that are in close proximity to highly traveled corridors. Since urban areas have traditionally held a higher share of racial and ethnic minority groups than suburban and outlying areas, this paper will specifically examine the implications of “smart growth” land use and transportation strategies for the public health of various population groups. The recent 2012-2035 Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS) adopted by the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) serves as a case study to examine the projected cancer risks in Southern California attributed to this Plan. Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) is used to determine future health risk based upon current and projected emissions outputs associated with on-road vehicles. This study shows that increased transit infrastructure and targeted growth in population density reduces the amount of disproportionate impacts for certain racial and ethnic minority groups associated with cancer risk in future years. Alternatively, the number of persons exposed to higher cancer risk areas is greater in future years as a result of these such strategies.
  Authors: Clark, Kimberly Martin; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Hu, Hsi-hwa
  Authors: Clark, Kimberly Martin; Wen, Frank; Choi, Simon; Hu, Hsi-hwa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-5324
• Senior and Disabled Reduced-Fare Cards: Peer Review of Policies
  Abstract: The federal regulations that establish senior citizen and disabled reduced fare programs do not specify how those programs are to be structured. As a result, transit agencies across the nation vary widely in their reduced fare policies. This variation offers an excellent opportunity for transit systems to learn from each other’s experience and to mix and match approaches to best meet their needs. This paper, for the first time, provides a systematic consideration of reduced fare policies at major transit agencies. This research combines the findings of a structured, open-ended survey with information gleaned from transit agency websites to present a framework for understanding the key components of a reduced fare card program. These components are then illustrated by the breadth of approaches taken by the largest transit systems in the ten most populous metropolitan areas in the United States. The purpose of this research is not to conclusively promote a preferred reduced fare policy, but to identify the common elements of such programs and present actual examples to help interested agencies craft and refine their own preferred policy.
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory L.
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 822
  Paper Number: 13-5311
• Incorporating Equity into Interurban Road Network Design
  Abstract: Methods for the road network design problem are, typically, based on the optimization of the network efficiency measures (e.g. network-wide travel time) under a predefined budget. In these approaches, equity issues are not taken into account and, consequently, most of the road improvements are planned next to the large cities. Thus, disparities between large and small cities increase, which does not conform to the sustainable development objectives. In this paper, to overcome concerns associated with the traditional methods, equity is incorporated into the interurban road network design problem. To this end, accessibility concepts are employed in this study. However, unlike the previous studies, instead of maximizing the total accessibility, a new definition is proposed for inaccessibility, and total inaccessibility is minimized throughout the network. Using the new definition is not only more compatible with the equity issues, but also helps to eliminate the nonlinearity of the problem. Average travel time to the neighboring opportunities is utilized to propose the definition for inaccessibility, which more effectively captures the reality. With the aim of this definition, equity is incorporated into the road network design problem implicitly. This is another improvement over the previous methods, where a new term in the objective function or a new constraint is added to include the equity. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed integer programming (MIP) problem, where the objective is to minimize the aggregate inaccessibility over all the population centers in the network. To illustrate the application of the model, a medium-sized network is used as the numerical example and the respective exact solution is found using a commercial solver.
  Authors: Mollanejad, Mostafa; Zhang, Lei
  Authors: Mollanejad, Mostafa; Zhang, Lei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 350
  Paper Number: 13-5318
• Modeling Frequency and Duration of Out-of-Home Physical Activity Participation of School-Going Children
  Abstract: This paper investigates the frequency and duration of physical activity participation of school-going children in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The study uses an activity-based travel diary survey dataset, collected in 2012, which contains 245 students from grades 6 to 10 in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area. In order to explore tradeoffs among factors that affect frequency of out-of-home physical activity including the use of active transportation this paper utilizes a Zero-inflated Poisson regression (ZIP) model. Additionally, parametric hazard models are estimated to examine the duration of physical activities. The results of the ZIP count model suggest that personal and household characteristics, built environment attributes, and time commitments for other mandatory and discretionary activities influence the frequency of participation. For example, an increase in the number of children in households, and the presence of sidewalks, increase the frequency of out-of home out-of-school physical activities if everything else held equal. In contrast, travel time to school, presence of traffic intersections, and time commitment for tutoring sessions negatively affect activity participation. In terms of modeling duration of out-of-home physical activities, this study finds that a Weibull parametric hazard model outperforms a log-logistic model. The duration is influenced by socio-demographic characteristics, spatial context, and escort arrangements. For instance, car ownership and parental escorting increase the duration of physical activity. The paper offers an in-depth behavioral understanding of children’s physical activities, particularly in the context of a developing country, which is very limited in the existing literature.
  Authors: Habib, Muhammad Ahsanul; Daisy, Naznin Sultana
  Authors: Habib, Muhammad Ahsanul; Daisy, Naznin Sultana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-5356
• Novel Street Parking Fee Collection to Eliminate Unfair Citations
  Abstract: This study surveyed parking citation problems from the perspective of the city that uses them as a source of revenue as well as the users that would like to avoid them. Drivers of all types have received meter parking citations indiscriminately and sometimes unfairly. The parking citation data obtained from the city of Baltimore indicated more than one million tickets for a total amount of revenue of $46 million in 2010. Parking meter violation ranked first among all types of citations causing disputes and frustrating among citizens. An innovative solution to street parking fee collection is proposed. The solution would streamline the collection process for the city, while drivers would more operatively disburse for the length of stay at the street parking spot. Dynamic parking rates corresponding the demand and length of stay, and substitution of the incremental pricing for time limit enforcement promote this study. The authors believed that the proposed method is among the most effecient plans to mitigate parking congestion externalities.
  Authors: Ardeshiri, Anam; Jeihani, Mansoureh
  Authors: Ardeshiri, Anam; Jeihani, Mansoureh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-5325
• Chicago’s Congestion Parking Tax: Early Evaluation
  Abstract: In recent years, congestion pricing has come to the forefront as a method of traffic mitigation. Chicago implemented a congestion parking tax increase, effective January 2012, on commercial lots and garages above a certain threshold. This study aims to provide a model framework for early impact analyses of congestion charging and parking schemes. A cluster-based system of metrics, focusing on publicly available transportation, economic and public health data for the study area of downtown Chicago, is employed.The “control variables” of employment figures and gas prices show relatively small change, indicating reasonably stable macroeconomic conditions in the region. It is found that municipal parking tax revenues have increased over 20 percent versus a year ago, although consumers are bearing only a small proportion of the tax increase. Arterial speeds downtown have improved, but some expressways passing through downtown have seen decreases in speed, possibly due to higher levels of unaffected through traffic on these roads. The public health variables of pedestrian crash incidents and emission levels have fallen.Chicago’s congestion parking scheme therefore appears to have caused no net negative results and indeed some positive results. These indicate a need for further research to better understand the relationship between the program and component metrics.
  Authors: Lai, Andrew; Newmark, Gregory L.
  Authors: Lai, Andrew; Newmark, Gregory L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-0079
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Transit Impact Fee: Enabling Statutes and Equity Concerns
  Abstract: This paper reviews four transit impact fee programs in use across the USA to examine the robustness of state and local level enabling statutes, and the strategies used to minimize the fee’s horizontal and vertical inequities. The paper finds that although impact fees are primarily used to fund capital expenses nation-wide, three of the four case study jurisdictions use the fee for funding capital expenses in addition to operating, maintenance and administrative expenses. Furthermore, clear language concerning the eligible uses should help provide robust legal protection if the fee is challenged in court. Finally, while the “nexus” and “rough proportionality” requirements ensure that the fee creates minimal horizontal inequities, no such legal requirements exist regarding the fee’s vertical equity impacts. This lack of legal requirement is reflected in the uneven use of vertical inequity mitigation strategies adopted by the case study jurisdictions.
  Authors: Mathur, Shishir; Smith, Adam Lee
  Authors: Mathur, Shishir; Smith, Adam Lee
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-0997
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Feasibility Study for Converting High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes to Managed Lanes in Dallas, Texas
  Abstract: Excess capacity in HOV lanes during peak periods can be made available to other types of vehicles, including single occupancy vehicles (SOV) for a price (toll). Such dual use lanes are typically referred to as Managed Lanes or HOT Lanes. This study utilizes a methodology for equilibrating the demand across the managed and general-purpose lanes to examine the feasibility of such conversions under various toll price strategies. The AM and PM peak period demands are used as the basis for the study. The pricing strategies include charging SOV vehicles at $0.10/mile, $0.25/mile, or $0.50/mile while having no charge for HOVs. For each of the three SOV pricing strategies, quantitative estimates of toll revenues and emissions on managed and general purpose lanes are obtained. Comparisons are made to the current practice of not allowing SOVs in HOV lanes and all HOVs to using the lanes free of charge.
  Authors: Ardekani, Siamak A.; Olyai, Koorosh
  Authors: Ardekani, Siamak A.; Olyai, Koorosh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2022
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Leveraging Project- and Scenario-Level Performance Assessment to Achieve Sustainability Goals of Plan Bay Area
  Abstract: Senate Bill 375 requires metropolitan planning organizations in California to develop an integrated transportation, land use, and housing plan – known as a Sustainable Communities Strategy. This plan must be targeted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars and light-duty trucks. To meet these requirements, the San Francisco Bay Area Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) and the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) are developing Plan Bay Area, which integrates the Sustainable Communities Strategy with the upcoming cycle of the Regional Transportation Plan. In order to achieve the plan’s sustainability goals, San Francisco Bay Area regional agencies are relying on a performance-based approach, targeting key issues such as strengthening the region’s economy, promoting equity, and enhancing the environment. This approach focuses on measurable outcomes to help understand how land use strategies and potential transportation investments could advance the region’s goals. Following the adoption of a set of ten quantitative performance targets, transportation projects and scenarios were evaluated based on their level of support for these targets. A benefit-cost assessment was also leveraged to assess the cost-effectiveness of regionally-significant transportation projects and scenarios.This paper will present Plan Bay Area’s performance assessment methodology and discuss both its abilities and limitations in capturing impacts of infrastructure investments. The assessment approach will be examined both for individual transportation projects and for integrated regional transportation and land use scenarios.
  Authors: Vautin, David; Klein, Lisa; Co, Sean; Jeannotte, Krista; Sallman, Doug
  Authors: Vautin, David; Klein, Lisa; Co, Sean; Jeannotte, Krista; Sallman, Doug
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-2058
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Has the Introduction of Cycle-to-Work Scheme Increased Levels of Cycling to Work in the United Kingdom?
  Abstract: Cycling is seen as a sustainable way to travel, and as a factor contributing to a more active and healthy lifestyle, and therefore is being encouraged in the UK and elsewhere. The overarching aim of this study is to establish the value of the UK Cycle to Work (tax-free) Bike scheme in encouraging people to cycle to work. Using primary data, collected from 248 scheme participants and 101 non-participants, it attempts to identify whether there was a change in travel behaviour among scheme participants and to what extent; and to evaluate if publicity and promotion of the scheme encouraged scheme participation. The study also investigates which socio-economic and other factors influence the propensity to participate in the scheme, and explores the correlation between stages of behaviour change and a person’s intention to cycle.
  Authors: Avineri, Erel; Fiona, Steven
  Authors: Avineri, Erel; Fiona, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2068
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• I-35W South Mnpass High-Occupancy-Toll Lanes
  Abstract: The I-35W South MnPASS high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area were a major component of the Minnesota Urban Partnership Agreement (UPA) funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT). The use of the I-35W South HOT lanes is examined in this paper. Information on the number of MnPASS accounts, daily and monthly trips, monthly revenues, average tolls, and maximum tolls is presented. Changes in trip-time savings and trip-time reliability are also discussed. The results from a 2012 survey of I-35W MnPASS customers are summarized. This paper highlights key elements of the national evaluation of the Minnesota UPA related to the I-35W South HOT lanes. The national evaluation is sponsored by the U.S. DOT and conducted by a research team headed by Battelle Memorial Institute. As discussed in this paper, the I-35W South HOT lanes have attracted new MnPASS customers, while maintaining the travel-time savings and trip-time reliability for buses and carpools.
  Authors: Turnbull, Katherine F.; Buckeye, Kenneth; Thompson, Nick
  Authors: Turnbull, Katherine F.; Buckeye, Kenneth; Thompson, Nick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2146
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Do State Public-Private Partnership Enabling Laws Affect Investment in Infrastructure?
  Abstract: A growing number of U.S. states and localities are pursing private investment in transportation infrastructure through public-private partnerships, or PPPs. As of late 2011, thirty states had enacted legislation enabling use of PPPs. This legislation clarifies such issues as the treatment of unsolicited PPP proposals, prior legislative approval of PPP contracts, and the mixing of public and private funds, among others. Using expert-weighting of thirteen key elements of PPP enabling laws, we develop an index reflecting the degree to which a state’s law is encouraging or discouraging of private investment. In previous work, we examined the factors that cause PPP enabling laws to be adopted, and that lead to more enabling laws. In this paper, we examine the effect of PPP enabling laws on the level of private infrastructure investment in a state. We control for a variety of factors in addition to the PPP laws in a state, and find that more favorable PPP enabling laws increases both design-build and more complex non-design build (mostly design-build-finance-operate) type of PPP contracts. We do not, however, find evidence that either more Design-Build projects or non-DB projects reduces traffic congestion as measured by the travel-time index, eliminating a potentially important source of endogeneity.
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond Richard; Wagner, Benjamin L.
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond Richard; Wagner, Benjamin L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-1588
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Equity Evaluation of Fuel Tax per Gallon and VMT Fee
  Abstract: The widely suggested vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) fee is an alternative pricing option to the current state-of-practice, the fuel tax per gallon, that has drawn great attention by researchers and policymakers, particularly regarding its equity performance among various social groups. Using socioeconomic-, geographic-, and vehicle-specific attributes from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey, the authors identified which social subgroups would mostly be affected under each pricing option, via estimation of three-stage least squares (3SLS) models at the national level. The results showed that particular social subgroups, such as households (HHs) located in states with lower fuel taxation, operate vehicles of lower fuel efficiency at the HH level and thus shoulder a larger portion of the fuel tax. On the other hand, HHs such as those that own vehicles of higher fuel efficiency, or have a higher average income, generate more trips annually, and as such would have higher VMT at the HH level. The authors also examined whether the estimated national model may apply to a smaller level of analysis, for the state of Iowa. The results suggested that, despite the similarities, the development of distinct local models was statistically supported.
  Authors: Kastrouni, Eirini; Gkritza, Konstantina; Hallmark, Shauna
  Authors: Kastrouni, Eirini; Gkritza, Konstantina; Hallmark, Shauna
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-2826
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Do Complete Streets Cost More Than Incomplete Streets?
  Abstract: For over five years, the City of Charlotte has been applying the award-winning Urban Street Design Guidelines to plan, design, and build context-based complete streets which consider the needs of all transportation modes. This paper intends to answer the most common question the City receives about building complete streets: does building a complete street cost more than a traditional street and, if so, how much? Staff from the Charlotte Department of Transportation (CDOT) has compiled information from past projects to determine the range in cost of typical complete street projects. In addition, CDOT staff used the North Carolina Department of Transportation’s (NCDOT) database to analyze actual line item bid costs for complete streets project elements such as bike lanes and sidewalks. CDOT staff also examined fluctuations in transportation project construction costs over a five year period. The analysis shows incorporating complete streets elements such as bike lanes and sidewalks slightly increases the cost of a project. However, CDOT staff also determined overall market fluctuations in construction costs plays a more significant role in the costs of a project than do the costs for incorporating complete street elements. Costs for typical complete street elements make up a very small percentage of the overall project cost. In summary, after considering the small percentage of project budgets required to include complete street elements and the significant fluctuation in historical project construction costs, the authors of this paper make the argument for continuing to include complete streets items in project scopes and budgets.
  Authors: Shapard, James; Cole, Mark
  Authors: Shapard, James; Cole, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-4283
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Addressing Sustainability and Strategic Planning Goals Through Performance Measures: Study of Bus Rapid Transit Systems in El Paso, Texas
  Abstract: There is an increasing emphasis on the topic of sustainability in the transportation sector, with transportation agencies and stakeholders viewing the benefits and impacts of majortransportation investments from the perspective of long-term sustainability. The City of El Paso has been proactive in its approach and commitment to sustainability. In terms of transportation, the city’s 2011 strategic plan lists various transportation and community-oriented goals that provide direction for transportation initiatives. The new bus rapid transit system projects in the city are an important part of these and are the focus of this project. This paper summarizes a recent exercise conducted to conceptualize sustainability as relevant to transit corridors in El Paso and to identify performance measures that can be implemented by the City of El Paso.An interactive, workshop-based process was conducted with input from the City of El Paso staff to direct the development of goals and performance measures based on the city’s strategic plan. A set of 25 potential sustainability performance measures were identified for RTS corridors. These performance measures can be used to support specific corridor-level applications or to develop initiatives that can support the COEP at a strategic level in identifying, tracking, and implementing performance measures for sustainability, and in measuring and communicating the value of investment in transit systems. The findings from this research provide a means for the city to communicate the value and benefit of the bus rapid transit systems, and to provide tracking and decision-making tools that evaluate sustainability using appropriate performance measures.
  Authors: Ramani, Tara Lakshmi; Zietsman, Josias; Ibarra, Kyle; Howell, Marty
  Authors: Ramani, Tara Lakshmi; Zietsman, Josias; Ibarra, Kyle; Howell, Marty
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-5066
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Wind River Indian Reservation Strategic Safety Management Plan
  Abstract: Fatal and injury crashes have been documented for years to be higher among Native Americans than any other groups across the United States. Studies have been performed to determine the trends and to identify ways to assist Tribes to improve their traffic safety. Tribal transportation stakeholders have recognized the many factors that have contributed to this problem including lack of resources, lack of crash data and crash data accuracy. Their sovereignty presents a challenge with working across jurisdictional lines with state and local agencies.Strategic highway safety plans are required for states and provide an opportunity for Tribes as well to accomplish their goals to reduce fatal and serious injury crashes. Communication and collaboration across jurisdictional lines is vital to the success of a strategic highway safety plan for Tribal governments. The Wind River Indian Reservation (WRIR) was selected for a pilot (one of three) Tribal Transportation Safety Management Plan (TSMP), a program instituted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to assist tribes in developing their own strategic plan.The WRIR has had great success in establishing cooperation among stakeholders and with the support of committed Tribal leadership, is working toward the goal of reducing fatal and serious injury crashes. Key to the success of the TSMP is collaboration among safety stakeholders, namely the state departments of transportation, Tribal leadership, Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP), Tribal Technical Assistance Program (TTAP), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and local and Tribal law enforcement, and Indian Health Services (IHS) and others.
  Authors: Shinstine, Debbie; Ksaibati, Khaled; Gross, Frank; Genzlinger, Craig
  Authors: Shinstine, Debbie; Ksaibati, Khaled; Gross, Frank; Genzlinger, Craig
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Society
  Session: 333
  Paper Number: 13-3289
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Examining the impact of changes in weather on commuter cyclist’s travel behavior
  Abstract: This study examines commuter cyclist’s travel behavior specifically in response to changes in weather. Investigation of how the riders take their day-to-day riding decisions provides insights into the factors which guide their behavior in adverse weather. Disaggregate travel data collected from an in-depth survey is analyzed. Commuter cyclist’s general travel behavior led to identification of differences in commuter’s behaviors depending on riding frequency. Weather conditions are found to be a paramount factor in commuter’s riding decisions. Further survey results are then analyzed to provide insight into the impact of end of trip facilities and to quantify whether riders who have access to these facilities are less sensitive to changes in weather. More than half of the respondents have acknowledged the importance of these facilities. Given the variability in day-to-day ridership, commuter riders are expected to alternate modes when faced with adverse weather. The modal shift of commuter riders is analyzed using a logistic regression model. When the model is used to predict the probability of shifting to private transport (drive alone, get a lift from someone else or use a motorcycle or motor scooter) it correctly predicted nearly 80% of the cases. The paper includes discussion of implications of the results for Government policies and strategies that seek to increase commuter cycling in urban areas.
  Authors: Ahmed, Farhana; Rose, Geoffrey; Jakob, Christian
  Authors: Ahmed, Farhana; Rose, Geoffrey; Jakob, Christian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3680
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Who Does the Shopping? German Time-Use Evidence, 1996-2009
  Abstract: The labor force participation rate of women and men is converging in industrialized countries, but disparities nevertheless remain with respect to unpaid activities. Shopping for household maintenance, in particular, is a time-consuming, out-of-home activity that continues to be undertaken primarily by women, irrespective of their employment status. The present study employs panel methods to analyze, descriptively and econometrically, gender disparities in shopping behavior among couples using data from the German Mobility Panel (MOP) for 1996 to 2009. While women still shop more than men, we find evidence that the differential has narrowed in recent years, particularly among couples with children. Several individual and household characteristics are found to be significant determinants of shopping behavior, whereby employment status and children emerge as the most important single factors. In addition, the possession of a driver’s license coupled with unrestricted car availability increase each partner’s time-share in shopping.
  Authors: Procher, Vivien; Vance, Colin
  Authors: Procher, Vivien; Vance, Colin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 594
  Paper Number: 13-3719
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Effects of Full-Facility Variable Tolling on Traveler Behavior: Evidence from a Panel Study of the SR-520 Corridor in Seattle
  Abstract: Variable tolling was implemented on the SR-520 Bridge in the Seattle region as part of a federally funded initiative to reduce traffic congestion. SR-520 tolls vary by time of day up to a maximum of $3.50 each way ($5 for non-transponder payments). A nearby parallel facility, Interstate 90, remains as a toll-free alternative across Lake Washington. Tolling was accompanied by investments in public transit and traffic management technologies and by efforts to promote telecommuting. This paper uses a two-stage panel survey approach to analyze the impacts that this tolling program has had on corridor users’ daily travel choices. In each survey wave, over 3,000 respondents from roughly 2,000 households completed a two-day travel diary, with additional detail on trips in the Lake Washington corridor, plus a personal survey on general travel behavior and attitudes.Key survey findings include a marked decrease in respondents’ travel in the corridor after tolling, particularly on SR-520, which experienced a 47% reduction in recorded trips, and significant diversion to I-90. Shifts from SR-520 to I-90 were most pronounced among males, those in lower-income households, and those with less workplace schedule flexibility. There were also increases in transit mode share in the corridor, while carpooling and telecommuting levels were relatively stable. In the post-tolling survey, respondents registered an overall increase in satisfaction with their commutes and less stress associated with driving. Reported satisfaction with the speed and reliability of individual trips on SR-520 also increased substantially, and personal attitudes shifted slightly in favor of tolling.
  Authors: Peirce, Sean; Puckett, Sean; Petrella, Margaret; Minnice, Paul; Lappin, Jane E.
  Authors: Peirce, Sean; Puckett, Sean; Petrella, Margaret; Minnice, Paul; Lappin, Jane E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy
  Session: ABE25
  Paper Number: 13-3798
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Considerations for Integrating Bicycling and Walking Facilities into Urban Infrastructure
  Abstract: Several manuals, handbooks and web resources exist to provide varied guidance on planning for and designing bicycle and pedestrian facilities, yet there are no specific indications about which of the varied treatments in these guides work well for users. This paper highlights best practices and identifies program characteristics associated with high levels of non-motorized travel, with an emphasis on bicyclists and pedestrians in the California communities of Davis, Palo Alto and San Luis Obispo, cities known for being bicycle- and pedestrian-friendly. Based on an analysis of survey data from over 630 residents in the case study communities, this study found several factors that mattered most to stakeholders for creating bicycling- and walking-friendly places. These factors are the following: (a) acceptable bicycling and walking distances to desired activities; (b) direct routes; (c) good route connectivity; and (d) separation of motorized and non-motorized transportation modes. The findings are integrated into key guiding principles that correspond to the trip-making cycle, from the decision to engage in an activity through the choice of route to arrival at the destination.The results of a user preference survey and review of the literature indicate that bicyclists and pedestrians alike strongly desire auto-separated facilities on streets. This suggests that these kinds of projects may merit priority over purely recreational paths.
  Authors: Nuworsoo, Cornelius Kofi; Cooper, Erin
  Authors: Nuworsoo, Cornelius Kofi; Cooper, Erin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-3997
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Does Transit Mean Business? Reconciling Academic, Organizational, and Political Perspectives on Variable Transit Fares
  Abstract: For decades transportation scholars have argued in favor of differentiated transit fares, which vary by mode, distance, and/or time-of-day. Such fare policies, researchers contend, could greatly increase the efficiency, efficacy, and equity of transit service. However, despite this established research on the benefits of differentiated fares, relatively few transit agencies employ them, and over the past two decades many have actually eliminated differential fares and replaced them with flat fares. Advances in smartcard fare collection technology have reduced the operational obstacles to charging differentiated fares, but with the proliferation of this technology, will transit systems begin implementing differentiated fares? We find that changes in fare policies are often crisis-induced and budget-driven, and this ad hoc process reflects the multitude of (and sometimes contradictory) goals that transit agencies pursue – including the political need to provide affordable alternatives to automobiles. This suggests that new smartcard technology may be necessary to overcome operational challenges, but not sufficient to overcome political challenges. We also find a significant gap between current practices (of charging flat fares) and beliefs among transit agency officials that more flexible pricing should be implemented. Heard many times over in interviews was deep concern about losing any riders as a result of introducing differentiated fares – despite possible gains in other rider groups or trips made on transit. This fear of losing riders to automobiles, coupled with officials’ reported desires to implement variable fares, suggests that transit agencies should support the adoption of congestion and parking pricing programs, which internalize the costs of driving. Doing so would remove a fundamental barrier to implementing variable transit fares.
  Authors: Yoh, Allison C.; Taylor, Brian D.; Gahbauer, John
  Authors: Yoh, Allison C.; Taylor, Brian D.; Gahbauer, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 822
  Paper Number: 13-4980
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Parking Planning Model: Logit-Based Mathematical Programming Method Subject to Parking Capacity and Parking Rationing
  Abstract: Traffic authorities are always challenged by parking issues such as where parking shortages are critical, how many parking spaces are needed, and what is a fair parking fee, etc. Answers to such problems require a parking model, but the literature review did not reveal a reliable model applicable to the real world. This deficiency is rooted in the computational complexities of considering parking capacity together with traffic congestion on the road network. We developed a model for parking planning that addresses a variety of deficiencies in the past studies. The parking choices are considered within a Logit model structure, which has been thoroughly described in the literature. A mathematical programming problem was introduced that explicitly considered parking capacities and parking rationing constraints. Introduction of parking rationing along with other constraints is a unique factor in this study. Consideration of parking rationing is intended to cover wider areas such as private parking, reserved parking different parking-durations etc. This makes the model more realistic. A solution algorithm using Successive Coordinate Descent was developed for the Logit-based mathematical programming problem. The algorithm was tested on an artificial but real-size and challenging CBD case. The results prove that the algorithm is able to converge rapidly. Among the algorithm's output are shadow prices of the parking capacity and parking rationing constraints. The shadow prices contain important information which is key to addressing a variety of parking issues, such as the location of parking shortages, identification of fair parking charges, and the size of reserved parking.
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed; Asadi, Mohsen
  Authors: Asadi Bagloee, Saeed; Asadi, Mohsen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-0714
• Turning Housing into Driving: Parking Requirements in Los Angeles and New York
  Abstract: This article examines the idea that residential minimum parking requirements are associated with lower housing and population densities, and higher vehicle densities (residential vehicles per square mile). Although cities frequently use residential minimum parking requirements to manage traffic, parking requirements inherently accommodate vehicles, which suggests they should lead to more driving, and more congestion, rather than less. Thus if parking requirements reduce congestion, they likely do so by constraining an area's housing density , and therefore its population density as well. We show this is the case by comparing the Los Angeles and New York urbanized areas. Differences in housing, vehicle and population density across and within these urbanized areas are closely correlated to differences in the share of housing units that include parking, and the share of housing units that include parking is in turn correlated with the stringency of minimum parking requirements. We further show that within New York City, a ten percent increase in minimum parking requirements is associated with a six percent increase in vehicles per square mile, a four percent increase in vehicles per person, and an eight percent reduction in both population and housing density. These relationships remain even after controlling for proximity to rail transit. Parking requirements therefore appear to increase the cost of housing and reduce the price of driving.
  Authors: Manville, Michael; Shoup, Donald C.; Beata, Alexander
  Authors: Manville, Michael; Shoup, Donald C.; Beata, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-1034
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Methodology for Evaluating Cost and Accuracy of Parking Patrol Surveys
  Abstract: Parking duration is an important element in reflecting the parking demand, very often a patrol survey is conducted to obtain the data. However, with this method, the error between estimated and real average parking duration is unavoidable. To reduce the error, short observation intervals can be chosen, but this requires more labor and capital investments. Therefore, surveyors very often find themselves in the dilemma of balancing survey accuracy and survey cost.In this article, an analytical model is built to understand the effects of survey cost and other inputs on survey accuracy in a systematic and generalized way. Through dimensional analysis, the relation between the time length of the observation interval, the estimated average parking duration (i.e., survey result), and the survey error is illustrated. Based on that, the relation between relative survey cost and survey accuracy can then be identified, and used to suggest a balanced approach. As the assumptions from the analytical model are not necessarily representative of real life conditions, more realistic distributions based on simulation of arrival time and parking duration are also included. Lastly, real data examples are presented for comparison and validation. The results show that with the proposed approach, a comprehensive method to evaluate the survey can be provided, and the balance between accuracy and cost can be found. This can help surveyors to have a better understanding of the survey and to choose the proper length for the survey interval, so one can obtain high quality results from the patrol survey while keeping costs to a minimum.
  Authors: Cao, Jin; Menendez, Monica
  Authors: Cao, Jin; Menendez, Monica
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-1689
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Investigation of the Determinants of Travelers’ Mental Knowledge of Public Parking Facilities
  Abstract: This paper describes a study of car drivers’ familiarity with the parking situation in the vicinity of a regional shopping center. The data used for this study are collected in Hasselt, a medium sized city in Belgium. The central shopping area of Hasselt is surrounded by 23 public parking facilities. 1007 residents have been asked to indicate if they are familiar with each parking facility. The concept of familiarity was related to the socio-demographic and cognitive attributes of the respondents, their trips to the city center and the type of parking facility using multinomial logistic regression and bivariate probit regression. The results show that familiarity with parking facilities is especially related to age and education, and to the frequency of car use towards the city centre, and to a lesser extent to place of residence, income and perceived mental knowledge. In addition to these results, this paper demonstrates the value of collecting virtual buffer data by means of an online survey tool. The authors recommend that simulation models that predict parking choice behavior take into account the different levels of familiarity with parking facilities, and the contributing factors. An important avenue for further research is the combination of personal and facility specific information to assess the familiarity with different types of parking facilities.
  Authors: Cools, Mario; Van der Waerden, Peter J. H. J.; Janssens, Davy
  Authors: Cools, Mario; Van der Waerden, Peter J. H. J.; Janssens, Davy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-2590
• Amenity Versus Necessity: Rethinking Residential Street Width Standard as U.S. Parking Policy
  Abstract: This paper explores the rationales underlying the use of minimum street width requirements to mandate street parking. A survey of 97 cities reveals that this mandate is not a technical necessity based on safety concerns or an amenity reflecting market demand, two common beliefs held by decision-makers. Many residents are likely unwilling to pay for street parking if it is unbundled from housing. The hidden parking policies should be made transparent and subject to public oversight, the double standard between private and public streets should be eliminated, and parking on residential streets should be optional.
  Authors: Guo, Zhan
  Authors: Guo, Zhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-2776
• Retail Fuel Price Stabilization and Revenue Generation of Dynamic Taxation Policy
  Abstract: Over the past few years, the U.S. Highway Trust Fund (HTF) experienced shortfalls as transportation investments outpaced revenue contributed to the trust fund. Alternative revenue options are necessary to fill the shortfalls from gas tax revenue and keep up with the growing need to finance infrastructure. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), through its Leadership Initiative for Transportation Solvency, recently released a report—Road to Recovery: Transforming America’s Transportation— that proposed a new revenue mechanism to fully fund a reformed transportation program. It recommends that Congress couple a per-barrel oil fee with a variable, countercyclical gas tax. This paper discusses the dynamic impacts of CEIP’s revenue policy on household travel behavior, revenue generation for the federal trust fund, energy consumption, equity, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission/air pollution at the national level from 2008 to 2010. Our analysis develops econometric models, such as multiple VMT regression model and discrete vehicle ownership model. The model assumes no pass-through of the upstream oil security fee, paid by the oil producer or importer, to the consumer. Model results show that the CEIP revenue proposal has the potential to fill the revenue shortfall regardless of the world oil price. During the recent historic study period of 2008-2010, the CEIP policy would collect up to more than double the federal revenue. At the same time, households would increase their vehicle miles travel by as much as 1.8% when oil prices peak, and reduce their vehicle miles travel by up to 8.6% when the crude oil price drops to the lowest point. Over the study period, the policy could counteract the potential of slight regressivity if a portion of the extra revenues raised were reinvested in transit and other auto alternatives or recycled back to lower-income households. We estimate that, without such investments or revenue recycling, lower-income households would experience a 0.45%-0.5% reduction in consumer surplus changes measured as a percentage of income, while higher-income households experience a 0.06% to 0.1% reduction. Finally, the CEIP policy is estimated to reduce air pollution and GHG emission by an average 4% to 4.35% for different pollutant types.
  Authors: Lu, Yijing; Zhang, Lei; Tsay, Shin-pei; Zhu, Yiwen
  Authors: Lu, Yijing; Zhang, Lei; Tsay, Shin-pei; Zhu, Yiwen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy; Economics
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-3158
• Aggregating VMT Within Predefined Geographic Zones by Cellular Assignment: Non-GPS-Based Approach to Mileage-Based Road Use Charging
  Abstract: Currently, most of the costs associated with operating and maintaining the roadway infrastructure are paid for by revenue collected from the motor fuel use tax. As fuel efficiency and the use of alternative fuel vehicles increases, alternatives to this funding method must be considered. One such alternative is to assess mileage based user fees (MBUF) based on the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) aggregated within the predetermined geographic areas, or travel zones, in which the VMT is generated. Most of the systems capable of this use Global Positioning Systems (GPS). However, GPS has issues with public perception, commonly associated with unwanted monitoring or tracking and is thus considered an invasion of privacy.The method proposed here utilizes cellular assignment, which is capable of determining a vehicle’s current travel zone, but is incapable of determining a vehicle’s precise location, thus better preserving user privacy. This is accomplished with a k-nearest neighbors (KNN) machine learning algorithm focused on the boundary of such travel zones.The primary experiment performed evaluates the accuracy of the algorithm at sample boundaries in and around the commercial business district of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The results show that with the training data available, the algorithm can correctly detect when a vehicle crosses a boundary to within ±2 city blocks, or roughly ±200 meters, and is thus capable of assigning the VMT to the appropriate zone. The findings imply that a cellular-based VMT system may successfully aggregate VMT by predetermined geographic travel zones without infringing on the drivers’ privacy.
  Authors: Davis, Brian; Donath, Max
  Authors: Davis, Brian; Donath, Max
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy; Economics
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-3170
• Evaluation of a Smart Parking System
  Abstract: This paper documents the methodological approach and findings of an evaluation process for a smart parking application that provides real time information on parking availability. The initiative is in response to the increased demand for parking spaces within the Pittsburgh Cultural District and the desire to improve patrons’ parking experiences. Primary data, obtained through semi structured interview, in-person and online surveys of patrons were utilized for the stakeholders’ analysis, baseline data, process evaluation and outcome evaluation phases. Secondary data that utilized count data obtained from website use logs was employed for the output evaluation phase. The contributions of the evaluation framework are the insights it provides on how the key challenges created by the unique environment within which the system was deployed were addressed and how the framework could be employed in tackling response shift bias through the use of a binary system approach that uniquely identifies distinct cohorts of respondents. The report is especially timely given the prohibitively expensive cost of employing a supply side approach in addressing cities’ parking problems, the ease of replicating the evaluation framework and product design and the wealth of information it provides to the body of knowledge in the evaluation of technological products.
  Authors: Fabusuyi, Tayo; Hampshire, Robert Cornelius; Hill, Victoria
  Authors: Fabusuyi, Tayo; Hampshire, Robert Cornelius; Hill, Victoria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-3427
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• What Do Americans Think About Federal Tax Options to Support Public Transit, Highways, and Local Streets and Roads? Results from Year 3 of a National Survey
  Abstract: This paper summarizes the results of a national random-digit-dial public opinion poll that asked 1,519 respondents if they would support various tax options for raising federal transportation revenues, with a special focus on understanding support for increasing revenues for public transit. Eleven specific tax options tested were variations on raising the federal gas tax rate, creating a new mileage tax, and creating a new federal sales tax. Other questions probed various perceptions related to public transit, including knowledge and opinions about federal taxes to support transit. In addition, the survey collected data on standard socio-demographic factors, travel behavior (public transit usage, annual miles driven, and vehicle fuel efficiency), and attitudinal data about how respondents view the quality of their local transportation system and their priorities for government spending on transportation in their state. All of this information was used to assess support levels for the tax options among different population subgroups.
  Authors: Agrawal, Asha Weinstein; Nixon, Hilary; Murthy, Vinay
  Authors: Agrawal, Asha Weinstein; Nixon, Hilary; Murthy, Vinay
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy; Economics
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-4941
• Parking Oversupply in East Harlem: Analysis of Parking Occupancy and Mode Usage at East River Plaza in New York City
  Abstract: East River Plaza is a recently constructed mall in the East Harlem section of Manhattan. The development contains big box stores including Target, Costco, and Best Buy along with a 1,248 space parking garage. This paper evaluates the assumptions and methodology of the analysis determining the large parking supply, measures current parking usage, and determines modal splits through an intercept survey. The project’s Environmental Impact Statement assumed 67% to 68% of all trips arriving to East River Plaza would be by automobile. Parking accumulation was calculated using parking studies conducted at Home Depots in the Bronx, Queens, and Port Chester, NY and a Costco in Staten Island, all of which are less dense and have higher vehicle trip rates and vehicle ownership rates. These calculations resulted in a peak parking accumulation of 1,190 vehicles for a Saturday afternoon. Actual parking occupancy observations revealed only 371 vehicles (34% occupancy) on a Tuesday afternoon in late November, and 426 vehicles (39% occupancy) on a Saturday afternoon in December. The intercept survey revealed 48% and 37% of respondents arrived by foot and 27% and 33% drove on Tuesday and Saturday, respectively. Thus, the parking supplied has resulted in an underutilized land use and lost opportunity for additional development. Future big box developments in dense urban areas should not use suburban models for auto trip generation and parking accumulation and instead consider the provision of trips being made by walking and public transportation, reducing the need for unnecessary parking.
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-5303
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Simulation of a Parking Reservation System to Mitigate Cruising for Parking
  Abstract: Cruising for parking is a phenomenon of circulation under low speed, looking for a parking space on the street, derived from the uncertainty about the existence and location of it. Most approaches trying to mitigate cruising are about adjusting the prices of curb space to manage demand.In this paper we simulate a system of in-advance online parking space reservations on the street as a means of reducing congestion derived from cruising. A reservation will eliminate the uncertainties that cause the need for cruising and can improve the efficiency of the private car. Targeting efficiency is a new-paradigm type of parking management, opposed to increasing supply and the consequent fueling of the cycle of automobile dependency.We present a model of parking and cruising behavior derived from observed data, and describes a stochastic discrete-event queuing micro-simulator developed to compare scenarios of variable allocations of parking spaces for reservations.The results obtained illustrate a consistent improvement in congestion levels in scenarios with reservations of up to 3% of the value without reservations. Scenarios of allocation of parking spaces also display an expected loss in turnover from a certain point, as well as a slight increase in cruising times for the users without reservations. These can however be mitigated by the designed generated revenues from the reservation service, and also by the overall congestion reduction.
  Authors: Carvalho e Ferreira, Diana Paula Figueiredo; de Abreu e Silva, João
  Authors: Carvalho e Ferreira, Diana Paula Figueiredo; de Abreu e Silva, João
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-3718
• Emerging Strategies to Reduce Costs and Increase Public Acceptance of Mileage-Based User Fees
  Abstract: Inflation and improved fuel economy have undermined revenue from federal and state excise taxes on gasoline and diesel, making it challenging to maintain and expand the nation’s road network. With more stringent federal fuel economy standards and the emergence of alternative fuels threatening to accelerate this problem in future years, policymakers have begun to explore mileage-based user fees as a long-term replacement for fuel taxes. Unaffected by fuel type or fuel economy, mileage fees would provide more sustainable revenue, and the system could be structured to promote more efficient use of the roads, offer value-added motorist services, and collect travel data to support better network planning and operations. Mileage fees will likely cost more to administer than fuel taxes, however, and the concept faces acceptance challenges related to privacy protection and other concerns. These obstacles in turn have spurred great innovation. Drawing on recent studies, trials, and implementation efforts, we review a set of promising mileage-fee design and implementation strategies intended to reduce system costs and foster greater public acceptance.
  Authors: Sorensen, Paul; Ecola, Liisa; Wachs, Martin
  Authors: Sorensen, Paul; Ecola, Liisa; Wachs, Martin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Finance; Policy; Economics
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-1381
• Empirical Investigation of Measurement of Land Use Mix in the Context of Public Transport Demand
  Abstract: Numerous studies have examined the link between the mixing of land uses and travel behaviour, operationalizing land use mix in diverse ways. However, few studies have attempted to compare the various land use mix metrics employed in travel behaviour research. In particular, an empirical model of travel demand that tests the wide range of measures used in past studies is, to our knowledge, absent in the literature. In this paper, we estimate a model for public transport trip frequency in London, in which we apply a number of distinct land use mix measures. We define land use mix both in terms of counts of establishments and land area to further investigate whether the unit of measurement of land uses affects model results. We find that, although not all measures applied are significant in explaining public transport demand, elasticities for measures that are significant in the model are comparable. Moreover, model results allow us to draw some general conclusions regarding the suitability of different metrics in the context of public transport demand.
  Authors: Karathodorou, Niovi; Graham, Daniel
  Authors: Karathodorou, Niovi; Graham, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Economics; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-1759
• Policy Analysis Using PECAS Framework
  Abstract: The PECAS land use and transportation interaction model of Baltimore MD has been simplified and modified for demonstration purposes. The resulting Demo Model was run to analyze four policies: 1) provision of new crosstown inner city road infrastructure, 2) increase in government activity and employment, 3) public housing development, and 4) mobile source carbon tax. Different types of model outputs are shown and compared between scenarios, including calculation of consumer surplus benefits (for comparison against costs), industrial and household location, space development and rents, wages, labor production and consumption, travel cost and travel composite utilities. The examples show some of the diverse types of analysis possible with a PECAS model and the ways that a land use and transportation interaction model can promote complete policy discussion and holistic planning.
  Authors: Abraham, John; Hunt, John Douglas; Fuenmayor, Geraldine
  Authors: Abraham, John; Hunt, John Douglas; Fuenmayor, Geraldine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Society; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Economics
  Session: 823
  Paper Number: 13-4246
• Does TOD Need the T? Auto use, residential sorting, and access to rail
  Abstract: Smart growth planning often focuses on building new housing near rail stations, on the assumption that transit-oriented development can reduce driving and therefore mitigate climate change, pollution and congestion. But research has rarely investigated how transit-oriented development affects auto use—or asked whether new development should be oriented away from autos, rather than toward rail. This study addresses two questions. First, do households choosing new housing near rail stations have different patterns of auto ownership and use? Second, are those differences a result of rail access, or other factors associated with rail access? Previous studies have not used comparable data to compare nearby and farther away housing units; have lacked data on parking supply; have not controlled for characteristics of the housing itself, particularly the age of the housing; and have generally failed to account for how residential choices may affect TOD housing outcomes. I surveyed over 1,100 households within two miles of ten rail stations, and conducted a field count of over 6,200 on-street parking spaces on 818 block faces near the stations. The household survey collected information on housing characteristics, parking, travel, and household demographics as well as stated residential choice criteria to control for heterogeneity in preferences. The survey data were geocoded and joined to on-street parking supply data and other spatial data from secondary sources. I used regression analysis to examine how housing, parking, neighborhood and subregional spatial characteristics are correlated with automobile ownership, commuting, and grocery trips. Auto ownership and use is much lower among households living in new housing near rail stations, but these differences are not explained by rail access. Off- and on-street parking availability, housing type and tenure, local and subregional density, and bus service are much more highly correlated with residential choices and subsequent auto ownership and travel. Rail access is associated with lower auto use when combined with factors like parking supply and housing type, but rail by itself has little explanatory power. I conclude that the details of TOD matter, and some of the things that “work” about TOD have little or nothing to do with rail access by itself. Planners should broaden efforts to develop dense, mixed-use housing beyond rail station areas. Denser housing development coupled with good management of automobile parking and improved bus service could be more effective, and less expensive, than a development policy oriented around rail stations.
  Authors: Chatman, Daniel G.
  Authors: Chatman, Daniel G.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Economics; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-5164
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Combined Effects of Compact Development, Transportation Investments, and Road User Pricing on Vehicle Miles Traveled in Urbanized Areas
  Abstract: The new federal surface transportation act, Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21), passed by Congress and signed into law by the president in July 2012 advances several goals, including improving safety, reducing traffic congestion, and “minimizing transportation-related fuel consumption and air pollution” (Section 1201:134, p. 278). All of the above depend on vehicle miles traveled or VMT. Previous studies have analyzed the impact of compact development, transportation investments, and highway user costs on VMT. This study expands on previous work, using more recent data, additional metrics, and structural equation modeling to explain VMT levels of urbanized areas and to test the effects of various policy and planning levers. 
  Authors: Ewing, Reid; Hamidi, Shima; Nelson, Arthur C.; Grace, James B.
  Authors: Ewing, Reid; Hamidi, Shima; Nelson, Arthur C.; Grace, James B.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Economics; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-5230
• Beyond the Built Environment at Home: Does Compact Development Along Commuting Routes Reduce Driving and Conserve Fuel?
  Abstract: While extensive research has investigated how the built environment near people’s homes and work places influence automobile travel behavior, little is known about how commuting routes affect travel outcomes. This article presents an empirical study of the influences of the built environment along commuting routes on vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and fuel consumption for non-work automobile travel. Using a unique Global Positioning Systems (GPS) dataset collected from automobile trips of 46 drivers from the Southeast Michigan area over a 30 day time frame, this study identifies the actual commuting routes for all drivers and derives their fuel consumption for non-work travel. The results do not support the contention that commuting routes characterized by more compact and mixed-use development have the effect of reducing non-work VMT and fuel consumption. This study is unique in its focus on the commuting routes and in establishing a method for using GPS data in transportation and land-use research, and it offers suggestions for refining the modeling of travel behavior along commuting routes.
  Authors: Wang, Xiaoguang; Grengs, Joe; Kostyniuk, Lidia P.
  Authors: Wang, Xiaoguang; Grengs, Joe; Kostyniuk, Lidia P.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Economics; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-0107
• Do Residents of Smart Growth Neighborhoods in Los Angeles Travel “Smarter”?
  Abstract: Using individual trip diary from the recent 2009 National Household Travel Survey, we study the impact of different aspects of smart growth patterns on commute mode choice, daily work travel mode choice and non-work travel mode choice for individuals living in different neighborhoods in the Los Angels MSA. We include socioeconomic measures of smart growth in our models, in addition to the commonly used physical smart growth development patterns (i.e. built environment). Model results consistently show that the transportation infrastructure diversity and quality is the most important aspect of smart growth patterns that has a substantial effect on commute mode choice, daily work and non-work travel mode choice. Moreover, housing mix in a neighborhood increases the likelihood of choosing walking/cycling for daily work trips and daily non-work trips. Socioeconomic diversity of a neighborhood reduces the likelihood of choosing walking/cycling for daily non-work trips. After taking into account these three indices, the rest two indices--residential density and mixed land use--only have insignificant impact on travel mode choice. Overall, people living in smart growth neighborhoods in Los Angeles do travel “smarter”, in terms of using environmentally more sustainable (bus and train) and healthier (walking and cycling) travel modes.
  Authors: Zhu, Pengyu; Dong, Hongwei
  Authors: Zhu, Pengyu; Dong, Hongwei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Economics; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-3476
• Job-Worker and Income Balance in the United States
  Abstract: Across the country, one of the main reasons commuter trip lengths are increasing and traffic conditions are deteriorating is because people do not, or cannot, live near their jobs. The physical distance between the location of jobs and appropriate housing can be significant. Often the only feasible alternative for workers who cannot work from home is to commute by car to their job location. Congested freeways and rush hours provide ample evidence of this spatial separation. When jobs and housing are located in close proximity, the need for long commutes may be reduced. This study uses journey-to-work data from metropolitan census tracts across the country to investigate whether people’s choices to live and work in an area is related to the presence of jobs, or whether it is related to the type of job. Ordinary least squares regression is used to generate a model that relates the number of people who live and work in the same area to the earned wages of resident and nonresident workers, as well as the number of resident workers to non-resident workers. The results indicate that more people who live and work in the same area if there is a balance between earned wages of resident and non-resident workers. This model fits the data better than previously published models that relate travel outcomes to jobs and housing. Since metropolitan census tracts from across the nation were used, the models derived from this research should be widely generalizable. This research provides planners the capability to predict how employment and housing affect whether people can live and work in the same area.
  Authors: Stoker, Philip; Ewing, Reid
  Authors: Stoker, Philip; Ewing, Reid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Society; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Economics
  Session: 823
  Paper Number: 13-1522
• What to Expect in 2030: Impacts of Fuel Price and Fuel Economy on Land Use and Transportation
  Abstract: The cost of travel, which depends highly on fuel prices, can have a significant impact on the allocation of land uses, the amount of travel, the modes chosen for travel and the routes drivers select in a region. With the volatility of energy prices over the past several decades, the growing instability of energy supply both domestic and foreign, and ever growing demand, it is difficult to predict what fuel prices will be in the future. To begin to grapple with such uncertainty, planners must understand the potential future impacts of energy prices. With knowledge of these impacts, better planning can be achieved to accommodate the likely outcomes. This paper investigates the impacts of increased fuel prices on future transportation system performance utilizing an integrated land use and transportation model. The developed scenarios build on national macro-economic forecasts of changes in household and employment allocations with future transportation network improvements and modeled in a multi-state integrated land use and transportation model for year 2030 in the Capital Mega-region area. The scenarios are designed such that both the impacts of fuel prices and resulting vehicle fuel economy on land use and travel behavior are captured. The model results show that increased fuel prices and fuel economy have a significant impact on land use and travel patterns. Increased fuel prices lead to a denser land use pattern and a reduction in automobile mode share and vehicle miles traveled even though fuel economy increases. The reduction is less pronounced if fuel economy increases significantly.
  Authors: Erdogan, Sevgi; Welch, Timothy F.; Knaap, Gerrit; Ducca, Frederick
  Authors: Erdogan, Sevgi; Welch, Timothy F.; Knaap, Gerrit; Ducca, Frederick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Society; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Economics
  Session: 823
  Paper Number: 13-4330
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Transportation in an Aging Society: The Linkage between Transportation and Quality of Life
  Abstract:

   

  This paper explored the effect of transportation factors on older peoples’ (65 years and older) quality of life. The data is drawn from a national telephone survey done by the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). Exploratory Factor Analysis is used to develop a quality of life index based on five survey questions. Linear regression is used to explore the quality of life index’s correlation to transportation as well as various personal, household, and community characteristics.
  The results show that those with low socio-economic status and a limited social network are linked with lower quality of life. Also, various transportation factors are found to be significant. Lack of transportation in general and especially not driving, are found to be significant factors negatively associated with quality of life. A built environment, which facilities walking, is found to be positively associated. This study found that accessibility to alternative transportation is found to be positively associated with older people’s quality of life. Specifically, information about transportation options and transportation alternatives for those with disabilities and health problems are found to be significant for older people’s quality of life. This indicates that development of transportation alternatives, along with improved accessibility and visibility, is critical for older people’s quality of life in an aging society.

  Authors: Ulfarsson, Gudmundur Freyr; Kim, Sungyop
  Authors: Gudmundur Freyr Ulfarsson, Sungyop Kim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Public Transportation; Policy
  Session: ABE60
• Can BART Do Better? Sketch Modeling Alternate Fare Structures to Manage Demand
  Abstract:

  How can transit agencies explore of fare policies for congestion management quickly and cheaply? This research develops an elasticity-based sketch-planning model, and applies it to the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system. The model predicts that BART could increase revenue significantly with a small decrease, or even increase, in ridership by introducing peak period and direction pricing on trips to San Francisco.BART provided ridership data by origin-destination pair in 15-minute intervals for nine weekdays in 2011, and elasticity values for commute (-0.15) and non-commute trips (-0.30). The model forecast new ridership after fare changes using elasticity. A 1000-iteration Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that the findings of the Excel-based model are robust.Several new fare structures were developed, based on International transit systems. For each fare structure, the model also determined ridership in a revenue-neutral case where new revenue subsidized off-peak trips. The best performing alternative (existing fares plus a $1.00 peak period surcharge and $1.00 Transbay peak direction surcharge) increases weekday revenue by 19.5% but loses 2.5% of ridership. By introducing off-peak discounts, BART ridership would increase 4.9% without during uncongested times.The model indicates that BART could meet its revenue and mode shift goals with a more complex fare structure. If implemented, care should be taken to reduce impact on lower income households with inflexible transit demands.

  Authors: Schabas, Matthew; Miller, Ruth
  Authors: Schabas, Matthew; Miller, Ruth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-1378
• Beyond the Built Environment at Home: Does Compact Development Along Commuting Routes Reduce Driving and Conserve Fuel?
  Authors: Wang, Xiaoguang
  Authors: Wang, Xiaoguang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-0107
• Reclaiming the Right-of-Way: Best Practices for Implementing and Designing Parklets
  Authors: Brozen, Madeline
  Authors: Brozen, Madeline
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: 13-0464
• Effects of Fare Payment Types and Crowding on Dwell Time: Fine-Grained Analysis
  Authors: Fletcher, Grant
  Authors: Fletcher, Grant
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 822
  Paper Number: 13-1102
• Job-Worker and Income Balance in the United States
  Authors: Stoker, Philip
  Authors: Stoker, Philip
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 823
  Paper Number: 13-1522
• Integrated Transportation Payment System Security and Privacy Breaches: Extent of the Problem and Simulated Case Study
  Authors: Zarrillo, Marguerite
  Authors: Zarrillo, Marguerite
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 325
  Paper Number: 13-0650
• Assessment of Determinants of Financial Innovations in Transportation Infrastructure
  Authors: Darani, Ali
  Authors: Darani, Ali
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-0662
• Environmental Justice Analysis of Minority and Low-Income Populations Adjacent to Goods Movement Corridors in Southern California
  Authors: Seo, Jung
  Authors: Seo, Jung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-0701
• Comparison of Two Dynamic Transportation Models: Case of Stockholm Congestion Charging
  Authors: de Palma, Andre
  Authors: de Palma, Andre
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 485
  Paper Number: 13-0760
• Comparison of Two Dynamic Transportation Models: Case of Stockholm Congestion Charging
  Authors: Saifuzzaman, Mohammad
  Authors: Saifuzzaman, Mohammad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 485
  Paper Number: 13-0760
• Longitudinal GPS Travel Data and Breach of Privacy via Enhanced Spatial and Demographic Analysis
  Authors: Elango, Vetri Venthan
  Authors: Elango, Vetri Venthan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 325
  Paper Number: 13-0820
• Evaluation of Impacts of Urban Road Pricing on Social and Spatial Inequalities
  Authors: Souche, Stephanie
  Authors: Souche, Stephanie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 485
  Paper Number: 13-0898
• What Makes Traffic Violations Become Habitual: Impacts of Individual Attitudes, Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control on Repetitive Traffic Violation Behaviors Among Motorcyclists
  Authors: Susilo, Yusak
  Authors: Susilo, Yusak
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 776
  Paper Number: 13-1071
• Private Investment and Road Pricing: The Investment Public-Private Partnership
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-1087
• Unbanked Transit Riders and Open Payment Fare Collection
  Authors: Brakewood, Candace
  Authors: Brakewood, Candace
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 822
  Paper Number: 13-1248
• Emerging Strategies to Reduce Costs and Increase Public Acceptance of Mileage-Based User Fees
  Authors: Sorensen, Paul
  Authors: Sorensen, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-1381
• Indian Reservation Safety Improvement Program: Methodology and Case Study
  Authors: Shinstine, Debbie
  Authors: Shinstine, Debbie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Society
  Session: 333
  Paper Number: 13-1697
• Do State Public-Private Partnership Enabling Laws Affect Investment in Infrastructure?
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond
  Authors: Geddes, Raymond
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-1588
• Powered Two-Wheeler Rider Eye-Height Determination
  Authors: Antoniou, Constantinos
  Authors: Antoniou, Constantinos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 776
  Paper Number: 13-1784
• Measuring and Reporting Travel Time Reliability Statistics for the Most Congested Corridors in the United States: Methodology and Results
  Authors: Eisele, William
  Authors: Eisele, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 760
  Paper Number: 13-1338
• Retail Fuel Price Stabilization and Revenue Generation of Dynamic Taxation Policy
  Authors: Lu, Yijing
  Authors: Lu, Yijing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-3158
• Empirical Investigation of Measurement of Land Use Mix in the Context of Public Transport Demand
  Authors: Karathodorou, Niovi
  Authors: Karathodorou, Niovi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-1759
• Pareto-Improving Hybrid Policy for Transportation Networks
  Authors: Song, Ziqi
  Authors: Song, Ziqi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 485
  Paper Number: 13-1809
• Missing Links: How Social Paths Can Improve Light-Rail Pedestrian Accessibility
  Authors: Gallagher, Patrick
  Authors: Gallagher, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-1799
• Sign Retroreflectivity Maintenance Program for Tribal Communities
  Authors: Iragavarapu, Vichika
  Authors: Iragavarapu, Vichika
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Society
  Session: 333
  Paper Number: 13-1867
• Aggregating VMT Within Predefined Geographic Zones by Cellular Assignment: Non-GPS-Based Approach to Mileage-Based Road Use Charging
  Authors: Davis, Brian
  Authors: Davis, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-3170
• Do Residents of Smart Growth Neighborhoods in Los Angeles Travel "Smarter"?
  Authors: Zhu, Pengyu
  Authors: Zhu, Pengyu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-3476
• Understanding the Use of Powered Two-Wheelers Within an Australian Capital City: Case of Melbourne's Central Business District
  Authors: Rose, Geoffrey
  Authors: Rose, Geoffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 776
  Paper Number: 13-3597
• Who Does the Shopping? German Time-Use Evidence, 1996-2009
  Authors: Vance, Colin
  Authors: Vance, Colin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 594
  Paper Number: 13-3719
• Considerations for Integrating Bicycling and Walking Facilities into Urban Infrastructure
  Authors: Nuworsoo, Cornelius
  Authors: Nuworsoo, Cornelius
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-3997
• Gender Differences in Activity and Travel Behavior in the Arab World
  Authors: Benjamin, Julian
  Authors: Benjamin, Julian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 594
  Paper Number: 13-4244
• Gender Differences in Activity and Travel Behavior in the Arab World
  Authors: Shiftan, Yoram
  Authors: Shiftan, Yoram
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 594
  Paper Number: 13-4244
• Policy Analysis Using PECAS Framework
  Authors: Abraham, John
  Authors: Abraham, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 823
  Paper Number: 13-4246
• Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to Government Agencies and Intelligent Transportation Systems Data
  Authors: Wallace, Richard
  Authors: Wallace, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 325
  Paper Number: 13-4295
• Census of U.S. Near-Roadway Population: Particulate Matter Exposure, Environmental Justice, and Coverage of Air Quality Monitoring Network
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Authors: Gould, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3256
• Review of Civil Rights Guidance and Equity Analysis Methods for Regional Transportation Plans
  Authors: Karner, Alex
  Authors: Karner, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-3420
• Comparing Public-Private Partnerships with Traditional Procurement: Incorporating Considerations from Benefit-Cost Analysis
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: 13-3014
• Impacts of Parental Gender and Attitudes on Children's School Travel Mode and Parental Escort Behavior
  Authors: Hsu, Hsin-Ping
  Authors: Hsu, Hsin-Ping
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 594
  Paper Number: 13-4197
• What to Expect in 2030: Impacts of Fuel Price and Fuel Economy on Land Use and Transportation
  Authors: Erdogan, Sevgi
  Authors: Erdogan, Sevgi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 823
  Paper Number: 13-4330
• What Do Americans Think About Federal Tax Options to Support Public Transit, Highways, and Local Streets and Roads? Results from Year 3 of a National Survey
  Authors: Agrawal, Asha
  Authors: Agrawal, Asha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 643
  Paper Number: 13-4941
• Does Transit Mean Business? Reconciling Academic, Organizational, and Political Perspectives on Variable Transit Fares
  Authors: Yoh, Allison
  Authors: Yoh, Allison
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 822
  Paper Number: 13-4980
• Combined Effects of Compact Development, Transportation Investments, and Road User Pricing on Vehicle Miles Traveled in Urbanized Areas
  Authors: Ewing, Reid
  Authors: Ewing, Reid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-5230
• Perceived Neighborhood Environment and Transit Use in Low-Income Populations
  Authors: Lee, Jeongwoo
  Authors: Lee, Jeongwoo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 823
  Paper Number: 13-5235
• Wind River Indian Reservation Strategic Safety Management Plan
  Authors: Shinstine, Debbie
  Authors: Shinstine, Debbie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Society
  Session: 333
  Paper Number: 13-3289
• Do Complete Streets Cost More Than Incomplete Streets?
  Authors: Shapard, James
  Authors: Shapard, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 827
  Paper Number: 13-4283
• Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to Government Agencies and Intelligent Transportation Systems Data
  Authors: Hong, Qiang
  Authors: Hong, Qiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 325
  Paper Number: 13-4295
• Privacy Protection Method for Fine-Grained Urban Traffic Modeling Using Mobile Sensors
  Authors: Sun, Zhanbo
  Authors: Sun, Zhanbo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 325
  Paper Number: 13-3144
• Assessing the Environmental Capacity of Local Residential Streets
  Authors: Koorey, Glen
  Authors: Koorey, Glen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: 13-3546
• Senior and Disabled Reduced-Fare Cards: Peer Review of Policies
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 822
  Paper Number: 13-5311
• Demand Shifts and Observed Effects on Traffic Operation as a Result of Congestion Pricing Implementation on San Francisco Bay Bridge
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 485
  Paper Number: 13-4672
• Urban Core Transit Access to Low-Income Jobs
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas
  Authors: Hart, Nicholas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Environment; Passenger Transportation; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 642
  Paper Number: 13-5046
• Does TOD Need the T? Auto use, residential sorting, and access to rail
  Authors: Chatman, Daniel
  Authors: Chatman, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 453
  Paper Number: 13-5164
• Toward Sustainable Tribal Transit: Case Study of Coeur d'Alene's System
  Authors: Kelley, William
  Authors: Kelley, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Policy
  Session: 130
  Paper Number: 13-3865
• Fuel Tax Reform in China: Lessons for Developing Countries
  Authors: Lewis-Workman, Steve
  Authors: Lewis-Workman, Steve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Policy
  Session: 188
  Paper Number: P13-5361
• Assessment Criteria for Multimodal Hubs in China
  Authors: Saxena, Sharad
  Authors: Saxena, Sharad
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Policy
  Session: 188
  Paper Number: P13-5362
• Regulating Car Ownership in the Megacities of China
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Policy
  Session: 188
  Paper Number: P13-5367
• Sustainable Transport in China: Implementation Challenges and Evolution of Practice
  Authors: Liu, Zhi
  Authors: Liu, Zhi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Policy
  Session: 188
  Paper Number: P13-5368
• Why Good Measurement and Evaluation Are Necessary and Difficult and What Is Needed
  Authors: Knaap, Gerrit
  Authors: Knaap, Gerrit
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-5464
• Technical Challenges to Good Measurement
  Authors: Rodier, Caroline
  Authors: Rodier, Caroline
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-5465
• Measuring Progress Toward California’s SB 375 Targets
  Authors: Stoll, Charles "Muggs"
  Authors: Stoll, Charles "Muggs"
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-5468
• Developing Reliability Monitoring Program: Implementing the Findings of SHRP 2 Project L02
  Authors: List, George
  Authors: List, George
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 760
  Paper Number: P13-5595
• Urban Traffic Evaluation Using Taxis with Probe-Sensing Devices in Guangzhou, China
  Authors: He, Zhaocheng
  Authors: He, Zhaocheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; Environment; Policy
  Session: 188
  Paper Number: P13-5363
• Georgia's Transportation Investment Act
  Authors: Hull, Corey
  Authors: Hull, Corey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 275
  Paper Number: P13-5627
• Private Sector
  Authors: Park, Hyun-A
  Authors: Park, Hyun-A
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Education and Training; Policy
  Session: 394
  Paper Number: P13-5623
• Georgia's Transportation Investment Act
  Authors: Hayse, Jane
  Authors: Hayse, Jane
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 275
  Paper Number: P13-5627
• Keynote: Building Consensus!
  Authors: Bartsch, Jonathan
  Authors: Bartsch, Jonathan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 176
  Paper Number: P13-5699
• Social Media in the Public Involvement Process
  Authors: Brown, Lloyd
  Authors: Brown, Lloyd
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 759
  Paper Number: P13-5761
• Panel 1: The Spectrum of Challenges to Provide Interregional Passenger Mobility
  Authors: Rommerts, Marcel
  Authors: Rommerts, Marcel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 138
  Paper Number: P13-5768
• Panel 1: The Spectrum of Challenges to Provide Interregional Passenger Mobility
  Authors: Aparicio, Angel
  Authors: Aparicio, Angel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 138
  Paper Number: P13-5768
• Portland Area MPO Perspective
  Authors: Ellis, Kim
  Authors: Ellis, Kim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 763
  Paper Number: P13-5751
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Myers, Raquelle
  Authors: Myers, Raquelle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Policy
  Session: 130
  Paper Number: Z13-130
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Myers, Raquelle
  Authors: Myers, Raquelle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Law; Policy; Society; MAP-21
  Session: 194
  Paper Number: Z13-194
• Federal Initiatives Relevant to Measuring Effectiveness of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Efforts
  Authors: Marchese, April
  Authors: Marchese, April
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-5466
• San Francisco MPO Perspective
  Authors: Vautin, David
  Authors: Vautin, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 763
  Paper Number: P13-5749
• Philadelphia Area MPO Perspective
  Authors: Boyer, Michael
  Authors: Boyer, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 763
  Paper Number: P13-5750
• Traffic Incidents, Construction, and Special Events: Using ITS Performance Data to Alleviate Nonrecurring Congestion in Las Vegas
  Authors: Hoeft, Brian
  Authors: Hoeft, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 760
  Paper Number: P13-5692
• Targeted Pedestrian Safety Analysis and Project Planning in New York City
  Authors: Roe, Matthew
  Authors: Roe, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 682
  Paper Number: P13-6495
• Chicago Fast Forward
  Authors: Klein, Gabe
  Authors: Klein, Gabe
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Transportation, General; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 792
  Paper Number: P13-6502
• Panelists
  Authors: Christian, James
  Authors: Christian, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 484
  Paper Number: P13-6876
• U.S. Manufacturing: What Can the Past Reveal About the Future?
  Authors: Laney, Karen
  Authors: Laney, Karen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Freight Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 476
  Paper Number: P13-6902
• The Arizona Perspective
  Authors: Walker, Marisa
  Authors: Walker, Marisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6909
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection: The Federal Perspective
  Authors: Counihan, Dennis
  Authors: Counihan, Dennis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6910
• The Interdependency of Transportation Systems and National Competitiveness
  Authors: Bingham, Paul
  Authors: Bingham, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Freight Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 476
  Paper Number: P13-6915
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Christopher, Ed
  Authors: Christopher, Ed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 392
  Paper Number: Z13-392
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Beightel, Eric
  Authors: Beightel, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 484
  Paper Number: Z13-484
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Angel, Nichola
  Authors: Angel, Nichola
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation; Society
  Session: 594
  Paper Number: Z13-594
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Lyons, William
  Authors: Lyons, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 763
  Paper Number: Z13-763
• Leveraging Climate Adaptation for Health, Mobility, and Affordability in Phoenix, Arizona
  Authors: Golub, Aaron
  Authors: Golub, Aaron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 136
  Paper Number: P13-6682
• Freight Policy and the Competitiveness of the Nation's Ports
  Authors: Cordero, Mario
  Authors: Cordero, Mario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Policy
  Session: 526
  Paper Number: P13-6881
• Mix it up... Connecting People to Government
  Authors: Benefield, Jennifer
  Authors: Benefield, Jennifer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 759
  Paper Number: P13-6927
• Transportation and Climate Initiative: Regional Effort to Develop Sustainable Transportation Measures
  Authors: Campoli, Gina
  Authors: Campoli, Gina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Energy; Environment; Policy
  Session: 330
  Paper Number: P13-7079
• Current Macroeconomic Trends in the U.S. Economy
  Authors: Duncan, Douglas
  Authors: Duncan, Douglas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Freight Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 476
  Paper Number: P13-7107
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Johnson, Shana
  Authors: Johnson, Shana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 581
  Paper Number: Z13-581
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Moore, Walter
  Authors: Moore, Walter
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 583
  Paper Number: Z13-583
• Panelists
  Authors: Rae, Karen
  Authors: Rae, Karen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 484
  Paper Number: P13-6876
• Panelists
  Authors: McCurry, James
  Authors: McCurry, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 484
  Paper Number: P13-6876
• Panelists
  Authors: DePaola, Frank
  Authors: DePaola, Frank
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 484
  Paper Number: P13-6876
• Fostering Community Engagement Through Nongovernmental Organizations' Microgrants and Local Demonstration Projects
  Authors: Aimen, David
  Authors: Aimen, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 136
  Paper Number: P13-6692
• Engaging Communities with Demonstration Grants
  Authors: Kelly, Michael
  Authors: Kelly, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 136
  Paper Number: P13-6698
• Community Collaboration Strategies to Support Community Aspirations and Concerns in a Sustainable Planning Context
  Authors: Fatehi-Weeks, Parisa
  Authors: Fatehi-Weeks, Parisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 136
  Paper Number: P13-6691
• Tolling the Mexican/US Border – Can It Be Done?
  Authors: Harknett, Thomas
  Authors: Harknett, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-7060
• Impacts of MAP-21 on Tribal Communities
  Authors: Jaffe, Matthew
  Authors: Jaffe, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Law; Policy; Society; MAP-21
  Session: 194
  Paper Number: P13-6110
• Tribal Tourism: From Scenic Byways to International Tourism
  Authors: Ptak, Cindi
  Authors: Ptak, Cindi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Law; Policy; Society; MAP-21
  Session: 194
  Paper Number: P13-6111
• Impetus for and Impact of Federal Planning Regulations
  Authors: Pisarski, Alan
  Authors: Pisarski, Alan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: History; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 764
  Paper Number: P13-6439
• Introduction and Overview
  Authors: Lyons, William
  Authors: Lyons, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 763
  Paper Number: P13-6948
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Myers, Raquelle
  Authors: Myers, Raquelle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Society
  Session: 333
  Paper Number: Z13-333
• Creating Partnerships Between Health and Regional Planning Institutions to Advance Healthy, Equitable Planning
  Authors: Oleru, Ngozi
  Authors: Oleru, Ngozi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 136
  Paper Number: P13-6681
• Performance and Innovation: San Francisco Meeting the Challenge
  Authors: Reiskin, Edward
  Authors: Reiskin, Edward
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Transportation, General; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 792
  Paper Number: P13-6322
• P3 Program Design and Decision Making: The Ohio Experience
  Authors: Riley, James
  Authors: Riley, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 537
  Paper Number: P13-6373
• Cumulative Logistic Regression Models: New Approach to Trip Generation for Small and Medium-Sized Communities
  Authors: Huntsinger, Leta
  Authors: Huntsinger, Leta
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 583
  Paper Number: P13-5821
• Intersecting Health and Transportation
  Authors: Dannenberg, Andrew
  Authors: Dannenberg, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Data and Information Technology; Policy
  Session: 392
  Paper Number: P13-5938
• The Southern California Perspective
  Authors: Casgar, Christina
  Authors: Casgar, Christina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6138
• Safe Streets for Seniors: New York City Department of Transportation
  Authors: Bailey, Linda
  Authors: Bailey, Linda
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6294
• Using Health Indicators to Advance Effective and Equitable Regional Planning
  Authors: Karner, Alex
  Authors: Karner, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 136
  Paper Number: P13-6679
• The Southern California Perspective
  Authors: Arias, Elisa
  Authors: Arias, Elisa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6138
• Baltimore Red Line Corridor
  Authors: Enny, John
  Authors: Enny, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 759
  Paper Number: P13-6100
• Overview of Tribal Transportation Assistance Programs
  Authors: Hall, Ronald
  Authors: Hall, Ronald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Policy
  Session: 130
  Paper Number: P13-6108
• Regulations and Evolving Roles of Metropolitan Planning Organizations
  Authors: Sciara, Gian-Claudia
  Authors: Sciara, Gian-Claudia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: History; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 764
  Paper Number: P13-6440
• Origin-Destination Study Using Cellular Technology for Mobile, Alabama
  Authors: Harrison, Kevin
  Authors: Harrison, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 583
  Paper Number: P13-5820
• Economics and Forecasting for Rural Transportation Projects and Programs
  Authors: McBroom, Douglas
  Authors: McBroom, Douglas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 583
  Paper Number: P13-5822
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Perkins, Stephen
  Authors: Perkins, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Policy; Society
  Session: 122
  Paper Number: P13-5850
• Loop 1604
  Authors: Brooks, Stephanie
  Authors: Brooks, Stephanie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 759
  Paper Number: P13-5942
• FHWA Presentation on MAP-21 Reliability Reporting Requirements
  Authors: Taylor, Richard
  Authors: Taylor, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 760
  Paper Number: P13-5954
• Freight Policy: Competitiveness, Supply Chains, and the National Export Initiative
  Authors: Long, David
  Authors: Long, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Policy
  Session: 526
  Paper Number: P13-6013
• MAP-21 National Freight Policy
  Authors: Trottenberg, Polly
  Authors: Trottenberg, Polly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Policy
  Session: 526
  Paper Number: P13-6016
• Navajo Nation Airport System
  Authors: Teller, Arlando
  Authors: Teller, Arlando
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Policy
  Session: 130
  Paper Number: P13-6107
• Tribal Tourism: From Scenic Byways to International Tourism
  Authors: Kinney, Isaac
  Authors: Kinney, Isaac
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Law; Policy; Society; MAP-21
  Session: 194
  Paper Number: P13-6111
• U.S. Federal Deficit and Debt: Ramifications for Future Economic Growth
  Authors: Brill, Alex
  Authors: Brill, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Economics; Freight Transportation; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 476
  Paper Number: P13-6150
• Florida State Transportation Revenue Study
  Authors: Glassman, Howard
  Authors: Glassman, Howard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 275
  Paper Number: P13-5630
• Panel 2: Operators' Strategies to Meet Energy and Environmental Challenges for Future Mobility
  Authors: Szyperski, Mark
  Authors: Szyperski, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: International Activities; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 138
  Paper Number: P13-5769
• Panel Discussion
  Authors: Johnson, Shana
  Authors: Johnson, Shana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 581
  Paper Number: P13-5520
• Weaving Authentic and Effective Community Leadership and Engagement Strategies into Planning and Project Implementation
  Authors: Mekha, Repa
  Authors: Mekha, Repa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 136
  Paper Number: P13-6687
• Institutional Practices That Support the Engagement of Low-Income Communities of Color and Other Vulnerable Communities in the Planning Process
  Authors: Achelpohl, Ron
  Authors: Achelpohl, Ron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 136
  Paper Number: P13-6690
• Overview of Tribal Transportation Assistance Programs
  Authors: Myers, Raquelle
  Authors: Myers, Raquelle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Aviation; Policy
  Session: 130
  Paper Number: P13-6108
• Impacts of MAP-21 on Tribal Communities
  Authors: Hall, Ronald
  Authors: Hall, Ronald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Law; Policy; Society; MAP-21
  Session: 194
  Paper Number: P13-6110
• Continuous-Flow Interception Concept Solves 40-Year Intersection Capacity Deficiency
  Authors: Bittner, Mike
  Authors: Bittner, Mike
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Environment; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 583
  Paper Number: P13-5823
• Leveraging Project- and Scenario-Level Performance Assessment to Achieve Sustainability Goals of Plan Bay Area
  Authors: Vautin, David
  Authors: Vautin, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-2058
• Livability Literature Review: Synthesis of Current Practice
  Authors: Hermanson, Valerie
  Authors: Hermanson, Valerie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-2940
• Georgia Statewide Freight and Logistics Plan
  Authors: Sanford, Elizabeth
  Authors: Sanford, Elizabeth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Society
  Session: 356
  Paper Number: P13-6268
• Perspective of Investment Banking Industry on Tolled Ports of Entry
  Authors: Muller, Robert
  Authors: Muller, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Finance; Freight Transportation; Motor Carriers; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 749
  Paper Number: P13-6140
• Best and Worst of Complete Streets: Lessons Learned from 15 Municipalities
  Authors: Maisel, Jordana
  Authors: Maisel, Jordana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6290
• New Frontier in Transportation
  Authors: Yousuf, Mohammed
  Authors: Yousuf, Mohammed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6292
• Age-Friendly Communities Policy and Implementation
  Authors: Lynott, Jana
  Authors: Lynott, Jana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6293
• Staying Mobile in Five European Cities: Results from AENEAS Project
  Authors: Rupprecht, Siegfried
  Authors: Rupprecht, Siegfried
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6296
• Toward an Age-Friendly Portland: Preparing Portland's Transportation System for Demographic Shifts
  Authors: Rowan, Colin
  Authors: Rowan, Colin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Passenger Transportation; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 177
  Paper Number: P13-6295
• Using Urban Commuting Data to Calculate a Spatiotemporal Accessibility Measure for Healthy Food Environment Studies
  Authors: Widener, Michael
  Authors: Widener, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-0825
• Interrelationship and Order of Decision between Bicycle Choice and Trip Chain Pattern
  Authors: Li, Zhibin
  Authors: Li, Zhibin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1133
• An Overview of Shared Bicycle/Bus Lanes in the United States
  Authors: Hendricks, Sara
  Authors: Hendricks, Sara
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-1217
• Has the Introduction of Cycle-to-Work Scheme Increased Levels of Cycling to Work in the United Kingdom?
  Authors: Avineri, Erel
  Authors: Avineri, Erel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2068
• Taking U.S. Transportation Professionals to European Cycling Cities: Does It Matter?
  Authors: Mild, Cortney
  Authors: Mild, Cortney
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2389
• Taking U.S. Transportation Professionals to European Cycling Cities: Does It Matter?
  Authors: Schlossberg, Marc
  Authors: Schlossberg, Marc
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-2389
• Them or Us: Perceptions, Cognitions, Emotions, and Overt Behavior Associated with Cyclists and Motorists Sharing the Road
  Authors: Prato, Carlo
  Authors: Prato, Carlo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3204
• School Commute Air Quality: Understanding Variation in Pollutant Exposure for Students Traveling to School by Auto, Bus, or Walking
  Authors: Moore, Adam
  Authors: Moore, Adam
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-3315
• Analysis of School Trip Mode Choice: Promoting Active Travel
  Authors: Ermagun, Alireza
  Authors: Ermagun, Alireza
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-3618
• Cycling or Not? How Urban Policy Influences Bicycle Evolution in Shanghai and Its Impact on Local Cyclists
  Authors: Tang, Yang
  Authors: Tang, Yang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-3891
• Commute Well-being Among Bicycle, Transit, and Car Users in Portland, Oregon
  Authors: Smith, Oliver
  Authors: Smith, Oliver
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4479
• Using New Data Sources to Meet MAP-21 Requirements for Performance-Based Planning: National Capital Region's Experience in Monitoring Congestion and Reliability
  Authors: Pu, Wenjing
  Authors: Pu, Wenjing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-0183
• Creating a New Method to Identify the Worst Bottlenecks in Texas
  Authors: Schrank, David
  Authors: Schrank, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-0693
• Ex Post Facto Program Evaluation: Lessons Learned from Assessment of Indiana's Highway Investment Program
  Authors: Everett, Stephanie
  Authors: Everett, Stephanie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Administration and Management; Policy; MAP-21
  Session: 355
  Paper Number: 13-2089
• Sustainable Communities: Challenges in Implementing Standardized Performance Measures
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank
  Authors: Gallivan, Frank
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-3397
• Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure Investments and Mode Share Changes: A 20-Year Case Study of Boulder, Colorado.
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Authors: Nordback, Krista
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Energy; Environment; Finance; Policy
  Session: 357
  Paper Number: 13-4192
• Financial Evaluation of Mileage-Based User Fee: State of Florida Case Study
  Authors: Al-Deek, Haitham
  Authors: Al-Deek, Haitham
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0332
• Comparative Analysis of Road Financing Approaches in Europe and the United States
  Authors: Gomez, Juan
  Authors: Gomez, Juan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1147
• Forecasting Mobile Ticketing Utilization for Commuter Rail
  Authors: Brakewood, Candace
  Authors: Brakewood, Candace
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-1244
• Minimizing the Impacts of Cost and Revenue Uncertainties on Transportation Project Delivery
  Authors: Redd, Larry
  Authors: Redd, Larry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1599
• Equity Evaluation of Fuel Tax per Gallon and VMT Fee
  Authors: Kastrouni, Eirini
  Authors: Kastrouni, Eirini
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-2826
• Performance-Based Framework to Include Air Quality in Mileage-Based User Fees: Framework Structure
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3236
• Mining Smart Card Data for Transit Riders' Travel Patterns
  Authors: Ma, Xiaolei
  Authors: Ma, Xiaolei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-3460
• Analysis of Evening Contraflow Fare on the London Underground
  Authors: Rooney, Lydia
  Authors: Rooney, Lydia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-4612
• A Region Divided: Campaign for 2012 Transportation Referendum in Atlanta, Georgia
  Authors: Paget-Seekins, Laurel
  Authors: Paget-Seekins, Laurel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4715
• Cost and Optimal Fare Estimation for Urban Bus Transit System of Santiago, Chile
  Authors: Galilea, Patricia
  Authors: Galilea, Patricia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-4814
• Smart Growth, Environmental Justice, and Projected Cancer Risk in Southern California: Case Study in Regional Planning and Health
  Authors: Clark, Kimberly
  Authors: Clark, Kimberly
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-5324
• Modeling Frequency and Duration of Out-of-Home Physical Activity Participation of School-Going Children
  Authors: Daisy, Naznin
  Authors: Daisy, Naznin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-5356
• Evaluation of Innovative Bicycle Facilities in Washington, D.C.: Pennsylvania Avenue Median Lanes and 15th Street Cycle Track
  Authors: Trainor, Stephanie
  Authors: Trainor, Stephanie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 347
  Paper Number: 13-0519
• Evaluation of Urban Land Redevelopment Impact on Nonmotorized Traffic: Case Study in Shanghai, China
  Authors: Wu, Bing
  Authors: Wu, Bing
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Planning and Forecasting; Policy
  Session: 556
  Paper Number: 13-1900
• A Survey of Hospital Travel Plans in England
  Authors: Khandokar, Fahmida
  Authors: Khandokar, Fahmida
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Policy; Society
  Session: 351
  Paper Number: 13-4450
• Assessment of Social Dimensions of Sustainable Innovative Financing in Transportation Infrastructure Projects
  Authors: Darani, Ali
  Authors: Darani, Ali
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0664
• Transportation Infrastructure Funding with an Electrified Fleet
  Authors: Roberts, David
  Authors: Roberts, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0682
• Can BART Do Better? Sketch Modeling Alternate Fare Structures to Manage Demand
  Authors: Miller, Ruth
  Authors: Miller, Ruth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-1378
• Seeking New Revenues to Finance Transportation Investments: Placing Tolls on Untolled Interstates and the Challenges of Estimating Changes in Demand
  Authors: Berliner, Rosaria
  Authors: Berliner, Rosaria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-3700
• Seeking Alternative Transportation Financing Approaches in Massachusetts: Vehicle-Miles-Traveled Fee as a Supplement to Fuel Tax
  Authors: Costa, Ashley
  Authors: Costa, Ashley
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-4654
• Fuel Tax Refund Policy and Process Review of States
  Authors: Chaudhari, Jaydeepkumar
  Authors: Chaudhari, Jaydeepkumar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1354
• Objectives for Setting Transfer Time Windows and Other Considerations for Transit Fare Policy
  Authors: Hui, William
  Authors: Hui, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-1377
• Can BART Do Better? Sketch Modeling Alternate Fare Structures to Manage Demand
  Authors: Schabas, Matthew
  Authors: Schabas, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Policy; Public Transportation
  Session: 421
  Paper Number: 13-1378
• Long-Term Motor Fuel Tax Revenue Projections in Georgia
  Authors: Cherry, Phillip
  Authors: Cherry, Phillip
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-1383
• Framework to Analyze Vehicle Miles Travelled Fee Implementation
  Authors: Vavrova, Marketa
  Authors: Vavrova, Marketa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-2915
• Funding Urban Transport in New York: Revenue Potential of VMT and Carbon Taxes in New York State
  Authors: Gordon, Cameron
  Authors: Gordon, Cameron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 296
  Paper Number: 13-0443
• Methodology for Evaluating Cost and Accuracy of Parking Patrol Surveys
  Authors: Cao, Jin
  Authors: Cao, Jin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-1689
• Investigation of the Determinants of Travelers' Mental Knowledge of Public Parking Facilities
  Authors: Cools, Mario
  Authors: Cools, Mario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-2590
• The P3 Potential
  Authors: Elgart, Zachary
  Authors: Elgart, Zachary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-2971
• Key Considerations for States Seeking to Implement Public-Private Partnerships for New Highway Capacity
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Authors: DeCorla-Souza, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: 13-3030
• Evaluation of a Smart Parking System
  Authors: Fabusuyi, Tayo
  Authors: Fabusuyi, Tayo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-3427
• Simulation of a Parking Reservation System to Mitigate Cruising for Parking
  Authors: Carvalho e Ferreira, Diana
  Authors: Carvalho e Ferreira, Diana
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-3718
• Parking Oversupply in East Harlem: Analysis of Parking Occupancy and Mode Usage at East River Plaza in New York City
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Authors: Gebhart, Kyle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Policy
  Session: 411
  Paper Number: 13-5303
• General Framework for Evaluating Long-Term Leasing of Toll Roads: Case Study of Indiana I-90
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo
  Authors: Zhang, Zhibo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-5860
• Alaska's Experience with P3 Procurement
  Authors: Zofka, Ewa
  Authors: Zofka, Ewa
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Economics; Finance; Policy
  Session: 295
  Paper Number: P13-6042
• Chicago's Congestion Parking Tax: Early Evaluation
  Authors: Lai, Andrew
  Authors: Lai, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-0079
• Chicago's Congestion Parking Tax: Early Evaluation
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory
  Authors: Newmark, Gregory
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-0079
• Feasibility Study for Converting High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes to Managed Lanes in Dallas, Texas
  Authors: Ardekani, Siamak
  Authors: Ardekani, Siamak
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2022
• Dynamic Feedback-Control Toll Pricing Methodology for Revenue Maximization: Case Study on I-95 Managed Lanes
  Authors: Cheng, Danhong
  Authors: Cheng, Danhong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-2045
• Short-Run Impact of Gas Price Fluctuations on Toll Road Use
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3717
• Empirical Study on Lane-Changing Behaviors Along Different Types of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes in California
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong
  Authors: Du, Yaoqiong
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3979
• Empirical Study on Lane-Changing Behaviors Along Different Types of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes in California
  Authors: Boriboonsomsin, Kanok
  Authors: Boriboonsomsin, Kanok
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: 13-3979
• How Do Travelers Perceive and Value Travel Time Reliability?
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Authors: Burris, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6047
• Priced Dynamic Shoulder Lanes in Minnesota
  Authors: Buckeye, Kenneth
  Authors: Buckeye, Kenneth
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6076
• What Do Charlotte Residents Think About Express Toll Lanes?
  Authors: Purnell, Lynn
  Authors: Purnell, Lynn
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6077
• Congestion Pricing Alternatives to Investigate Potential of Route Diversion on Toll Facilities Using En Route Guidance
  Authors: Abou-Senna, Hatem
  Authors: Abou-Senna, Hatem
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6063
• Safety and Mobility of the Minnesota HOT Lane Designs
  Authors: Powers, Mark
  Authors: Powers, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6061
• Evaluation of Changes in Person and Vehicle Throughput for I-85 Corridor HOV-to-HOT-Lane Conversion
  Authors: Guensler, Randall
  Authors: Guensler, Randall
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6068
• Modeling Results of Pricing Scenarios for Express Travel Choices Study
  Authors: Oryani, Kazem
  Authors: Oryani, Kazem
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management; Policy
  Session: 294
  Paper Number: P13-6069
• Impacts of Road Pricing on Traveler Behavior: Evidence from Household Travel Behavior Panel Survey in Atlanta, Georgia
  Authors: Peirce, Sean
  Authors: Peirce, Sean
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Finance; Operations and Traffic Management;