2013 Subject Index: Vehicles and Equipment

• Experience of Electric Bicycle Users in the Area of Davis-Sacramento, California
  Abstract: For this project, we interviewed 27 electric bicycle (e-bike) users in the Sacramento/Davis, California area. We found three significant benefits relative to conventional bicycles: functionality (speed, acceleration, ability to carry cargo), adherence to green values, and enabling bicycle transportation to be feasible for more people, and more trips. E-bikes are faster than conventional bicycles, so e-bike users can cut down commute time and ride more frequently than if they were using a conventional bicycle. The ease of acceleration makes obeying stop signs and riding uphill less onerous and provides e-bike users with more confidence interacting with automobiles. E-bikes also provide an option for green transportation for people who can’t or don’t wish to participate in conventional bicycling. Finally, they enable people with certain disabilities, illness, symptoms of aging, or time constraint, to continue to bike. The barriers to the expansion of e-bike ridership are high cost, heavy weight, lack of safe infrastructure (unsafe roads and communities, and lack of emergency charging), policy (separated bike paths are not open to e-bikes) . However, those barriers could be overcome with government and business interventions, if expansion of e-bike mode share is a desired outcome.
  Authors: Gordon, Elizabeth; Shao, Zhenying; Xing, Yan; Wang, Yunshi; Handy, Susan L.
  Authors: Gordon, Elizabeth; Shao, Zhenying; Xing, Yan; Wang, Yunshi; Handy, Susan L.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1709
• Analysis of Safety and Environmental Effects of Introducing Microcars into Traffic Flows
  Abstract: This study analyses the characteristics of traffic flow when microcars are present. A two-lane cellular automata model is formulated to simulate a mixed traffic flow consisting of conventional passenger cars and microcars. Segments of urban highway and arterial road, both with two lanes and measuring 400 m in length, are simulated, including an intersection delay with a signal cycle at the midpoint of the latter. Traffic flows with different ratios of microcars are investigated in the simulation. Four aspects of traffic conditions are calculated: the number of lane changes, the number of decelerations, and the speed variation for analysis of safety and energy consumption as a measure of environmental impact. The simulation results provide several insights into the safety and environmental impact of introducing microcars. They suggest that microcars have no effect or a positive effect on safety when measured in terms of the number of decelerations and speed variation, both on highways and arterial roads. However, safety situation as measured in terms of lane changes is reduced. Vehicle emission will obviously decrease with the introduction of microcars, especially on highways. This is also true of arterial roads in free-stream flow, but the superiority of microcar diminishes in congested flow.
  Authors: Mu, Rui; Yamamoto, Toshiyuki
  Authors: Mu, Rui; Yamamoto, Toshiyuki
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1480
• Modeling Passing Events in Mixed Bicycle Traffic Using Cellular Automata
  Abstract: The primary objective of this study is to use the cellular automata method to model the characteristics of bicycle passing events in mixed bicycle traffic on separated bicycle paths. The mixed bicycle traffic is composed of two types of bicycles which are the conventional bicycle and electric bicycle. The number of passing events as well as the characteristics of mixed bicycle traffic was investigated in the field at 8 physically separated bicycle paths in China. Then a cellular automata model was calibrated using the field data to simulate the passing events in the mixed bicycle traffic. The results showed that the cellular automata model can well simulate the features of bicycle passing events. The simulation results are consistent with field observations. An increase in the ratio of electric bicycles will not significantly increase the number of passing events. But electric bicycles have a large contribution to the passing events in the mixed bicycle traffic. Electric bicycles showed to have a stronger anti-inference ability than conventional bicycles especially in the traffic condition of high flow rate. Findings of this study can improve the performance of simulation techniques to reflect the actual characteristics of mixed bicycle traffic.
  Authors: Zhao, De; Wang, Wei; Li, Chenyang; Li, Zhibin; Fu, Pengming; Hu, Xiaojian
  Authors: Zhao, De; Wang, Wei; Li, Chenyang; Li, Zhibin; Fu, Pengming; Hu, Xiaojian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1490
• Comparative Analysis of Effects of E-bikes and Bicycles on Safety of Signalized Intersections Using Traffic Conflict Technique
  Abstract: In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted to compare the risk-taking behaviors of the riders of e-biker and bicycles and their effects on safety of signalized intersections. Data were collected at fourteen signalized intersections in the city of Kunming in China. It was found that 10.31% of the e-bikers have committed at least one of the identified risky behaviors when crossing intersections, which was 1.42 times as large as that of the bikers (7.28%). Traffic conflicts technique was used to estimate the safety effects of e-bikes and bicycles. The conflicts observed in the field were divided into fifteen types. The majority of the observed conflicts were caused by the risky behaviors of the drivers of automobiles. The predominant cause was that the drivers of automobiles did not yield to the right-of-way of e-bikes/bicycles, which accounted for 76.1% of the conflicts involving e-bikes and 74.4% of the conflicts involving bicycles. About 13.8% of the conflicts were caused by the risky behaviors of e-bikers, which was significantly higher than those caused by the bicycle riders (9.2%), but significantly lower than those caused by the drivers of automobiles (77%). Red-light running was the leading cause for the conflicts in which the e-bikes were at-fault. The conflict rates associated with e-bikes and bicycles were compared. It was found that for all the conflict types the conflict rates for e-bikes were significantly higher than those for the bicycles. The conflict prediction model developed in this study showed that the presence of e-bikes significantly affected the total number of conflicts at a signalized intersection. The results of elasticity analysis showed that 1% increase in the proportion of e-bikes would increase the expected number of conflicts between automobiles and e-bikes/bicycles by 0.11%.
  Authors: Bai, Lu; Liu, Pan
  Authors: Bai, Lu; Liu, Pan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1605
• Evaluation of the Impact of Modern Headlamp Technology on Sag Vertical Curve Design Criteria
  Abstract: This paper includes a review of the current methodologies used in the design of sag vertical curves, a review of the changes in headlamp technologies, the results of the survey of practitioners, two visibility experiments, and conclusions.The review of the headlamp technology shows that, over time, headlamp technologies have had increasing limitation on the amount of light emitted above the horizontal axis of the headlamp. In addition to the regulatory impact, headlamp technologies such as visually-optically aligned technologies also limit uplight. In the practitioner survey, it was found that very few deviations from the AASHTO design methodologies were used. Based on the practitioner review, the potential to modify the current methodologies is limited to the manipulation of the vehicle speed, deceleration, and the angle of curvature change.The results of the visibility experiments found that participants detected objects at distances which were significantly shorter than the safe stopping distance (SSD). This occurred not only in sag vertical curves, but also on flat roadway. This indicated that even if sag vertical curves were redesigned, visibility distance would still be shorter than SSD because the headlamps would be the limiting factor. A review of the potential modifications to sag vertical curve designs (which were suggested as a result of the practitioner survey) found that these changes would be inadequate to make up the difference between visibility distance and SSD.
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald B.; Medina Flintsch, Alejandra; Williams, Brian; Du, Jianhe; Rakha, Hesham
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald B.; Medina Flintsch, Alejandra; Williams, Brian; Du, Jianhe; Rakha, Hesham
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 312
  Paper Number: 13-3815
• Applying Sign Luminance Computation Model to Study Effects of Other Vehicles on Sign Luminance
  Abstract: As one external lighting source on the road, headlamps from adjacent vehicles in the stream traffic should not be ignored. No comprehensive study has yet been developed for exploring the influence of sign luminance produced by other vehicle headlamps. In this paper, a luminance calculation model is developed to calculate sign luminance from all potential headlamps in the stream traffic. Using the model, four main scenarios have been simulated to analyze the effects of the positions of the target vehicle and other vehicles, vehicle type, sign type and sheeting material on the sign luminance. In addition, occlusion between vehicles is also addressed in the paper, by calculating the minimum distances between vehicles for the headlamps and for the driver’s view of the following vehicle when vehicles and the sign are and are not in the same lane.
  Authors: Ye, Fan; Carlson, Paul J.; Brimley, Bradford
  Authors: Ye, Fan; Carlson, Paul J.; Brimley, Bradford
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 312
  Paper Number: 13-4894
• Global Positioning System (GPS)/Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) Use, Challenges, and Cost-Benefit in Operations
  Abstract: Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems are helping DOTs achieve a variety of new efficiencies while improving or maintaining LOS through periods of state budget shortfalls. The trucking, emergency response, and transit communities have used GPS/AVL for years. Now DOTs are realizing new efficiencies with this technology as well. Recent findings on the challenges and cost-benefit advantages DOTs are finding with these technologies are discussed in this paper, summarizing the author’s 2011 and 2012 surveys of DOTs on this topic. For example, in addition to the 10% materials savings that DOTs in the US and Canada have reported, automated data collection associated with GPS/AVL is saving DOT maintenance forces thousands of hours filling out paperwork, boosting morale as well as effectiveness. WSDOT estimated the agency and the public benefit from an additional 10,000 hours per year that maintenance employees are out plowing instead of filling out paperwork, equating to a biennial savings of $700,000 in labor costs. The savings they found were such that WSDOT now aims to have all winter material application records, and material inventory issues recorded automatically, and the agency will begin to use their GPS/AVL equipment to help automate documentation of the maintenance staff performs on the state’s permanent stormwater control structures in the right-of-way, associating hours worked with GPS located stormwater facilities, to better understand life cycle costs, maintenance requirements, and document and communicate maintenance needs to the state legislature, for better funding.
  Authors: Venner, Marie
  Authors: Venner, Marie
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: AHD60
  Paper Number: 13-5123
• Equipment Replacement Decision Making: Challenges and Opportunities
  Abstract: A primary objective for equipment managers is to replace the right equipment at the right time and at the lowest overall cost. To help accomplish this task, a theoretically sound and practically feasible equipment replacement optimization methodology has been developed so that a significant amount of money can potentially be saved. In this paper, the challenges and opportunities associated with equipment replacement decision making are discussed in detail. First, a comprehensive review of the state-of-the art and state-of-the practice literature on the equipment replacement optimization (ERO) problem is conducted. Second, the developed ERO software components and functionalities are presented. Third, several challenges faced by the research team during the ERO software development process are described including statistical modeling (purchase cost forecasting and down time cost estimating), optimization (in terms of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) and ERO under budget constraints), and software implementation (particularly for the SDP approach) challenges. Detailed information as to how such challenges have been overcome and turned into opportunities using the current Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) data is also presented. Fourth, real opportunities and the promising future for ERO decision making tools are discussed and supported by comprehensive numerical results and their implications. Finally, a summary of the information presented and details about future research directions are also given.
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Gemar, Mason David; Machemehl, Randy B.
  Authors: Fan, Wei; Gemar, Mason David; Machemehl, Randy B.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-0326
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Fuel Consumption and Cost Savings of Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks Powered by Natural Gas
  Abstract: We compare the fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of natural gas and diesel heavy-duty (HD) class 8 trucks under consistent simulated drive cycle conditions. Our study includes both conventional and hybrid HD trucks operating with either natural gas spark ignition (SI) or diesel engines, and we compare results of the simulated fuel efficiencies, fuel costs, and payback periods. While natural gas trucks achieve somewhat lower fuel economy than diesel, their CO2 emissions and costs are significantly less than comparable diesel trucks. Both diesel- and natural gas-powered hybrid trucks have significantly improved fuel economy, reasonable cost savings and payback time, and lower CO2 emissions under city driving conditions. However, under freeway-dominant driving conditions, the overall benefits of hybridization are considerably less. Based on payback period alone, non-hybrid natural gas trucks appear to be the most economic option for both urban and freeway driving environments. Economic considerations of the impact of using natural gas as a fuel for class 8 trucks on future natural gas supply and price are also presented, and the impact of a transition to natural gas use in the trucking sector is expected to be quite limited.
  Authors: Gao, Zhiming; LaClair, Tim; Daw, C. Stuart; Smith, David E.
  Authors: Gao, Zhiming; LaClair, Tim; Daw, C. Stuart; Smith, David E.
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-2945
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Methodology for Determining the Best Use of Road Management Equipment(Case Study: 18 Regional Offices in South Korea)
  Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for determining the best use of road fleet/equipment management. The main purpose of this research is to aid public agencies with road fleet/equipment management within a given budget. In order to demonstrate the value of this approach, a case study using data collected for eighteen regional offices of the South Korean Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs were examined. These offices use a computerized system called KAMIS to monitor both the use and condition of road fleet/equipment systematically. This system records the operational history and monitors the current condition of road fleet/equipment management. Road agencies might also want to know whether they currently have sufficient fleet/equipment to handle their actual work, but KAMIS does not provide that type of information. Thus, a methodology uses operational records for road fleet/equipment management, and two evaluation indicators has been developed. Based on the results of our methodology, fleet/equipment can be classified into several groups: 1) frequently used and important, 2) relatively less used and important, 3) barely used and low importance, and 4) frequently used and low importance. These data can be used by regional offices to effectively lend and borrow fleet/equipment for both long and short term use. Such measures will help save money for the purchase and maintenance of road fleet/equipment. While our study focuses on a specific case study, the decision analysis method can easily be applied by similar decision makers in other countries.
  Authors: Yang, Choong Heon; Regan, Amelia; Kim, In Soo
  Authors: Yang, Choong Heon; Regan, Amelia; Kim, In Soo
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-1260
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• The Built Environment and Household Electric Bike Ownership:Insights from Zhongshan Metropolitan Area, China
  Abstract: Planners and policy-makers have recognized the effects of the built environment on the vehicle ownership and use. Among voluminous literature, few studies were found that examined how the built environment is associated to the household E-bike ownership. This study explored the relationship between the built environment and household electric bike ownership in the Chinese context, based on the data collected in Zhongshan Metropolitan Area. The E-bike choice models suggest that household measures dominate the number of household E-bikes, but also detect a relationship between several built environment attributes and the household E-bike ownership. All else being equal, denser and higher-mixed land-use development, more connective transportation linkages, commercial and job connections are related to lower household E-bike ownership. Households located in the urban neighborhoods tend to own fewer E-bikes, compared to suburban or rural households. The availability of competitive transportation modes is strongly related to the likelihood of owning E-bikes. The findings suggest policy-makers to consider built environment attributes in the policy-making of E-bike ownership and set differentiated policies in different areas according to the variations of the built environment. It is also suggested to integrate the E-bike ownership policies with the ownership policies of competitive modes and also policies related to public transportation service improvement.
  Authors: Zhang, Yi; Li, Yuan; Yang, Xiaoguang; Li, Chaoyang
  Authors: Zhang, Yi; Li, Yuan; Yang, Xiaoguang; Li, Chaoyang
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-5297
  Practice-Ready: Yes
• Methodology for Determining the Best Use of Road Management Equipment (Case Study: 18 Regional Offices in South Korea)
  Authors: Yang, Choong Heon
  Authors: Yang, Choong Heon
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-1260
• Equipment Replacement Decision Making: Challenges and Opportunities
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Authors: Fan, Wei
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-0326
• Evaluation of the Impact of Modern Headlamp Technology on Sag Vertical Curve Design Criteria
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald
  Authors: Gibbons, Ronald
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 312
  Paper Number: 13-3815
• Fuel Consumption and Cost Savings of Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks Powered by Natural Gas
  Authors: LaClair, Tim
  Authors: LaClair, Tim
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-2945
• Applying Sign Luminance Computation Model to Study Effects of Other Vehicles on Sign Luminance
  Authors: Ye, Fan
  Authors: Ye, Fan
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 312
  Paper Number: 13-4894
• Corrosion of Chloride Deicers on Highway Maintenance Equipment: Renewed Perspective and Preliminary Laboratory Investigation
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Authors: Shi, Xianming
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-3127
• Glare-Free High-Beam Systems
  Authors: Neumann, Rainer
  Authors: Neumann, Rainer
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 312
  Paper Number: P13-5673
• Development of Enabling Technology for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications
  Authors: McKeever, Ben
  Authors: McKeever, Ben
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 630
  Paper Number: P13-6809
• Overview of Connected-Vehicle Environment and Role of Infrastructure
  Authors: Cronin, Brian
  Authors: Cronin, Brian
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 630
  Paper Number: P13-6808
• Successfully Planning and Implementing Railroad Infrastructure Projects That Require Major Service Disruptions: Case Study Examination
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Authors: Cornillie, Thomas
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6898
• Denver RTD’s Shared R/W Experience Since Littleton
  Authors: Shrestha, Pranaya
  Authors: Shrestha, Pranaya
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6900
• Virginia DOT Connected-Vehicle Test Bed
  Authors: McGhee, Catherine
  Authors: McGhee, Catherine
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 630
  Paper Number: P13-6810
• WMATA's Shared Path to Dulles Airport
  Authors: Peterson, Eric
  Authors: Peterson, Eric
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6897
• Bikes, Trails, and Rails
  Authors: Denney, Charles
  Authors: Denney, Charles
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6896
• Liquefied Natural Gas as Ship Fuel: Effects on Ship Designs, Operations, and Supporting Infrastructure
  Authors: van Rynbach, Eugene
  Authors: van Rynbach, Eugene
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Marine Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 381
  Paper Number: P13-6103
• Liquefied Natural Gas as Ship Fuel: U.S. Coast Guard's Regulations and Requirements
  Authors: Meyers, Timothy
  Authors: Meyers, Timothy
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Marine Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 381
  Paper Number: P13-6102
• Ship Propulsion Power Reduction by Means of Hull Air Lubrication and Air Cavities
  Authors: Ceccio, Steven
  Authors: Ceccio, Steven
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Marine Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 381
  Paper Number: P13-6105
• Seatrains for the Marine Highway: Spectrum of Configurations, Operations, and Performance
  Authors: Hockberger, William
  Authors: Hockberger, William
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Design; Marine Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment; Deploying Transportation Research-Doing Things Smarter, Better, Faster
  Session: 381
  Paper Number: P13-6106
• Amtrak's Challenges with Shared Station Infrastructure and Accessibility
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Authors: Galloway, Andrew
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Rail; Design; Freight Transportation; Passenger Transportation; Public Transportation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 719
  Paper Number: P13-6899
• Vehicle Headlight Standards: Specifying Safety-Related Performance
  Authors: Terburg, Bart
  Authors: Terburg, Bart
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation
  Subject: Operations and Traffic Management; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 312
  Paper Number: P13-5674
• Analysis of Safety and Environmental Effects of Introducing Microcars into Traffic Flows
  Authors: Mu, Rui
  Authors: Mu, Rui
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1480
• Modeling Passing Events in Mixed Bicycle Traffic Using Cellular Automata
  Authors: Zhao, De
  Authors: Zhao, De
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-1490
• The Built Environment and Household Electric Bike Ownership: Insights from Zhongshan Metropolitan Area, China
  Authors: Zhang, Yi
  Authors: Zhang, Yi
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Presentation; Poster
  Subject: Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 558
  Paper Number: 13-5297
• Corrosion of Chloride Deicers on Highway Maintenance Equipment: Renewed Perspective and Preliminary Laboratory Investigation
  Abstract:

  This paper reports on the relevant information collected from data through a two-year research project, with the goal of identifying, evaluating and synthesizing best practices that can be implemented to minimize the corrosive effects of chloride deicers on DOT winter application equipment and vehicles. The practices identified include: design improvements, maintenance practices, anti-corrosion coatings, corrosion inhibitors, salt removers, etc. A nationwide survey was conducted of stakeholder groups, in order to capture the current knowledge in: estimating the deicer corrosion costs to vehicles and equipment, defining the chloride deicer corrosion problem and identifying best practices or products for managing the problem. The survey results suggest that chloride-based deicers are the most commonly used products for highway winter maintenance operations and pose significant corrosion risk to DOT equipment and vehicles. The survey identified four anti-corrosion coating products (Zero Rust Red, Zero Rust Black, Rust Bullet and Lubra-Seal), four spray-on corrosion inhibitors (Krown, Ship-2-Shore, Vegetable Oil and Rust Oleum), and five salt removers (MR 35, HoldTight, ChloRid, SaltAway and Soap Water) as best products based on user experience. Subsequently, a screening test and a 2-week test were conducted to assess the effectiveness of these select products in reducing the corrosion of magnesium chloride solution to carbon steel, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Under the investigated conditions, the best-performing coating (Rust Bullet), inhibitor (Krown) and salt removers (HoldTight and ChlorRid) were identified and they all showed outstanding performance in corrosion protection.

  Authors: Li, Yongxin; Fang, Yida; Seeley, Nicholas; Jungwirth, Scott; Jackson, Emily; Shi, Xianming
  Authors: Li, Yongxin; Fang, Yida; Seeley, Nicholas; Jungwirth, Scott; Jackson, Emily; Shi, Xianming
  Year: 2013
  Document Type: Paper
  Subject: Maintenance and Preservation; Vehicles and Equipment
  Session: 770
  Paper Number: 13-3127
  Practice-Ready: Yes