2013 Subject Index: Rail

• Examining Accelerated Transit Operations Using the Directness Factor
  Abstract: The past 20 years have witnessed a remarkable period of growth for commuter rail. The potential to share existing infrastructure has made this mode of transportation an attractive solution to challenges posed by population growth and rising fuel costs. The increasing value placed on urban planning strategies that promote density has also boosted the attractiveness of this mode. This popularity has driven up demand for high levels of service performance – defined by trip times that are competitive with automobile travel and high rates of cost recovery relative to other transit modes. Therefore, developing and implementing strategies that reduce travel time and improve asset utilization has become a timely and appropriate consideration for commuter rail planners. This paper introduces the directness factor, a measure that can facilitate the evaluation of transit service alternatives by synthesizing timetable characteristics that may otherwise require an extended explanation. For organizations considering options for accelerated service, defined as service plans where not all trains serve all stations, this measure can help identify the connections between timetable alternatives and system performance. For sketch-level planning exercises, where limited information and institutional resources are available, it can be used to focus questions and structure more intensive investigations. Within the current range of available planning and evaluation tools, it is intended to fill a gap between extended descriptions of service at stops on a specific line and modeled service demand and operating characteristics. The paper will consider three specific implementations of accelerated service on American commuter railroads and use the directness factor to analyze the impact of those improvements.
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas C.
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-0090
• TIMETABLES OPTIMIZATION DESIGN CONSIDERING TRAIN CIRCULATION AND DISTURBANCES FOR TAIWAN HIGH-SPEED RAIL SYSTEM
  Abstract: Taiwan High-Speed Rail (THSR) system plays an important role of maintaining efficient transportation of passengers around Taiwan. However, the control mechanism between THSR and traditional railway systems is quite different. Each THSR train is governed by the THSR control center, which operates and dispatches train movements by using the train timetables. Hence, when a disaster occurs, the control center needs to prepare a rescheduled timetable in accordance with current situations so that train drivers can follow. This research proposed an optimization model that has the capability to accommodate not only basic requirements such as railway topology, traffic rules, and user requirements, but also train circulation as well. Mixed integer and dynamic programming were chosen to solve the model under the CPLEX environment. In addition, this research applied sensitivity analysis in order to identify how disturbances propagate in the original timetables and what actions to be taken in order to mitigate the impact instead of simply cancelling the trains. Assumptions as well as input and output values were configured by using real data from the THSR system, which consists of two lines, 128 services, 29 trains, and eight stations. The model has obtained a timetable result as good as the one used in the real world without consuming excessive time. Sensitivity analysis results could determine critical infrastructure and parameters that are sensitive to disturbances. Therefore, it could be a good simulation tool for predicting the effect of disruptions on the timetables and helps THSR design the disaster mitigation plan in advance.
  Authors: Firdausiyah, Nailah; Lin, Chia-Ying; Ho, Ting-Wu; Chen, Te-Che; Chou, Chien-Cheng
  Authors: Firdausiyah, Nailah; Lin, Chia-Ying; Ho, Ting-Wu; Chen, Te-Che; Chou, Chien-Cheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Design
  Session: 636
  Paper Number: 13-0101
• Examination of Factors Affecting Frequency and Severity of Crashes at Rail-Grade Crossings
  Abstract: Collisions at highway-rail grade crossings, although relatively rare events, are a critical safety concern as these types of crashes tend to be among the most severe in terms of resultant injuries and fatalities. This study assessed the effects of railway, highway, traffic, and driver characteristics on the frequency and severity of highway-railroad grade collisions. Crash frequency was examined by estimating a negative binomial model, which showed various factors to affect the frequency of crashes experienced on a site-specific basis, including: train speed limits; the number of traffic lanes; annual average daily traffic; daily train traffic; the presence of signal preemption; crossing angles; warning gates; and adjacent land use. Injury severity was examined through the development of an ordinal logit model, which showed that the degree of injury sustained as a result of train-involved crashes was influenced by: train speeds, driver age and gender, and motorist behavior at the highway-rail grade crossing.
  Authors: Russo, Brendan; Savolainen, Peter Tarmo
  Authors: Russo, Brendan; Savolainen, Peter Tarmo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Safety and Human Factors; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 520
  Paper Number: 13-0163
• Railroad Lines and Cargo Transportation in Colombia
  Abstract: This article presents an overview of the evolution of the Colombian railroads system from a technical and operational point of view as well as the current potential which represents the use of trains to transport coal in the country. It also includes an administrative renovation that the Colombian government has undertaken to encourage the use of this mode, as well as projects the government wants to encourage with private sector support.
  Authors: Mora, Maria del Pilar
  Authors: Mora, Maria del Pilar
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 553
  Paper Number: 13-0301
• Rolling-Stock Automatic in Situ Line Deterioration and Operating Condition Sensing
  Abstract: Track and equipment failures dominate railroad accident causes. Railroads must visually inspect most tracks in service as often as twice weekly to comply with the Federal Track Safety Standards. They augment visual inspections with automated non-destructive-evaluation (NDE) equipment to locate developing and mature defects. However, the defect formation rate is escalating with increasing traffic load density and continuously declining railroad employment per track-mile. This indicates a widening gap between the rate of defect formation and the resources available to find them before they result in accidents, delays, and lost revenue. With resources thinly stretched and the rate of defect formation escalating with traffic load-density, railroads are seeking to enhance the efficiency of inspections and maintenance of way. This paper describes the development of a Rolling-stock Automatic In-situ Line Deterioration & Operating Condition Sensing (RAILDOCS) system to automatically locate and classify track and rail vehicle defects. The approach incorporates a new low-cost wireless sensor technology and Cloud computing method to guide and focus inspection activities to locations of equipment and track defect symptoms, leading to efficient diagnosis and remediation.RAILDOCS has on-board sensors which will continuously monitor track and vehicle condition and transmit a 3D inertial signature for a remote processor to analyze and produce a complete and updated picture of aggregate track and equipment quality. RAILDOCS complement more expensive visual and NDE methods by reallocating time spent on defect discovery to detailed inspections of prioritized defect symptom locations. Symptom sensors integrate micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS), global positioning system (GPS) satellite receivers, wireless communications, and microprocessors technology. Cloud computing and signal processing algorithms produce a track quality index, and forecast optimum maintenance triggers.
  Authors: Lu, Pan; Bridgelall, Raj; Tolliver, Denver D.
  Authors: Lu, Pan; Bridgelall, Raj; Tolliver, Denver D.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 680
  Paper Number: 13-0312
• Approach for Calibrating and Validating the Simulation of Complex Rail Networks
  Abstract: This paper presents a framework for the estimation of the stochastic inputs of railway simulation and for the definition of the simulation scenarios on the basis of real data. The method was developed to allow the quick preparation and validation of the simulation models for the most important nodes in Italy and has already been tested on networks with up to 1000 trains/day before becoming widespread in Italy for assessing the impact of infrastructure and timetable improvements as well as for estimating ex-ante the reliability of timetables. The primary advantage of the approach is the very low effort required to define the data sets on the basis of data collected automatically, as well as the simple generation of realistic simulation scenarios. These characteristics were the key factors for the use of the approach in large scale.
  Authors: Medeossi, Giorgio; Longo, Giovanni
  Authors: Medeossi, Giorgio; Longo, Giovanni
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 443
  Paper Number: 13-0327
• Discontinuous Regions: High-Speed Rail and the Limits of Traditional Governance
  Abstract: Globalization and the interconnectivity of the economy have magnified the role of regions, restructuring social and economic relationships into networks that span increasing distances. At the same time, greater attention is due to localized urban quality, as non-vehicular modes and compact forms of development become critical in an environmentally conscious world. Within this context, increasing interest and adoption of high-speed rail (HSR)—a mode that addresses multiple scales—is unsurprising. HSR technology is used both to respond to existing trends of increased interconnectivity between urban centers and to enhance economic connections within regions and mega-regions.HSR has the unique ability to enable long-distance commuting across discontinuous regions that are far enough apart so as not to be adequately integrated by auto travel. This new geography of daily experiences has important potential implications for governance and relations among cities. Using Portugal as a case study, this paper examines the relationship between HSR development and new models of spatial organization and governance. Based on interviews with national and local officials, we discuss ways in which HSR planning is changing attitudes towards regional identity and urban governance, including: the integration of national entities into local planning processes, the potential for new models of commuting, and the role of HSR as an exogenous catalyst for regional cooperation.The case study reveals how HSR can serve as a catalyst for governments to rethink regional identity, intergovernmental relationships, and competitive positioning. The prospect of HSR implementation raises the profile of potential intraregional complementarity and highlights the importance of inter-governmental relationships.
  Authors: Stein, Naomi; Sussman, Joseph M.
  Authors: Stein, Naomi; Sussman, Joseph M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-0408
• Dynamic Wheel Loads of High-Speed Rail at Speeds Greater Than 400 km/h
  Abstract: The High-Speed Line (HSL) in Korea has been in service since 2004 with the maximum design speed and operating speed of 350km/h and 300km/h, respectively. Recently, Korea has completed a development of HEMU-430X (High Speed Electric Multiple-Unit, 430km/h eXperiment) with the maximum design speed and operating speed of 430km/h and 400km/h, respectively and is waiting for a trial run on a conventional HSL. In this study, we tried to predict wheel load fluctuations (WLFs), which are one of the key factors affecting acceleration to speeds over 400km/h. To accurately understand the WLFs in the high-speed range greater than 400km/h, we performed field running tests twice using the KTX-Sancheon trains on the Gyeongbu HSL. They travelled between Gwangmyeong and Daejeon at the maximum running speed of 302 and 335km/h, carefully measuring WLFs at varying speeds. Based on probabilistic data analysis using a Gaussian function, the WLF (¥ò/P_st), normalized non-dimensional parameter, at speeds of 400km/h and 500km/h was modeled into quadratic functions. Additionally, effects from structures that greatly impact WLFs, such as turnouts, transition zones, and loose sleepers, were evaluated quantitatively.
  Authors: Kim, Dae Sang
  Authors: Kim, Dae Sang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: 13-0671
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Automated Generation of Test Cases and Sequences Based on Path Optimization Algorithm
  Abstract: Test is one of the key methodologies to guarantee the functionality correctness and safety of the railway signal system used in the operation line. The present test generation methods for the railway signal system in China are manual, which take too much time and are inefficient, so the automated test approach plays a more and more important role in the testing domain. This paper proposes an automated approach to generate a full set of the test cases and sequences. The all paths covered optimal algorithm (APCO) and the sequence priority algorithm (SPS) for automatically generating test cases and test sequences based on the CPN model are presented. Taking the scenario of Radio Blocking Center (RBC) handover as an example, the presented method is employed to generate the test cases and test sequences of this scenario. The results indicate that the test generation approaches fully achieved the goal of automation. Furthermore, the repeatability rate of the generated test sequences was reduced by 75% with the algorithm proposed in this paper compared with the available depth first search algorithm (DFS), and the test cases covered all the related criterions in CTCS-3 Train Control System Function Requirements Specification (FRS).
  Authors: Liang, Ci; Zheng, Wei
  Authors: Liang, Ci; Zheng, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 553
  Paper Number: 13-0757
• Optimal Clustering of Railroad Track Maintenance Jobs
  Abstract: Freight railroads in North America spend billions of dollars every year on track maintenance. Track maintenance activities not only incur high capital costs, but also have a significant impact on railroad safety and operational efficiency. Job clustering is an important part of railroad track maintenance planning. It focuses on clustering track maintenance jobs into projects, so that the projects can be assigned to the production teams and scheduled in the planning horizon. The real world instances of job clustering problem usually have a very large scale, involving thousands of jobs per year. Various difficult side constraints such as mutual exclusion constraints and rounding constraints further increase the difficulty in solving the problem. Therefore, the railroad mainly relies on the experience and knowledge of experts to solve this problem manually. In this paper, we develop a mixed-integer mathematical programming model in the form of vehicle routing problem with side constraints, and propose a set of integrated heuristic algorithms to solve the problem. The proposed model and algorithms have been adopted by a Class-I railroad to help their practical operations for a few years.
  Authors: Peng, Fan; Ouyang, Yanfeng
  Authors: Peng, Fan; Ouyang, Yanfeng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 502
  Paper Number: 13-0793
• Hierarchical Decomposition Methods for Periodic Railway Timetabling Problems
  Abstract: Today many European railway networks are operating near capacity. Developing timetables for these dense and often highly congested networks is becoming increasingly difficult. Several algorithm-based approaches for solving these types of timetabling problems have been developed in recent years. However the problem size, computational complexity and lack of transparent interfaces for planners slow down adoption of these approaches in practice. This research proposes an iterative method based on train hierarchy to solve difficult periodic timetable problems. The proposed method adds a new group of trains to the schedule in each step of the process, while holding trains added in previous steps fixed within a specified time interval. The research analyzes the influence of the number of decomposition steps and time interval on computation time and timetable quality. The results show that setting parameters to a middle ground between the extremes of a purely sequential or a purely simultaneous timetable planning approach is very effective at reducing computation time while still providing optimal or close to optimal timetable solutions.
  Authors: Herrigel, Sabrina; Laumanns, Marco; Nash, Andrew; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois
  Authors: Herrigel, Sabrina; Laumanns, Marco; Nash, Andrew; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Design
  Session: 636
  Paper Number: 13-0803
• Impact of European Railway Traffic Management System on Human Performance in Railway Operations: European Findings
  Abstract: The safety of railway system operations depends on several internal factors including rail traffic rules, infrastructure, rolling stock reliability, organisational safety culture and human factors. In order to improve capacity and efficiency the railway systems in Europe, North America and Australasia have seen significant technological developments. For instance, Europe has seen the advancement of the European Railway Traffic Management System (ERTMS). However, a transition to a more automated traffic management system requires amongst others changes to infrastructure, rolling stock to operational procedures. Concerning the latter, literature shows that train drivers, signallers and controllers have the most impact on the safety of a railway network. Therefore, the reliability and safety integrity of the railway network is largely dependent on human factors and specifically the performance of the human operators, which can be affected by a number of factors broadly known as Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs). Amongst them “deficiencies in communication” is a major PSF, which contributes to over 90% of rail incidents.On account of that, this paper investigates the influence of ERTMS and in particular of the Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway (GSM-R) on operators’ performance. Accident and incident reports of railway operations prior and post GSM-R implementation from several European railway organisations are analysed. The results identify the communication related factors that mostly affect human performance in both cases based on the existing Railway Performance Shaping Factors Taxonomy. The findings are used to address the plausible changes on identified PSFs post GSM-R implementation
  Authors: Smith, Peri; Kyriakidis, Miltos; Majumdar, Arnab; Ochieng, Washington Y.
  Authors: Smith, Peri; Kyriakidis, Miltos; Majumdar, Arnab; Ochieng, Washington Y.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Safety and Human Factors; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 520
  Paper Number: 13-0851
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Selection of Frequency Band for Mobile WiMAX in Railroad Networks
  Abstract: The North American freight railroad industry continues to strive for improving the safety and security of their operations. This requires a cost-effective and reliable communication network between the dispatch and control centers, the trains and operators, and wayside devices. However, a suitable high-performance network technology to provide coverage for the last segment - between this network infrastructure and the wayside devices and trains - is yet to be determined. One candidate technology for it, Mobile WiMAX, has been shown to provide very favorable performance for railroad applications. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issues licenses for Mobile WiMAX in several spectrums, among which 2.5 GHz and 3.65 GHz are the most popular. The 2.5 GHz band achieves a significantly higher communication range due to its higher allowed maximum transmit signal power, and lower signal strength loss while it traverses over the air. Consequently, fewer base stations are required to provide the same coverage area. However, licensing operations in 3.65 GHz is significantly less costly and time consuming, making it an attractive choice for network deployments. A detailed study of both bands is required to establish whether the lower performance of 3.65 GHz can be compensated by the financial benefits of using it. In this paper, we provide performance analysis and quantitative comparison of the propagation characteristics of the two bands by testing commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment in both laboratory and field environments. The results enable interested parties to select a frequency band that addresses the requirements of their specific applications and constraints.
  Authors: Shrestha, Pradhumna; Hempel, Michael; Ma, Tao; Sharif, Hamid
  Authors: Shrestha, Pradhumna; Hempel, Michael; Ma, Tao; Sharif, Hamid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 680
  Paper Number: 13-0856
• Urban Rail Transit in Shanghai: The First Fifteen Years
  Abstract: This study presents the rapid development of rail transit in Shanghai and the considerable growth of transit patronage and profit achieved by Shanghai rail during the past fifteen years from 1996 to 2010. The impacts of rail transit on mode split, residential density, auto ownership, and urban expansion are also examined. The empirical analysis provides evidence that rail transit have effectively guaranteed the continued and stable increase in transit ridership and significantly moderated the household relocation and land-use densification in the Shanghai metropolitan area. It finds significantly lower growth rate of automobile ownership and obviously higher growth rates of population and local revenue in the decade and a half after the introduction of rail transit compared to the 15-year periods before that introduction. Control study between Shanghai and Chongqing further reveals that a city with well-established rail systems has superiority in stimulating population growth and economic prosperity, but slowing motorization process. The encouraging and interesting research findings from before-and-after and control study in this paper may provide decision-makers and planners with confidence to pursue strategies to develop rail transit and embrace the concept of transit-oriented development.
  Authors: Zhao, Jinbao; Deng, Wei; Wang, Jian
  Authors: Zhao, Jinbao; Deng, Wei; Wang, Jian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-0857
• If you Fail to Plan you Plan to Fail: a Survey of Passenger Rail Disruption Recovery Practices
  Abstract: This research paper explores the manner in which passenger rail transit organisations plan for and manage unplanned service disruptions through an international survey of practices. This included semi-structured interviews of those staff responsible for service disruption management within 71 international transit agencies.Results suggest that 20% of agencies had parallel transit systems which can be used for commuters on disrupted services. Most of these were in inner urban contexts. Track intrusions/medical emergencies, weather extremes, track and rolling stock failures were common causes of unplanned disruptions. Bus bridging was the most common response to line blockages whilst transfer of passengers to the next train was the most common approach to individual rolling stock failures. Track crossovers were widely seen as critical to managing responses to disruptions; however, a small minority in mostly very cold climates also saw crossovers as a cause of unplanned failures. Most agencies used available spare buses to source bus bridging vehicles, however, only 45% actively retracted buses from existing scheduled bus services; although some of these agencies did acknowledge that this was often only done in extenuating circumstances. It is rare for agencies to have a strategic reserve of buses for bus bridging purposes. The paper discusses the implications of the study findings for future research and practice. In doing so it documents that all responses to unplanned disruptions can be categorised according to the key disruption characteristics of duration, cause, time and location and provides a typology of response mechanisms based on such characteristics.
  Authors: Pender, Brendan; Currie, Graham; Delbosc, Alexa; Shiwakoti, Nirajan
  Authors: Pender, Brendan; Currie, Graham; Delbosc, Alexa; Shiwakoti, Nirajan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-0940
• Simulation-Based Rail Transit Optimization Model
  Abstract: A bi-level optimization process is proposed for determining the depth of a dipped vertical alignment (DVA) between rail transit stations as well as the cruising speed for each direction. This model also considers how regenerative braking may affect vertical alignment decisions. The optimized depth and directional cruising speeds are jointly obtained in a numerical example. Sensitivity analysis shows that regenerative braking reduces total cost, but does not significantly change the optimized DVA depth. The developed model is more realistic and useful than previous ones because it allows unequal station elevations, jointly optimizes decision variables, and considers regenerative braking.
  Authors: Kim, Myungseob; Schonfeld, Paul; Kim, Eungcheol
  Authors: Kim, Myungseob; Schonfeld, Paul; Kim, Eungcheol
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-1196
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Unified Estimator For Excess Journey Time Under Heterogeneous Passenger Incidence Behavior Using Smartcard Data
  Abstract: Excess journey time (EJT), the difference between actual passenger journey times and journey times implied by the published timetable, strikes a useful balance between the passenger's and operator's perspectives of public transport service quality. Using smartcard data, this paper tried to characterize transit service quality with EJT under heterogeneous incidence behavior (arrival at boarding stations). A rigorous framework was established for analyzing EJT, in particular for reasoning about passenger’ journey time standards as implied by varying incidence behaviors. It was found that although the wrong assumption about passenger incidence behavior and journey time standards could result in a biased estimate of EJT at the individual passenger journey level, the paper proposed a unified estimator of EJT, which is unbiased at the aggregate level regardless of the passenger incidence behavior (random incidence, scheduled incidence, or a mixture of both). A case study based on London Overground network was conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. EJT was estimated using the smart card (Oyster) data at various levels of spatial and temporal aggregations in order to measure and evaluate the service quality. Aggregate EJT was found to vary substantially across the different London Overground lines and across time periods of weekday service. The North London Line in the AM Peak in the westbound direction had the worst service quality in terms of EJT.
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua; Frumin, Michael; Wilson, Nigel H.M.; Zhao, Zhan
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua; Frumin, Michael; Wilson, Nigel H.M.; Zhao, Zhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-1241
• Airport Ground Transportation Policies and the Future of Rail Connections at U.S. Airports
  Abstract: Airports are currently being pressured to operate in a more environmentally-sensitive manner; as a response, airports have integrated environmental policies into their operations. However, environmental concerns regarding automobile traffic and related emissions have yet to be addressed. While the automobile is the dominant air passenger ground transportation mode at US airports, services facilitating automobile usage including public parking and car rentals are a major airport revenue source. Less than 20 US hub airports have direct access to rail-based transportation modes. New rail transportation projects serving additional airports are either being consideration or under construction. Regardless of whether an airport has direct access to rail-based transportation modes, the air passenger ground transportation modal split at US airports remain low in comparison to those in Asia and Europe. The high cost of providing additional US airports with direct rail connections in an era of severe governmental budgetary cutbacks is making the “build it and they will come” mindset untenable.Governmental policies are but one factor determining whether programs increasing transit usage results in automobile traffic reductions and related emissions. This study reveals that a significant percentage of the busiest US airports do not have policies fostering increases in the air passenger ground transportation modal split. A case study of one US airport is presented that has successfully adopted a transit first policy to achieve a high air passenger ground transportation modal split and facilitate the availability of rail-based transportation services.
  Authors: Wong, Dan; Baker, Douglas
  Authors: Wong, Dan; Baker, Douglas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 281
  Paper Number: 13-1291
• Forecasting Demand for High-Speed Rail
  Abstract: It is sometimes argued that standard state-of-practice logit based models cannot forecast the demand for substantially reduced travel times, for instance due to High Speed Rail (HSR). The present paper investigates this issue by reviewing travel time elasticities for long-distance rail travel in the literature and comparing these with elasticities observed when new HSR lines have opened. This paper also validates the Swedish official long-distance model and its forecasted demand for a proposed new HSR track, using aggregate data revealing how the air-rail modal split varies with the difference in generalized travel time between rail and air. The official linear-in-parameters long-distance model is also compared to a model applying Box-Cox transformations. The paper contributes to the empirical literature on long-distance travel, long-distance elasticities and HSR passenger demand forecasts. Results indicate that the Swedish state-of-practice model, and similar models, is indeed able to predict the demand for a HSR reasonably well. The non-linear model, however, has better model fit and slightly higher elasticities.
  Authors: Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Authors: Börjesson, Maria Magdalena
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-1469
• Analysis Method for Correlation Between Catenary Irregularities and Pantograph-Catenary Contact Force
  Abstract: Pantograph-catenary contact force provides the main basis for evaluation of current quality collection; however, the pantograph-catenary contact force is largely affected by the catenary irregularities. To analyze the correlated relationship between catenary irregularities and pantograph-catenary contact force, a method based on NARX (Nonlinear Auto-Regressive with eXogenous input) neural networks was developed. First, to collect the test data of catenary irregularities and contact force, the pantograph/catenary dynamics model was established and dynamic simulation was conducted using MATLAB/Simulink. Second, catenary irregularities were used as the input to NARX neural network and the contact force was determined as output of the NARX neural network, in which the neural network was trained by an improved training mechanism based on the regularization algorithm. Third, the simulation results and the comparison with other algorithms indicate the validity and superiority of the proposed approach.
  Authors: Zhang, Yuan; Qin, Yong; Cheng, Xiaoqing; Jia, Limin; Xing, Zongyi
  Authors: Zhang, Yuan; Qin, Yong; Cheng, Xiaoqing; Jia, Limin; Xing, Zongyi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: 13-0208
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Analysis of High-Speed Rail Implementation Alternatives in the Northeast Corridor: the Role of Institutional and Technological Flexibility
  Abstract: In this paper, the Northeast Corridor of the United States is studied using the framework of the CLIOS Process (developed at MIT), scenario planning, and flexibility analysis. In particular, two bundles of strategic alternatives for high-speed rail implementation are proposed and analyzed under three different scenarios. Although the bundles of strategic alternatives proposed are very similar to other commonly accepted ways to implement high-speed rail in the corridor, the results motivate incorporation of flexibility into the bundles to allow decision makers to adapt as situations evolve. While designing-in and executing flexibility has a cost, it may facilitate the implementation of the bundles by enabling adaptation under different scenarios, thereby improving performance.
  Authors: Pena-Alcaraz, Maite; Carlson, S. Joel; Archila, Andres F.; Stein, Naomi; Sussman, Joseph M.
  Authors: Pena-Alcaraz, Maite; Carlson, S. Joel; Archila, Andres F.; Stein, Naomi; Sussman, Joseph M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1068
• Development of Railway Capacity Cost and Apportionment Model
  Abstract: In 1991 the European Community issued regulations for liberalizing the European railway market by introducing open access. While open access has only been partly implemented so far, the concept of railway path pricing has been well established and is used throughout Europe. Railway path prices should help pay for construction, maintenance and operation of railway infrastructure and help guide transport decisions. Railway path pricing systems are continuously under development and capacity aspects are becoming increasingly important. In this research a capacity based cost allocation method was developed and evaluated using case study data. This showed the impact of three common allocation schemes forapportioning the costs of lost capacity. The paper presents results of this evaluation and outlines whether and how such a capacity-based cost allocation method could be introduced realistically in a path pricing system.
  Authors: Frank, Patrick; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois; Nash, Andrew
  Authors: Frank, Patrick; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois; Nash, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 553
  Paper Number: 13-1206
• Development of A Multi-Criteria Decision Method for High-Speed Rail Corridor Evaluation
  Abstract: High-speed intercity passenger rail projects are very complex and require many years of planning and environmental activities before construction can begin. Given the complexity of planning and environmental reviews associated with high-speed intercity passenger rail corridor planning, a systematic approach for high-level screening of various alternative routings for proposed high-speed rail corridors is desired. In this context, this paper proposes a multi-criteria decision-making framework to assist high-speed rail planners with the preliminary screening and ranking of potential high-speed rail corridors. The proposed framework is applied to the question of ranking 13 alternative routings for connecting the South Central and Gulf Coast federally-designated high-speed rail corridors located in Texas. Attributes that are incorporated in the decision framework include population, travel demand, capital costs, land use and environmental impacts, and engineering suitability. While the multi-criteria decision-making framework developed in this paper cannot be used to completely replace the environmental review process and formal alternatives analysis, it can be used by planners as a tool for preliminary screening or ranking of proposed high-speed rail corridors for detailed analysis.
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin R.; Mueller, Jon; Hunter-Zaworski, Katharine M.
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin R.; Mueller, Jon; Hunter-Zaworski, Katharine M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-3342
• RAIL-NT System for In Situ Measurement of Neutral Temperature in Continuous-Welded Rail: Results from Laboratory and Field Tests
  Abstract:

  The University of California at San Diego (UCSD), under a Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research and Development (R&D) grant, is conducting research to develop a system for in-situ measurement of stress in Continuous-Welded Rail (CWR) for use as a basis for the determination of Neutral Temperature (NT). It is known that CWR can break in cold weather and can buckle in hot weather due to thermally induced stresses. The need for a reliable technique for NT (rail temperature with zero thermal stress) determination has been an on-going challenge for the railroads since the advent of CWR more than forty years ago. The railroads need to know the level of stress in the rail to properly schedule slow-order mandates and prevent derailments. UCSD has developed a prototype (Rail-NT) for wayside rail NT measurement that is based on non-linear ultrasonic guided waves. Numerical models were first developed to identify optimum guided wave modes and frequencies for maximum sensitivity to the thermal stresses in the rail web, with minimal influence of the rail head and rail foot. Experiments conducted at the UCSD Large-scale Rail NT Test-bed indicated a rail NT measurement accuracy of a few degrees. The first field tests of the Rail-NT prototype were performed in June 2012 at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC) in Pueblo, CO in collaboration with the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railroad. The results of these field tests were very encouraging, indicating an accuracy for NT measurement of 5 °F at worst, on both wood and concrete ties. One of the issues that remain to be investigated is the effect of passing trains on the rail NT measurements.

  Authors: Nucera, Claudio; Phillips, Robert; Lanza di Scalea, Francesco; Fateh, Mahmood; Carr, Gary
  Authors: Nucera, Claudio; Phillips, Robert; Lanza di Scalea, Francesco; Fateh, Mahmood; Carr, Gary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 502
  Paper Number: 13-3511
• Revenue and Environmental Benefits of New Off-Peak Commuter Rail Service: Case of Pascack Valley Line in New Jersey
  Abstract: Although researchers have long argued in favor of off-peak transit service, studies that have empirically estimated its benefits regarding revenue generation, trip diversions, and greenhouse gas emission are rare. This study provides important evidence about the benefits of off-peak commuter rail service by focusing on the Pascack Valley line in New Jersey, where off-peak service was introduced in October 2007. The research involved two focus groups and an onboard survey of passengers. Benefits were estimated regarding additional revenue generation, reduction in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Based on analysis of survey data, the study provides estimates of additional revenue generated from the new service, reduction in VMT because of diversions from other modes to the line, and net reduction in GHG. The research shows that both peak period and off-peak riders benefited from the new off-peak service. Evidence is found about a significant diversion of trips from automobile to transit, an increase in new transit riders, and a modest increase peak period usage because of the off-peak service.
  Authors: Deka, Devajyoti; Marchwinski, Thomas W.
  Authors: Deka, Devajyoti; Marchwinski, Thomas W.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-3756
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Recycled Ballast Under Dynamic Loading
  Abstract: Railroad ballast consists of open graded crushed stone used to support railroad track and provide lateral stability. It provides drainable support for the track base and distributes the load to the weaker subgrade below. The issue of ballast performance has become more acute with increased traffic and heavier traffic.Over time ballast degrades and loses strength. Fouling of ballast is one cause of degraded performance and has been a major issue of railway engineering. Fouling can be caused by break down of ballast itself or intrusion of fines from below or from the environment. Fouling material can be removed by undercutting and the remaining ballast can be recycled back on to the right-of-way. It is possible to install a geogrid reinforcement layer in the ballast during an undercutting action.In this experimental study a full-scale railroad section five feet in length was constructed with and without geogrid reinforcement of recycled ballast. The track was dynamically loaded up to approximately 35 psi tie bearing pressure. The reinforced test section with geogrid placed 7 inches below the tie performed better than the unreinforced test section with regard to settlement and fouling of ballast. Settlement of the reinforced test section between the ties and geogrid was substantially less than the settlement of the same portion of the unreinforced test section. The percentage of rock dust and small diameter particles generated by ballast breakdown beneath the ties was observed to be less for the reinforced test section than for the unreinforced test section.
  Authors: Parsons, Robert L.; Jowkar, Milad; Han, Jie
  Authors: Parsons, Robert L.; Jowkar, Milad; Han, Jie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 322
  Paper Number: 13-3971
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Ultrasonic Tomography for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Internal Rail Flaws: Proof-of-Principle Numerical Simulations
  Abstract:

  This paper describes proof-of-principle numerical simulations that demonstrate the technology of Ultrasonic Tomography for 3-D imaging of internal rail flaws. There is a need to develop new technologies that are able to quantify the internal rail flaws so as to ensure increased safety of rail transportation and reduced rail maintenance costs. In this work, the technique of Ultrasonic Tomography was applied to the detection of a 5% H.A. Transverse Defect in the railhead. Finite Element models of ultrasonic tomographic arrays on a flawed rail were built, followed by an algorithm designed to perform the tomographic imaging of the internal rail flaw in 3-D and automatically. The results show excellent 3-D imaging performance. The work confirms the potential of the Ultrasonic Tomography technique for the quantitative verification of internal rail flaws.

  Authors: Lanza di Scalea, Francesco; Rizzo, Piervincenzo; Salamone, Salvatore; Bartoli, Ivan; Al-Nazer, Leith
  Authors: Lanza di Scalea, Francesco; Rizzo, Piervincenzo; Salamone, Salvatore; Bartoli, Ivan; Al-Nazer, Leith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 502
  Paper Number: 13-3975
• A Practical Framework for Metro Maintenance Management
  Abstract: Although numerous Maintenance Management Frameworks (MMFs) exist in many industries, a literature review failed to find a practical one developed specifically with urban rail transit systems (metros) in mind. Using evidence and experience from a qualitative survey of senior metro maintenance managers, the Railway and Transport Strategy Centre created a descriptive, practical MMF building upon existing literature and Moubray’s ‘three generations of maintenance’. The framework specifies three broad bandings, which indicate the relative maturity and sophistication of different management practices and associated analytical techniques. Metro managers may use it to map their maintenance maturity relative to a group of technologically developed metros. The framework is linked to case studies providing practical examples of changes made by metros in maintenance practices. Further, it may be used to frame types of expected performance outcomes achievable by moving through the defined stages of maintenance maturity. It also identifies key barriers and enablers to this transition. The paper takes this framework as a basis to analyse the survey results, which highlight that the metro industry has embraced planned preventive techniques, but has yet to fully realise the possibilities of holistic and continuous improvement strategies.
  Authors: Parasram, Richard; Steel, Robin; Maxwell, Rory J.; Anderson, Richard; Hirsch, Robin Charles d'Aubyn; Melo, Patricia C.
  Authors: Parasram, Richard; Steel, Robin; Maxwell, Rory J.; Anderson, Richard; Hirsch, Robin Charles d'Aubyn; Melo, Patricia C.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-4037
• Simulation-Based Approach for Optimal Design of Signalling Block Layout in Railway Networks
  Abstract: To meet the growing demand in railway transportation, practitioners are more and more required to upgrade or substitute signalling system in order to increase network capacity. Existing approaches for the design of signalling layout, usually tend to maximize technological efficiency of the system by shortening block section length, thus reducing line headway and energy consumption but increasing investment costs. This paper presents a design approach addressed to identify the signalling layout which minimizes investment and management costs, while respecting the required level of capacity. To solve this problem an innovative design framework is introduced which integrates a stochastic multi-train simulation model within a “black-box” optimization loop. Results obtained from an application to a real metro line confirm the effectiveness of such method in finding the solution which minimizes total costs for line manager. A comparison with the block layout which maximizes technological efficiency highlights that the obtained solution constitutes a satisfying trade-off between total costs and network performances.
  Authors: Quaglietta, Egidio
  Authors: Quaglietta, Egidio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 443
  Paper Number: 13-1157
• Hardness, Fouling, Life-Cycle, and Ballast Requirements for High-Speed and Heavy-Haul Railways
  Abstract: Results from tests performed on ballast used in the Greek network, as well as a new method for the estimation of ballast fouling as a function of ballast hardness are presented in the present paper. Stresses that develop under the seating surface of the sleeper and that are transmitted to the ballast, influence maintenance intervals and cost. Ballast hardness influences the fouling and consequently the life-cycle of the material laid at the ballast-bed. This leads to the determination of a minimum quality for the technical specifications in relation to traffic conditions (daily tonnage). The present paper discusses these issues and results from the research programs performed on the Greek railway net-work.
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos; Loizos, Andreas; Plati, Christina
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos; Loizos, Andreas; Plati, Christina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-1523
• Sophisticated Capacity Determination Using Simulation
  Abstract: The determination and evaluation of the useable capacity of railway infrastructure is an essential part of railway operations science. The daily railway operation shows that the theoretical calculated capacity is often not available or useable in reality. To allow a more resilient capacity calculation for lines, nodes and networks and to assess the remaining and useable capacities, a precise operational simulation should be carried out, additional. With that the operational performance is analysed and the findings can be applied to the capacity evaluation. This technique is named ‘Sophisticated Capacity Determination’ in this essay. The methods workflow consists of three main steps:1.Capacity calculation of lines, nodes or networks, Result: Maximum levels of occupation (number of trains / time period)2.Operational Simulation with the program RailSys® (3) to detect the operations quality of lines, nodes or networks, Result: Operations quality3.Adjustment of the maximum levels of occupation, Result: Verified maximum levels of occupationThe advantage is that the Sophisticated Capacity Determination considers the specific characteristics of the infrastructure layout and operational conditions, and therefore provides accurate and dependable results. The identified effective capacity neither underutilises the infrastructure asset, nor does it suggest a level of utilisation that cannot be supported.This essay describes the fields of application of the Sophisticated Capacity Determination for the evaluation of partial networks with the aim of back coupling the results into the planning stage as well as into the arrangement of the daily operation.
  Authors: Siefer, Thomas; Gille, Andreas Martin
  Authors: Siefer, Thomas; Gille, Andreas Martin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 752
  Paper Number: 13-2056
• Process Mining Approach for Recovery of Realized Train Paths and Route Conflict Identification
  Abstract: Data records from train describer systems are a valuable source of information for analyzing railway operations performance and assessing railway timetable quality. This paper presents a tool based on process mining event data records from the Dutch train describer system TROTS. The underlying algorithms automatically identify route conflicts with conflicting trains, determine accurate arrival and departure times/delays at stations, and reconstruct the train paths on track section and blocking time level. Graphical user interface and visualizations of the time-distance diagrams and blocking time diagrams support and simplify the analysis of running times, dwell times, incidents, track obstructions, disruptions, and structural errors in the timetable design. The case study of a one day of traffic on a busy railway corridor in the Netherlands is presented, as well as the examples to describe the graphical user interface.
  Authors: Kecman, Pavle; Goverde, Rob M.P.
  Authors: Kecman, Pavle; Goverde, Rob M.P.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 680
  Paper Number: 13-2701
• Competitiveness of the High Speed Rail: Lisbon-Madrid Corridor Analysis Based on Discrete Choice Models
  Abstract: This paper has two main objectives: (1) to examine the potential of the high speed rail to compete against other transport modes currently operating between Lisbon and Madrid; and (2) to analyze the capacity of intermodal solutions incorporating the high speed rail to compete when included in air systems. Thus, more than evaluating the competition capacity of high speed rails in point-to-point trips, this research study assesses how attractive intermodal solutions in trips to medium and long haul destinations are.The analysis is based on discrete choice models, calibrated with data collected through a web stated preference survey. Furthermore, scenarios are used to explore the results obtained by the models. The results obtained suggest that the high speed train will not only be able to compete with other modes in a point-to-point trip from Lisbon to Madrid, but also be part of an intermodal chain to destinations beyond. It was also concluded that within the Business segment, the medium haul market sets the limit of intermodal transport solutions’ attractiveness. Within the Leisure segment, however, this limit might be extended up to the long haul market, depending on the pricing strategy. These conclusions are supported by the attractiveness of each transport mode.
  Authors: Barreira, Álvaro Torres; Reis, Vasco; Macario, Rosario
  Authors: Barreira, Álvaro Torres; Reis, Vasco; Macario, Rosario
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-2824
• Train Stop Scheduling in a High-Speed Rail Network Structured by Lines with Heterogeneous Operating Conditions
  Abstract: In a high speed rail (HSR) network structured by lines with heterogeneous operating conditions, each line is generally built with a target servicing passenger ODs scope and a planned capacity allocation scheme, which brings new considerations of capacity utilization goals into train stop scheduling problem (TSSP). The paper develops a new mixed integer programming TSSP model with two objectives of efficiently utilizing train seating capacity and minimizing passengers¡¯ generalized cost, aiming at scheduling train stops with flexible combinatorial stop patterns to ensure train service accessibility. Specially, the rail network¡¯s capacity utilization goals are elaborated, the resulting passenger demand management strategies are accommodated into a passenger flow assignment procedure embedded in the model as a multi-commodity problem. A HSR network is adopted from the Chinese HSR system to conduct a case study, and a Branch-and-Bound algorithm is performed on the model. In addition to satisfying performance criteria given by designed objectives, a train stop schedule estimated from the model application shows a better applicability, which is investigated from the rail network¡¯s capacity utilization indicators in terms of e.g., train stop times restriction and train capacity allocation of different type of trains, and transfer hubs designation on different lines.
  Authors: Fu, Huiling; Zhang, Xin
  Authors: Fu, Huiling; Zhang, Xin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 443
  Paper Number: 13-2926
• Discrete Element Method for Simulating Ballast Shear Strength from Large-Scale Triaxial Tests
  Abstract: Railroad ballast layer consists of discrete aggregate particles and the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is the most widely adopted numerical method to simulate the particulate nature of ballast materials and their particle interactions. Large scale triaxial tests performed in the laboratory under controlled monotonic and repeated loading conditions are commonly considered as the best means to measure macroscopic mechanical properties of ballast materials, such as strength, modulus, and deformation characteristics, directly related to load carrying and drainage functions of ballast layer in the field. This paper describes a DEM modeling approach of railroad ballast with realistic particle shapes developed from image analysis to simulate large scale triaxial compression tests on a limestone ballast material. The ballast DEM model captures the strength behavior from both the traditional slow and rapid shear loading rate type monotonic triaxial compression tests. The experimental study indicates that the shearing rate has insignificant influence on the results of triaxial compression tests. The results also show the “incremental displacement” approach captures the measured shearing response yet can save significant computational resource and time. This study has shown that the DEM simulation approach combined with image analysis has the potential to be a quantitative tool to predict the ballast performance.
  Authors: Qian, Yu; Lee, Seung Jae; Tutumluer, Erol; Hashash, Youseff; Mishra, Debakanta; Ghaboussi, Jamshid
  Authors: Qian, Yu; Lee, Seung Jae; Tutumluer, Erol; Hashash, Youseff; Mishra, Debakanta; Ghaboussi, Jamshid
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-4102
• Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane-Stabilized Ballast and Infrastructure Materials
  Abstract: Between 1980 and 2008, traffic on Class 1 railroads has increased 93% and total track length has decreased 42%, leading to a substantial increase in traffic density and maintenance requirements. To improve maintenance techniques for problematic railway elements (i.e., bolted rail joints, intersections, bridge approaches, etc.), an in situ method involving polyurethane reinforcement of the ballast layer is proposed. Ever increasing volume, tonnage, and speeds on our nation’s rail system are stressing rail substructure to levels never before evaluated or considered in depth. Ballast is a crucial material for structural support of rail tracks and trains. The structural integrity of seriously fouled ballast (i.e., containing fine particles) can be compromised leading to track instability and ultimately, train derailments. An application using polyurethane void filling and particle bonding technology has been developed and has the potential to mitigate impacts of ballast fouling, enhance rail freight capacity, and improve track-substructure maintenance efficiencies. The purpose of this paper is to present the mechanical properties of PSB (e.g., compressive and flexural), compare these properties to other materials commonly used in transportation infrastructure (e.g., natural aggregates, cement-stabilized soil, etc.), and address the suitability of PSB for use in track-infrastructure. PSB has mechanical properties similar to CSM (i.e., flexural strength), but much greater than ballast (i.e., compressive strength), which is critical for the benefit of stabilization in track-substructure. The ease of injections and negligible curing period for PSB makes it an attractive alternative for railway maintenance, especially for time-sensitive maintenance activities, such as intersections and bridge approaches.
  Authors: Keene, Andrew Kenneth; Edil, Tuncer B.; Tinjum, James M.
  Authors: Keene, Andrew Kenneth; Edil, Tuncer B.; Tinjum, James M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-4262
• Modeling Rail Operating Costs for Multimodal Corridor Planning
  Abstract: Cost and delivery times are key variables used by shippers to determine freight mode choice. Unfortunately, transportation planners wishing to examine truck versus rail tradeoffs on major state and regional corridors use models that rarely capture the effects of cargo weight, running speeds, network capacity, or route characteristics, even though they are key inputs to any logistical analysis. Moreover, current models are incapable of fully internalizing external or social costs into their calculations—a failure that becomes more important as sustainable strategies are sought by society. Therefore, in three critical areas of transportation planning—network capacity, route features, and operating characteristics—most existing models are deficient. This paper gives planners a mechanistic method to determine variable rail costs on a single corridor which when combined with the latest truck operating cost mechanistic models, provide the cost differentials that underlie truck versus rail choice. The model is part of a study sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation to support freight movement on the extensive state network of multimodal corridors
  Authors: Owens, Travis; Seedah, Dan; Harrison, Robert
  Authors: Owens, Travis; Seedah, Dan; Harrison, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 680
  Paper Number: 13-4433
• Modeling and Field Verification of Dynamic Impact in Railroad Bridges
  Abstract: The freight railroad system in the United States facilitates large volume of freight movement cost-effectively. However, recent increase of railcar weight limits from 263,000 lbs (1170 kN) to 286,000 lbs (1272 kN) raised concerns for existing bridges on the passenger rail systems which are occasionally used by many freight railcars. As part of the load rating and evaluation process, there is a need to understand the overall dynamic behavior and the impact of the freight railcar weight on typical bridges.In this paper, a two-dimensional (2-D) dynamic model and field tests were adopted to develop a refined methodology for evaluating the performance of railroad bridges with particular emphasis on the dynamic impact. The field study included instrumentation and testing of various types of bridges under moving freight and passenger railcars and monitoring their dynamic responses (deflection, velocity and strain). Field test results were analyzed to obtain the bridges’ natural frequency and the damping ratio. The bridge structure is modeled as a Bernoulli-Euler beam and the moving train is modeled using rigid-body dynamics method. Modal superposition method is adopted to compute the dynamic interaction of the train-bridge system. The dynamic model was validated with results from the field tests. Using these model simulations, a parametric study is performed to identify the effects of various parameters (such as vehicle speed, girder stiffness, damping ratio of girder, and track roughness) on the impact factor. Results show that the AREMA code overestimates the impact factor for these bridges at normal operating speed.
  Authors: Nassif, Hani; Lou, Peng; Wang, Ying-Jie; Hwang, Eui-Seung
  Authors: Nassif, Hani; Lou, Peng; Wang, Ying-Jie; Hwang, Eui-Seung
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-4635
• Track Stiffness Transition Zone Studied by Three-Dimensional “Sandwich” Track Model
  Abstract: When railroad tracks pass from an earthen subgrade to a bridge the tracks become uneven. In fact, regardless of being level at the time of construction, over time a “dip” develops. This phenomenon occurs just before the bridge and is a cause of greater maintenance and poor ride quality. The track in this location typically needs resurfaced more frequently, increasing the cost for a railroad owner. The cause for this dip is believed to be the sudden change in stiffness between the subgrade and the bridge. The most commonly used approach to neutralize this sudden stiffness change is called “Stiffness Transition Zone” method. The idea is to spread out the stiffness jump from few centimeters to the length of about 30 meters by gradually changing the stiffness of the track. However, the details of the stiffness transition zone, for instance, the length, the pattern of the stiffness change, and the effect of train speed are yet to be studied. A dynamic track model called 3D “Sandwich Model” is developed in this study to properly study and compare different stiffness transition scenarios. It is concluded that in general transition zone will decrease the tie-ballast contact force. Increase in speed will increase the tie-ballast contact force both with and without transition zone. Longer transition zone is proven to be better in terms of decreasing the tie-ballast contact force. The exponentially increase in track stiffness transition zone is shown to be better than linearly increased case in decreasing the tie-ballast force.
  Authors: Huang, Hai; Brennecke, Braun
  Authors: Huang, Hai; Brennecke, Braun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-4793
• Development of Two-Stage Hybrid Method for Solving High Speed Rail Train Scheduling Problem
  Abstract: Train scheduling is one of the most important and complex elements in railway operational planning process, and this task is still done by manual at Taiwan High Speed Rail Company (THSRC). However, with the plan of adding four more stations and over a hundred additional daily train services in the near future, there is a pressing need for THSRC to improve the quality and efficiency of train scheduling process. This research develops a novel two-stage hybrid method to efficiently automate and optimize high speed rail scheduling process. The first stage applies Genetic Algorithm to solve train sequencing problem and then send the sequence to the second stage to determine the optimal timetable by using Linear Programming (LP) techniques. The results from the LP model would also be feedback to the first stage to determine its overall performance (by using the fitness function in GA). With this setup, timetable would gradually evolve toward an optimal solution based on this iterative process between inner and outer loops. Experimental results demonstrate this hybrid method can not only improve the solution efficiency substantially but also provide better timetables compared to the current practices. Using this tool can help HSR companies simultaneously automate the scheduling process, and improve the solution performance with excellent efficiency.
  Authors: Jong, Jyh-Cherng; Chang, Sloan; Lai, Yung-Cheng
  Authors: Jong, Jyh-Cherng; Chang, Sloan; Lai, Yung-Cheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-4794
• Measuring Concrete Cross-Tie Rail Seat Pressure Distribution with Matrix-Based Tactile Surface Sensors
  Abstract: A sustained increase in gross rail loads and cumulative freight tonnages, as well as growing interest in high speed passenger rail development, is placing an increasing demand on North American railway infrastructure. To meet this demand, concrete crossties will require increased strength and durability. One of the typical failure modes for concrete crossties in North America is Rail Seat Deterioration (RSD), and researchers have hypothesized that localized crushing of the concrete in the rail seat is one of the potential mechanisms that contributes to RSD. To better understand this mechanism, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) is utilizing a matrix based tactile surface sensor (MBTSS) to measure and quantify the forces and pressure distribution acting at the contact interface between the concrete rail seat and the bottom of the rail pad. Preliminary data collected during laboratory testing has shown that a direct relationship exists between rail pad modulus (stiffness) and maximum rail seat pressure. A direct relationship between the lateral/vertical (L/V) force ratio and the maximum field side rail seat pressure has also been observed. Given that all preliminary results indicate that various combinations of pad stiffness, track geometry, and L/V ratios create localized areas of high pressure, crushing remains a potential mechanism leading to RSD, as will be discussed in this paper. Through the analysis of rail seat pressure data, valuable insight will be gained that can be applied to the development of concrete crosstie and fastening system component designs that meet current and projected service demands.
  Authors: Rapp, Christopher Thomas; Dersch, Marcus S.; Edwards, J. Riley; Barkan, Christopher P. L.; Wilson, Brent; Mediavilla, Jose
  Authors: Rapp, Christopher Thomas; Dersch, Marcus S.; Edwards, J. Riley; Barkan, Christopher P. L.; Wilson, Brent; Mediavilla, Jose
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 502
  Paper Number: 13-4908
• Railway Track Geometry Defect Modeling: Deterioration, Derailment Risk, and Optimal Repair
  Abstract: Analyzing track geometry defects is critical for safe and effective railway transportation. Repairing the right number and type of track geo-defects can appropriately reduce the probability of derailments. Additionally, prioritized track geometry repair work reduces dynamic vehicle and track interaction, thus reducing the stress state of the railroad. In this paper, we propose an analytical framework for making optimal geo-defect repair decisions by minimizing total expected costs, which include potential derailment costs and repair costs. Our major contribution lies in formulating and integrating the following three data-driven models: 1). A track deterioration model to study the degradation of Class II geo-defects; 2). A survival model to assess the derailment risk as a function of the track condition; 3). An optimization model under uncertainty for track repair decisions. In real-world examples, compared with heuristic strategies in practice, our proposed models can reduce 20% of the total composite cost on average, and potentially even more for long track sections.
  Authors: He, Qing; Li, Hongfei; Bhattacharjya, Debarun; Parikh, Dhaivat; Hampapur, Arun
  Authors: He, Qing; Li, Hongfei; Bhattacharjya, Debarun; Parikh, Dhaivat; Hampapur, Arun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 502
  Paper Number: 13-4917
• Effects of Timetable-Related Service Quality on Rail Demand
  Abstract: This paper reports analysis of a very large data set of rail ticket sales data to explore how timetable related service quality impact on inter-urban rail demand. The measure of rail service quality of particular interest is here generalised journey time (GJT), a composite index composed of journey time, service headway and the need to change trains. A large scale review of previous research identified that there were a number of avenues that needed to be explored. The first of these was to determine how GJT impacts on rail demand, including interactions with distance and value for money and exploring the effects of the size and sign of the change in GJT, distinguishing between short run and long run effects. The new evidence obtained is important given concerns over elasticities currently recommended for use in the rail industry in Britain. Secondly, it is timely to consider whether the weights associated with headway and interchange in GJT are appropriate. Our analysis indicates that more influence should be attached to interchange. Finally, the rail industry in Britain’s approach of using GJT and fare is quite unique. We have tested how it compares with the more traditional approach of generalised cost and with the specification of separate elasticities to the component part of GJT. This indicates that the GJT approach is preferable to the more conventional approach although there would seem to be value in further pursuing separate elasticities to the components of GJT.
  Authors: Wardman, Mark
  Authors: Wardman, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Design
  Session: 636
  Paper Number: 13-5226
• A Sketch Planning Model for Estimating Airport Ground Access Using Rail Service
  Abstract: A large number of airports in the world are introducing or upgrading rail service. These projects require large financial investments; therefore, careful attention is required since early planning stages. Transportation planners are challenged to estimate future ridership for new or upgraded rail service, since this is one of the most important factors for decision makers. This paper presents a sketch planning model to estimate ridership for a new or upgraded airport rail service. This model is based on the characteristics of existing rail service in the United States, and only requires limited input for estimating the ridership: total rail network length, rail line headway, and transfer time from rail station to the airport terminal. Data for these parameters are readily available from free sources; in addition, this model can be easily replicated for estimating airport rail ground access in the U.S. This sketch planning model is applied to recently implemented or planned rail access to airports in Dallas and Oakland. The proposed model’s results are within five and nine percent of the ridership estimated using more sophisticated models; a recently implemented service appears to be within twenty-five percent of the predicted value.
  Authors: Massidda, Antonio
  Authors: Massidda, Antonio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 281
  Paper Number: 13-5292
• Investigation of Material Improvements to Mitigate the Effects ofAbrasion Mechanism of Concrete Crosstie Rail Seat Deterioration (RSD)
  Abstract: To meet the increasingly stringent design and performance requirements due to increasing cumulative gross tonnages from heavy-haul freight operations, along with increased high-speed inter-city passenger rail development, improvements in concrete crosstie designs are needed. Rail Seat Deterioration (RSD) continues to be identified as one of the primary factors limiting concrete crosstie service life in North America. RSD refers to the degradation of material at the contact interface between the concrete crosstie rail seat and the rail pad that protects the bearing area of the crosstie. Industry experts consider abrasion to be a viable mechanism leading to RSD. A lack of understanding of the complex interactions affecting the severity of abrasion has resulted in an empirical design process for concrete crossties and fastening systems. The objective of this study is to quantify the abrasion resistance of concrete rail seats by using a variety of concrete mix designs and other materials relevant to the rail industry. To simulate the abrasion mechanism of RSD, a Small-Scale Test for Abrasion Resistance (SSTAR) was designed by researchers at UIUC. Additionally, a theoretical framework to model and predict abrasive wear was developed using statistical techniques. Data obtained from the SSTAR and statistical model will help the rail industry mechanistically design concrete crossties by improving the current understanding of the performance of various concrete abrasion mitigation approaches. Preliminary results show that abrasion mitigation approaches such as the addition of metallic fine aggregates (MFA), steel fibers, and the application of coatings improve the abrasion resistance of concrete specimens.
  Authors: Shurpali, Amogh A.; Edwards, J. Riley; Kernes, Ryan Gene; Liu, Xiang; Lange, David A.; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Authors: Shurpali, Amogh A.; Edwards, J. Riley; Kernes, Ryan Gene; Liu, Xiang; Lange, David A.; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-4271
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Review of Capacity Measurement Methodologies: Similarities and Differences in U.S. and European Railroads
  Abstract: Most passenger rail services in the United States (U.S.) operate on corridors that are shared with freight traffic. As the demand for passenger and freight transportation grows and emphasis is placed on increased speed and on-time performance of passenger services, the available capacity becomes even more consumed. Where higher speed passenger trains are mixed with freight, the increased heterogeneity from expanding speed differential creates further challenges for reliable operations. Based on the experiences in the other parts of the world, the required reliability is typically secured through structured/planned/scheduled operation. As the U.S. continues to develop higher speed passenger service with similar characteristics to those in European shared-use lines, the accuracy of capacity analysis methods becomes more important, and tools applied in Europe may become more applicable to the U.S. conditions as well. This paper presents the fundamental facts on railway capacity obtained through the literature review. It will provide a brief review of capacity definitions used in both Europe and the U.S., followed by description of differences in their respective rail systems. The paper will also introduce the various types of approaches for capacity analysis and review several case studies in the U.S. and Europe that use those approaches.
  Authors: Pouryousef, Hamed; Lautala, Pasi Tapio; White, Thomas
  Authors: Pouryousef, Hamed; Lautala, Pasi Tapio; White, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 752
  Paper Number: 13-4502
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Right-Sizing Conductor Roster at Metro-North Railroad: Model Development and Application
  Abstract: MTA Metro-North Railroad (Metro-North), like many US commuter railroads, collects fares manually on-board or verifies that a valid time-based ticket is held by the customer using on-board visual inspection methods. If insufficient personnel are available to perform these functions, there is potential for lost revenue. Daily personnel availability is typically a result of fluctuating absence levels and unscheduled work such as flagging for capital projects. Each day after all available FTEs (full time equivalents) and FTEs available to work overtime have been assigned to assignments, if any assignments still remain open they will not be filled. When an assignment is not filled it is referred to as a “blanked” assignment at Metro-North. The cost of blanking an engineer or conductor assignment is very high as this would result in annulling a train; thus engineers and conductors are always staffed to a level where this will rarely if ever occur. However, the cost of having insufficient ticket collectors, a task fulfilled by assistant conductors at Metro-North, will depend on the revenue exposure if one or more ticket collector assignments are not filled (and therefore fares are not collected / verified). There are many factors that influence revenue exposure and these will vary by system depending on fare policy and operating characteristics. Revenue exposure becomes a key factor in determining the optimal assistant conductor staffing level, which is the staffing level that produces the overall minimum cost. Increasing staffing is one way to reduce both overtime and blanked assignments, but this comes at a cost of training new hires and paying additional wages and benefits. Previously the Operations Services and Operations Planning Departments at Metro-North determined the engineer, conductor and assistant conductor staffing needs based on data analysis (customer counts, schedules, usage patterns) experience and rules of thumb. However, this process was difficult to explain and it lacked transparency. Furthermore, over the past few years Metro-North has found it increasingly difficult to cover all of its assistant conductor assignments each day. This is largely a result of Metro-North policies aimed at reducing overtime, combined with a recently instated longer training program for assistant conductors necessitating additional lead time in work force planning. Expected to further exacerbate this issue is an anticipated high level of retirements in 2013 and reduced overtime potential due to the Federal Railway Administration’s Passenger Hours of Service Regulation. Assessing the impacts of all of these factors required a new method of evaluating staffing needs. Metro-North chose to take a detailed and analytical approach to address this issue by building a sophisticated and complex model in-house to determine the optimal number of engineers, conductors, and especially assistant conductors. The model was designed to be used by the Operations Services department to right-size the assistant conductor roster and was successfully used to justify the staffing levels and actions to senior management. The model balances and weights all of the varying requirements including the cost of training a new FTE as well as the potential for revenue loss as a result of blanking an assignment, and determines the most cost effective solution
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey; Bernstein, Jeffrey
  Authors: Schwarcz, Stacey; Bernstein, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-0426
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Real-Time Optimization of Commuter Rail Feeder Systems
  Abstract: Commuter rail systems, operating on unused or under-used railroad rights-of-way, are being introduced into many urban transportation systems. Since locations of available rail rights-of-way were typically chosen long ago to serve the needs of rail freight customers, the majority of commuter rail users do not live or work within walking distance of potential commuter rail stations. Minimizing access time to rail stations and final destinations is crucial if commuter rail is to be a viable option for commuters. This paper focuses on real time optimization of the Commuter Rail Circulator Route Network Design Problem (CRCNDP) supposing that real-time demand data can be obtained partially through users’ smart phone app. The route configuration of the circulator system – where to stop and the route among the stops – is determined on a real-time basis by employing adaptive Tabu Search to quickly solve a Mixed Integer Programming problem with an objective to minimize total cost incurred to both transit users and transit operators. Numerical experiments are executed and methodologies are proposed to find the threshold for the minimum fraction of travelers that would need to report their destinations via smart phone to guarantee the practical value of optimization based on real-time collected demand against a base case defined as the average performance of all possible routes.
  Authors: Yu, Yao; Machemehl, Randy B.
  Authors: Yu, Yao; Machemehl, Randy B.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-2204
• Analyzing Commuter Train User Behavior: Decision Framework for Access Mode and Station Choice
  Abstract: The purpose of the current research effort is to develop a framework for a better understanding of commuter train users’ mode and station choice behavior. Typically, mode and station choice for commuter train users is modeled as a hierarchical choice with mode being considered as the first choice in the sequence. The current study proposes a latent segmentation based approach to relax the hierarchy. In particular, this innovative approach simultaneously considers two segments of station and access mode choice behavior: Segment 1 - station first and mode second and Segment 2 – mode first and station second. The allocation to the two segments is achieved through a latent segmentation approach that determines the probability of assigning the individual to either of these segments as a function of socio-demographic variables, level of service (LOS) parameters, trip characteristics, land-use and built environment factors, and station characteristics. The proposed approach offers many advantages compared to the traditional alternatives. First, we gain a better understanding of the decision processes by examining who are the individuals who choose the station (or mode) first. Second, the approach proposed is free from simulation and easy to implement. Third, the results from our analysis will provide insights to transit agencies on how to improve transit service to reduce the automobile travel to commuter train stations. The proposed latent segment model is estimated using data from an on-board survey conducted by the Agence Métropolitaine de Transport (AMT) for commuter train users in Montreal region. The proposed model is employed to investigate the role of socio-demographic variables, LOS parameters, trip characteristics, land-use and built environment factors, and station characteristics on commuter train user behavior. The model results are employed for prediction of commuter train user behavior on a hold-out validation sample. Our data validation clearly illustrates the enhanced predictive power offered by the latent segmentation model.
  Authors: Chakour, Vincent; Eluru, Naveen
  Authors: Chakour, Vincent; Eluru, Naveen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Planning and Forecasting; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-2688
• Comparison of Capacity of Single- and Double-Track Rail Lines Using Simulation Analyses
  Abstract: North America has shown an increasing desire to introduce or increase passenger rail service between many city-pairs. One approach to achieving this goal has been to run passenger trains on existing freight-railroad infrastructure. The simultaneous operation of passenger trains alongside freight trains is a significant challenge due to their different performance characteristics. Additionally, the track configuration can significantly influence the interaction effects between the trains. The maximum speed of the passenger train has a very small impact on the performance of the freight train in single track. However, in double track configurations, the speed of the passenger train will have a large impact on freight train delays. Single track can show an asymmetrical delay distribution centered on an average run time with very few trains arriving close to the minimum run time. A double track configuration can result in a delay distribution shaped similarly to an exponential distribution with many trains maintaining their minimum run times. In both single and double track, a higher passenger train maximum speed can lead to a greater range of possible travel times. These analyses can help further understand the interactions between passenger and freight trains for current and future shared corridor operations.
  Authors: Sogin, Samuel Lincoln; Lai, Yung-Cheng; Dick, C. Tyler; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Authors: Sogin, Samuel Lincoln; Lai, Yung-Cheng; Dick, C. Tyler; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 752
  Paper Number: 13-1424
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Forecasting the Duration of Rail Operation Disturbances
  Abstract: Railway operating disturbances have a significant impact on the satisfaction of both freight and passenger customers. Increasing demand for rail service has led to highly congested networks, which, in spite of improvements in railway scheduling and planning, increases the potential for operating disturbances and impacts. This paper describes research on the handling of railway operation disturbances. The research shows how, particularly for highly congested rail networks such as in urban areas, railway systems engineering can optimize processes to reduce disturbance impacts. The paper describes research on developing a forecasting process for improving the management of rail operation disturbances. This supports a return to the scheduled timetable. The proposed approach was developed by combining statistical correlations and improved procedural considerations. The approach can be used to help guide operating decisions and also be used in incident prevention planning.
  Authors: Schranil, Steffen; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois
  Authors: Schranil, Steffen; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 752
  Paper Number: 13-1455
• Observed Customer Seating and Standing Behaviors and Seat Preferences Onboard Subway Cars in New York City
  Abstract: Using an observational sampling methodology, this study explores seat occupancy patterns found in New York City subway cars under non-crowded conditions based on special attributes of otherwise highly homogenous plastic bench seats. Onboard seating patterns, measured as relative seat occupancy probabilities, are explained in terms of interactions between railcar design, layout, customer preferences, and resulting behaviours. Prior research has generally focused on passengers distribution between cars within long trains, or desirability of attributes common to all seats, rather than passengers seating patterns within a single car. Results, based on seating- and standing-room occupancy statistics, show customers have a clear preference for seats adjacent to doors, no real preference for seats adjacent to support stanchions, and disdain for bench spots between two other seats. On cars featuring transverse seating, customers prefer window seats, but have almost equal preference for backward- or forward-facing seats. No gender bias was detected amongst all seated passengers, but as load factor increased, men have higher probabilities of being standees compared to women. 90% seat utilization is only achieved at 120% load factor; furthermore, standing customers strongly prefer to crowd vestibule areas between doors (particularly in cars with symmetric door arrangements), and hold onto vertical poles. These findings are consistent with published anecdotes. Future cars should be designed with asymmetric doors, 2+2+2 partitioned longitudinal seats, and no stanchions or partitions near doorways. Further research should be conducted in commuter rail vehicles with suburban layouts, booth seating, and also other cities’ subways, to further understand customer seating preferences.
  Authors: Berkovich, Aaron; Lu, Alex; Levine, Brian; Reddy, Alla V.
  Authors: Berkovich, Aaron; Lu, Alex; Levine, Brian; Reddy, Alla V.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-1693
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Framework for Evaluating Cost-Effectiveness of Accident Prevention Strategies Under Uncertainty
  Abstract: Rational allocation of resources to reduce train accident occurrence in the most cost-effective manner is important for the rail industry and government. Accident prevention strategies, individually and in combination, may result in different safety benefits and corresponding implementation costs. An appropriate assessment of the cost-effectiveness of accident prevention strategies is an important step to evaluate, develop and prioritize safety improvement investments. Both the safety benefit and implementation cost of a strategy may be subject to uncertainty at the time of decision making. However, little prior research has considered the effect of uncertainty in evaluating train accident prevention strategies. Properly accounting for this uncertainty can improve the efficient allocation of safety resources. This paper presents a framework to conduct an uncertainty-based, cost-benefit analysis. The types and sources of uncertainty are identified and statistical models are developed to quantify the effect of uncertainty. The results can aid the rail industry and government to develop more cost-effective strategies to maximize safety given limited resources.
  Authors: Liu, Xiang; Saat, M. Rapik; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Authors: Liu, Xiang; Saat, M. Rapik; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Safety and Human Factors; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 520
  Paper Number: 13-1813
• Disruption Response Planning for an Urban Mass Rapid Transit Network
  Abstract: Given many cities' growing dependence on public rail transport, simple network disruptions can lead to widespread confusion and significant productivity loss to the society. Therefore, a systematic approach to develop efficient disruption response and minimize the negative impacts is required. In this paper, we develop a planning procedure to supplement a degraded urban mass rapid transit network through intelligent introduction of shuttle bus services in the disrupted area. The proposed method includes two important mechanisms, namely (1) using column generation to identify all beneficial bus routes, including those which might not be intuitively found, and (2) using a path-based multi-commodity flow formulation to select the best among these candidate bus routes. Finally, the method is applied to two disruption case studies defined using real-world data; the corresponding results confirmed the practicality of the proposed approach: (1) the procedure can be carried out efficiently, (2) introducing bus routes to the naive bridging services can easily yield significant improvement on commuters' travel delay, (3) the distribution of commuters' travel delay is improved considerably with an optimized response, and (4) many realistic operating constraints can be handled in planning process.
  Authors: Jin, Jian Gang; Teo, Kwong Meng; Sun, Lijun
  Authors: Jin, Jian Gang; Teo, Kwong Meng; Sun, Lijun
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-1884
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Fractal Analysis of Fouled Rail Ballast
  Abstract: A test section of railway was installed in Nebraska, with samples taken over the course of three years (1990 to 1993) for sieve analyses. Single-factor analysis of variance tests were used to determine the relationship of measured parameters to the fouling of ballast. Ballast fouling, as measured by the traditional fouling index, increased over time. Fouling was more prevalent in the lower depths of the ballast layer, as well as in the tamping zones. This is because fouled material migrates downward within the ballast layer, and the tamping process increases fouling. Fragmentation fractal analysis was used as a method of classifying the grain size distribution (GSD) of ballast. The average value of the fragmentation fractal dimension increased over time for the entire GSD curve, but decreased for the part of the curve representing the fouled material. Further analysis indicated that the initial GSD of the ballast may not show fractal geometry because of its manufactured nature, but over time the increase in fouling forces the GSD toward a fractal distribution.
  Authors: Ho, Carlton L.; Lambert, Ryan S.; Hyslip, James P.
  Authors: Ho, Carlton L.; Lambert, Ryan S.; Hyslip, James P.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-3403
• Load Rating and Evaluation of Railroad Bridge Based on Nondestructive Testing and Finite Element Modeling
  Abstract: The Federal Rail Association (FRA) mandated an increase in freight railcar weight limits from 1170 kN (263,000 lb) to 1272 kN (286,000 lb). However, most of the railway bridges were built prior to World War II and are not designed to handle this increased railcar weight. Thus, there is a need for accurate and efficient methods to evaluate and load rate existing bridges that will reveal their actual capacities. In this study, the research approach adopted is aimed at providing an efficient method to load rate railway bridges. Three load rating methods were utilized and compared: (1) traditional method based on American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) specifications, (2) refined traditional method using data from field tests, and (3) load rating using testing data and finite element (FE) modeling. Various types of bridges were field tested and evaluated. Results from a typical railway bridge will be used to demonstrate and compare each one of the three load rating methods. For this bridge, non-destructive testing was performed. The collected responses were used to improve the traditional method and calibrate a 3-D FE model. The rating results indicated that method (1) can be relatively conservative and does not reflect the actual behavior of the structure while method (3) provided accurate results it was more tedious. It is suggested that the refined traditional method (2) be used since it provided similar accurate rating results without developing a detailed FE model.
  Authors: Nassif, Hani; Su, Dan; Lou, Peng
  Authors: Nassif, Hani; Su, Dan; Lou, Peng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-4642
• Mathematical Modeling for Optimizing Skip-Stop Rail Transit Operation Strategy Using Genetic Algorithm
  Abstract: With skip-stop rail transit operation, transit agencies can reduce their operating costs and fleet size, and passengers can experience reduced in-transit travel times without extra track and technological improvement. However, since skip-stop operation does not serve all the stations, passengers at exclusive stopping stations can possibly experience increased access time, waiting time, total travel time, and transfer. Only when the stopping stations are carefully coordinated can skip-stop service benefit passengers and transit agencies.This research developed a mathematical model using a Genetic Algorithm that coordinated the stopping stations for skip-stop rail operation. Using the flexibility of the Genetic Algorithm, this model included many realistic conditions, such as different access modes, different stopping scenarios, different collision constraints, different objective functions, and etc.For this research, the Seoul Metro system¡¯s line No. 4 was used as an example. With skip-stop operation, total travel time became about 17-20 percent shorter than with original all-stop operation, depending on the stopping constraints. In-vehicle travel time became about 20-26 percent shorter due to skipping stations, although waiting, transfer, and additional access times increased by 24-38 percent.Each train skipped five to nine stations, which reduced five to nine minutes (up to 8 percent) of the operating time. As mentioned, this model was built to minimize the total travel time. If the model¡¯s objective was minimizing operating time or minimizing total cost, the model could reduce operating time more.
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae; Shariat, Shaghayegh; Choi, Keechoo
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae; Shariat, Shaghayegh; Choi, Keechoo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-5202
• Safety Performance Comparison Between Light Rail Transit And Subway
  Abstract: Along with the expansion and addition of guideway transit systems, such as light rail and subway, there came the need to compare the safety performance of each mode. The comparison of safety performance by different modes is difficult due to lack of data, short operating history, or smaller operating scales besides the complexity of various technologies, operating characteristics, and diversified environments.In order to evaluate the potential for intermodal comparison of safety performance measures, the authors have focused on the subway and Light Rail Transit (LRT) modes at the national aggregations. Starting with clear definitions of each safety category, the authors analyzed the safety data from the National Transit Database (NTD) in recent years to estimate the impact and implications of various safety performance measures. A series of comparisons between LRT and subway in various fatality, injury and property damage categories demonstrated that accident rates may be unstable and easily distorted when the operational base is small. With increased operations, the accident rate may become more predictable even if the simple numbers of accidents/incidents may still appear random.
  Authors: Jasmin, Nehemie; Liu, Rongfang
  Authors: Jasmin, Nehemie; Liu, Rongfang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-3560
• Predicting Potential Railway Operation Disruptions Caused by Critical Component Failure Using Echo State Neural Networks and Automatically Collected Diagnostic Data
  Abstract: European passenger rail systems are massively interconnected and operate with very high frequency. The impacts of single component failures on these types of systems can significantly affect technical and operational reliability. Today advanced diagnostic tools with broad functionalities are being added to systems and system components. These tools monitor, control the operation and support the maintenance of the highly sophisticated and interconnected components. This paper presents an approach for using a set of diagnostic event data from a passenger train exterior door system to predict the occurrence of events that might evolve into operational disruptions that impact train operation and therefore railway reliability. This approach uses a neural network algorithm with a dynamic temporal behavior (the echo state network) in combination with principle component analysis. The proposed approach exhibits a prediction accuracy of up to 99%.
  Authors: Fink, Olga; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois
  Authors: Fink, Olga; Weidmann, Ulrich Alois
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 443
  Paper Number: 13-0676
• Analyzing the Potential for High-Speed Rail as Part of the Multimodal Transportation System in the Midwest Corridor
  Abstract: With ever-increasing congestion and rising fuel costs, both the travel time and cost of intercity passenger transportation are becoming increasingly significant. Around the world, high-speed rail (HSR) is seen as a way to mitigate the risk of volatile petroleum prices while alleviating congestion on highways and at airports. However, HSR is a contentious issue in the United States due to justifiable concerns of ridership and the large capital investment. Ridership is the critical element in determining the viability of a large capital, long-term transportation investment in terms of costs, revenue and the resulting societal impacts. This paper analyzes the potential for high-speed rail as part of the existing multimodal transportation system in a region. It provides a systematic methodology for analyzing transportation systemwide modal ridership with and without a proposed HSR network. Demographic, technological, economic, and policy trends are used to project ridership in the long-term. Experiments are conducted for the US Midwest corridor, but the methodology is extendable and modular to incorporate any mode in any region. The results show that passenger rail and commercial air ridership will increase at a faster rate than the road mode due to rising gasoline prices. The level-of-service and operational characteristics of HSR are critical in attracting ridership. Ridership forecasts range from 7 to 50 million riders annually based on current Amtrak and commercial airline service characteristics, respectively.
  Authors: Peters, Jeffrey; Han, En-Pei; Peeta, Srinivas; Delaurentis, Daniel
  Authors: Peters, Jeffrey; Han, En-Pei; Peeta, Srinivas; Delaurentis, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-1363
• Determining High-speed Rail Station Locations: A Model and Sensitivity Analysis
  Abstract: In order to improve personal mobility, safety, and environmental impact of passenger travel, and to strengthen regional and national economies, planners, governments and transportation companies throughout the world have been building high-speed rail (HSR) systems for over half a century. Although many early systems were principally government projects, public-private partnerships are increasingly being used to design, build, operate, and maintain these HSR networks. However, engaging the private sector requires a clear understanding of the potential profitability of such a system. A key question affecting this is the configuration of the line in terms of its length, number and location of stations, and ultimate alignment. A computer model was developed that uses station and route data to determine the most profitable routes based on the proposed stations. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine which variables have the greatest impact on the costs and returns of a HSR route. The sensitivity analysis led to the division of the design variables into three categories based on the significance of their impact on profitability. Variables that were found to have major influence are project concession, ridership, fare, annual fare increase, trainset availability, cost of building on viaduct, and land value increase. Categorizing the design variables allows for the model to be used more efficiently in a multi-phase approach that will reduce the time and resources required to assess potential HSR lines.
  Authors: Lovett, Alexander Hale; Munden, Greg; Saat, M. Rapik; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Authors: Lovett, Alexander Hale; Munden, Greg; Saat, M. Rapik; Barkan, Christopher P. L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1653
• Determination of Criticality of Freight Railroad Infrastructure Based on Flow Optimization under Heavy Congestion
  Abstract: Freight transportation by railroads is an integral part of the U.S. economy. Identifying critical rail infrastructures can help stakeholders prioritize protection initiatives or add necessary redundancy to maximize system resiliency. The criticality of an infrastructure element, link or yard, is based on the increased cost (delay) incurred when that element is disrupted. An event of disruption can cause heavy congestion and the capacity at links and yards should be considered when the fright flow is re-routed. This paper proposes an optimization model for making-up and routing of trains in a disruptive situation to minimize the system-wide total cost, including classification time at yards and travel cost time along the links. Train design optimization seeks to determine the optimal number of trains, their routes, and associated blocks, subject to various capacity and operational constraints at rail links and yards. An iterative heuristic algorithm is proposed to attack the computational burden for real-world networks. The solution algorithm considers the impact of volume on travel time in a congested or near-congested network. The proposed heuristics provide a quality solution with high speed, demonstrated by numerical experiments for small instances. A case study is conducted for the network of a major U.S. Class-1 railroad company based on publicly available data. The paper provides a map showing the criticality of infrastructure in the study area. The heuristic algorithm can also help in managing freight flow in response to a disruptive event.
  Authors: Khaled, Abdullah A.; Jin, Mingzhou; Clarke, David B.; Hoque, Mohammad A.
  Authors: Khaled, Abdullah A.; Jin, Mingzhou; Clarke, David B.; Hoque, Mohammad A.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 553
  Paper Number: 13-1679
• Falling Through the Cracks: The Last MileApplying Best Practices to the San Francisco to San Jose Section of the California High-Speed Rail System
  Abstract: The Six Stages of Integration is a conceptual framework proposed herein that categorizes existing public transportation systems by their level of modal and agency integration. It offers a new paradigm that sees urban, regional, and high-speed rail as one coherent system. The One-Seat Ride and the Pulsed Hub System are identified as Best Practices, taking full advantage of the findings of the mode choice literature. The framework offers a sound basis for making major public transport infrastructure decisions.Integration is an especially important system characteristic in the U.S., where widely dispersed land uses result in the “Last Mile” problem and sub-optimal ridership. Current planning for High-Speed Rail (HSR) in the U.S. ignores the poor access to decentralized metropolitan areas that downtown-to-downtown links provide. While integration is more critical to HSR’s success in the United States than in Europe or Asia, U.S. institutional and regulatory barriers to integration are considerably higher. Systemic problems in the planning process combined with weak institutions result in best practices from abroad being ignored. As examples of Best Practices implementation, the paper proposes a series of enhancements to the California High-Speed Rail project, offering connectivity to all parts of the San Francisco metropolitan area and an armature for transit-oriented land uses. If transportation planning were to be properly coordinated with land use planning, these centers could become the seed for a less auto-dependent urban form in the Western United States. This paper proposes a conceptual framework, Integration Analysis, to assess to what extent a regional rail network is able to help HSR reach its ridership potential by offering connectivity to all parts of the metropolitan area. It examines transportation systems which were able to advance to progressively deeper levels of integration. Integration analysis also studies the regulatory and/or institutional hurdles which may have thwarted the natural development of other systems. The paper comes to the conclusion that while in the United States systems integration is more critical to HSR’s success than in Europe or Asia, the institutional and regulatory impediments to its implementation are actually considerably higher here than in most other countries, among others, because of systemic problems in the planning process.
  Authors: Clever, Reinhard
  Authors: Clever, Reinhard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1790
• Who Rides Airport Railways? Case of London City Airport
  Abstract: This report proposes a new methodology for post-project analysis of airport railways to guide airport ground access planning. The concept is to determine the type of rail passenger: air passenger or employee; business or leisure; resident or non-resident. It compares hourly rail ridership, air passenger volumes, air traffic movements and the geographic location of trip ends. A test is proposed for each possible ridership group to determine who is using the railway.London City Airport is used as the case study to illustrate the value of the method. It uses Oyster smartcard ridership data from Transport for London. The findings confirm that the impressive 51% Docklands Light Railway mode share for air passengers from small sample surveys is realistic. The conclusion is the railway connection is predominantly used by air passengers and not employees. The airport characteristics – predominantly business travellers, relatively central location, local employees – simplify the analysis. The GIS analysis reveals one major surprise – that the busiest station by trip-ends is Woolwich Arsenal in southeast London – although the general findings are as expected: trip-ends concentrate in the financial and business districts. The policy recommendation for future airport railway projects is to apply this methodology to a range of comparable airports. This will aid transport planners to design a rail service optimised for the groups most likely to use the railway.
  Authors: Schabas, Matthew
  Authors: Schabas, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Aviation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 281
  Paper Number: 13-2162
• Combinatorial Auctions of Track Capacity in Vertically Separated Markets
  Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of allocating residual track capacity among multiple competing carriers where infrastructure ownership and train operations are vertically separated to facilitate the delivery by train of one-off loads. A bid set construction approach is proposed for use within a combinatorial auction-based framework to support this allocation of track capacity among competing carriers. The proposed bid set construction technique employs an OR-of-XOR bidding language and optimization methods that will ultimately produce newly scheduled trains with minimum total delay and operating costs. The technique enables the expression of complementary or substitutable relationships among the train slots constructed along predetermined train routes and permits quick configuration of routes from residual track capacity along which new trains can be operated. The proposed technique is compared against an intuitive, combinative bid set construction method and is tested within the combinatorial auction-based track capacity allocation framework. A winner determination problem (WDP) that simultaneously accommodates bidding languages of both bid set construction techniques is used to generate an optimal allocation of track capacity among bidders based on the different bidding strategies. Results of computational experiments designed to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed bid construction technique and effectiveness of the framework are presented.
  Authors: Kuo, April; Miller-Hooks, Elise
  Authors: Kuo, April; Miller-Hooks, Elise
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 553
  Paper Number: 13-2249
• Novel Full-Scale Test Facility for Ballastless High-Speed Railroad with Simulated Train Moving Loads
  Abstract: This paper presents a novel full-scale test facility for ballastless high-speed railroad¡¯s dynamic performance and accelerated long-term behavior under train¡¯s moving loads. A portion of ballastless high-speed railroad, which is almost identical to some part of realistic high-speed railroad in China, has been built in a model test box (15m*5m*6m) (49.2 ft*16.4 ft*19.7 ft) in Zhejiang University. A sequential loading system composed of eight high-performance hydraulic actuators is developed to exert dynamic loading on slab track at fasteners¡¯ positions to simulate train¡¯s moving loads. A theoretical model of train-slab track-subgrade dynamic interaction is applied to determine loads acting on fasteners in the experiments. The load sharing ratio of adjacent fasteners due to train wheel axle load acting on rails is found following Gaussian function distribution from the experiment data, and is applied in the load controlling in the experiments. Test data from the experiments are compared with the field measurements from the WuGuang high-speed railroad with various train speeds to verify the reliability of the proposed model test methodology. The experiments demonstrate the capacity of the developed full-scale model test facility to simulate train¡¯s moving load at high speeds which modern trains can reach. More tests will be conducted to investigate dynamic performance of high-speed railroad, both for ballasted track or ballastless slab track, and long term behavior of railroad under very large cycles of train¡¯s repeated movements.
  Authors: Bian, Xuecheng; Jiang, Hongguang; Chen, Yunmin
  Authors: Bian, Xuecheng; Jiang, Hongguang; Chen, Yunmin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-2630
• Bound Search Algorithm and Iterative Refinements for Scheduling Extra Train Paths
  Abstract: With the aim of supporting the process of adapting railway infrastructure and future traffic needs, we have developed a method to insert additional trains efficiently in an existing timetable without large consecutive delays to scheduled trains. In this work, the problem is characterized as a job shop scheduling problem. Novel bound search strategies and an iterative reordering structure are proposed to solve this problem. Unoccupied capacities are utilized as primary resources for additional trains and necessary train connections can be guaranteed in the new timetable. From numerical investigations the proposed framework and associated techniques are tested and shown to be effective. For a certain amount of additional trains, the bounds are tight and optimal insertions could be calculated in a few seconds. For more additional trains, a moderate amount of reordering actions are sufficient to handle disturbances and the search space is reduced to solve real and complex problems efficiently.
  Authors: Tan, Yuyan
  Authors: Tan, Yuyan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Design
  Session: 636
  Paper Number: 13-3016
• Economic Impacts of Amtrak Intercity Passenger Rail Service in Michigan: Community-Level Analysis
  Abstract: Amtrak operates three routes in Michigan: the Wolverine, the Blue Water and the Pere Marquette. Using the methodology established in the 2009 Michigan Passenger Rail Station Community Benefits Study, this paper reports the economic impacts of Michigan Amtrak service in the 22 communities served by these routes. Results from the 2009 study are updated to reflect current ridership and ticket revenue data, as well as findings from passenger surveys conducted in spring 2011. Considering individual traveler savings, passenger spending at local businesses, and Amtrak-related expenditures, Amtrak service generated an estimated economic impact to the State of Michigan in excess of $45.8 million in 2011. The average economic impact (excluding Amtrak expenditures) was $37.87 per passenger. Every $1.00 invested by the State of Michigan for operations of the Blue Water and Pere Marquette routes returned $1.84 in economic impact to local communities and travelers along these routes. The findings of this analysis contribute to a small but growing body of literature that quantifies the economic impacts of existing Amtrak passenger rail service and have several applications for passenger rail planning, policy development, and outreach activities.
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin R.; Taylor, John C.; Roach, James L.
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin R.; Taylor, John C.; Roach, James L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-3162
• Short-Term High-Speed Rail Land Use Impacts on Large Metropolises: Case Study of Madrid, Spain
  Abstract: This paper proposes an accessibility-based approach to find the short-term high speed rail impacts on metropolitan areas. We study the Spanish High Speed Rail impacts from 2006 to 2009 on Madrid, as a case study, by the integration of geographic information system (GIS) technology and spatial discrete choice models. In this paper, besides the socioeconomic variables, both local and regional transport network development and accessibility growth are considered to isolate the impacts on the changes of land use types brought by different sources of accessibilities. The results from our model reveal that, in large metropolitan cities like Madrid, the impacts of high speed rail are shadowed by the other external factors. Focusing on the land typologies which shift the land use types during the studied years, we find that the growth of regional accessibility by the inauguration of new high speed rail lines is an important incentive which may lead to the upgrade of land occupation. However, this does not imply that such an increase can be a sufficient factor to drive the change in land use patterns, since comparing with the whole metropolitan region, the proportion of land cells which change each year is relatively small.
  Authors: Shen, Yu; Martínez, Luis Miguel Garrido; de Abreu e Silva, João
  Authors: Shen, Yu; Martínez, Luis Miguel Garrido; de Abreu e Silva, João
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-4264
• Characterization of Railroad Ballast Behavior Under Repeated Loading Using New Large Triaxial Test Setup
  Abstract: Characterizing railroad ballast behavior under repeated train loading is of significant importance for evaluating field settlement or permanent deformation potentials of unbound aggregate ballast layers. To properly characterize ballast behavior under dynamic loading, a new triaxial test setup was recently developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Capable of accommodating cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 305 mm (12 in.) and a height of 610 mm (24 in.), this closed-loop servo-hydraulic test setup utilizes a load cell and four displacement transducers mounted on the specimen to quantify deformation behavior under loading. Unique features of the test setup are first presented in this paper followed by the procedures adopted for sample preparation and compaction. Preliminary test results evaluating effects of different applied stress states as well as geogrid reinforcement on ballast behavior established the consistency and repeatability of this new test equipment. Next, laboratory findings are presented from an ongoing research study aimed at investigating the effects of different ballast types and field degradation trends on permanent deformation accumulation. The ballast type with the highest Mill Abrasion Value was found to accumulate the highest permanent deformation under repeated load triaxial testing. Permanent deformation trends observed for four other ballast types showed direct correlations to the degrees of particle degradation observed in track sections constructed using these ballast materials and trafficked for approximately 18 months with a total track usage of 320 million gross tons.
  Authors: Mishra, Debakanta; Kazmee, Hasan; Tutumluer, Erol; Pforr, James; Read, David; Gehringer, Eric
  Authors: Mishra, Debakanta; Kazmee, Hasan; Tutumluer, Erol; Pforr, James; Read, David; Gehringer, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-4269
• Investigation of Aggregate Properties Influencing Railroad Ballast Performance
  Abstract: Class I freight railroads nearly exclusively use “premium” high quality ballast aggregates such as granite, trap rock, and quartzite aggregates for their mainline ballast needs. Note that these natural virgin aggregates are crushed stones with certain geologic origins and their properties may vary significantly depending on quarry sources and production techniques. This paper presents findings from a comprehensive laboratory study on ballast aggregates undertaken at the University of Illinois with the objective to investigate differences in engineering behavior of premium railroad ballast materials obtained from thirteen quarries from across the Union Pacific Railroad system. Laboratory research tasks consisted of gradation analysis, quantifications of shape, texture and angularity properties using the University of Illinois Aggregate Image Analyzer (UIAIA), shear strength evaluation via large direct shear (shear box) tests, and ballast degradation and durability analyses through Los Angeles Abrasion (LAA) tests conducted at 400 and 1,000 turns and evaluations of subsequent ballast fouling. As compacted ballast void ratio increased, aggregate strength typically decreased due to lower solid densities obtained from shear box testing. Aggregate shape properties quantified through imaging based shape indices were shown to be linked to the strength properties of different ballast density groups. One of the ballast aggregates with flat and elongated particles but very strong mineralogy had quite high strength properties despite its tendency to break particles during shearing. Higher angularities that generally resulted in higher strength properties could also yield higher fouling and increased breakdown potential of the aggregates.
  Authors: Wnek, Michael A; Tutumluer, Erol; Moaveni, Maziar; Gehringer, Eric
  Authors: Wnek, Michael A; Tutumluer, Erol; Moaveni, Maziar; Gehringer, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-4338
• Dynamic Train-Track Interaction Model to Study Track Performance Under Critical Speed
  Abstract: Field observations and measurements have indicated the existence of a so-called “Critical Train Speed” (varies from as low as 100 km/hour to 300 km/hour) at which moving trains will cause a substantial amount of horizontal and vertical track vibrations. This “mysterious” critical condition is explained as the resonance between the moving train and the Rayleigh wave traveling in the soil (analogous to the “Mach” effect caused by flying object breaking through the sound barrier). However, the wide range of recorded critical speeds (from 100 to 300 km/hour) indicates that a simple conceptual explanation is unlikely to provide a thorough understanding of ground-borne vibration from HSR. Clearly, it is not the train speed itself but the combination of moving train and track structural properties that determines the “Critical Speed”. A dynamic train-track interaction model is developed in this study and utilized to “visualize” the “Critical Speed” phenomenon. From the sensitivity analysis, it is concluded that increasing speed will result in amplified track substructure vibration. This amplified vibration becomes critical when the train speed approaches the subgrade soil shear wave velocity. Furthermore, although subgrade soil properties are the controlling parameters for the critical track response, the rail surface roughness plays an important role as well.
  Authors: Huang, Hai; Chrismer, Steven
  Authors: Huang, Hai; Chrismer, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 502
  Paper Number: 13-4397
• Capacity Utilization in European Railways: Who Is the Fairest of Them All?
  Abstract: At the strategic level, railways currently use different indices to estimate how ‘value’ is generated by using railway capacity. However, railway capacity is a multidisciplinary area, and attempts to develop various indices cannot provide a holistic measure of operational efficiency. European railways are facing a capacity challenge which is caused by passenger and freight demand exceeding the track capacity supply. In the absence of a comprehensive railway capacity manual, methodologies are needed to assess how well railways use their track capacity. This paper presents a novel and unprecedented approach for this aim. Relative operational efficiency of 24 European railways in capacity utilization is studied for the first time by data envelopment analysis (DEA). It deviates from previous applications of DEA in the railway industry that are conducted to analyze cost efficiency of railways. Six DEA models quantify various aspects of micro, macro and quality of railway capacity utilization in these countries. New inputs like gross domestic product, population and area of the country help to provide a better picture of the status of railways. Passenger satisfaction data about different aspects of railway services in European countries has recently been quantified by European commission and are used for the first time in the literature. Invaluable insights can be inferred from the results which can provide a ground basis for railway practitioners and policy makers.
  Authors: Khadem Sameni, Melody; Landex, Alex
  Authors: Khadem Sameni, Melody; Landex, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 553
  Paper Number: 13-5357
• Developing and Testing Model of Data Quality for Safety Management Information Systems: Exploratory Study in British Railway Industry
  Abstract: Safety management information systems gather comprehensive information about safety critical incidents and accidents. They provide the basis for safety analysis and risk modelling and are thus used for strategic and operational decision-making for instance in maintenance planning and accident prevention. Therefore, data quality plays a fundamental role for the validity and reliability of safety management. In this paper a model of data quality is developed and applied to the SMIS database of the British railway industry. The model defines data quality categories and dimensions, which are used for an assessment and the subsequent identification of improvement areas. The proposed model of data quality is tested comprehensively by a triangulated approach analysing the quality of a dataset of 7,221 workforce assaults and comparing the findings to the perceptions of data quality by safety managers from 10 of Britain’s largest passenger railway operators. The study reveals the importance of data quality checks and discusses relevant steps in assessing data quality within safety management information systems. Beyond this, the study identifies a lack of alignment to organization-specific processes as a major root cause of poorer data quality. This aspect is particularly interesting to centrally operated industry-wide safety management systems.
  Authors: Kudla, Nicole; Majumdar, Arnab
  Authors: Kudla, Nicole; Majumdar, Arnab
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Safety and Human Factors; Railroads; Rail
  Session: 520
  Paper Number: 13-2396
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Measuring Subway Service Performance at New York City Transit: A Case Study Using Automated Train Supervision (ATS) Track-Occupancy Data
  Abstract: A recurring challenge facing transit managers today is the persistent question of how to do more with less—to maintain and improve service despite deficits of historic proportions. New York City Transit (NYCT) responded by re-tooling performance measurement frameworks and procedures to better capture customers’ perspective, respond to management initiatives, and incentivize proper operating decisions. NYCT’s primary performance measure, Wait Assessment (WA), measures customers’ maximum wait times while waiting to board at stations. Defined as percent of headways between trains not exceeding 125% of scheduled headways, a “Reach and Match” algorithm was developed to account for NYCT’s irregularly scheduled service and ensure customer experienced headways are matched to the specific published scheduled headway in effect at that moment, regardless of which scheduled trip was supposed to arrive. Upgrading sample-based methods that gathered limited data manually, track-occupancy data was downloaded from the Automated Train Supervision (ATS) system for the No.1 through No.6 routes, providing 100% coverage, much lower public reporting time-lag, and the ability to take near-term corrective action. The increase in data availability also allows NYCT to easily consider corridor-level and track-level WA standards for internal diagnostic purposes, analyzing train performance in shared-track territory regardless of route designations, to provide better service.
  Authors: Levine, Brian; Lu, Alex; Reddy, Alla V.
  Authors: Levine, Brian; Lu, Alex; Reddy, Alla V.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-2997
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Use of Recycled Tire Rubber to Modify Track Substructure Interaction
  Abstract: Resiliently Bound Ballast (RBB) is a new engineered material being developed as an alternative or supplement to conventional ballast for use in transit, passenger and freight railways to improve mechanical behavior, control the modulus and damping while using a recycled tire waste material. RBB is a stable mixture of standard ballast stone and tire derived aggregate (TDA) bound together with a purpose-designed resilient epoxy binder. Initial laboratory tests were conducted on 6 in (151 mm) and 10 in (254 mm) diameter specimens of two different mixes of RBB. Tests were conducted on fully bound samples as well as individual ballast particles with TDA bound to the ballast with the resilient epoxy binder. The tests included static triaxial compression tests, and dynamic cyclic triaxial tests. Static tests indicated that the addition of the TDA and epoxy resulted in an increase in cohesive strength. The dynamic tests indicated changes in modulus and damping depending upon the mixture of rock, TDA and epoxy. One proposed usage of RBB is to affix the RBB to the bottom of concrete ties to modify the interaction between the tie and the ballast material to improve ballast durability and modify resilience and damping. Box tests were conducted on a section of concrete tie with RBB attached and also without any RBB attached. The tie with a section of rail attached was vertically loaded with a sinusoidal load to model repetitive axle loading. Observations indicated that the box test without the RBB produced lower damping with increased abraded fines whereas the box test with the RBB had a higher damping with less abraded fines.
  Authors: Ho, Carlton L.; Humphrey, Dennis; Hyslip, James P.; Moorhead, William H.
  Authors: Ho, Carlton L.; Humphrey, Dennis; Hyslip, James P.; Moorhead, William H.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Railroads; Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-3409
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Automatic Data for Applied Railway Management: A Case Study on the London Overground
  Abstract: In 2009, London Overground management implemented a new tactical plan for AM and PM Peak service on the North London Line (NLL). This paper documents that tactical planning intervention and evaluates its outcome in terms of certain aspects of service delivery (the operator’s perspective on system performance) and service quality (passenger’s perspective). The research depends heavily on in-person and e-mail interviews with key Overground managers and on research conducted for those managers by an industry consultant. Analyses of service delivery and quality, and passenger demand contribute to the development, proposal, and implementation of the new tactical plan. It is found that NLL trains were routinely delayed en route and excessive dwell time is major cause. Near-random passenger incidence behavior suggests a even headway service may be more appropriate for NLL. The confluence of these analyses is confirmed by the corresponding excess journey time (EJT) results. Based on longitudinal analysis, evaluation shows that on-time performance increased substantially and observed journey time (OJT) decreased (i.e. they both improved) with the introduction of the new plan. EJT decreases by substantially more than OJT for the line as a whole. Overall, the effects of this implementation appear to have been positive on balance. This case study thus demonstrates the applicability of automatic data generally, and certain measures and techniques in London Overground specifically, to support tactical planning of an urban railway.
  Authors: Frumin, Michael; Zhao, Jinhua; Wilson, Nigel H.M.; Zhao, Zhan
  Authors: Frumin, Michael; Zhao, Jinhua; Wilson, Nigel H.M.; Zhao, Zhan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-2987
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Planning for Transit System Reliability Using Productive Performance and Risk Assessment
  Abstract:

  Urban transit system performance may be quantified and assessed using transit capacity and productive capacity for planning, design and operational management. Bunker (4) defines important productive performance measures of an individual transit service and transit line. Transit work (p-km) captures transit task performed over distance. Transit productiveness (p-km/h) captures transit work performed over time. This paper applies productive performance with risk assessment to quantify transit system reliability. Theory is developed to monetize transit segment reliability risk on the basis of demonstration Annual Reliability Event rates by transit facility type, segment productiveness, and unit-event severity. A comparative example of peak hour performance of a transit sub-system containing bus-on-street, busway, and rail components in Brisbane, Australia demonstrates through practical application the importance of valuing reliability. Comparison reveals the highest risk segments to be long, highly productive on street bus segments followed by busway (BRT) segments and then rail segments. A transit reliability risk reduction treatment example demonstrates that benefits can be significant and should be incorporated into project evaluation in addition to those of regular travel time savings, reduced emissions and safety improvements. Reliability can be used to identify high risk components of the transit system and draw comparisons between modes both in planning and operations settings, and value improvement scenarios in a project evaluation setting. The methodology can also be applied to inform daily transit system operational management.

  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan Michael
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Passenger Transportation; Railroads; Public Transportation; Rail
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-0036
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Truck-to-Door Assignment at Cross-Dock Facility with Controllable Handling Times
  Abstract: This paper studies the inbound truck-to-door assignment problem at a cross-dock facility with controllable truck handling times. In particular, the handling time of a truck is discretely defined by the number of workers (or material handling equipment) assigned to a door. The cross-dock operator aims at minimizing the total labor cost by determining the number of workers allocated at each door as well as the truck-to-door assignment. We first discuss a branch-and-price method for the problem of interest. Then, two evolutionary heuristic methods are discussed. Numerical studies are conducted to compare the branch-and-price method to the evolutionary heuristics.
  Authors: Konur, Dincer; Golias, Mihalis M.
  Authors: Konur, Dincer; Golias, Mihalis M.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Railroads; Terminals and Facilities; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 677
  Paper Number: 13-0883
• U.S. Transition to Motor Carrier-Supplied Marine Chassis: Operational Impacts on and off Terminal
  Abstract: Ocean Carriers serving the United States have traditionally provided chassis to move their containers to and from customers. Because of the high cost of providing chassis and the increasing government concerns over the safety and roadability, ocean carriers have provided notice to their customers that they will no longer provide chassis in the U.S. While change in the short term is difficult, a change in ownership may improve safety, supply chain productivity and equipment utilization among other operating variables. This paper analyzes how intermodal performance, inside and outside the terminal gates, might change as ownership and management of the chassis fleet changes. Keywords: chassis, chassis supply, intermodal freight, intermodal terminals, intermodal operations, intermodal terminal design, terminal technology, terminal design
  Authors: Zumerchik, John
  Authors: Zumerchik, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Railroads; Terminals and Facilities; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 677
  Paper Number: 13-4625
• Storage Space Allocation at Marine Container Terminals Using Ant-Based Control
  Abstract: This paper presents a novel approach for allocating containers to storage blocks in a marine container terminal. We modeled the container terminal as a network of gate, yard blocks and berths on which export and import containers are considered as bi-directional traffic. For both export and import containers, the yard blocks are the intermediate storage points between gates (landside) and berths (waterside). Our model determines the route for each individual container (i.e. assign the container to a block to be stored) based on two competing objectives 1) balance the workload among yard blocks, and 2) minimize the distance traveled by internal trucks between yard blocks and berths. The model utilized an ant-based control method. It exploits the trail laying behavior of ant colonies where ants deposit pheromones as a function of 1) traveled distance and 2) yard crane workload severity at the blocks. The route of a container (i.e. selection of a yard block) is based on the pheromone distribution on the network. The results from experiments showed that the proposed approach effectively balances the workload among yard blocks and reduces the distance traveled by internal transport vehicles during vessel loading and unloading operations.
  Authors: Sharif, Omor; Huynh, Nathan N.
  Authors: Sharif, Omor; Huynh, Nathan N.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Railroads; Terminals and Facilities; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 677
  Paper Number: 13-4679
• Agent-Based Simulation Tool for Evaluating Pooled Queue Performance at Marine Container Terminals
  Abstract: Truck queuing at marine container terminal gates is one of the main sources of delay at terminals and is an area of concern since delays increase the logistical cost of transporting a container. Idling trucks at the gates are also a source of emissions that are harmful to surrounding environments. With the growing focus on global warming and reducing greenhouse gases, increasing importance has been placed on finding alternative strategies for reducing delays at the gates. Previous studies focused on the performance of strategies such as the appointment system and extended gate hours. However, there has yet to be a study that evaluates the performance of pooling trucks into a single queue at the gates. Previous studies on pooling offer mixed opinions on whether or not it is beneficial, but none of these studies have attempted to model the movements of the entities in the queue. In a human system (no vehicles) the movements are not as important since the time to move up one space in the queue is negligible; however, due to the size and weight of the trucks at the gates, the time to move is significant and should be considered. This study used agent based simulation to model the terminal gate system with two different queuing strategies, a pooled queue and non-pooled queues, since analytical solutions are not capable of capturing vehicle movements within the queue. Using a car-following model, a realistic representation of how vehicles move within the queue is captured. The developed simulation model was used to evaluate queuing strategies under varying conditions. Results indicate that using a pooled queue yields significantly lower average queuing times and variability in queuing times.
  Authors: Fleming, Matthew; Huynh, Nathan N.; Xie, Yuanchang
  Authors: Fleming, Matthew; Huynh, Nathan N.; Xie, Yuanchang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Railroads; Terminals and Facilities; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 677
  Paper Number: 13-2936
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• A Path Forward? An Examination of the Impact of Brazilian Infrastructure and Highway Development on Global Soybean Exportation Routes
  Abstract: Brazil’s presence on the international commodities market continues to grow, while its overseas clients, especially in China, grow steadily as well. Soybeans, a grain known for its uses as both meal and oil, are forecast to remain the world’s most-traded grain. As Brazil overtakes the leadership from the US as the world’s largest soybean exporter, the country is forced to deal with logistical hurdles, such as unpaved or dilapidated roads, limited rail and river networks and a congested port system. These obstacles cut deeply into producers’ profits, damaging the soybeans’ competitiveness on the international market. One project being undertaken to facilitate agricultural transportation is highway BR-163, which runs over 1,000 miles from the country’s leading exporting state, Mato Grosso, to the city Santarém, located in the Amazon region state of Pará. By shipping through the Amazon River basin and its tributaries, the goal is to reduce logistical costs. Based on up-to-date market transportation data, this article aims to evaluate the potential economic contribution of improved road conditions on overall freight expenses from farm-gate to Shanghai, China and Hamburg, Germany. Results showed that proximity to the Northern port increases the Santarém route’s economic viability in comparison to the traditionally utilized ports in the country’s more developed southern regions; nonetheless, all three soybean origin points experienced, at the least, a 30% discount when shipping to China and Germany via BR-163, under improved road conditions.
  Authors: Friend, Jonathan Daniel; Lima, Renato Silva
  Authors: Friend, Jonathan Daniel; Lima, Renato Silva
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Railroads; Motor Carriers; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: AT030
  Paper Number: 13-3984
• Spatial Spillover Effect of Transportation Infrastructure on Agricultural Output across the United States: An Empirical Investigation
  Abstract: This study evaluates the effect of transportation infrastructure, including roads and railroads, on agricultural output across 44 states in the U.S. from 1981 to 2004. Applying a spatial Durbin model (SDM) considering four different weight matrices, the spillover effect of transportation infrastructure is analyzed. By catching spatial dependence in both dependent and explanatory variables, the results suggest that road disbursement in a state generally has positive direct effects on its own agricultural output. The spillover effect of road infrastructure on agricultural output in neighboring states varies with respect to the spatial weight matrix used in the model. Moreover, simulation analysis based on the results using the second order of contiguity weight matrix shows that enhancement in road infrastructure in the states in the central region of the U.S. has a larger spillover effect on agricultural output compared to coastal or border states. No significant direct effect or spillover effect from rail infrastructure is identified in this study.
  Authors: Tong, Tingting; Yu, Tun-Hsiang Edward; Cho, Seong-Hoon; Jensen, Kimberly; De La Torre Ugarte, Daniel
  Authors: Tong, Tingting; Yu, Tun-Hsiang Edward; Cho, Seong-Hoon; Jensen, Kimberly; De La Torre Ugarte, Daniel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Marine Transportation; Railroads; Motor Carriers; Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: AT030
  Paper Number: 13-1648
• TIMETABLES OPTIMIZATION DESIGN CONSIDERING TRAIN CIRCULATION AND DISTURBANCES FOR TAIWAN HIGH-SPEED RAIL SYSTEM
  Authors: Firdausiyah, Nailah
  Authors: Firdausiyah, Nailah
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design
  Session: 636
  Paper Number: 13-0101
• Examining Accelerated Transit Operations Using the Directness Factor
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-0090
• Truck-to-Door Assignment at Cross-Dock Facility with Controllable Handling Times
  Authors: Golias, Mihalis
  Authors: Golias, Mihalis
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 677
  Paper Number: 13-0883
• Airport Ground Transportation Policies and the Future of Rail Connections at U.S. Airports
  Authors: Wong, Dan
  Authors: Wong, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Public Transportation
  Session: 281
  Paper Number: 13-1291
• Forecasting the Duration of Rail Operation Disturbances
  Authors: Schranil, Steffen
  Authors: Schranil, Steffen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 752
  Paper Number: 13-1455
• Hardness, Fouling, Life-Cycle, and Ballast Requirements for High-Speed and Heavy-Haul Railways
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-1523
• Examination of Factors Affecting Frequency and Severity of Crashes at Rail-Grade Crossings
  Authors: Russo, Brendan
  Authors: Russo, Brendan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 520
  Paper Number: 13-0163
• Analysis Method for Correlation Between Catenary Irregularities and Pantograph-Catenary Contact Force
  Authors: Zhang, Yuan
  Authors: Zhang, Yuan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: 13-0208
• Rolling-stock Automatic In-situ Line quality, Car Operation, and Tracking System
  Authors: Lu, Pan
  Authors: Lu, Pan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 680
  Paper Number: 13-0312
• Approach for Calibrating and Validating the Simulation of Complex Rail Networks
  Authors: Medeossi, Giorgio
  Authors: Medeossi, Giorgio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 443
  Paper Number: 13-0327
• Right-Sizing Conductor Roster at Metro-North Railroad: Model Development and Application
  Authors: Bernstein, Jeff
  Authors: Bernstein, Jeff
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-0426
• Dynamic Wheel Loads of High-Speed Rail at Speeds Greater Than 400 km/h
  Authors: Kim, Dae Sang
  Authors: Kim, Dae Sang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: 13-0671
• Predicting Potential Railway Operation Disruptions Caused by Critical Component Failure Using Echo State Neural Networks and Automatically Collected Diagnostic Data
  Authors: Fink, Olga
  Authors: Fink, Olga
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 443
  Paper Number: 13-0676
• Planning for Transit System Reliability Using Productive Performance and Risk Assessment
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan
  Authors: Bunker, Jonathan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-0036
• Framework for Evaluating Cost-Effectiveness of Accident Prevention Strategies Under Uncertainty
  Authors: Liu, Xiang
  Authors: Liu, Xiang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 520
  Paper Number: 13-1813
• Hierarchical Decomposition Methods for Periodic Railway Timetabling Problems
  Authors: Herrigel, Sabrina
  Authors: Herrigel, Sabrina
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design
  Session: 636
  Paper Number: 13-0803
• Impact of European Railway Traffic Management System on Human Performance in Railway Operations: European Findings
  Authors: Smith, Peri
  Authors: Smith, Peri
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 520
  Paper Number: 13-0851
• Selection of Frequency Band for Mobile WiMAX in Railroad Networks
  Authors: Shrestha, Pradhumna
  Authors: Shrestha, Pradhumna
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 680
  Paper Number: 13-0856
• If you Fail to Plan you Plan to Fail: a Survey of Passenger Rail Disruption Recovery Practices
  Authors: Pender, Brendan
  Authors: Pender, Brendan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-0940
• Simulation-Based Approach for Optimal Design of Signalling Block Layout in Railway Networks
  Authors: Quaglietta, Egidio
  Authors: Quaglietta, Egidio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 443
  Paper Number: 13-1157
• Unified Estimator For Excess Journey Time Under Heterogeneous Passenger Incidence Behavior Using Smartcard Data
  Authors: Frumin, Michael
  Authors: Frumin, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-1241
• Comparison of Capacity of Single- and Double-Track Rail Lines Using Simulation Analyses
  Authors: Sogin, Samuel
  Authors: Sogin, Samuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 752
  Paper Number: 13-1424
• Observed Customer Seating and Standing Behaviors and Seat Preferences Onboard Subway Cars in New York City
  Authors: Lu, Alex
  Authors: Lu, Alex
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-1693
• Analyzing the Potential for High-Speed Rail as Part of the Multimodal Transportation System in the Midwest Corridor
  Authors: Peters, Jeffrey
  Authors: Peters, Jeffrey
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-1363
• Forecasting Demand for High-Speed Rail
  Authors: Börjesson, Maria
  Authors: Börjesson, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-1469
• Train Stop Scheduling in a High-Speed Rail Network Structured by Lines with Heterogeneous Operating Conditions
  Authors: Fu, Huiling
  Authors: Fu, Huiling
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 443
  Paper Number: 13-2926
• Agent-Based Simulation Tool for Evaluating Pooled Queue Performance at Marine Container Terminals
  Authors: Huynh, Nathan
  Authors: Huynh, Nathan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 677
  Paper Number: 13-2936
• Measuring Subway Service Performance at New York City Transit: A Case Study Using Automated Train Supervision (ATS) Track-Occupancy Data
  Authors: Levine, Brian
  Authors: Levine, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-2997
• Development of A Multi-Criteria Decision Method for High-Speed Rail Corridor Evaluation
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-3342
• Fractal Analysis of Fouled Rail Ballast
  Authors: Ho, Carlton
  Authors: Ho, Carlton
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-3403
• Sophisticated Capacity Determination Using Simulation
  Authors: Siefer, Thomas
  Authors: Siefer, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 752
  Paper Number: 13-2056
• Process Mining Approach for Recovery of Realized Train Paths and Route Conflict Identification
  Authors: Kecman, Pavle
  Authors: Kecman, Pavle
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 680
  Paper Number: 13-2701
• Developing and Testing Model of Data Quality for Safety Management Information Systems: Exploratory Study in British Railway Industry
  Authors: Kudla, Nicole
  Authors: Kudla, Nicole
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 520
  Paper Number: 13-2396
• Who Rides Airport Railways? Case of London City Airport
  Authors: Schabas, Matthew
  Authors: Schabas, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Public Transportation
  Session: 281
  Paper Number: 13-2162
• Disruption Response Planning for an Urban Mass Rapid Transit Network
  Authors: Jin, Jian Gang
  Authors: Jin, Jian Gang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-1884
• Real-Time Optimization of Commuter Rail Feeder Systems
  Authors: Yu, Yao
  Authors: Yu, Yao
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-2204
• Analyzing Commuter Train User Behavior: Decision Framework for Access Mode and Station Choice
  Authors: Chakour, Vincent
  Authors: Chakour, Vincent
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-2688
• Automatic Data for Applied Railway Management: A Case Study on the London Overground
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua
  Authors: Zhao, Jinhua
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 756
  Paper Number: 13-2987
• Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Recycled Ballast Under Dynamic Loading
  Authors: Parsons, Robert
  Authors: Parsons, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 322
  Paper Number: 13-3971
• A Practical Framework for Metro Maintenance Management
  Authors: Parasram, Richard
  Authors: Parasram, Richard
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 644
  Paper Number: 13-4037
• Investigation of Aggregate Properties Influencing Railroad Ballast Performance
  Authors: Wnek, Michael
  Authors: Wnek, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-4338
• Review of Capacity Measurement Methodologies: Similarities and Differences in U.S. and European Railroads
  Authors: Pouryousef, Hamed
  Authors: Pouryousef, Hamed
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 752
  Paper Number: 13-4502
• Storage Space Allocation at Marine Container Terminals Using Ant-Based Control
  Authors: Sharif, Omor
  Authors: Sharif, Omor
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 677
  Paper Number: 13-4679
• Effects of Timetable-Related Service Quality on Rail Demand
  Authors: Wardman, Mark
  Authors: Wardman, Mark
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design
  Session: 636
  Paper Number: 13-5226
• Modeling Rail Operating Costs for Multimodal Corridor Planning
  Authors: Seedah, Dan
  Authors: Seedah, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 680
  Paper Number: 13-4433
• Revenue and Environmental Benefits of New Off-Peak Commuter Rail Service: Case of Pascack Valley Line in New Jersey
  Authors: Deka, Devajyoti
  Authors: Deka, Devajyoti
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; AICP Certification Maintenance Session; Planning and Forecasting; Public Transportation
  Session: 586
  Paper Number: 13-3756
• A Sketch Planning Model for Estimating Airport Ground Access Using Rail Service
  Authors: Massidda, Antonio
  Authors: Massidda, Antonio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Public Transportation
  Session: 281
  Paper Number: 13-5292
• New Truck-Mounted Precision Grinding System
  Authors: Randolph, David
  Authors: Randolph, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5085
• Different Fastening Systems on Slab Track
  Authors: Wroblewski, Artur
  Authors: Wroblewski, Artur
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design
  Session: 527
  Paper Number: P13-5103
• Proper and Effective Use of Racine Railroad Products Hand-Grinding Equipment
  Authors: Ries, Steven
  Authors: Ries, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5084
• Transit Rail Grinding Takes "Shape"
  Authors: Holfeld, Donald
  Authors: Holfeld, Donald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5086
• Elements, Standards, and Parameters for High-Speed Rail Design
  Authors: Kao, TC
  Authors: Kao, TC
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design
  Session: 527
  Paper Number: P13-5102
• Dynamic Track Modulus Measurement
  Authors: Hendry, Michael
  Authors: Hendry, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 755
  Paper Number: P13-5261
• International Design Practice for Asphalt Layers in Track Beds
  Authors: Rose, Jerry
  Authors: Rose, Jerry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 755
  Paper Number: P13-5266
• Critical Velocity and Track Structure-Substructure Interaction
  Authors: Huang, Hai
  Authors: Huang, Hai
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 755
  Paper Number: P13-5263
• Use of Recycled Tire Rubber to Modify Track Substructure Interaction
  Authors: Ho, Carlton
  Authors: Ho, Carlton
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 755
  Paper Number: P13-5265
• U.S. Transition to Motor Carrier-Supplied Marine Chassis: Operational Impacts on and off Terminal
  Authors: Zumerchik, John
  Authors: Zumerchik, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Terminals and Facilities
  Session: 677
  Paper Number: 13-4625
• Rail Life Management Systems
  Authors: Martin, Ron
  Authors: Martin, Ron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5067
• Short-Term High-Speed Rail Land Use Impacts on Large Metropolises: Case Study of Madrid, Spain
  Authors: Shen, Yu
  Authors: Shen, Yu
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: 13-4264
• Characterization of Railroad Ballast Behavior Under Repeated Loading Using New Large Triaxial Test Setup
  Authors: Mishra, Debakanta
  Authors: Mishra, Debakanta
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: 13-4269
• East Japan Railway Company-Lessons Learned from the March 2011 Japan Earthquake
  Authors: Saimyo, Hitoshi
  Authors: Saimyo, Hitoshi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design
  Session: 708
  Paper Number: P13-5309
• 2011 Flooding and Restoration on the BNSF Railway
  Authors: Charrow, Arthur
  Authors: Charrow, Arthur
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design
  Session: 708
  Paper Number: P13-5310
• Metric selection: Dealing with risk and uncertainty
  Authors: Linkov, Igor
  Authors: Linkov, Igor
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 444
  Paper Number: P13-5328
• Risk Matrix Across Modes: Emphasis on Passenger Rail
  Authors: Bing, Alan
  Authors: Bing, Alan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 444
  Paper Number: P13-5329
• Stadler GTW DMU Federal Railroad Administration Alternative Vehicle Technology Waiver at Denton County Transportation Authority, Texas
  Authors: Tagaras, Michael
  Authors: Tagaras, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: P13-5330
• Technical Update on California High-Speed Train Project: System Overview with Emphasis on Rolling Stock
  Authors: Banko, Frank
  Authors: Banko, Frank
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 638
  Paper Number: P13-5331
• Union Pacific Railroad Perspective -Pre Flooding Track Protection and Post Flooding Recovery
  Authors: Walter, Keith
  Authors: Walter, Keith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design
  Session: 708
  Paper Number: P13-5311
• Norfolk Southern Railway- Developing and Implementing a Railroad Earthquake Response Procedure
  Authors: Tomlin, John
  Authors: Tomlin, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design
  Session: 708
  Paper Number: P13-5312
• Use of Aggregate Image Analyzer for Characterizing Ballast Shear Strength and Hydraulic Conductivity
  Authors: Tutumluer, Erol
  Authors: Tutumluer, Erol
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 755
  Paper Number: P13-5264
• FMCSA Use of Risk Measures
  Authors: Pearlman, Jonathan
  Authors: Pearlman, Jonathan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 444
  Paper Number: P13-5327
• Passenger Rail and Private Markets: Host Carrier View
  Authors: Wessler, Rich
  Authors: Wessler, Rich
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: P13-5431
• Enhancing Onboard Services on the Downeaster: Lessons Learned
  Authors: Quinn, Patricia
  Authors: Quinn, Patricia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: P13-5432
• Development of Section 209 of Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008: Pricing Framework
  Authors: Kutrosky, David
  Authors: Kutrosky, David
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: P13-5433
• Transportation Impacts of New Gas Developments
  Authors: Tolliver, Denver
  Authors: Tolliver, Denver
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Freight Transportation
  Session: 442
  Paper Number: P13-5613
• Dulles Rail Project
  Authors: Nowakowski, Patrick
  Authors: Nowakowski, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Public Transportation
  Session: 281
  Paper Number: P13-5715
• Correlating Rail and Wheel Roughness to Wayside Noise Levels Using Lambda_CA
  Authors: Venghaus, Helmut
  Authors: Venghaus, Helmut
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 323
  Paper Number: P13-5670
• Updates to FRA High-Speed Ground Transportation Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Guidance Manual
  Authors: Ross, Jason
  Authors: Ross, Jason
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 323
  Paper Number: P13-5672
• Development and Verification of Track Speed and Track Stiffness Test Apparatus for Track Geometry Assessment Vehicles
  Authors: Berggren, Eric
  Authors: Berggren, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 322
  Paper Number: P13-5766
• Ballast Study on the Western HAL Mega-Site
  Authors: Douglas, Samuel
  Authors: Douglas, Samuel
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 378
  Paper Number: P13-5772
• Re-creating Track Support for Combined High-Speed and Freight Line
  Authors: Zarembski, Allan
  Authors: Zarembski, Allan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 322
  Paper Number: P13-5767
• Description of Systems for Measurement of Track Support and Data Interpretation Implications
  Authors: Sussmann, Theodore
  Authors: Sussmann, Theodore
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 322
  Paper Number: P13-5770
• Describing the Benefits of HSR Panel
  Authors: Quinn, Patricia
  Authors: Quinn, Patricia
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7123
• Status of International HSR Programs
  Authors: Romo, Eduardo
  Authors: Romo, Eduardo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7124
• Status of International HSR Programs
  Authors: Franca, Helio
  Authors: Franca, Helio
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7124
• Design and Operational Integration of HSR Panel
  Authors: Kick, Armin
  Authors: Kick, Armin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7122
• Describing the Benefits of HSR Panel
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7123
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Sussmann, Theodore
  Authors: Sussmann, Theodore
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 322
  Paper Number: Z13-322
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Ceylan, Halil
  Authors: Ceylan, Halil
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation
  Session: 322
  Paper Number: Z13-322
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Mejia, Genaro
  Authors: Mejia, Genaro
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 320
  Paper Number: Z13-320
• Rail Milling: New Tool in Rail Engineer's Toolbox
  Authors: Baker, Paul
  Authors: Baker, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5090
• Noise Control and Asset Preservation: Two Sides of the Transit Rail Grinding Picture
  Authors: McGinley, Michael
  Authors: McGinley, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5066
• Current and Future State of Switch and Crossing Grinding Techniques
  Authors: Palese, Joseph
  Authors: Palese, Joseph
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5087
• Loram Advancements in Mainline and Specialty Grinding Throughout the World
  Authors: Kohnert, Gary
  Authors: Kohnert, Gary
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5088
• Overall Benefits of Rail Grinding on the MBTA
  Authors: Martin, Ray
  Authors: Martin, Ray
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: P13-5091
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Schultheisz,, Carl
  Authors: Schultheisz,, Carl
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Motor Carriers; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 202
  Paper Number: Z13-202
• Opportunities and Challenges in Realizing Market Potential for Passenger Rail Development
  Authors: Posner III, Henry
  Authors: Posner III, Henry
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: P13-6795
• Successfully Planning and Implementing Railroad Infrastructure Projects That Require Major Service Disruptions: Case Study Examination
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6898
• Denver RTD’s Shared R/W Experience Since Littleton
  Authors: Shrestha, Pranaya
  Authors: Shrestha, Pranaya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6900
• FRA Concrete Crosstie and Fastening System Research Priorities
  Authors: Stuart, Cameron
  Authors: Stuart, Cameron
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 169
  Paper Number: P13-6950
• Ties' Design in High -Speed and Heavy Haul Railroads: Ultimum Strength vs Actions on Track – the European Prospective
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos
  Authors: Giannakos, Konstantinos
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 169
  Paper Number: P13-6952
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Neels, Kevin
  Authors: Neels, Kevin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Freight Transportation
  Session: 442
  Paper Number: Z13-442
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Varkonyi, Irvin
  Authors: Varkonyi, Irvin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Data and Information Technology; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 478
  Paper Number: Z13-478
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Moorhead, William
  Authors: Moorhead, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 645
  Paper Number: Z13-645
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Coplen, Michael
  Authors: Coplen, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 469
  Paper Number: Z13-469
• Forensic Analysis of Air Race Crash Witness Photographs in Reno, Nevada
  Authors: Babcock, Chris
  Authors: Babcock, Chris
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Motor Carriers; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 202
  Paper Number: P13-6731
• WMATA's Shared Path to Dulles Airport
  Authors: Peterson, Eric
  Authors: Peterson, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6897
• Concrete Tie Design and Material Improvements to Prevent End Splitting
  Authors: Mattson, Steve
  Authors: Mattson, Steve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 169
  Paper Number: P13-6951
• Class I Vision: Crosstie and Fastener Performance
  Authors: Gehringer, Eric
  Authors: Gehringer, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 169
  Paper Number: P13-6953
• Current Status of HSR in the United States
  Authors: Richard, Dan
  Authors: Richard, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7119
• Panel: Unique HSR Challenges - The Front End
  Authors: Melaniphy, Michael
  Authors: Melaniphy, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7120
• Panel: Unique HSR Challenges - The Front End
  Authors: Haas, Peter
  Authors: Haas, Peter
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7120
• Panel: Unique HSR Challenges - The Front End
  Authors: Toliver, Paul
  Authors: Toliver, Paul
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7120
• Status of International HSR Programs
  Authors: Perl, Anthony
  Authors: Perl, Anthony
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7124
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 528
  Paper Number: Z13-528
• Machine Vision-Based Evaluation of Concrete Ties - An Update on Recent Research Activities.
  Authors: Henderson, Herbert
  Authors: Henderson, Herbert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 169
  Paper Number: P13-6954
• A Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Approach to Train Speed Increase Risk Assessment at a Complex At-Grade Rail Crossing.
  Authors: Robinson, John
  Authors: Robinson, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 444
  Paper Number: P13-7027
• Current Status of HSR in the United States
  Authors: Gardner, Stephen
  Authors: Gardner, Stephen
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7119
• Bikes, Trails, and Rails
  Authors: Denney, Charles
  Authors: Denney, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6896
• Finite Element Modeling of Concrete Crossties and Fastening Systems
  Authors: Andrawes, Bassem
  Authors: Andrawes, Bassem
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 169
  Paper Number: P13-6955
• Panel Discussion: Design and Performance of Concrete Crossties and Fastening Systems
  Authors: Mattson, Steve
  Authors: Mattson, Steve
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 169
  Paper Number: P13-6956
• Risk Assessment and Certification for Ports and Impacts on the Supply Chain
  Authors: Penders, Michael
  Authors: Penders, Michael
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Data and Information Technology; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 478
  Paper Number: P13-6152
• Public-Private Stakeholder Involvement
  Authors: Strauss-Wieder, Anne
  Authors: Strauss-Wieder, Anne
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 172
  Paper Number: P13-6517
• Development of a Freight Plan
  Authors: Rhodes, Suzann
  Authors: Rhodes, Suzann
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 172
  Paper Number: P13-6520
• Simulation of Two Motorcoach Rollover Accidents Including Restraint Systems
  Authors: Barth, Thomas
  Authors: Barth, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Motor Carriers; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 202
  Paper Number: P13-6732
• Improved Fastening System Design
  Authors: Coats, Bob
  Authors: Coats, Bob
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Maintenance and Preservation
  Session: 169
  Paper Number: P13-7059
• Financing HSR Panel
  Authors: Eckels, Judge Robert
  Authors: Eckels, Judge Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7121
• Financing HSR Panel
  Authors: Page, Sasha
  Authors: Page, Sasha
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7121
• Design and Operational Integration of HSR Panel
  Authors: Jenkins, Brian
  Authors: Jenkins, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7122
• Current Status of HSR in the United States
  Authors: Harnish, Rick
  Authors: Harnish, Rick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7119
• Describing the Benefits of HSR Panel
  Authors: Quandel, Charles
  Authors: Quandel, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7123
• Status of International HSR Programs
  Authors: Loubinoux, Jean-Pierre
  Authors: Loubinoux, Jean-Pierre
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 145
  Paper Number: P13-7124
• Presiding Officer
  Authors: Moorhead, William
  Authors: Moorhead, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 179
  Paper Number: Z13-179
• Using Freight Data and Measuring System Performance
  Authors: Ludlow, Donald
  Authors: Ludlow, Donald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 172
  Paper Number: P13-6518
• Development of a Freight Plan
  Authors: Jones, Crystal
  Authors: Jones, Crystal
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 172
  Paper Number: P13-6520
• Using Freight Data and Measuring System Performance
  Authors: Pihl, Eric
  Authors: Pihl, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Planning and Forecasting
  Session: 172
  Paper Number: P13-6518
• Block Rail Demonstration for Streetcars: The Portland Laboratory
  Authors: Gustafson, Rick
  Authors: Gustafson, Rick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 645
  Paper Number: P13-6578
• Rail Infrastructure Investments: Making Rail More Competitive
  Authors: Gray, John
  Authors: Gray, John
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Motor Carriers
  Session: 577
  Paper Number: P13-6309
• Railroad Industry Overview
  Authors: Keen, Dan
  Authors: Keen, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Freight Transportation
  Session: 442
  Paper Number: P13-6340
• Amtrak's Challenges with Shared Station Infrastructure and Accessibility
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6899
• Denver's Eagle P3 Commuter Rail Project
  Authors: Shrestha, Pranaya
  Authors: Shrestha, Pranaya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 645
  Paper Number: P13-5838
• Beyond the Bascule: Bridging Broadway with Streetcars
  Authors: Gustafson, Rick
  Authors: Gustafson, Rick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 538
  Paper Number: P13-5962
• America's Marine Highway: North-South Freight Transport Network
  Authors: Brand, Lauren
  Authors: Brand, Lauren
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Motor Carriers
  Session: 577
  Paper Number: P13-5979
• Supply Chain Management: Convergence of Security and Resilience
  Authors: Thomas, Andrew
  Authors: Thomas, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Data and Information Technology; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 478
  Paper Number: P13-6028
• Continuity of Operations Planning and Resilience in Supply Chain Security
  Authors: Edwards, Frances
  Authors: Edwards, Frances
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Data and Information Technology; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 478
  Paper Number: P13-6029
• Economic Impact of Supply Chain Security: Financial Trade-offs Between Supply Chain Security and Efficiency
  Authors: Burns, Maria
  Authors: Burns, Maria
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Data and Information Technology; Security and Emergencies
  Session: 478
  Paper Number: P13-6030
• The Facts as We Know Them
  Authors: Casey, Patrick
  Authors: Casey, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Motor Carriers
  Session: 707
  Paper Number: P13-6006
• Export Initiatives for Agriculture: Enabling Container Loading Near the Coast
  Authors: Bosch, Matthew
  Authors: Bosch, Matthew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Motor Carriers
  Session: 707
  Paper Number: P13-6010
• Short Line Railroad Perspective on Changing Energy Markets
  Authors: Fischer, Ryan
  Authors: Fischer, Ryan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Economics; Freight Transportation
  Session: 442
  Paper Number: P13-5612
• Rail Irregularities, Corrugation, and Acoustic Roughness: Characteristics, Significance, and Effects of Reprofiling
  Authors: Grassie, Stuart
  Authors: Grassie, Stuart
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 323
  Paper Number: P13-5669
• Rail Profile Grinding Effectiveness at Sound Transit Beacon Hill Tunnel
  Authors: Nelson, James
  Authors: Nelson, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 323
  Paper Number: P13-5671
• Washington Avenue Bridge: Reviving a Critical Link for Central Corridor Light Rail Transit Project
  Authors: Watz, Patrick
  Authors: Watz, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 538
  Paper Number: P13-5518
• Analysis of Truck-Train Collision Event Based on Video from Camera on Moving Train
  Authors: Horak, Dan
  Authors: Horak, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Motor Carriers; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 202
  Paper Number: P13-6733
• Failure Analysis of Pipeline Rupture in San Bruno, California
  Authors: Kramer, Donald
  Authors: Kramer, Donald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Motor Carriers; Safety and Human Factors
  Session: 202
  Paper Number: P13-6734
• Overview of Literature on Rail Corrugation and Recent Experience with Rail Grinding to Reduce Noise from Corrugation
  Authors: Wong, Andrew
  Authors: Wong, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Environment; Public Transportation
  Session: 323
  Paper Number: P13-5814
• Novel Full-Scale Test Facility for Ballastless High-Speed Railroad with Simulated Train Moving Loads
  Authors: Bian, Xuecheng
  Authors: Bian, Xuecheng
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-2630
• Safety Performance Comparison Between Light Rail Transit And Subway
  Authors: Jasmin, Nehemie
  Authors: Jasmin, Nehemie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-3560
• RAIL-NT System for In Situ Measurement of Neutral Temperature in Continuous-Welded Rail: Results from Laboratory and Field Tests
  Authors: Phillips, Robert
  Authors: Phillips, Robert
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 502
  Paper Number: 13-3511
• Ultrasonic Tomography for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Internal Rail Flaws: Proof-of-Principle Numerical Simulations
  Authors: Al-Nazer, Leith
  Authors: Al-Nazer, Leith
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 502
  Paper Number: 13-3975
• Investigation of Material Improvements to Mitigate the Effects of Abrasion Mechanism of Concrete Crosstie Rail Seat Deterioration (RSD)
  Authors: Shurpali, Amogh
  Authors: Shurpali, Amogh
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-4271
• Modeling and Field Verification of Dynamic Impact in Railroad Bridges
  Authors: Wang, Ying-Jie
  Authors: Wang, Ying-Jie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-4635
• Measuring Concrete Cross-Tie Rail Seat Pressure Distribution with Matrix-Based Tactile Surface Sensors
  Authors: Rapp, Christopher
  Authors: Rapp, Christopher
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 502
  Paper Number: 13-4908
• Mathematical Modeling for Optimizing Skip-Stop Rail Transit Operation Strategy Using Genetic Algorithm
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae
  Authors: Lee, Young-Jae
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation
  Session: 348
  Paper Number: 13-5202
• Green Track for Maryland MTA's Light-Rail Transit Lines: Test Installations and Planning for the Future
  Authors: Schmidt, J.
  Authors: Schmidt, J.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Bridges and Other Structures
  Session: 538
  Paper Number: P13-5839
• Defining the Inland Network: Who Supports What and Why
  Authors: Eisenhauer, Clint
  Authors: Eisenhauer, Clint
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Motor Carriers
  Session: 707
  Paper Number: P13-6007
• The Cross-Dock Value Proposition: Market Size and Growth Outlook
  Authors: Gill, James
  Authors: Gill, James
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Motor Carriers
  Session: 707
  Paper Number: P13-6009
• Air Freight: The Growing Gorilla in the Room
  Authors: Clark, Patty
  Authors: Clark, Patty
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Motor Carriers
  Session: 577
  Paper Number: P13-6308
• Domestic Freight Infrastructure: Update on TIGER
  Authors: Falk, Jacob
  Authors: Falk, Jacob
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Aviation; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Motor Carriers
  Session: 577
  Paper Number: P13-6311
• Automated Generation of Test Cases and Sequences Based on Path Optimization Algorithm
  Authors: Liang, Ci
  Authors: Liang, Ci
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 553
  Paper Number: 13-0757
• Development of Railway Capacity Cost and Apportionment Model
  Authors: Frank, Patrick
  Authors: Frank, Patrick
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 553
  Paper Number: 13-1206
• Determining High-speed Rail Station Locations: A Model and Sensitivity Analysis
  Authors: Lovett, Alexander
  Authors: Lovett, Alexander
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1653
• Load Rating and Evaluation of Railroad Bridge Based on Nondestructive Testing and Finite Element Modeling
  Authors: Su, Dan
  Authors: Su, Dan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail
  Session: 501
  Paper Number: 13-4642
• Discontinuous Regions: High-Speed Rail and the Limits of Traditional Governance
  Authors: Stein, Naomi
  Authors: Stein, Naomi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-0408
• Economic Impacts of Amtrak Intercity Passenger Rail Service in Michigan: Community-Level Analysis
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin
  Authors: Sperry, Benjamin
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-3162
• Analysis of High-Speed Rail Implementation Alternatives in the Northeast Corridor: the Role of Institutional and Technological Flexibility
  Authors: Pena-Alcaraz, Maite
  Authors: Pena-Alcaraz, Maite
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Rail; Passenger Transportation
  Session: 661
  Paper Number: 13-1068